EP1145598B1 - Amelioration d'elements de chauffage electriques - Google Patents
Amelioration d'elements de chauffage electriques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1145598B1 EP1145598B1 EP99939537A EP99939537A EP1145598B1 EP 1145598 B1 EP1145598 B1 EP 1145598B1 EP 99939537 A EP99939537 A EP 99939537A EP 99939537 A EP99939537 A EP 99939537A EP 1145598 B1 EP1145598 B1 EP 1145598B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- track
- heating element
- track portion
- ptcr
- thick film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0202—Switches
- H05B1/0213—Switches using bimetallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/0252—Domestic applications
- H05B1/0258—For cooking
- H05B1/0269—For heating of fluids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/019—Heaters using heating elements having a negative temperature coefficient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
Definitions
- This invention concerns improvements relating to electric heating elements and more particularly concerns electric heating elements of the so-called thick film type which comprise a resistance heating track or layer formed on a substrate, for example a printed ink track formed on a stainless steel substrate with an insulating layer between the substrate and the track and, preferably, a further insulating layer overlying the track.
- the invention is particularly concerned with thick film heating elements for water boiling vessels, such as domestic kettles and hot water jugs for example, but is capable of wider application.
- Controls are well known which are adapted to switch off the power supply to electric heating elements if the element overheats. It is known furthermore that a special problem can arise if thick film heating elements in kettles and hot water jugs are operated on a slope, for example with the appliance standing on a sloping draining board, in that local overheating of the element can occur, leading to failure of the heating element, if any part of the heating element track is exposed above the water level in the appliance. Because thick film heating elements have low thermal mass and limited lateral heat transfer capability, any part of the heating element track exposed above the water level suffers a rapid temperature rise which can result in failure of the element. This can happen if, for example, the lid of a kettle is left off so that the water boils away with the kettle standing on a modest slope.
- a thermal actuator set to operate at a high temperature is required which causes difficulties, at least as regards cost implications, in regard to the manufacture and setting of a stable, snap-acting, bimetallic device operable at the requisite temperatures.
- Typical temperature settings for overtemperature protection of an immersion heating element of the mineral insulated, metal sheathed, resistance heating type, or an underfloor heating element having such a metal sheathed heating element clamped or clenched to the undersurface thereof, would be 135 ⁇ 15°C, whereas for a thick film heating element the equivalent temperature setting is around 180 ⁇ 5°C, the tighter tolerance resulting from the problem of slower response from a bimetal of too high a setting.
- a thick film heating element comprises a main heater portion and, electrically connected in parallel therewith, a plurality of parallel-connected track portions having an NTCR (negative temperature coefficient of resistance) characteristic in series with a track portion having a PTCR characteristic, the plurality of NTCR track portions being distributed around the main heater track portion.
- NTCR negative temperature coefficient of resistance
- the temperature of the PTCR track portion will rise, thereby increasing its resistance so that an increased proportion of the supply voltage appears across it. This leads to a disproportionate increase in the power dissipated in the PTCR track portion, thereby raising its temperature even if it is still below the water level.
- This increase in temperature of the PTCR track portion is sensed by the heating element overtemperature protection device which will switch off the heating element before any of the main heater portion is exposed above the water level, thus preventing any damage.
- the arrangement can be such that the PTCR track section is distributed with the NTCR track sections about the main heater portion of the heating element.
- the PTCR track portion can be the portion first exposed as the heating element boils dry. This will result in the temperature of the PTCR track section increasing, enhanced by the PTCR effect, so that the heating element overtemperature protection device will again be operated.
- FIG. 1 shown therein is a plan view of the track layout of a thick film heating element embodying the present invention. It is to be noted that the dimensions and proportions of the tracks are schematic only and do not represent a practical form, it being well within the skills of an average skilled thick film heating element designer to transform the schematically illustrated layout of Figure 1 into a practical form.
- the thick film heating element 1 of Figure 1 might for example comprise a stainless steel disc substrate having an electrically insulating layer, of glass for example, formed on one or both of its major surfaces.
- the track pattern is then formed onto the insulating layer, for example by a screen printing process employing electrically conductive ink paste which is fired following deposition.
