EP1147202A2 - Fragments de region kringle 4 de plasminogene et procedes d'utilisation - Google Patents

Fragments de region kringle 4 de plasminogene et procedes d'utilisation

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Publication number
EP1147202A2
EP1147202A2 EP00908395A EP00908395A EP1147202A2 EP 1147202 A2 EP1147202 A2 EP 1147202A2 EP 00908395 A EP00908395 A EP 00908395A EP 00908395 A EP00908395 A EP 00908395A EP 1147202 A2 EP1147202 A2 EP 1147202A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
kringle
region fragment
region
plasminogen
angiostatin
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EP00908395A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Yuen W. Shing
Michael S. O'reilly
M. Judah Folkman
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Childrens Medical Center Corp
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Childrens Medical Center Corp
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Publication of EP1147202A2 publication Critical patent/EP1147202A2/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12N9/6435—Plasmin (3.4.21.7), i.e. fibrinolysin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21007—Plasmin (3.4.21.7), i.e. fibrinolysin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to endothelial inhibitors, fragments of angiostatin protein, which reversibly inhibit proliferation of endothelial cells. More particularly, the present invention relates to kringle 4 region fragments that are useful for the treatment of angiogenesis-associated diseases such as cancer.
  • angiogenesis means the generation of new blood vessels into a tissue or organ. Under normal physiological conditions, humans or animals undergo angiogenesis only in very specific restricted situations. For example, angiogenesis is normally observed in wound healing, fetal and embryonal development and formation of the corpus luteum, endometrium and placenta.
  • endothelium means a thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.
  • Endothelial cells and pericytes surrounded by a basement membrane, form capillary blood vessels.
  • Angiogenesis begins with the erosion of the basement membrane by enzymes released by endothelial cells and leukocytes. The endothelial cells, which line the lumen of blood vessels, then protrude through the basement membrane.
  • Angiogenic stimulants induce the endothelial cells to migrate through the eroded basement membrane.
  • the migrating cells form a "sprout" off the parent blood vessel, where the endothelial cells undergo mitosis and proliferate.
  • the endothelial sprouts merge with each other to form capillary loops, creating the new blood vessel.
  • Persistent, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in a multiplicity of disease states, tumor metastasis and abnormal growth by endothelial cells.
  • the diverse pathological disease states in which unregulated angiogenesis is present have been grouped together as angiogenic dependent or angiogenic associated diseases.
  • Tumor 'take' has occurred, every increase in tumor cell population must be preceded by an increase in new capillaries converging on the tumor.”
  • Tumor 'take' is currently understood to indicate a prevascular phase of tumor growth in which a population of tumor cells occupying a few cubic millimeters volume and not exceeding a few million cells, can survive on existing host microvessels. Expansion of tumor volume beyond this phase requires the induction of new capillary blood vessels.
  • the high-affinity lysine binding kringle, Kl is the most potent inhibitory segment of endothelial cell proliferation.
  • the intermediate-affinity lysine binding fragment, K4 has previously been shown to lack inhibitory activity.
  • K4 contains two positively charged lysine residues adjacent to cysteines 22 and 78 (Fig. 35).
  • X H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis shows that these 4 lysines, together with lysine 57, form the core of a positively charged domain in K4 (Llinas M, unpublished data), whereas other kringle structures lack such a positively charged domain. Whether this ly sine-enriched domain contributes to the loss of inhibitory activity of kringle 4 of human plasminogen remains to be studied.
  • K4 was previously reported to stimulate proliferation of other cell types and to increase the release of intracellular calcium (Donate, L.E., Gherardi, E., Srinivasan, N., Sowdhamini, R., Aporicio, S., and Blundell, T. L. (1994) Prot. Sci. 3, 2378-2394).
  • the fact that removal of K4 from angiostatin potentiates its inhibitory activity on endothelial cells suggests that this structure may prevent some of the inhibitory effect of Kl-3.
  • angiostatin may interact with an endothelial cell adhesion receptor such as integrin a v b3, blocking integrin- mediated angiogenesis (Brooks, P.C., Montgomery, A.M., Rosenfeld, M., Reisfeld R.A., Hu, T. Klier, G., and Cheresh, D.A.
  • Antibodies to the individual integrins specifically blocked one of these pathways, and a cyclic protein antagonist of both integrins blocked angiogenesis induced by each cytokine (Friedlander, M., Brooks, PC, Shaffer, R.W., Kincaid, CM., Varner, J.A., and Cheresh, D.A. (1995) 270, 1502). Because both bFGF- and VEGF-induced angiogenesis are inhibited by angiostatin, angiostatin may block a common pathway involved in integrin-mediated angiogenesis.
  • angiogenesis inhibitors have been identified in the last few decades (Folkman, J. (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1757-1763).
  • endothelial cell suppressors include proteolytic fragments.
  • the 16 kDa N-terminal fragment of human prolactin inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and blocks angiogenesis in vivo (Clapp, C, Martial, J.A., Guzman, R.C, Rentierdelrue, F., and Weiner, R.I. (1993) Endorinology 133, 1292-1299).
