EP1124388A2 - Dienstleistung während Roaming in drahtlosen Netzwerken der dritten Generation - Google Patents
Dienstleistung während Roaming in drahtlosen Netzwerken der dritten Generation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1124388A2 EP1124388A2 EP01300757A EP01300757A EP1124388A2 EP 1124388 A2 EP1124388 A2 EP 1124388A2 EP 01300757 A EP01300757 A EP 01300757A EP 01300757 A EP01300757 A EP 01300757A EP 1124388 A2 EP1124388 A2 EP 1124388A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- service
- network
- visited
- control function
- service control
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W8/00—Network data management
- H04W8/18—Processing of user or subscriber data, e.g. subscribed services, user preferences or user profiles; Transfer of user or subscriber data
- H04W8/20—Transfer of user or subscriber data
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W8/00—Network data management
- H04W8/18—Processing of user or subscriber data, e.g. subscribed services, user preferences or user profiles; Transfer of user or subscriber data
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
- H04W92/02—Inter-networking arrangements
Definitions
- This invention relates to wireless telecommunications systems and, in particular, to the concept of a relay service control procedure that enables network operators and/or service providers to provide home services to the visiting user, who is roaming in their networks.
- the assumption is that the visited (serving) networks are not readily equipped with the "Service Logic Program" to offer the home services.
- the service may not be readily available in the visited serving network because it may not be economical for the visited serving network operator to provide the requested service, or the visited serving network may not be technically capable of providing the requested service on its own. In these instances, the roaming user is denied the service since the visited serving network operator does not support the service.
- the subscriber service access authorization is processed every time a wireless mobile station is registered and a service request originates from this wireless mobile station.
- the service request is processed when a roaming user originates a request to the Mobile Switching Center of the visited serving network to register and place a request for service.
- the service request is denied if the requested service is not supported by the visited serving network. Therefore, existing wireless telecommunications systems are incapable of offering services that are not supported in the visited serving network.
- the above-described problems are solved and a technical advance is achieved by the relay service control procedure.
- the procedure enables network operators and/or service providers to provide home services to the visiting user, who is located in a visited serving network, when the visited serving network is not equipped to offer the home services. This is accomplished by enabling the visited serving network to expand their portfolio of available wireless services on an as needed basis. It obtains the needed Service Logic Program (SLP) from the Service Control Function of the user's home network or the Service Control Function of any other supporting network in the wireless communication system that supports the requested service.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- the visited serving network executes the relayed Service Logic Program in its Service Control Function and directly controls the provision of the requested service to the visiting user.
- the use of a supporting network for wireless telecommunication systems assists in the execution of the relay service control procedure to provide desired services to the mobile terminal users, directly through the inter-connection of the visited serving network with the supporting network.
- the network inter-connection is achieved by the use of a unique Network-to-Network Interface protocol that enables a supporting network operator to become a purveyor of third generation mobile telecommunications services to subscribers who are presently served by wireless communications networks that are incapable of providing these services.
- Figure 1 illustrates in block diagram form the architecture of a supporting network which is inter-connected with other wireless communications networks for third generation telecommunication systems (e.g., IMT-2000); and
- Figures 2 - 4 illustrate the signal transactions among the various Functional Entities located in the wireless networks of Figure 1.
- the signal flows are used to execute the relay service control procedure and provide home services to the roaming users.
- Wireless Communications Network is a wireless network comprised of base stations, base station control systems, and one or Mobile Switching Centers.
- Home Network 102 as shown in Figure 1 is the wireless communications network which holds location and service profile information related to the subscriber.
- Supporting Network 100 as shown in Figure 1 is the communications network (fixed or wireless) that provides support for a variety of services including but not limited to service logic programs and service related data for value added services (e.g., Intelligent Network and Supplementary Services.) Visited (Serving) Network 101 as shown in Figure 1 is the wireless communications network where a subscriber is presently being served.
- service logic programs and service related data for value added services e.g., Intelligent Network and Supplementary Services.
- Visited (Serving) Network 101 as shown in Figure 1 is the wireless communications network where a subscriber is presently being served.
- Destination Network is the wireless communications network to which an outgoing call from a "calling party" is destined (e.g., a visited serving network for the "called party.")
- Wireless Communications System is a system of Wireless Communications Networks (e.g., Home Networks, Supporting Networks, and Visited Networks).