- An overlying electrically insulating layer, for example of glass, may then be provided on top of the track pattern to protect the same.
- the track pattern comprises a main heater portion 2 occupying the major central part of the heating element 1 and, connected in parallel therewith, four NTCR track sections 3 which are connected in parallel with each other by means of interconnecting tracks 4 formed of a highly electrically conductive material such as silver and a PTCR track section 5 which is connected in series with the four NTCR track sections 4, again by means of highly electrically conductive (eg. silver) tracks.
- a main heater portion 2 occupying the major central part of the heating element 1 and, connected in parallel therewith, four NTCR track sections 3 which are connected in parallel with each other by means of interconnecting tracks 4 formed of a highly electrically conductive material such as silver and a PTCR track section 5 which is connected in series with the four NTCR track sections 4, again by means of highly electrically conductive (eg. silver) tracks.
- Figure 2 shows the schematic circuit diagram of the arrangement of the heating element shown in Figure 1.
- the main track portion 2 is surrounded by the four NTCR track portions 4 and the PTCR track portion 5. If the heating element is operated on a slope and boils dry, for example because the lid is left off an associated appliance, then one of the sensor tracks, namely the NTCR tracks 4 and the PTCR track 5, will be exposed first and its temperature will rise. If it is an NTCR track portion 4 then its resistance will fall, which allows an increased current to flow through the PTCR track portion 5. Depending on the overall circuit resistance, the increased current flowing through the NTCR track portion will further heat it and reduce its resistance, amplifying the effect. The temperature of the PTCR track portion 5 will rise, increasing its resistance, further increasing the proportion of the supply voltage which appears across it.
- the embodiment is an example of the operation of the invention and uses four parallel NTCR track portions in series with a single PTCR track portion. Assuming that the power generated in all five sensor tracks is the same and that the power density is around 10 watts per square centimeter, this will give, in a typical element, a running temperature of 120°C. To achieve this means that the resistance of the PTCR track is 1/16 of the resistance of each of the NTCR tracks, assuming an NTCR and PTCR of 0.006/°C, which is typical of suitable materials. With a layout as shown, at the running temperature of 120°C, the sensor tracks would have a power output of 28 watts each.
- the invention not only enables heating elements to be operated safely at an inclination, but also enables bimetallic sensors to be used since the low running temperature of the PTCR track portion 5 will allow bimetals of a much lower operating setting to be used, whilst the large temperature rise under fault conditions means that a wide blade tolerance may be used.
- the track layout shown is only one possible configuration.
- a different number of NTCR track portions could be used in parallel, in series with the PTCR part.
- a smaller number of NTCR track portions means that they must each cover a greater arc angle, which may make them less sensitive to slope angles since only a part of the arc would be exposed. It might be that five NTCR track portions (giving a reduction in resistance to 77% in the example above) would be the maximum to have an effective change in resistance, whilst three NTCR track portions (a reduction to 67%) would be a good compromise to give adequate slope sensitivy.
- the PTCR track portion is placed on the element periphery, aligned with the NTCR track portions but the PTCR track portion could be located anywhere on the heating element, for example to align with our X4 protection system which is described in our British Patent Application No. 9808484.1.
- the slope protection system of the present invention may be combined with other element control systems, for example the steamless control system of our British Patent Application No. 9816645.7, or any simple element protection control such as the X2 control which is described in GB-A-2 283 156.
- the PTCR track could be arranged to operate one of the X4's bimetals, whilst the other bimetal could be operated conventionally by the main heater track. This would reduce the number of high, close tolerance, bimetals required.
- two NTCR/PTCR circuits could be used, each PTCR track operating one of the X4's bimetals.
- the limit to such arrangements is the element topology, which limits the shapes and circuits that are practical because of the circuit complexity they cause, together with the need to achieve a uniform high power density over as much of the element as possible to minimise the element area and cost.
- a feature of this invention is that it can give rise to an unstable circuit, in which the NTCR tracks cause the total sensing circuit resistance to fall as the current rises, leading to thermal runaway which, if not controlled, will destroy the sensor tracks.