  • PF-4 Platelet factor 4
  • protease(s) may play a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis. To date, little is known about the regulation of these protease activities in vivo.
  • apolipoprotein (a) has as many as 37 repeats of plasminogen kringle 4 (McLean, J.W., Tomlinson, J.E., Kuang, W.-J., Eaton, D.L., Chen, E.Y., Fless, G.M., Scanu, A.M., and Lawn, R.M. (1987) Nature 330, 132-137).
  • prothrombin also contains two kringles that are homologous to those of plasminogen (Walz, D.A., Hewett-Emmett, D., and Seegers, W.H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74, 1969-1973).
  • Urokinase has been shown to possess a kringle structure that shares extensive homology with plasminogen (Gunzler, W.A., J.,
  • surfactant protein B and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) also carry kringle structures (Johansson, J., Curstedt, T, and J ⁇ rnvall., H. (1991) Biochem. 30, 6917-6921; Lukker, N.A.,
  • angiogenesis plays a major role in the metastasis of a cancer. If this angiogenic activity could be repressed or eliminated, then the tumor, although present, would not grow. In the disease state, prevention of angiogenesis could avert the damage caused by the invasion of the new microvascular system. Therapies directed at control of the angiogenic processes could lead to the abrogation or mitigation of these diseases.
  • compositions and methods which can inhibit the unwanted growth of blood vessels, especially into tumors. Also needed is a method for detecting, measuring, and localizing the composition.
  • the composition should be able to overcome the activity of endogenous growth factors in pre-metastatic tumors and prevent the formation of the capillaries in the tumors thereby inhibiting the growth of the tumors.
  • the composition, fragments of the composition, and antibodies specific to the composition should also be able to modulate the formation of capillaries in other angiogenic processes, such as wound healing and reproduction.
  • the composition and method for inhibiting angiogenesis should preferably be non-toxic and produce few side effects.
  • a method for detecting, measuring, and localizing the binding sites for the composition as well as sites of biosynthesis of the composition should be capable of being conjugated to other molecules for both radioactive and non-radioactive labeling purposes
  • compositions and methods are provided that are effective for modulating angiogenesis, and inhibiting unwanted angiogenesis, especially angiogenesis related to tumor growth.
  • the present invention relates to a protein, which has been named "angiostatin", defined by its ability to overcome the angiogenic activity of endogenous growth factors such as bFGF, in vitro, and by its amino acid sequence homology and structural similarity to an internal portion of plasminogen beginning at approximately amino acid 98.
  • Angiostatin comprises a protein having a molecular weight of between approximately 38 kilodaltons and 45 kilodaltons as determined by reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and having an amino acid sequence substantially similar to that of a fragment of murine plasminogen beginning at amino acid number 98 of an intact murine plasminogen molecule.
  • Angiostatin protein contains approximately kringle regions 1 through 4 of a plasminogen molecule.
  • the present invention relates to fragments of angiostatin protein in the kringle 4 region.
  • the amino acid sequences of the kringle 4 region fragments of the present invention vary slightly depending upon the species. Furthermore, the amino acid sequences of the kringle 4 region fragments of the present invention vary slightly at the amino and carboxy terminals. Therefore, it is to be understood that the number of amino acids in the active kringle 4 region fragments may vary and all kringle 4 region amino acid sequences that have endothelial inhibiting activity are contemplated as being included in the present invention.
  • the present invention also includes fusion proteins containing kringle 4 region fragments and other anti-angiogenic or angiogenic molecules. Examples of other anti-angiogenic molecules include endostatin protein and fragments of endostatin protein.
  • the present invention provides methods and compositions for treating diseases and processes mediated by undesired and uncontrolled angiogenesis by increasing the in vivo concentrations of kringle 4 region fragments in a human or animal.
  • the in vivo concentrations of kringle 4 region fragments may be increased by administering to a human or animal a composition comprising a substantially purified kringle 4 region fragment in a dosage sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis.
  • the in vivo concentrations of kringle 4 region fragments may be increased in a human or animal by the administration of nucleotides encoding kringle 4 region fragments or enzymes that release kringle 4 region fragments from plasminogen or angiostatin.
  • the present invention is particularly useful for treating, or for repressing the growth of, tumors. Increasing the in vivo concentrations of kringle 4 region fragments in a human or animal with prevascularized metastasized tumors will prevent the growth or expansion of those tumors.
  • the present invention also encompasses DNA sequences encoding kringle 4 region fragments or kringle 4 region fusion proteins, expression vectors containing DNA sequences encoding kringle 4 region fragments or kringle 4 region fusion proteins, and cells containing one or more expression vectors containing DNA sequences encoding kringle 4 region fragments or kringle 4 region fusion proteins.
  • the present invention further encompasses gene therapy methods whereby DNA sequences encoding kringle 4 region fragments are introduced into a patient to modify in vivo angiostatin kringle 4 region levels.
  • the present invention also includes diagnostic methods and kits for detection and measurement of kringle 4 region fragments in biological fluids and tissues, and for localization of kringle 4 region fragments in tissues and cells.
