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  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring hetero elements
  • C07D295/027—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring hetero elements containing only one hetero ring
  • C07D295/03—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring hetero elements containing only one hetero ring with the ring nitrogen atoms directly attached to acyclic carbon atoms
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  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals
  • C07D295/073—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituents separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D295/084—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
  • C07D295/088—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D295/096—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D295/155—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to chemical compounds, in particular homopiperazines, 5 to processes for their preparation and to chemical intermediates useful in such processes.
• the present invention further relates to homopiperazines, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in methods of therapeutic treatment of animals including man, in particular in the treatment of neurological disorders. Background
• Neurological disorders include stroke, head trauma, transient cerebral ischaemic attack, and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and AIDS-related dementia.
• Emopamil has classically been thought of as a neuroprotective agent whose efficacy is
• VSCC 15 most likely derived from actions at either voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) or
• [ H] -Emopamil binding defines a unique high affinity site that is not related to VSCC, is found in the brain, but is most prevalent in the liver (Moebius et al, Mol. Pharmacol. 43: 139-148, 1993). Moebius et al. have termed this the "anti-ischaemic" binding site on the basis of high affinity displacement by several chemically disparate neuroprotective agents.
• liver
• the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site is localised to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Neuroprotective compounds are known, for example emopamil and ifenprodil, that exhibit high affinity for the [ H]-emopamil binding site. However these are not selective inhibitors and exhibit activity either at neuronal VSCC, the polyamine site of the NMDA receptor (N-Methyl-D-aspartate) and/or the sigma-1 binding site. It is thought that compounds
• the present invention provides compounds of formula I:
• R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C . 8 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 _ 8 alkynyl; wherein said C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl, C 2 . 8 alkenyl and C 2 . 8 alkynyl, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ - alkoxy, C
• G is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon linked heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon-linked heterocycle or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl
• p is an integer selected from the range 0 to 6
• X is a linking group selected from -C(O)-, -O-, -OC(O)-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -S(O) 2 ⁇ R 4 -, -NR 4 S(O) 2 -, -NR 4 -, -C(O)O-, -C(O)NR 4 -, -NR 4 C(O)-, -OC(O)NR 4 -, -C(O)NR SO 2 -, -NR 4 C(O)O-, -C(S)NR 4 - or -NR 4 C(S)-,
• any aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle or C . ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl may be unsubstituted or substituted on a ring carbon with one or more groups selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, C 2 _ 6 alkenyl, C 2 . 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoyl, C ⁇ .
• A is a ring selected from phenyl and naphthyl
• R" at each occurrence is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino. carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, C 2 . 6 alkenyl, C 2 . 6 alkynyl, C
• W (CH 2 ) p -B- LB wherein W is halo, nitro, hydroxy, C ⁇ - alkoxy, cyano, amino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, mesyl, N-C ⁇ _ 6 alkylamino, N,N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl) amino, C ⁇ - 6 alkoxycarbonyl, N-C ⁇ . alkylcarbamoyl or
• N,N-(C ! _ 6 alkyl) 2 carbamoyl p is an integer selected from the range 1 to 6, and B is a bond, oxy, imino, N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl)imino or -C(O) ⁇ H-, with the proviso that p is 2 or more unless B is a bond, -C(O)NH-, or
• R 2 is a group of formula IC:
• D is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and E is selected from a bond, C ⁇ _ 6 alkylene, C ⁇ . 6 alkyleneoxy, oxy, imino, N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl)imino, C]_ 6 alkyleneimino, N-(C ⁇ . 6 alkyl)-C,_ 6 alkyleneimino, -C(O) ⁇ H-, -SO 2 NH-, -NHSO 2 -, sulphonylC ⁇ . 6 alkylene, carbonylC ⁇ classroom 6 alkyleneoxycarbonyl-C ⁇ - 6 alkylene and C 2 .