- This instability can be used positively to quicken the response of the system to fault conditions and increase the temperature of the PTCR track more rapidly that either the low power density or low initial temperature would suggest.
- the conditions for this are fulfilled when the resistance of the PTCR track and/ or its temperature coefficient of resistance is much lower than that of the NTCR network.
- This, albeit much simpler example, is simpler to the principles of designing fighter aircraft that are aerodynamically unstable so they can react to the controls much more quickly.
- a further variation of the present invention would be to switch only the main part of the heating element off when the thermal cut-out operates, leaving the sensing circuit energised. The heat from this would prevent the cut-out from resetting, giving effectively a manual reset by means of a voltage maintained thermal cut-out. To do this would require that the sensor circuit did not thermally run away, as described above, but had a sufficiently low temperature stable state.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Thermally Actuated Switches (AREA)
Claims (11)
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses (1) comprenant une partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2) et, connectée de manière électrique en parallèle avec celle-ci, une pluralité de parties de piste connectées en parallèle (3) ayant une caractéristique à NTCR (coefficient de température négatif de la résistance) connectées en série avec une partie de piste (5) ayant une caractéristique à PTCR (coefficient de température positif de la résistance), la pluralité de parties de piste à NTCR (3) étant répartie autour de la partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2).
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon la revendication 1, dans lequel il y a au moins trois dites parties de piste à NTCR (3).
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon la revendication 2, dans lequel il y a quatre ou cinq dites parties de piste à NTCR (3).
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la partie de piste à PTCR (5) est répartie avec les parties de piste à NTCR (3) autour de la partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2).
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant des parties terminales (8, 9) permettant à un dispositif de commande thermosensible d'être couplé en fonctionnement à l'élément de chauffage afin d'être sensible à la température de ladite partie de piste à PTCR (5) pour couper l'alimentation d'au moins ladite partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2).
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant un substrat, réalisé par exemple en acier inoxydable, ayant une couche isolante de manière électrique, réalisée par exemple en verre, sur une de ses surfaces principales et ayant son motif de piste formé sur ladite couche isolante de manière électrique et une autre couche isolante de manière électrique, réalisée par exemple en verre, recouvrant le motif de piste.
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel il y a une pluralité de dites parties de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2), chacune étant associée à un circuit sensoriel comprenant une pluralité de dites parties de piste à NTCR (3) connectées en parallèle et une dite partie de piste à PTCR (5) connectée en série.
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, et comprenant associé à celui-ci, un dispositif de commande sensible de manière thermique disposé pour être sensible à la température de ladite partie de piste à PTCR (5) ou de chaque dite partie de piste à PTCR (5), pour commander l'alimentation électrique d'au moins la partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2) associée.
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le dispositif de commande sensible de manière thermique possède un premier détecteur sensible à la température de la partie de piste à PTCR (5) et un second détecteur sensible à la température de la partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2) respective.
- Élément de chauffage à couches épaisses selon les revendications 7 et 8, dans lequel ledit dispositif de commande sensible de manière thermique possède un premier détecteur sensible à la température d'une première partie de piste à PTCR (5) associée à une première partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2) et un second détecteur sensible à la température d'une seconde partie de piste à PTCR (5) associée à une seconde partie de piste principale d'élément chauffant (2).
