EP1104465A1 - Recepteur couple a la proteine g, dit recepteur 14400 - Google Patents

Recepteur couple a la proteine g, dit recepteur 14400

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Publication number
EP1104465A1
EP1104465A1 EP99942397A EP99942397A EP1104465A1 EP 1104465 A1 EP1104465 A1 EP 1104465A1 EP 99942397 A EP99942397 A EP 99942397A EP 99942397 A EP99942397 A EP 99942397A EP 1104465 A1 EP1104465 A1 EP 1104465A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
amino acid
receptor
nucleic acid
polypeptide
protein
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP99942397A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Maria Alexandra Glucksmann
Nadine S. Weich
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Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Publication of EP1104465A1 publication Critical patent/EP1104465A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A61P33/06—Antimalarials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/10—Anthelmintics
    • A61P33/12—Schistosomicides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a newly identified receptor belonging to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors.
  • the invention also relates to polynucleotides encoding the receptor.
  • the invention further relates to methods using the receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides as a target for diagnosis and treatment in receptor-mediated disorders.
  • the invention further relates to drug-screening methods using the receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides to identify agonists and antagonists for diagnosis and treatment.
  • the invention further encompasses agonists and antagonists based on the receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides.
  • the invention further relates to procedures for producing the receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides.
  • GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors
  • GPCRs constitute a major class of proteins responsible for transducing a signal within a cell.
  • GPCRs have three structural domains: an amino terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain containing seven transmembrane segments, three extracellular loops, and three intracellular loops, and a carboxy terminal intracellular domain.
  • a signal is transduced within the cell that results in a change in a biological or physiological property of the cell.
  • GPCRs, along with G-proteins and effectors are the components of a modular signaling system that connects the state of intracellular second messengers to extracellular inputs.
  • GPCR genes and gene-products are potential causative agents of disease (Spiegel et al., J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1119-1125 (1993); McKusick et al , J. Med. Genet.
  • the GPCR protein superfamily can be divided into five families: Family I, receptors typified by rhodopsin and the ⁇ 2-adrenergic receptor and currently represented by over 200 unique members (Dohlman et al., Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60:653-688 (1991)); Family II, the parathyroid hormone/calcitonin/secretin receptor family (Juppner et al, Science 254: 1024-1026 (1991); Lin et al., Science 254:1022- 1024 (1991)); Family III, the metabotropic glutamate receptor family (Nakanishi, Science 258 597:603 (1992)); Family IV, the cAMP receptor family, important in the chemotaxis and development of D.
  • Drosophila expresses a photoreceptor-specific protein, bride of sevenless (boss), a seven-transmembrane-segment protein which has been extensively studied and does not show evidence of being a GPCR (Hart et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5047-5051 (1993)).
  • the gene frizzled (jz) in Drosophila is also thought to be a protein with seven transmembrane segments. Like boss, fz has not been shown to couple to G-proteins (Vinson et al., Nature 338:263-264 (1989)).
  • G proteins represent a family of heterotrimeric proteins composed of ⁇ , ⁇ and Y subunits, that bind guanine nucleotides. These proteins are usually linked to cell surface receptors, e.g., receptors containing seven transmembrane segments. Following ligand binding to the GPCR, a conformational change is transmitted to the G protein, which causes the ⁇ -subunit to exchange a bound GDP molecule for a GTP molecule and to dissociate from the ⁇ -subunits.
  • the GTP-bound form of the ⁇ - subunit typically functions as an effector-modulating moiety, leading to the production of second messengers, such as cAMP (e.g., by activation of adenyl cyclase), diacylglycerol or inositol phosphates.
  • second messengers such as cAMP (e.g., by activation of adenyl cyclase), diacylglycerol or inositol phosphates.
  • cAMP e.g., by activation of adenyl cyclase
  • diacylglycerol diacylglycerol
  • inositol phosphates inositol phosphates.
  • G proteins are described extensively in Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, (Scientific American Books Inc., New York, N.Y., 1995), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • GPCRs are a major target for drug action and development. Accordingly, it is valuable to the field of pharmaceutical development to identify and characterize previously unknown GPCRs.
  • the present invention advances the state of the art by providing a previously unidentified human GPCR.
  • a specific object of the invention is to identify compounds that act as agonists and antagonists and modulate the expression of the novel receptor.