  • the diagnostic method and kit can be in any configuration well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the present invention also includes antibodies specific for the kringle 4 region fragments and portions thereof, and antibodies that inhibit the binding of antibodies specific for the kringle 4 region fragments. These antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies.
  • the antibodies specific for the kringle 4 region fragments can be used in diagnostic kits to detect the presence and quantity of angiostatin which is diagnostic or prognostic for the occurrence or recurrence of cancer or other diseases mediated by angiogenesis.
  • Antibodies specific for kringle 4 region fragments may also be administered to a human or animal to passively immunize the human or animal against angiostatin, or kringle 4 region fragments of angiostatin, thereby reducing angiogenic inhibition.
  • the present invention also includes diagnostic methods and kits for detecting the presence and quantity of antibodies that bind kringle 4 region fragments in body fluids.
  • the diagnostic method and kit can be in any configuration well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the present invention also includes antibodies that specifically bind to the angiostatin kringle 4 region receptor and transmit the appropriate signal to the cell and act as agonists or antagonists.
  • the present invention also includes kringle 4 region fragments and analogs that can be labeled isotopically or with other molecules or proteins for use in the detection and visualization of angiostatin fragment binding sites with techniques, including, but not limited to, positron emission tomography, autoradiography, flow cytometry, radioreceptor binding assays, and immunohistochemistry.
  • the kringle 4 region fragments and analogs of the present invention also act as agonists and antagonists at the angiostatin kringle 4 region receptor, thereby enhancing or blocking the biological activity of angiostatin kringle 4 regions.
  • Such proteins are used in the isolation of kringle 4 region fragments receptors.
  • the present invention also includes kringle 4 region fragment antisera, or angiostatin kringle 4 region receptor agonists and receptor antagonists linked to cytotoxic agents for therapeutic and research applications. Still further, kringle 4 region fragments, kringle 4 region fragment antisera, kringle 4 region fragment receptor agonists and kringle 4 region fragment receptor antagonists are combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally sustained-release compounds or compositions, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions.
  • the present invention includes molecular probes for the ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid involved in transcription and translation of kringle 4 region fragments.
  • These molecular probes provide means to detect and measure angiostatin kringle 4 region biosynthesis in tissues and cells.
  • composition comprising a kringle 4 region. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of treating diseases and processes that are mediated by angiogenesis.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a composition comprising kringle 4 region fragments linked to a cytotoxic agent for treating or repressing the growth of a cancer.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for targeted delivery of kringle 4 region-related compositions to specific locations.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide compositions and methods useful for gene therapy for the modulation of angiogenic processes.
  • Fig. 1 shows the production of recombinant murine angiostatin with a baculovirus expression system.
  • Fig. 2 shows a gel filtration chromatography of angiostatin degradation products.
  • Fig. 3 shows production of fragments from a 52 kDa recombinant murine angiostatin.
  • Fig. 4 shows the inhibitory effects of a 10 kDa fragment on bovine capillary endothelial cells.
  • Fig. 5 shows the identification of the 10 kDa fragment as kringle 4 by amino acid microsequencing.
  • Fig. 6 shows SEQ ID NO:l, the amino acid sequence of the whole murine plasminogen.
  • the present invention includes compositions and methods for the detection and treatment of diseases and processes that are mediated by or associated with angiogenesis.
  • the composition is an angiostatin kringle 4 region, which can be isolated from body fluids including, but not limited to, serum, urine and ascites, or synthesized by chemical or biological methods (e.g. cell culture, recombinant gene expression, protein synthesis, and in vitro enzymatic catalysis of angiostatin, plasminogen or plasmin to yield active kringle 4 region peptides).
  • Recombinant techniques include gene amplification from DNA sources using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene amplification from RNA sources using reverse transcriptase/PCR.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments inhibit the growth of blood vessels into tissues such as de-vascularized or vascularized tumors.
  • the description of angiostatin and other kringle 4 region fragments can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,639,725; 5,733,876 and 5,837,682, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the present invention also encompasses a composition
  • a composition comprising, a vector containing a DNA sequence encoding angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments, wherein the vector is capable of expressing angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments when present in a cell
  • a method comprising, implanting into a human or non-human animal a cell containing a vector, wherein the vector contains a DNA sequence encoding kringle 4 region fragments, and wherein the vector is capable of expressing kringle 4 region fragments when present in the cell.
  • the cell may contain one vector or multiple vectors.
  • the present invention encompasses kringle 4 region fragments, kringle 4 region antisera, kringle 4 region receptor agonists or kringle 4 region receptor antagonists that are combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally sustained-release compounds or compositions, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions.
  • the invention includes a composition comprising an antibody that specifically binds to a kringle 4 region, wherein the antibody does not bind to plasminogen.
  • the present invention includes a protein designated angiostatin kringle 4 region that has a molecular weight of approximately 10 kilodaltons (kDa) as determined by reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that is capable of overcoming the angiogenic activity of endogenous growth factors such as bFGF, in vitro.