- Récipient de chauffage d'eau alimenté de manière électrique, qui incorpore un élément de chauffage à couches épaisses, selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9817594 | 1998-08-12 | ||
GB9817594A GB2340713B (en) | 1998-08-12 | 1998-08-12 | Improvements relating to electric heating elements |
PCT/GB1999/002664 WO2000010364A2 (fr) | 1998-08-12 | 1999-08-12 | Amelioration d'elements de chauffage electriques |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1145598A2 EP1145598A2 (fr) | 2001-10-17 |
EP1145598A3 EP1145598A3 (fr) | 2002-09-11 |
EP1145598B1 true EP1145598B1 (fr) | 2003-07-16 |
Family
ID=10837151
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99939537A Expired - Lifetime EP1145598B1 (fr) | 1998-08-12 | 1999-08-12 | Amelioration d'elements de chauffage electriques |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1145598B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1143596C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE245335T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU5380699A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69909654T2 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB2340713B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2000010364A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2851404A1 (fr) * | 2003-02-18 | 2004-08-20 | Acome Soc Coop Travailleurs | Dispositif a cable chauffant ctp comprenant un dispositif de limitation de courant |
GB0700079D0 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2007-02-07 | Boardman Jeffrey | A method of producing electrical resistance elements whihc have self-regulating power output characteristics by virtue of their configuration and the material |
EP2106194B1 (fr) * | 2008-03-28 | 2013-12-25 | Braun GmbH | Élément thermique avec contrôleur de température |
DE602008001156D1 (de) | 2008-03-28 | 2010-06-17 | Braun Gmbh | Heizelement mit Temperatursensor |
GB2460833B (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2011-05-18 | 2D Heat Ltd | A self-regulating electrical resistance heating element |
GB0911410D0 (en) * | 2009-07-01 | 2009-08-12 | Mantock Paul L | A low power electric heating system |
DE102011002861A1 (de) * | 2011-01-19 | 2012-07-19 | BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH | Geschirrspülmaschine mit zumindest einer Heizung zur Erwärmung von umlaufender Flüssigkeit |
CN110197749B (zh) * | 2018-02-27 | 2022-03-22 | 香港理工大学 | 一体化加热器及其温度传感方法 |
KR102110417B1 (ko) * | 2018-08-21 | 2020-05-13 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 전기 히터 |
KR102177948B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-16 | 2020-11-12 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 전기 히터 |
CN109688645B (zh) * | 2019-01-24 | 2021-08-10 | 广西桂仪科技有限公司 | 一种陶瓷厚膜直发加热器及其制备工艺 |
DE102020115017A1 (de) * | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-09 | Eugen Forschner Gmbh | Elektrische schaltung für ein fluidleitungssystem |
CN112747832B (zh) * | 2020-12-24 | 2022-04-12 | 华中科技大学 | 一种制热和自馈温融合型传感器及其应用 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2185161B (en) * | 1985-12-09 | 1990-03-21 | Otter Controls Ltd | Controls for electrically powered heating elements |
US4849611A (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1989-07-18 | Raychem Corporation | Self-regulating heater employing reactive components |
GB2228396A (en) * | 1989-02-20 | 1990-08-22 | Emaco | Electric hotplate |
GB8924936D0 (en) * | 1989-11-04 | 1989-12-28 | Ceramaspeed Ltd | Radiant electric heaters |
DE4317040A1 (de) * | 1993-05-21 | 1994-04-28 | Schott Glaswerke | Glaskeramikkochfeld mit wenigstens einer Kochzone und einer zugeordneten Anzeigeeinrichtung |
JPH06342686A (ja) * | 1993-06-01 | 1994-12-13 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 電気発熱装置 |
GB2296847B (en) * | 1994-11-30 | 1999-03-24 | Strix Ltd | Electric heaters |
-
1998
- 1998-08-12 GB GB9817594A patent/GB2340713B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-08-12 EP EP99939537A patent/EP1145598B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-12 AU AU53806/99A patent/AU5380699A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-08-12 CN CNB998120634A patent/CN1143596C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-12 WO PCT/GB1999/002664 patent/WO2000010364A2/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1999-08-12 DE DE69909654T patent/DE69909654T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-12 AT AT99939537T patent/ATE245335T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1143596C (zh) | 2004-03-24 |
GB2340713A (en) | 2000-02-23 |
EP1145598A3 (fr) | 2002-09-11 |
CN1344482A (zh) | 2002-04-10 |
GB9817594D0 (en) | 1998-10-07 |
WO2000010364A2 (fr) | 2000-02-24 |
GB2340713B (en) | 2003-03-12 |
AU5380699A (en) | 2000-03-06 |
WO2000010364A3 (fr) | 2001-11-08 |
DE69909654T2 (de) | 2004-04-15 |
ATE245335T1 (de) | 2003-08-15 |
DE69909654D1 (de) | 2003-08-21 |
EP1145598A2 (fr) | 2001-10-17 |
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