• m is an integer selected from the range 0 to 5 where at each occurrence R 2 is independently selected from any foregoing moiety; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or and in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof; with the following provisos: when A is phenyl: a) if A and R 2 in combination is 4-mesyl then R 1 is not 2-methoxycarbonylethyl; b) if A and R 2 in combination is 4-chloro then R 1 is not 2-methoxycarbonylethyl, 3-mercaptopropyl, 3-chloropropyl or 3-aminopropyl; c) if m is 0 then R 1 is not 3-chloropropyl, 2-aminoe
• alkyl includes both straight and branched chain alkyl groups but references to individual alkyl groups such as “propyl” are specific for the straight chain version only.
• alkenyl alkynyl
• phenylC ⁇ _ alkyl includes 2-phenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl and 3-phenylpropyl.
• halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• aryl means an unsaturated carbon ring. Particularly aryl means phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl. More particularly aryl means phenyl.
• heteroaryl or “heteroaryl ring” means, unless otherwise further specified, a monocyclic-, bicyclic- or tricyclic- 5-14 membered ring that is unsaturated or partially unsaturated, with up to five ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur wherein a -CH 2 - group can optionally be replaced by a -C(O)-, and a ring nitrogen atom may be optionally oxidised to form the N-oxide.
• heteroaryls examples include thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, oxopyridyl, oxoquinolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxopyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, xanthenyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl and cinnolinolyl.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic ring” means, unless otherwise further specified, a mono- or bicyclic- 5-14 membered ring, that is totally saturated, with up to five ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur wherein a -CH 2 - group can optionally be replaced by a -C(O)-.
• heterocyclyls include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl and quinuclidinyl.
• examples of C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl include C]. alkyl, Ci-salkyl, C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl; examples of C ⁇ - 6 alkoxycarbonyl include C ⁇ _ 4 alkoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl and n- and t-butoxycarbonyl; examples of C]_ 6 alkoxy include C ⁇ - 4 alkoxy, methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy; examples of
• C ⁇ . 6 alkanoylamino include formamido, acetamido and propionylamino; examples of C ⁇ _ 6 alkylS(O) a where a is 0-2 include methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulphinyl, ethylsulphinyl, mesyl and ethylsulphonyl; examples of C ⁇ _ 6 alkanoyl include propionyl and acetyl; examples of N-C ⁇ . alkylamino include N-methylamino and N-ethylamino; examples of N,N-(C
• examples of C . 8 alkenyl include C 2 - 6 alkenyl, vinyl, allyl and 1-propenyl; examples of C 2 . 8 alkynyl include C 2 _ alkynyl, ethynyl, 1-propynyl and 2-propynyl; examples of N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl)sulphamoyl include N-methylsulphamoyl and N-ethylsulphamoyl; examples of N,N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl) 2 sulphamoyl include N,N-dimethylsulphamoyl and N-methyl-N-ethylsulphamoyl; examples of N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl)carbamoyl include N-methylcarbamoyl and N-ethylcarbamoyl; examples of N,N-(C ⁇ _6alkyl) 2 carbamoyl include
• examples of C ⁇ _ 6 alkylene include -CH 2 CH 2 - and -CH CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -;
• examples of C ⁇ _ 6 alkyleneoxy include C ⁇ . 4 alkyleneoxy, -CH 2 CH 2 O- and -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 O-;
• examples of ⁇ -(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl)imino include -N(Me)- and -N('Pr)-;
• examples of C ⁇ _ 6 alkyleneimino include -CH 2 CH 2 NH- and -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 NH-; examples of N-(C 1 . 6 alkyl)-C ⁇ .
• 6 alkyleneimino include -CH 2 CH 2 N(Me)- and -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 N( i Pr)-; examples of sulphonylCj. 6 alkylene include sulphonylC,. 4 alkylene, -SO 2 CH 2 CH 2 - and -SO 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -; examples of carbonylC ⁇ - 6 alkyleneoxycarbonyl-C ⁇ .
• alkylene examples include -C(O)CH 2 CH 2 OC(O)CH 2 - and -C(O)CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OC(O)CH 2 CH 2 -;
• examples of C 2 _ 6 alkanoylimino include -CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH- and -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)NH-.