  • Kringle 4 is typically defined as encompassing amino acids 377-454 of a human plasminogen molecule. (The amino acid sequence of the complete murine plasminogen molecule is shown in Figure 6 and in SEQ ID NO:l.) However, the kringle 4 region is surrounded by inter- kringle domains on either end, portions of which may be included in functional kringle 4 region fragments of the present invention.
  • region encompasses all such antiangiogenic kringle 4 fragments containing varying numbers of amino acids from the amino and carboxy terminal inter-kringle domains. It is also to be understood that the present invention is contemplated to include any derivatives of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment that have endothelial inhibitory activity.
  • proteins with angiostatin kringle 4 region activity that have amino acid substitutions or have sugars or other molecules attached to amino acid functional groups.
  • substantially similar when used in reference to angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment amino acid sequences, means an amino acid sequence having anti-angiogenic activity, which also has a high degree of sequence homology to the human protein fragment of kringle 4 fragments.
  • a high degree of homology means at least approximately 60% amino acid homology, desirably at least approximately 70% amino acid homology, and more desirably at least approximately 80% amino acid homology.
  • Homology is often measured using sequence analysis software, e.g., BLASTIN or BLASTP (available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST).
  • endothelial inhibiting activity means the capability of a molecule to inhibit angiogenesis in general and, for example, to inhibit the growth of bovine capillary endothelial cells in culture in the presence of fibroblast growth factor.
  • the kringle 4 region of angiostatin has been shown to be capable of inhibiting the growth of endothelial cells in vitro.
  • Angiostatin kringle 4 region does not inhibit the growth of cell lines derived from other cell types.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region has no effect on Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines, mink lung epithelium, 3T3 fibroblasts, bovine aortic smooth muscle cells, bovine retinal pigment epithelium, MDCk cells (canine renal epithelium), WI38 cells (human fetal lung fibroblasts) EFN cells (murine fetal fibroblasts) and LM cells (murine connective tissue).
  • Endogenous angiostatin in a tumor bearing mouse is effective at inhibiting metastases at a systemic concentration of approximately 10 mg angiostatin/kg body weight.
  • Angiostatin has a specific three dimensional conformation that is defined by the kringle regions of the plasminogen molecule.
  • Robbins, K.C "The plasminogen-plasmin enzyme system” Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Basic Principles and Practice. 2nd Edition, ed. by Colman, R.W. et al. J.B. Lippincott
  • kringle regions which are conformationally related motifs and have substantial sequence homology, in the NH2 terminal portion of the plasminogen molecule.
  • Each kringle region of the plasminogen molecule contains approximately 80 amino acids and contains 3 disulfide bonds.
  • This cysteine motif is known to exist in other biologically active proteins. These proteins include, but are not limited to, prothrombin, hepatocyte growth factor, scatter factor and macrophage stimulating protein.
  • MSP human macrophage stimulating protein
  • any isolated kringle 4 region fragment having a three dimensional kringle-like conformation or cysteine motif that has anti-angiogenic activity in vivo is part of the present invention.
  • the present invention also includes the detection of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments in body fluids and tissues for the purpose of diagnosis or prognosis of diseases such as cancer.
  • the present invention also includes the detection of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment binding sites and receptors in cells and tissues.
  • the present invention also includes methods of treating or preventing angiogenic diseases and processes including, but not limited to, arthritis and tumors by stimulating the production of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments, and/or by administering substantially purified angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments, nucleotides encoding angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments, or angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment agonists or antagonists, and/or angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antisera or antisera directed against angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antisera to a patient.
  • Additional treatment methods include administration of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments, angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment analogs, angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antisera, or angiostatin receptor agonists and antagonists linked to cytotoxic agents. It is to be understood that the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments can be animal or human in origin. Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments can be produced synthetically by chemical reaction or by recombinant techniques in conjunction with expression systems.
  • Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments may also be produced in vitro or in vivo by enzymatically cleaving angiostatin, plasminogen or plasmin to generate proteins having anti-angiogenic activity or by using compounds that mimic the action of endogenous enzymes that cleave angiostatin or plasminogen into kringle 4 region fragments.
  • Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment production may also be modulated by compounds that affect the activity of plasminogen cleaving enzymes.
  • Passive antibody therapy using antibodies that specifically bind angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments can be employed to modulate angiogenic-dependent processes such as reproduction, development, and wound healing and tissue repair.
  • antisera directed to the Fab regions of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antibodies can be administered to block the ability of endogenous angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antisera to bind angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments.
  • the present invention also encompasses gene therapy whereby the gene encoding an angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment is regulated in a patient.
  • gene therapy encompasses incorporation of DNA sequences into somatic cells or germ line cells for use in either ex vivo or in vivo therapy. Gene therapy functions to replace genes, augment normal or abnormal gene function, and to combat infectious diseases and other pathologies.
  • Strategies for treating these medical problems with gene therapy include therapeutic strategies such as identifying the defective gene and then adding a functional gene to either replace the function of the defective gene or to augment a slightly functional gene; or prophylactic strategies, such as adding a gene encoding the protein product that will treat the condition or that will make the tissue or organ more susceptible to a treatment regimen.