- Wireless Communications Networks e.g., Home Networks, Supporting Networks, and Visited Networks.
- Figure 1 is the block diagram of the architecture of the proposed supporting network 100 as inter-connected with existing third generation telecommunication systems, consisting in this example of a visited network 101 and a home network 102.
- the network inter-connection is achieved by the use of a unique Network-to-Network Interface protocol that enables a supporting network operator to become a purveyor of third generation mobile telecommunications services to subscribers who are presently served by wireless communications networks that are incapable of providing these services.
- the Functional Entities of Figure 1 are the existing components of a typical wireless communications system as described below.
- the major Functional Entities (FE) that may be involved in inter-network communications are shown in solid circles (e.g., SCF, SRF, LMF, AMF, and SACF).
- Figures 2, 3, and 4 illustrate in flow diagram form the operations of the relay service control procedure among the Home Network 102, the Supporting Network 100, and the Visited (Serving) Network 101 within the third generation wireless telecommunications system as illustrated in Figure 1.
- the mobile user unit can roam through a plurality of service are as which are included in a number of "networks", each of which is provisioned with a variety of services.
- the user typically originates a wireless call from their present location in the Visited (Serving) Network 101 to a designated destination (Party B) in a Destination Network selecting one or more features and services that the subscriber is subscribed and/or authorized to receive for this call connection.
- the difficulty is where the mobile user unit transitions from one network ("Home Network” or "Old Visited Network”) to a new Visited (Serving) Network, and discovers that the new serving network cannot support the services for which the mobile user has subscribed.
- the requested service may not readily be available in the new visited wireless communication network, or it may not be economical for the network to provide the requested service, or the visited network is not technically equipped with the Service Program Logic to provide the requested service. In these instances, the roaming user is denied the service, which the subscriber has contracted to receive.
- the relay service control procedure overcomes this problem. It provides the desired service to the mobile user unit, either through the use of a resident capability in the Supporting Network 100 or the Home Network 102 or by acquiring the Service Logic Program and the subscriber data to execute the program and to offer the service.
- Three cases of the Relay Service Control procedures are illustrated in Figures 2, 3, and 4 and described below. These cases are "Call Related Relay Service Control”, “Call Unrelated Relay Service Control”, and "General Relay Service Control.”
- FIG. 2 show an example of a call related visited network triggered service request originated in the Visited Network 101. A detailed description of these flows is provided below.
- the mobile users typically originate a wireless call from their present location in the Visited Network 101 to a designated destination in the Destination Network, (such as Home Network 102) selecting one or more features and services that the subscriber is subscribed and/or authorized to receive for this call connection.
- the call origination consists of a sequence of well known interactions between the user mobile station and a base station within the Visited (Serving) Network 101, which results in a service request being lodged in the Call Control Function/Service Switching Function (CCF)/(SSFv) of the Visited Network.
- CCF Call Control Function/Service Switching Function
- This flow invokes the Service Control Function SCF in the Visited Network 101.
- This trigger is per instruction and information contained in the subscriber profile, and it could be detected from any active Trigger Detection Point encountered during a call processing.
- this flow is to the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 to request the Service Logic Program (SLP) needed to execute the service request received from the user.
- This signal flow carries information such as the user's identification, a service trigger identifier, a service logic identifier, the subscriber location information, and the like.
- the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 retrieves data residing in the Location Management Function LMFh of the Home Network 102.
- This flow is from the Location Management Function LMFh in the Home Network 102 to the Service Control Function SCFsn in the Supporting Network 100 to provide the user location information.
- This signal flow is initiated by the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 to confirm receiving the request for the Service Logic Program (SLP). It also sends the Service Logic Program (SLP), or the segments of the Service Logic Program (SLP) necessary for the Visited (Serving) Network 101 to provide the requested service. In doing so, the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 updates the user's location and the state information for the user's mobile station, checks the subscriber service profile for restrictions on the subscriber, and formulates and transmits the requested Service Logic Program (SLP), or the segments of the Service Logic Program (SLP) to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- SLP Service Logic Program
- This flow is internal to the Visited Network 101 and carries instructions from the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 to the Call Control Function/Service Switching Function CCF'/SSF in the Visited Network 101 to transfer service instructions.
- the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 executes the relayed Service Logic Program (SLP).