• R 1 is other than hydrogen.
• R 1 is C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl substituted with one or more halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ .
• alkyl 2 sulphamoyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 . ⁇ cycloalkyl, or a group of formula IA:
• G is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon linked heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon-linked heterocycle or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 _ ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl
• p is 0 to 6
• X is a linking group and is selected from -C(O)-, -O-, -OC(O)-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -S(O) 2 NR 4 -, -NR 4 S(O) 2 -, -NR 4 -, -C(O)O-, -C(O)NR 4 -, -NR 4 C(O)-, -OC(O)NR 4 -, -C(O)NR 4 SO 2 -, -NR 4 C(O)O-, -C(S)NR 4 - or -NR 4 C(S)- wherein R 4
• any aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle or C 3 _ ⁇ cycloalkyl may be unsubstituted or substituted on a ring carbon with one or more groups selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl, C 2 _ 6 alkenyl, C _ alkynyl, C ⁇ _ alkoxy, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkanoyloxy, N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl)amino, N,N-(C ⁇ .
• alkynyl C].6alkanoyl, C ⁇ - 6 alkylsulphonyl or phenylC ⁇ _ 6 alkyl and with the proviso that when R 1 is substituted C]. 8 alkyl, substituted C 2 . 8 alkenyl or substituted C 2 _ 8 alkynyl the carbon atom adjacent to the homopiperazine ring is not directly substituted by any heteroatom other than fluoro.
• R is hydrogen or C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl optionally substituted with fluoro or aryl.
• R is hydrogen or C
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, n-propyl, 3-methylbutyl, isopropyl, benzyl,
• R 1 is methyl, n-propyl, 3-methylbutyl, isopropyl, benzyl, 3-fluoropropyl or 3-phenylpropyl.
• R 1 is methyl.
• Ring A is phenyl.
• Ring A is naphthyl
• R " is halo, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, ⁇ alkoxy, C]. 6 alkoxycarbonyl, or a group of the formula IC as disclosed above, wherein D is phenyl and E is a bond, C ⁇ _ alkyleneoxy or sulphonylC ⁇ _ alkylene.
• R 2 is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, methyl, methoxy, methoxycarbonyl or a group of the formula IC as depicted above, wherein D is phenyl and E is a bond, methyleneoxy or sulphonylmethylene.
• R 2 is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, methyl, methoxy, methoxycarbonyl or a group of the formula IC as depicted above, wherein D is phenyl and E is a bond or methyleneoxy.
• m is an integer selected from the range 0 to 3. In a particular aspect of the invention m is an integer selected from the range 0 to 2.
• Ring A and (R " ) m are as follows: such combinations are phenyl, naphth-1-yl, biphen-2-yl, 2-bromophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-(phenylsulphonylmethyl)phenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-iodophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxycarbonylphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl.
• Ring A and (R 2 ) m are 4-benzyloxyphenyl, 2,4-ditrifluoromethylphenyl or 3-iodophenyl.
• R 1 is hydrogen or C ⁇ . 8 alkyl optionally substituted with fluoro or aryl;
• Ring A is phenyl or naphthyl
• R 2 is halo, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxycarbonyl, or a group of the formula IC as disclosed herein, wherein D is phenyl and E is a bond, C ⁇ _ alkyleneoxy or sulphonylC ⁇ _ 6 alkylene; and m is an integer selected from the range 0 to 3; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or and in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof; with the provisos that when A is phenyl: a) if A and R 2 in combination is 3-chloro or 4-chloro then R 1 is not 3-chloropropyl; b) if m is 0 then R 1 is not 3-chloropropyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or isobutyl; and c) when R 1 is a substituted
• R 1 is hydrogen, C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl optionally substituted with fluoro or phenyl; Ring A is phenyl or naphthyl;
• R" is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, methyl, methoxy, methoxycarbonyl or a group of the formula IC as depicted above, wherein D is phenyl and E is a bond, methyleneoxy or sulphonylmethylene; and m is an integer selected from the range 0 to 3; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or and in v/vohydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof; with the proviso that when A is phenyl and a) m is 0 then R 1 is not methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or isobutyl b) R 1 is a substituted straight chain C ⁇ . 4 alkyl group, the distal carbon atom, that is, the carbon atom of said C ⁇ . 4 alkyl group furthest from the homopiperazine ring, is not substituted with two phenyl
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, n-propyl, 3-methylbutyl, isopropyl, benzyl, 3-fluoropropyl or 3-phenylpropyl;
• R 1 is methyl, n-propyl, 3-methylbutyl, isopropyl, benzyl, 3-fluoropropyl or 3-phenylpropyl;
• R 1 is methyl, n-propyl, 3-methylbutyl, isopropyl, benzyl, 3-fluoropropyl or 3-phenylpropyl;
• Ring A and R 2 in combination form 4-benzyloxyphenyl, 2,4-ditrifluoromethylphenyl or 3-iodophenyl; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or and in vivo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof.