  • a gene for an angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment may be placed in a patient and thus prevent occurrence of angiogenesis; or a gene that makes tumor cells more susceptible to radiation could be inserted and then radiation of the tumor would cause increased killing of the tumor cells.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment DNA or angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment regulatory sequences are envisioned in this invention.
  • Transfection of promoter sequences, other than one normally found specifically associated with angiostatin, or other sequences which would increase production of angiostatin kringle 4 region proteins are also envisioned as methods of gene therapy.
  • An example of this technology is found in Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc., of Cambridge, Massachusetts, using homologous recombination to insert a "genetic switch" that turns on an erythropoietin gene in cells. See Genetic Engineering News, April 15, 1994.
  • Such “genetic switches” could be used to activate an angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment (or the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment receptor) in cells not normally expressing angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment (or the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment receptor).
  • Gene transfer methods for gene therapy fall into three broad categories: (1) physical (e.g., electroporation, direct gene transfer and particle bombardment), (2) chemical (lipid-based carriers, or other non-viral vectors) and (3) biological (virus- derived vector and receptor uptake).
  • non-viral vectors may be used which include liposomes coated with DNA.
  • liposome/DNA complexes may be directly injected intravenously into the patient. It is believed that the liposome/DNA complexes are concentrated in the liver where they deliver the DNA to macrophages and Kupffer cells. These cells are long lived and thus provide long term expression of the delivered DNA.
  • vectors or the "naked" DNA of the gene may be directly injected into the desired organ, tissue or tumor for targeted delivery of the therapeutic DNA.
  • Gene therapy methodologies can also be described by delivery site. Fundamental ways to deliver genes include ex vivo gene transfer, in vivo gene transfer, and in vitro gene transfer.
  • ex vivo gene transfer cells are taken from the patient and grown in cell culture. The DNA is transfected into the cells, the transfected cells are expanded in number and then re-implanted in the patient.
  • in vitro gene transfer the transformed cells are cells growing in culture, such as tissue culture cells, and not particular cells from a particular patient. These "laboratory cells" are transfected, the transfected cells are selected and expanded for either implantation into a patient or for other uses.
  • In vivo gene transfer involves introducing the DNA into the cells of the patient when the cells are within the patient. Methods include using virally mediated gene transfer using a noninfectious virus to deliver the gene in the patient or injecting naked DNA into a site in the patient and the DNA is taken up by a percentage of cells in which the gene product protein is expressed. Additionally, the other methods described herein, such as use of a "gene gun,” may be used for in vitro insertion of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment DNA or angiostatin regulatory sequences.
  • Chemical methods of gene therapy may involve a lipid based compound, not necessarily a liposome, used to ferry the DNA across the cell membrane.
  • Lipofectins or cytofectins lipid- based positive ions that bind to negatively charged DNA, make a complex that can cross the cell membrane and provide the DNA into the interior of the cell.
  • Biological methods used in gene therapy techniques may involve receptor-based endocytosis, or receptor-based phagocytosis, which involve binding a specific ligand to a cell surface receptor and enveloping and transporting the ligand across the cell membrane. Specifically, a ligand gene complex is created and injected into the blood stream and then target cells that have the receptor will specifically bind the ligand and transport the ligand-DNA complex into the cell.
  • genes into cells Many gene therapy methodologies employ viral vectors to insert genes into cells.
  • altered retrovirus vectors have been used in ex vivo methods to introduce genes into peripheral and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, hepatocytes, epidermal cells, myocytes, and other somatic cells. These altered cells are then introduced into the patient to provide the gene product from the inserted DNA.
  • Viral vectors have also been used to insert genes into cells using in vivo protocols.
  • tissue-specific expression of foreign genes cis-acting regulatory elements or promoters that are known to be tissue specific can be used.
  • tissue-specific expression can be achieved using in situ delivery of DNA or viral vectors to specific anatomical sites in vivo.
  • gene transfer to blood vessels in vivo was achieved by implanting in vitro transduced endothelial cells in chosen sites on arterial walls. The virus infected surrounding cells which also expressed the gene product.
  • a viral vector can be delivered directly to the in vivo site, by a catheter for example, thus allowing only certain areas to be infected by the virus, and providing long-term, site specific gene expression.
  • retrovirus vectors has also been demonstrated in mammary tissue and hepatic tissue by injection of the altered virus into blood vessels leading to the organs.
  • Viral vectors that have been used for gene therapy protocols include but are not limited to, retroviruses, other RNA viruses such as poliovirus or Sindbis virus , adenovirus, adeno- associated virus, herpes viruses, SV 40, vaccinia and other DNA viruses.
  • Replication-defective murine retroviral vectors are the most widely utilized gene transfer vectors.
  • Murine leukemia retroviruses are composed of a single strand RNA complexed with a nuclear core protein and polymerase (pol) enzymes, encased by a protein core (gag) and surrounded by a glycoprotein envelope (env) that determines host range.