- SLP Service Logic Program
- the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 transmits call routing instructions to the Call Control Function/Service Switching Function CCF'/SSF in the Visited Network 101.
- This signal flow is a common procedure to continue the call processing and to connect the call to the destination network, Party B's Visited Network.
- FIG. 3 show an example of a call unrelated visited network triggered service request that is originated in the Visited Network 101.
- an initial service request is transmitted to the Service Access Control Function SACFv of the Visited Network 101, the Location Management Function LMFv of the Visited Network 101, or the Authentication Management Function AMFv of the Visited Network 101 for a specific service.
- SACFv Service Access Control Function
- LMFv Location Management Function
- AMFv Authentication Management Function
- the receiving Functional Entity FE e.g., SACF, LMF, or AMF
- the receiving Functional Entity FE e.g., SACF, LMF, or AMF
- SLP Service Logic Program
- SLP Service Logic Program
- Signal Flow #1 (Call Unrelated Service Request) - This is the stimulus flow wherein a user's request for access to a designated service is transmitted to the appropriate Functional Entity FE (e.g., SACFv, LMFv, or AMFv) in the Visited Network 101. If the subscriber service profile has not already been retrieved, the Functional Entity FE in the Visited Network 101 transmits a request to the user's Home Network 102 for the subscriber service profile, otherwise the Functional Entity FE in the Visited Network 101 transmits a request for instructions to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101.
- Functional Entity FE e.g., SACFv, LMFv, or AMFv
- Signal Flow #2 Subscriber Profile Transfer
- This signal flow is a common procedure to obtain information on the subscriber's service authorizations, based on the subscriber service profile.
- Signal Flow #3 (Service Instruction Request) - Triggered by either the Service Access Control Function SACFv of the Visited Network 101, the Location Management Function LMFv of the Visited Network 101, or the Authentication Management Function AMFv of the Visited Network 101, this flow invokes the Service Control Function SCFv in the Visited Network 101fror instruction to handle the service request.
- Signal Flow #4 (Relay Service Control Request) - A message is transmitted from the Service Control Function SCFv in the Visited Network 101 to the Service Control Function SCFsn in the Supporting Network 100 requesting the Service Logic Program (SLP) that is needed.
- the message contains the subscriber identification, the service trigger identifier, and a pointer of identifier for the requested Service Logic Program (SLP).
- Signal Flow #5 (Location Information Update) - This flow is a common procedure containing message transactions between the Location Management Function LMFh in the Home Network 102 and the Service Control Function SCFsn in the Supporting Network 100 to provide an update of the user location information.
- This signal flow is initiated by the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 to confirm receiving the request for the Service Logic Program (SLP) and to send the requested Service Logic Program (SLP), or the segments of the Service Logic Program (SLP) necessary for the Visited Network 101 to provide the requested service.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- SLP Service Logic Program
- the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 updates the subscriber's location and the state information for the subscriber's mobile subscriber station, checks for restrictions on the subscriber, formulates the requested Service Logic Program (SLP), or the segments of the Service Logic Program (SLP) necessary for the Visited Network 101 to provide the requested service, and transmits the Service Logic Program (SLP) to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- SLP Service Logic Program
- Signal Flow # 7 Service Instruction Response
- This signal flow is directed to the Functional Entity of the Visited (Serving) Network 101 (e.g., Service Access Control Function SACFv, the Location Management Function LMFv, or the Authentication Management Function AMFv) that originated the request for instruction to handle the service.
- SACFv Service Access Control Function
- LMFv Location Management Function
- AMFv Authentication Management Function
- FIG. 4 show an example of a general "relay service control" request to the Visited Network 101.
- an initial service request is transmitted to a Functional Entity FE in the Visited Network 101, such as the Service Access Control Function SACFv of the Visited Network 101, the Location Management Function LMFv of the Visited Network 101, or the Authentication Management Function AMFv of the Visited Network 101, for a specific service.
- This FE sends a request for instruction to the service control function SCFv of Visited (Serving) Network 101.
- the SCFv Unequipped with the required Service Logic Program, the SCFv sends a request to the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100.
- the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 When the requested Service Logic Program (SLP) is received, the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 upon processing the requested Service Logic Program (SLP), sends instructions to the original requesting Functional Entity FE.