• Particular compounds of the invention are those of Examples and include: l-methyl-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine; l-methyl-4-(2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)homopiperazine; l-propyl-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine; l-benzyl-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine; l-pentyl-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine; l-methyl-4-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)homopiperazine;
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include acid-addition salts such as methanesulphonate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, citrate, maleate, phosphate and sulphate.
• suitable salts are base salts such as an alkali metal salt, for example sodium, an alkaline earth metal salt, for example calcium or magnesium, an organic amine salt, for example triethylamine, morpholine, N-methylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, procaine, dibenzylamine and NN-dibenzylethylamine, or amino acids, for example lysine.
• a compound of the invention may have more than one cation or anion depending on the number of charged functions and the valency of the cations or anions.
• a preferred pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is a sodium salt.
• v vo-hydrolysable esters, amides and carbamates are compounds that hydrolyse in the human body to produce the parent compound. Such esters, amides and carbamates can be identified by administering, for example intravenously to a test animal, the compound under test and subsequently examining the test animal's body fluids. Suitable in v/vo-hydrolysable amides and carbamates include ⁇ -carbomethoxy and ⁇ -acetyl.
• An in v/vo-hydrolysable ester of a compound of the formula I containing carboxy or hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable ester which is hydrolysed in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid or alcohol.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable esters for carboxy include C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxymefhyl esters, for example methoxymethyl; C ⁇ -6alkanoyloxymethyl esters, for example pivaloyloxymethyl; phthalidyl esters; C 3 . 8 cycloalkoxy-carbonyloxyC ⁇ _ 6 alkyl esters, for example 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; 1 ,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl esters, for example 5-methyl-l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C ⁇ . 6 alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters, for example 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl.
• Such esters may be formed at any carboxy group in a compound of this invention.
• An in v/vo-hydrolysable ester of a compound of the formula I having a hydroxy group includes inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which, as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester, yield the parent hydroxy group.
• inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which, as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester, yield the parent hydroxy group.
• ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers include acetoxymethoxy and 2, 2-dimethylpropionyloxy methoxy.
• a selection of in v vo-hydroly sable ester forming groups for hydroxy include alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl, alkoxycarbonyl (to give alkyl carbonate esters), dialkylcarbamoyl and N-(dialkylaminoethyl)-N-alkylcarbamoyl (to give carbamates), dialkylaminoacetyl and carboxyacetyl.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof which process, wherein R , R " , Ring A and m are, unless otherwise specified, as defined for formula I comprises: a) reacting a compound of the formula II:
• L is a suitable displaceable group, with a compound of the formula III: m
• R 1 of a compound of formula I when R 1 of a compound of formula I is hydrogen R a is suitable amino protecting group such as those defined below; or when R 1 of a compound of formula I is not hydrogen R a is R'; or b) for preparing a compound of formula I wherein R 1 is not hydrogen, reacting a compound of formula IV:
• R b is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C ⁇ . alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 _ alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 . 7 alkynyl and R c is hydrogen or hydroxy; and thereafter if necessary: i) converting a compound of the formula I into another compound of the formula I; ii) removing any protecting groups; or iii) forming a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate.