  • the genomic structure of retroviruses includes the gag, pol, and env genes flanked by 5' and 3' long terminal repeats (LTR).
  • Retroviral vector systems exploit the fact that a minimal vector containing the 5' and 3' LTRs and the packaging signal are sufficient to allow vector packaging, infection and integration into target cells providing that the viral structural proteins are supplied in trans in the packaging cell line.
  • Fundamental advantages of retroviral vectors for gene transfer include efficient infection and gene expression in most cell types, precise single copy vector integration into target cell chromosomal DNA, and ease of manipulation of the retroviral genome.
  • the adenovirus is composed of linear, double stranded
  • Adeno viral-based vectors will express gene product proteins at high levels.
  • Adenoviral vectors have high efficiencies of infectivity, even with low titers of virus. Additionally, the virus is fully infective as a cell free virion so injection of expression cell lines is not necessary.
  • Another potential advantage to adenoviral vectors is the ability to achieve long term expression of heterologous genes in vivo.
  • DNA delivery include fusogenic lipid vesicles such as liposomes or other vesicles for membrane fusion, lipid particles of DNA incorporating cationic lipids such as lipofectin, polylysine-mediated transfer of DNA, direct injection of DNA, such as microinjection of DNA into germ or somatic cells, pneumatically delivered DNA-coated particles, such as the gold particles used in a "gene gun," and inorganic chemical approaches such as calcium phosphate transfection. It has been found that injecting plasmid DNA into muscle cells yields high percentage of the cells which are transfected and have sustained expression of marker genes. The DNA of the plasmid may or may not integrate into the genome of the cells.
  • Non-integration of the transfected DNA would allow the transfection and expression of gene product proteins in terminally differentiated, non-proliferative tissues for a prolonged period of time without fear of mutational insertions, deletions, or alterations in the cellular or mitochondrial genome.
  • Long-term, but not necessarily permanent, transfer of therapeutic genes into specific cells may provide treatments for genetic diseases or for prophylactic use.
  • the DNA could be re-injected periodically to maintain the gene product level without mutations occurring in the genomes of the recipient cells.
  • Non-integration of exogenous DNAs may allow for the presence of several different exogenous DNA constructs within one cell with all of the constructs expressing various gene products.
  • Particle-mediated gene transfer methods were first used in transforming plant tissue. With a particle bombardment device, or "gene gun,” a motive force is generated to accelerate DNA- coated high density particles (such as gold or tungsten) to a high velocity that allows penetration of the target organs, tissues or cells. Particle bombardment can be used in in vitro systems, or with ex vivo or in vivo techniques to introduce DNA into cells, tissues or organs. Electroporation for gene transfer uses an electrical current to make cells or tissues susceptible to electroporation-mediated gene transfer. A brief electric impulse with a given field strength is used to increase the permeability of a membrane in such a way that DNA molecules can penetrate into the cells. This technique can be used in in vitro systems, or with ex vivo or in vivo techniques to introduce DNA into cells, tissues or organs.
  • Carrier mediated gene transfer in vivo can be used to transfect foreign DNA into cells.
  • the carrier-DNA complex can be conveniently introduced into body fluids or the bloodstream and then site specifically directed to the target organ or tissue in the body.
  • Both liposomes and polycations, such as polylysine, lipofectins or cytofectins, can be used.
  • Liposomes can be developed which are cell specific or organ specific and thus the foreign DNA carried by the liposome will be taken up by target cells. Injection of immunoliposomes that are targeted to a specific receptor on certain cells can be used as a convenient method of inserting the DNA into the cells bearing the receptor.
  • transfected DNA may also be complexed with other kinds of carriers so that the DNA is carried to the recipient cell and then resides in the cytoplasm or in the nucleoplasm.
  • DNA can be coupled to carrier nuclear proteins in specifically engineered vesicle complexes and carried directly into the nucleus.
  • Gene regulation of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment may be accomplished by administering compounds that bind to the angiostatin gene, or control regions associated with the angiostatin gene, or its corresponding RNA transcript to modify the rate of transcription or translation.
  • cells transfected with a DNA sequence encoding angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment may be administered to a patient to provide an in vivo source of angiostatin.
  • cells may be transfected with a vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding angiostatin.
  • vector as used herein means a carrier that can contain or associate with specific nucleic acid sequences, which functions to transport the specific nucleic acid sequences into a cell.
  • vectors include plasmids and infective microorganisms such as viruses, or non-viral vectors such as ligand-DNA conjugates, liposomes, lipid-DNA complexes. It may be desirable that a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a kringle 4 region DNA sequence is operatively linked to an expression control sequence to form an expression vector capable of expressing kringle 4 region fragments.
  • the transfected cells may be cells derived from the patient's normal tissue, the patient's diseased tissue, or may be non-patient cells.
  • tumor cells removed from a patient can be transfected with a vector capable of expressing the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment of the present invention, and re- introduced into the patient.
  • the transfected tumor cells produce angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment at levels that inhibit the growth of the tumor.