- the generic aspect of this procedure is the use of two data flows from the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 to the Service Control Function SCFsn in the Supporting Network 100, and vice versa.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- Signal Flow #1 (Service Request) - This is the stimulus flow wherein a subscriber's request for access to a designated service is transmitted to the Functional Entity FE in the Visited Network 101 (e.g., SACFv, LMFv, AMFv). If the subscriber's service profile has not already been retrieved, the Functional Entity FE in the Visited Network 101 transmits a request to the user's Home Network 102 for the subscriber service profile, otherwise the Functional Entity FE in the Visited Network 101 transmits a request for instructions to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101.
- SACFv Service Control Function
- Signal Flow #2 (Common Procedure X) - This signal flow is a common procedure to obtain information on the subscriber's service authorizations, based on the subscriber service profile.
- Signal Flow #3 (Service Instruction Request) - Triggered either by the Service Access Control Function SACFv of the Visited Network 101, the Location Management Function LMFv of the Visited Network 101, or the Authentication Management Function AMFv of the Visited Network 101, this flow invokes the Service Control Function SCFv in the Visited Network 101 for instruction to handle the service request.
- SACFv Service Access Control Function
- LMFv Location Management Function
- AMFv Authentication Management Function
- Signal Flow #4 (Relay Service Control Reouest) -
- a message is transmitted from the Service Control Function SCFv in the Visited Network 101 to the Service Control Function SCFsn in the Supporting Network 100, requesting the Service Logic Program (SLP) that is needed for execution.
- the message contains the subscriber identification, the service trigger identifier, and a pointer to the requested Service Logic Program (SLP).
- Signal Flow #5 (Common Procedure Y) - This flow is from the Location Management Function LMFh in the Home Network 102 to the Service Control Function SCFsn in the Supporting Network 100 to provide information/update on the location of the calling party (Party A) and the called party (Party B).
- This signal flow is initiated by the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 to the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101 in response to the request for the Service Logic Program (SLP). It contains the Service Logic Program (SLP), or the segments of the Service Logic Program (SLP) that is necessary for the Visited Network 101 to provide the requested service. In doing so, the Service Control Function SCFsn of the Supporting Network 100 updates the user's location and the state information for the user's mobile station, checks the subscriber service profile for restrictions on the subscriber, and formulates and sends the requested Service Logic Program (SLP) (or the segments of the Service Logic Program (SLP)), to the Visited Network 101.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- SLP Service Logic Program
- Signal Flow # 7 (Service Instruction Response) - This signal flow is directed to either the Service Access Control Function SACFv of the Visited Network 101, the Location Management Function LMFv of the Visited Network 101, or the Authentication Management Function AMFv of the Visited Network 101 that originated the service request and provides the service handling instruction.
- SACFv Service Access Control Function
- LMFv Location Management Function
- AMFv Authentication Management Function
- Signal Flow #8 (Common Procedure Z) - This signal flow is a common procedure used to continue the processing of the call after receiving instructions from the Service Control Function SCFv of the Visited Network 101.
- the relay service control procedure enables a visited serving network to expand its portfolio of available wireless services on an as needed basis by obtaining the needed Service Logic Program (SLP) from the Service Control Function of the user's home network or the Service Control Function of any other supporting network that supports the requested service.