• the L is a displaceable group, and suitable values for L are, for example, a halogeno or sulphonyloxy group, such groups are chloro, bromo, methanesulphonyloxy or toluene-4-sulphonyloxy group.
• reaction conditions for reactions a) and b) are as follows.
• Compounds of formula II and III and compounds of formula IV and V are reacted together under standard alkylation conditions.
• an organic solvent for example an anhydrous aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or tetrahydrofuran, optionally in the presence of a catalyst, such as an iodide salt for example potassium iodide, and at a temperature in the range of 0-100 °C, preferably 40-80 °C.
• a catalyst such as an iodide salt for example potassium iodide
• reaction conditions for reactions c) and d) are as follows. Amines may be reacted with aldehydes under standard reductive amination conditions. For example in the presence of a reducing agent such as hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst, for example palladium on carbon, or zinc and hydrochloric acid, or sodium cyanoborohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or sodium borohydride, iron pentacarbonyl and alcoholic potassium hydroxide, or borane and pyridine or formic acid. The reaction is preferable carried out in the presence of a suitable solvent such as an alcohol, for example methanol or ethanol, and at a temperature in the range of 0-50 °C, preferably at or near room temperature.
• a suitable solvent such as an alcohol, for example methanol or ethanol
• aromatic substitution reactions include the introduction of a nitro group using concentrated nitric acid, the introduction of an acyl group using, for example, an acyl halide and Lewis acid, such as aluminium trichloride, under Friedel Crafts conditions; the introduction of an alkyl group using an alkyl halide and Lewis acid, such as aluminium trichloride, under Friedel Crafts conditions; and the introduction of a halogeno group.
• modifications include the reduction of a nitro group to an amino group by for example, catalytic hydrogenation with a nickel catalyst or treatment with iron in the presence of hydrochloric acid with heating; oxidation of alkylthio to alkylsulphinyl or alkylsulphonyl.
• a suitable protecting group for an amino or alkylamino group is, for example, an acyl group; for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an alkoxycarbonyl group, for example a methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl group, an arylmethoxycarbonyl group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl, or an aroyl group, for example benzoyl.
• the deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group.
• an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or alkoxycarbonyl group or an aroyl group may be removed for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• an acyl group such as a t-butoxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by treatment with a suitable acid as hydrochloric, sulphuric or phosphoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid and an arylmethoxycarbonyl group such as a benzyloxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon, or by treatment with a Lewis acid for example boron tris(trifluoroacetate).
• a suitable alternative protecting group for a primary amino group is, for example, a phthaloyl group which may be removed by treatment with an alkylamine, for example dimethylaminopropylamine, or with hydrazine.
• a suitable protecting group for a hydroxy group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an aroyl group, for example benzoyl, or an arylmethyl group, for example benzyl.
• the deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups will necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group.
• an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or an aroyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• an arylmethyl group such as a benzyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
• a suitable protecting group for a carboxy group is, for example, an esterifying group, for example a methyl or an ethyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a base such as sodium hydroxide, or for example a t-butyl group which may be removed, for example, by treatment with an acid, for example an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or for example a benzyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
• a base such as sodium hydroxide
• a t-butyl group which may be removed, for example, by treatment with an acid, for example an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or for example a benzyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
• the protecting groups may be removed at any convenient stage in the synthesis using conventional techniques well known in the chemical art.
• a compound of the formula I or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or in v vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof for the therapeutic treatment (including prophylactic treatment) of mammals including humans, it is normally formulated in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice as a pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of compounds of this invention may be administered in standard manner for the disease condition that it is desired to treat, for example by oral, topical, parenteral, buccal, nasal, vaginal or rectal administration or by inhalation.
• the compounds of this invention may be formulated by means known in the art into the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, gels, nasal sprays, suppositories, finely divided powders or aerosols for inhalation, and for parenteral use such as intravenous, intramuscular or infusion, sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions or sterile emulsions.
• a preferred route of administration is intravenously in sterile isotonic solution.