  • Patients may be human or non-human animals. Cells may also be transfected by non-vector, or physical or chemical methods known in the art such as electroporation, ionoporation, or via a "gene gun.”
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment DNA may be directly injected, without the aid of a carrier, into a patient.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment DNA may be injected into skin, muscle or blood.
  • the gene therapy protocol for transfecting angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments into a patient may either be through integration of the angiostatin DNA into the genome of the cells, into minichromosomes or as a separate replicating or non- replicating DNA construct in the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm of the cell.
  • Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment expression may continue for a long-period of time or may be re-injected periodically to maintain a desired level of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment protein in the cell, the tissue or organ or a determined blood level.
  • the fragment can also be synthesized by techniques well known in the art, as exemplified by "Solid Phase Protein Synthesis: A Practical Approach” E. Atherton and R.C. Sheppard, IRL Press, Oxford, England. Similarly, multiple fragments can be synthesized which are subsequently linked together to form larger fragments. These synthetic protein fragments can also be made with amino acid substitutions at specific locations to test for agonistic and antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo. Protein fragments that possess high affinity binding to tissues can be used to isolate the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment receptor on affinity columns.
  • Isolation and purification of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment receptor is a fundamental step towards elucidating the mechanism of action of angiostatin kringle 4 regions. Isolation of an angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment receptor and identification of agonists and antagonists of that receptor will facilitate development of drugs to modulate the activity of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment receptor. Isolation of the receptor enables the construction of nucleotide probes to monitor the location and synthesis of the receptor, using in situ and solution hybridization technology.
  • the gene for the receptor can be isolated, incorporated into an expression vector and transfected into cells, such as patient tumor cells to increase the ability of a cell type, tissue or tumor to bind angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments and inhibit local angiogenesis.
  • An angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment is effective in treating diseases or processes that are mediated by, or involve, angiogenesis.
  • the present invention includes the method of treating an angiogenesis mediated disease with an effective amount of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment, or combinations of kringle 4 region fragments that collectively possess anti-angiogenic activity, or angiostatin kringle 4 region agonists and antagonists.
  • the angiogenesis mediated diseases include, but are not limited to, solid tumors; blood born tumors such as leukemias; tumor metastasis; benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis;
  • Angiostatin is useful in the treatment of disease of excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells. These diseases include, but are not limited to, intestinal adhesions, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, scleroderma, and hypertrophic scars, i.e., keloids.
  • Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment can be used as a birth control agent by preventing vascularization required for embryo implantation. Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment is useful in the treatment of diseases that have angiogenesis as a pathologic consequence such as cat scratch disease (Rochele minalia quintosa) and ulcers (Helicobacter pylori).
  • Angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments may be used in combination with other compositions and procedures for the treatment of diseases.
  • a tumor may be treated conventionally with surgery, radiation or chemotherapy combined with angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments and then angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments may be subsequently administered to the patient to extend the dormancy of micrometastases and to stabilize and inhibit the growth of any residual primary tumor.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments, angiostatin kringle 4 region antisera, angiostatin kringle 4 region receptor agonists or antagonists, or combinations thereof are combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally a sustained-release matrix, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions.
  • the angiogenesis-modulating therapeutic composition of the present invention may be a solid, liquid or aerosol and may be administered by any known route of administration.
  • solid therapeutic compositions include pills, creams, and implantable dosage units.
  • the pills may be administered orally, the therapeutic creams may be administered topically.
  • the implantable dosage units may be administered locally, for example at a tumor site, or which may be implanted for systemic release of the therapeutic angiogenesis-modulating composition, for example subcutaneously.
  • liquid composition include formulations adapted for injection subcutaneously, intravenously, intraarterially, and formulations for topical and intraocular administration.
  • aersol formulations include inhaler formulations for administration to the lungs.
  • the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments of the present invention also can be used to generate antibodies that are specific for the inhibitor and its receptor.
  • the antibodies can be either polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies.
  • protein sequences can be compared to known sequences using protein sequence databases such as GenBank, Brookhaven Protein, SWISS-PROT, and PIR to determine potential sequence homologies. This information facilitates elimination of sequences that exhibit a high degree of sequence homology to other molecules.
  • antibodies that specifically bind to the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment or their receptors can be used in diagnostic methods and kits that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art to detect or quantify the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments or receptors in a body fluid or tissue. Results from these tests can be used to diagnose or predict the occurrence or recurrence of a cancer or other angiogenic mediated disease.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method of blocking the action of excess endogenous angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments. This can be done by passively immunizing a human or animal with antibodies specific for the undesired angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment in the system. This treatment can be important in treating abnormal ovulation, menstruation and placentation, and vasculogenesis. This provides a useful tool to examine the effects of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment removal on metastatic processes.
  • the Fab fragment of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antibodies contains the binding site for angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment. This fragment is isolated from antibodies using techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the Fab fragments of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antisera are then used as antigens to generate production of anti-Fab fragment serum.