- SLP Service Logic Program
- the visited serving network executes the Service Logic Program in its Service Control Function and directly controls the provision of the requested service to the user.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
- Telephonic Communication Services (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US50105000A | 2000-02-09 | 2000-02-09 | |
US501050 | 2000-02-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1124388A2 true EP1124388A2 (de) | 2001-08-16 |
EP1124388A3 EP1124388A3 (de) | 2002-01-23 |
Family
ID=23991946
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01300757A Withdrawn EP1124388A3 (de) | 2000-02-09 | 2001-01-29 | Dienstleistung während Roaming in drahtlosen Netzwerken der dritten Generation |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1124388A3 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2001285191A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20010078799A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1308436A (de) |
AU (1) | AU1827601A (de) |
BR (1) | BR0100189A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2330710A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006067265A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-06-29 | Nokia Corporation | Method for providing charging attributes |
US8238904B2 (en) | 2005-04-26 | 2012-08-07 | Telecom Italia S.P.A. | Method for allowing access to services offered by an intelligent mobile communications network |
CN101656945B (zh) * | 2008-08-22 | 2013-04-17 | 上海华为技术有限公司 | 一种获取网络信息的方法、装置及系统 |
EP2725831A1 (de) * | 2012-10-23 | 2014-04-30 | Deutsche Telekom AG | Verfahren zur Verwendung eines Benutzergeräts in einem Abdeckungsgebiet eines besuchten öffentlichen Landfunknetzes und Computerprogrammprodukt |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8819711B2 (en) | 2004-05-04 | 2014-08-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Hierarchical program packages for user terminal subscribable services |
JP4561980B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-08 | 2010-10-13 | 日本電気株式会社 | セッション中継装置およびセッション中継方法 |
HK1081069A2 (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-05-04 | Hutchison Whampoa Entpr Ltd | Mobile video telephony method |
WO2008136350A1 (ja) * | 2007-05-01 | 2008-11-13 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | 通信制御装置、通信制御システム及び通信制御方法 |
CN109089255B (zh) * | 2017-06-14 | 2022-01-25 | 中国移动通信有限公司研究院 | 用户位置通知控制方法、装置、系统、设备及存储介质 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998053626A1 (en) * | 1997-05-23 | 1998-11-26 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson | Method and arrangement for supporting operator specific services to a subscriber in a mobile telecommunications system |
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2001
- 2001-01-10 CA CA002330710A patent/CA2330710A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-01-29 BR BR0100189-2A patent/BR0100189A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-01-29 EP EP01300757A patent/EP1124388A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-02-02 AU AU18276/01A patent/AU1827601A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-02-07 CN CN01103232A patent/CN1308436A/zh active Pending
- 2001-02-09 JP JP2001033055A patent/JP2001285191A/ja active Pending
- 2001-02-09 KR KR1020010006373A patent/KR20010078799A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998053626A1 (en) * | 1997-05-23 | 1998-11-26 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson | Method and arrangement for supporting operator specific services to a subscriber in a mobile telecommunications system |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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BECHER R ET AL: "CAMEL: THE IMPACT OF PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS ON INTELLIGENT NETWORKS" ISS '97. WORLD TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONGRESS. (INTERNATIONAL SWITCHING SYMPOSIUM). GLOBAL NETWORK EVOLUTION: CONVERGENCE OR COLLISION? TORONTO, SEPT. 21 - 26, 1997, ISS. WORLD TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONGRESS. (INTERNATIONAL SWITCHING SYMPOSIUM), TORONTO, P, vol. 2, 21 September 1997 (1997-09-21), pages 225-233, XP000704472 * |
HAGEN L ET AL: "Mobile agent based service subscription and customization using the UMTS virtual home environment" COMPUTER NETWORKS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V., AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 31, no. 19, 31 August 1999 (1999-08-31), pages 2063-2078, XP004304616 ISSN: 1389-1286 * |
TORABI M ET AL: "THIRD-GENERATION MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND VIRTUAL HOME ENVIRONMENT: A PRIORITIZATION ANALYSIS" BELL LABS TECHNICAL JOURNAL, BELL LABORATORIES, US, vol. 3, no. 3, 1 July 1998 (1998-07-01), pages 50-62, XP000782373 ISSN: 1089-7089 * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006067265A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-06-29 | Nokia Corporation | Method for providing charging attributes |
US8670744B2 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2014-03-11 | Nokia Corporation | Method for providing charging attributes |
US8238904B2 (en) | 2005-04-26 | 2012-08-07 | Telecom Italia S.P.A. | Method for allowing access to services offered by an intelligent mobile communications network |
CN101656945B (zh) * | 2008-08-22 | 2013-04-17 | 上海华为技术有限公司 | 一种获取网络信息的方法、装置及系统 |
EP2725831A1 (de) * | 2012-10-23 | 2014-04-30 | Deutsche Telekom AG | Verfahren zur Verwendung eines Benutzergeräts in einem Abdeckungsgebiet eines besuchten öffentlichen Landfunknetzes und Computerprogrammprodukt |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2330710A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
CN1308436A (zh) | 2001-08-15 |
AU1827601A (en) | 2001-08-16 |
EP1124388A3 (de) | 2002-01-23 |
KR20010078799A (ko) | 2001-08-21 |
JP2001285191A (ja) | 2001-10-12 |
BR0100189A (pt) | 2001-09-18 |
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