• composition of this invention may also contain, or be simultaneously or sequentially co-administered with, one or more pharmacological agents of value in treating one or more disease conditions referred to hereinabove.
• compositions of this invention will normally be administered to humans so that, for example, a daily dose of 0.05 to 75 mg/kg body weight (and preferably of 0.1 to 30 mg/kg body weight) is received.
• This daily dose may be given in divided doses as necessary, the precise amount of the compound received and the route of administration depending on the weight, age and sex of the patient being treated and on the particular disease condition being treated according to principles known in the art.
• unit dosage forms will contain about 1 mg to 500 mg of a compound of this invention.
• composition which comprises a compound of the formula I:
• R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Cj. 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 . 8 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 . 8 alkynyl; wherein said C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl, C 2 . 8 alkenyl and C 2 . 8 alkynyl are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, C
• G is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon linked heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon-linked heterocycle or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 .
• p is an integer selected from the range 0 to 6 and
• X is a linking group selected from -C(O)-, -O-, -OC(O)-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -S(O) 2 ⁇ R 4 -, -NR 4 S(O) 2 -, -NR 4 -, -C(O)O-, -C(O)NR 4 -, -NR 4 C(O)-, -OC(O)NR 4 -, -C(O)NR 4 SO 2 -, -NR 4 C(O)O-, -C(S)NR 4 - or -NR 4 C(S)-, wherein
• alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N-(C ⁇ _6alkyl) 2 sulphamoyl or phenylC ⁇ _ 6 alkyl and a heterocycle or heteroaryl containing an - ⁇ H- group may be substituted or unsubstituted on a ring nitrogen with C ⁇ _ alkyl, C 2 . 6 alkenyl, C 2 . 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ _ alkanoyl, - ⁇ alkylsulphonyl or phenylC ⁇ . alkyl;
• A is a ring selected from phenyl and naphthyl;
• R 2 at each occurrence is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, C 2 . 6 alkenyl, C 2 _ 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoyl, C ⁇ alkanoyloxy, N-(C ⁇ - 6 alkyl)amino, N,N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl) 2 amino, C ⁇ .6alkanoylamino, N-(C ⁇ .
• W (CH 2 ) p -B- LB wherein W is halo, nitro, hydroxy, C
• N,N-(C ⁇ . 6 alkyl) 2 carbamoyl p is an integer selected from the range 1 to 6, and B is a bond, oxy, imino, N-(C ⁇ - 6 alkyl)imino or -C(O) ⁇ H-, with the proviso that p is 2 or more unless B is a bond, -C(O)NH-, or
• R 2 is a group of formula IC:
• D is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and E is selected from a bond, C
• m is an integer selected from the range 0 to 5 where at each occurrence R 2 is independently selected from any foregoing moiety; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or and in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof; with the following provisos: when A is phenyl: a) if A and R 2 in combination is 4-chlorophenyl then R !
• R 1 is not 3-mercaptopropyl; b) if A and R 2 in combination is 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl then R 1 is not cyanomethyl or 2-aminoethyl; and c) when R 1 is a substituted straight chain C ⁇ _ alkyl group, the distal carbon atom, that is the carbon atom of this C ⁇ .
• a further feature of the present invention is a compound of formula I' and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or an in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof, for use as a medicament.
• such a compound of formula F is a compound of formula (I"):
• R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C ⁇ - 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - 8 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - 8 alkynyl; wherein said C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl, C . 8 alkenyl and C 2 _ 8 alkynyl are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ _ alkanoyl, C ⁇ - alkoxycarbonyl, C ⁇ .
• alkanoyloxy N-(C ⁇ - 6 alkyl)amino, N,N-(C ⁇ . 6 alkyl) 2 amino, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoylamino, N-(C
• G is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon linked heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbon-linked heterocycle or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 .
• any aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle or C _ ⁇ cycloalkyl may be unsubstituted or substituted on a ring carbon with one or more groups selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, C 2 _ 6 alkenyl, C 2 . 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ _ 6 alkanoyl, C ⁇ _ alkanoyloxy, N-(C ⁇ .