  • Infusion of anti-Fab fragment serum prevents angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments from binding to endogenous antibodies. The net effect of this treatment is to facilitate the ability of endogenous circulating angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment to reach target cells, thereby decreasing the spread of metastases.
  • proteins and protein fragments with the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment activity described above can be provided as isolated and substantially purified proteins and protein fragments in pharmaceutically acceptable formulations using formulation methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These formulations can be administered by standard routes. In general, the combinations may be administered by the topical, transdermal, intraperitoneal, intracranial, intracerebroventricular, intracerebral, intravaginal, intrauterine, oral, rectal or parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraspinal, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route.
  • parenteral e.g., intravenous, intraspinal, subcutaneous or intramuscular route.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment may be incorporated into biodegradable polymers allowing for sustained release of the compound, the polymers being implanted in the vicinity of where drug delivery is desired, for example, at the site of a tumor or implanted so that the angiostatin is slowly released systemically.
  • biodegradable polymers and their use are described, for example, in detail in Brem et al., J. Neurosurg. 74:441-446 (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Osmotic minipumps may also be used to provide controlled delivery of high concentrations of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment through cannulae to the site of interest, such as directly into a metastatic growth or into the vascular supply to that tumor.
  • the dosage of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment of the present invention will depend on the disease state or condition being treated and other clinical factors such as weight and condition of the human or animal and the route of administration of the compound. For treating humans or animals, between approximately 0.5 mg/kilogram to 500 mg/kilogram of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment can be administered.
  • angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment Depending upon the half-life of the angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment in the particular animal or human, it can be administered between several times per day to once a week. It is to be understood that the present invention has application for both human and veterinary use.
  • the methods of the present invention contemplate single as well as multiple administrations, given either simultaneously or over an extended period of time.
  • the angiostatin formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by conventional pharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient and the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid earners or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules or vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Prefe ⁇ ed unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the administered ingredient. It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients, particularly mentioned above, the formulations of the present invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question. Optionally, cytotoxic agents may be incorporated or otherwise combined with angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment proteins, or biologically functional protein fragments thereof, to provide dual therapy to the patient.
  • Kits for measurement of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment, and the receptor are also contemplated as part of the present invention.
  • Antisera that possess the highest titer and specificity and can detect angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment proteins in extracts of plasma, urine, tissues, and in cell culture media are further examined to establish easy to use kits for rapid, reliable, sensitive, and specific measurement and localization of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments.
  • assay kits include but are not limited to the following techniques; competitive and non-competitive assays, radioimmunoassay, bioluminescence and chemiluminescence assays, fluorometric assays, sandwich assays, immunoradiometric assays, dot blots, enzyme linked assays including ELISA, antibody coated strips or dipsticks for rapid monitoring of urine or blood, and immunocytochemistry.
  • competitive and non-competitive assays radioimmunoassay, bioluminescence and chemiluminescence assays, fluorometric assays, sandwich assays, immunoradiometric assays, dot blots, enzyme linked assays including ELISA, antibody coated strips or dipsticks for rapid monitoring of urine or blood, and immunocytochemistry.
  • competitive and non-competitive assays radioimmunoassay, bioluminescence and chemiluminescence assays, fluorometric assays, sandwich assays, immunoradiometric as
  • a kit is used for localization of angiostatin kringle 4 region fragments in tissues and cells.
  • This angiostatin immunohistochemistry kit provides instructions, angiostatin kringle 4 region fragment antiserum, and possibly blocking serum and secondary antiserum linked to a fluorescent molecule such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, or to some other reagent used to visualize the primary antiserum.
  • Immunohistochemistry techniques are well known to those skilled in the art. This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon the scope thereof.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des fragments d'un inhibiteur de prolifération de cellules endothéliales et un procédé d'utilisation associé. L'inhibiteur de prolifération de cellules endothéliales est une protéine dérivée du plasminogène, ou plus spécifiquement un fragment de région kringle 4 d'angiostatine. Les fragments de région kringle 4 correspondent généralement à des structures de kringle 4 présentes dans l'inhibiteur de prolifération de cellules endothéliales. L'activité inhibitrice de cellules endothéliales de ces fragments constitue un moyen permettant d'inhiber l'angiogenèse de tumeurs et de traiter des affections induites par l'angiogenèse.
EP00908395A 1999-01-28 2000-01-26 Fragments de region kringle 4 de plasminogene et procedes d'utilisation Withdrawn EP1147202A2 (fr)

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US20020159992A1 (en) * 2000-09-29 2002-10-31 Jack Henkin Antiangiogenic polypeptides and methods for inhibiting angiogenesis
CN106890324A (zh) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-27 深圳瑞健生命科学研究院有限公司 一种预防和治疗糖尿病肾病的方法
US11090372B2 (en) 2015-12-18 2021-08-17 Talengen International Limited Method of treating diabetic nephropathy comprising administering plasminogen
WO2018107702A1 (fr) 2016-12-15 2018-06-21 深圳瑞健生命科学研究院有限公司 Nouvelle méthode de traitement du diabète

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