• A is a ring selected from phenyl and naphthyl;
• R 2 at each occurrence is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ _ alkyl, C 2 . alkenyl, C 2 . 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoyl, C ⁇ _ alkanoyloxy, N-(C ⁇ . 6 alkyl)amino, N,N-(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl) 2 amino, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoylamino, N-(C ⁇ .
• W (CH 2 ) p -B- LB wherein W is halo, nitro, hydroxy, C ⁇ - 6 alkoxy, cyano, amino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, mesyl, N-C ⁇ . 6 alkylamino, N,N-(C ⁇ - 6 alkyl) 2 amino, C ⁇ .
• alkoxycarbonyl N-C ⁇ _ 6 alkylcarbamoyl or N,N-(Ci- 6 alkyl) 2 carbamoyl
• p is an integer selected from the range 1 to 6
• B is a bond, oxy, imino, N-(C ⁇ _ alkyl)imino or -C(O) ⁇ H-, with the proviso that p is 2 or more unless B is a bond, -C(O)NH-, or
• R 2 is a group of formula IC:
• D— E IC wherein D is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and E is selected from a bond, C ⁇ _ 6 alkylene,
• a method of inhibiting of the [ 3 H] -emopamil binding site in a warm-blooded animal, such as a human being, in need of such treatment which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I" or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof, as defined hereinbefore.
• Binding at the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site was determined by a modification of the method described by Zech, C, Staudinger R., Miihlbacher, J. and Glossmann, H. Novel sites for phenylalkylamines: characterisation of a sodium-sensitive drug receptor with (-)- 3 H- emopamil. Eur. J. Pharm. 208: 119-130, 1991.
• Guinea-pig liver membrane preparation
• Assay buffer 10 mM Tris-HCl, 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 7.4 at 4 °C.
• Radioligand 0.96 nM (-)- H-emopamil (Amersham).
• Guinea pig liver membranes 40mg/mL original wet weight.
• H-D-888 binding to rat brain cortical membranes 3 H-D-888 binding was determined by a modification of Reynolds, I.J., Snowman,
• the homogenate was spun at 1000 x g for 10 minutes at 4 °C in a SS-34 rotor. The supernatant was then spun at 29,000 x g for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was resuspended in membrane buffer (5 mM Hepes, 0.2% BSA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 60 mg original wet weight/mL.
• Assay Reaction Mixture Assay buffer: 50 mM Hepes, 0.2% BSA, pH 7.4
• Radioligand l ⁇ M 3 H-D888 (Amersham)
• Rat cortical membranes 6 mg/mL original wet weight
• This mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 25 °C.
• the assay was terminated by filtering with a Brandel Cell Harvester over Whatman GF/C filters that had been soaked for at least 120 minutes in 0.3% polyethylenamine (PEI) and washed three times with 5 mL of wash buffer containing 20 mM Hepes, 20 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.4. Specific binding was measured with 10 ⁇ M methoxy verapamil (D-600).
• This assay was used to determine in vitro selectivity of compounds vs. L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels, i.e. high affinity for the ⁇ -D888 binding site would show a lack of selectivity.
• the IC 50 of compounds of the invention at the ⁇ -D888 binding site was between 542 nM and 4098 nM.
• the gerbils are brought to the surgical suite and dosed intraperitoneally with the test agent or vehicle, forty five minutes prior to surgery. Drugs are administered at a volume of 5 mL/kg (intraperitoneal). Vehicle is generally saline, with sodium phosphate added to adjust the pH, if needed. Forty-five minutes after dosing the gerbils are anaesthetised with halothane (3.3%) which is delivered along with oxygen (1.5 1/M) through a face mask. After the gerbils are anaesthetised, halothane is continued at a maintenance level of 1.5-2 % along with oxygen. The ventral surface of the neck is shaved and cleaned with alcohol.
• Surgical procedures are carried out on a thermostat-controlled heating pad set to 37 °C.
• An incision is made in the neck, the carotid arteries are dissected away from the surrounding tissue, and isolated with a 5 cm length of Silastic tubing.
• both arteries have been isolated they are clamped with microaneurysm clips (Roboz Instruments).
• the arteries are visually inspected to determine that the blood flow has been stopped. After 5 minutes the clips are gently removed from the arteries and blood flow begins again.
• a sham control group is treated identically but is not subjected to carotid artery occlusion.
• the incisions are closed with suture and the gerbils WO 00/39110 ,,, PCT/GB99/04330
• Kieselgel silica (Art. 9385);
• DMSO dimethylsulphoxide
• THF is tetrahydrofuran
• DCM is dichloromethane -2 ⁇ -
• NMP is N-methylpyrrolidone.
• Example 1 l-Methyl-4-(2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)homopiperazine
• a solution of 1-methylhomopiperazine (4.05 mL; 3.7 g, 32.6 mmol) in THF (250 mL).
• Triethylamine (4.54 mL, 3.3 g, 32.6 mmol) and then 3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl bromide (5.97 mL, 10.0 g, 32.6 mmol) were added.
• the solution was immersed in a 60 °C oil bath for 16 hours during which time a precipitate formed.
• Example 40 l-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hvdroxypropyl)-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine
• a 4-dram vial was charged with l-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine (250 mg, 0.84 mmol) and 4-chlorophenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ether (0.20 mL, 310 mg, 1.68 mmol).
• a loose cover was placed over the vial and the vial was irradiated with microwaves for 1.50 minutes at hi power.
• the resulting light yellow product was purified by column chromatography using 5% methanol in methylene chloride to obtain the title compound as a light orange oil (370 mg).
• Example 50 l-methyl-4-(2,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl)homopiperazine A solution of 1-methyl-homopiperazine (456 mg, 4.0 mmol), 2,5-difluorobenzyl bromide (1.23 g, 4.0 mmol) and triethylamine (400 mg, 4.0 mmol) in 40 mL THF was prepared and stirred at ambient temperature for two days. The resulting mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated, dissolved in diethyl ether, washed with water and then concentrated. The resulting oil was purified by column chromatography using 5% methanol in methylene chloride to provided the title compound (1.0 g).
• Example 54 l-(2-phenylethyl)-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine
• a solution of l-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine (500 mg, 1.7 mmol), 2- bromoethylbenzene (620 mg, 3.4 mmol) and triethylamine (340 mg, 3.4 mmol) in 40 mL THF was prepared and stirred at 60 °C for 16 hours. Additional 2-bromoethylbenzene (620 mg, 3.4 mmol) and triethylamine (340 mg, 3.4 mmol) were then added to the solution and stirring at 60 °C was continued for another 16 hours.
• Example 65 l-Methyl-4-(2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)homopiperazine dihydrochloride
• a solution of Example 1 (7.0 g) in ethanol (25 mL) was treated with saturated ethanolic HC1. Diethyl ether was added while stirring until precipitation began. The solution was placed in a 0 °C refrigerator for 16 hours during which time a precipitate formed. The mixture was filtered and the resulting white solid was dried in vacuo at 48 °C for 16 hours to give the title compound (8.1 g).
• Example 66 l-Methyl-4-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)homopiperazine dimaleate salt
• a solution of Example 2 ( 11.1 g) in ethanol (35 mL) was prepared in a 250 mL erlenmeyer flask.
• a solution of maleic acid (9 g) in ethanol (50 mL) was added and a precipitate began to form.
• Diethyl ether (30 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred.
• the mixture was placed in a 0 °C refrigerator for 16 hours during which time a precipitate continued to form.
• the mixture was filtered and the resulting white solid was dried in vacuo at 48 °C for 16 hours to give the title compound (15.86 g).
• Example 40 Following conventional procedures well known in the pharmaceutical art the following exemplary pharmaceutical dosage forms containing compounds of formula I, I' or I" can be prepared: (a) Tablet mg/tablet
• HPMC Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
• a compound of Formula I, I' or I" is dissolved in an isotonic sterile solution at a concentration of 5 mg/mL.

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