  • a further specific object of the invention is to provide compounds that modulate expression of the receptor for treatment and diagnosis of GPCR-related disorders.
  • the invention is thus based on the identification of a novel GPCR, designated the 14400 receptor.
  • the invention provides isolated 14400 receptor polypeptides including a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1, or the amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA deposited as ATCC No. on
  • the invention also provides isolated 14400 receptor nucleic acid molecules having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 or in the deposited cDNA.
  • the invention also provides variant polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that is substantially homologous to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:
  • the invention also provides variant nucleic acid sequences that are substantially homologous to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 or in the deposited cDNA.
  • the invention also provides fragments of the polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO 2 or in the deposited cDNA.
  • the invention also provides vectors and host cells for expressing the receptor nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides and particularly recombinant vectors and host cells.
  • the invention also provides methods of making the vectors and host cells and methods for using them to produce the receptor nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides.
  • the invention also provides antibodies that selectively bind the receptor polypeptides and fragments.
  • the invention also provides methods of screening for compounds that modulate the activity of the receptor polypeptides. Modulation can be at the level of the polypeptide receptor or at the level of controlling the expression of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) expressing the receptor polypeptide.
  • the invention also provides a process for modulating receptor polypeptide activity, especially using the screened compounds, including to treat conditions related to expression of the receptor polypeptides.
  • the invention also provides diagnostic assays for determining the presence of and level of the receptor polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules in a biological sample.
  • the invention also provides diagnostic assays for determining the presence of a mutation in the receptor polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules.
  • Figure 1 shows the 14400 nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO 2) and the deduced 14400 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO 1). It is predicted that amino acids 1-23 constitute the amino terminal extracellular domain, amino acids 24-296 constitute the region spanning the transmembrane domain, and amino acids 297-359 constitute the carboxy terminal intracellular domain.
  • the transmembrane domain contains seven transmembrane segments, three extracellular loops and three intracellular loops.
  • the transmembrane segments are found from about amino acid 24 to about amino acid 48, from about amino acid 59 to about amino acid 78, from about amino acid 89 to about amino acid 105, from about amino acid 139 to about amino acid 159, from about amino acid 189 to about amino acid 213, from about amino acid 234 to about amino acid 251, and from about amino acid 277 to about amino acid 296.
  • Within the region spanning the entire transmembrane domain are three intracellular and three extracellular loops.
  • the three intracellular loops are found from about amino acid 49 to about amino acid 58, from about amino acid 106 to about amino acid 138, and from about amino acid 214 to about amino acid 233.
  • the three extracellular loops are found at from about amino acid 79 to about amino acid 88, from about amino acid 160 to about amino acid 188, and from about amino acid 252 to about amino acid 276.
  • the transmembrane domain includes a GPCR signal transduction signature, ERF, at residues 120-122.
  • the sequence includes an arginine at residue 121, an invariant amino acid in GPCRs.
  • Figure 2 shows a comparison of the 14400 receptor against the Prosite data base of protein patterns, specifically showing a high score against the seven transmembrane segment rhodopsin superfamily.
  • the underlined area shows a GPCR signature, and specifically the position of an arginine residue, conserved in GPCRs.
  • the most commonly conserved sequence is an aspartate, arginine, tyrosine (DRY) triplet. DRY is implicated in signal transduction.
  • Arginine is invariant. Aspartate is conservatively placed in several GPCRs. In the present case, the arginine is found in the sequence ERF, which matches the position of DRY or invariant arginine in GPCRs of the rhodopsin superfamily of receptors.
  • Figure 3 shows an analysis of the 14400 amino acid sequence: ⁇ turn and coil regions; hydrophilicity; amphipathic regions; flexible regions; antigenic index; and surface probability plot.
  • Figure 4 shows a 14400 receptor hydrophobicity plot.
  • the amino acids correspond to 1-359 and show the seven transmembrane segments.
  • Figure 5 shows an analysis of the 14400 open reading frame for amino acids corresponding to specific functional sites.
  • a glycosylation site is found at amino acids 5-8, which corresponds to the amino terminal extracellular domain.
  • a second glycosylation site is found at amino acids 11-14, which also corresponds to the amino terminal extracellular domain.
  • a third glycosylation site is found at amino acids 64- 67, which corresponds to the second transmembrane segment.
  • a cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site is found at amino acids 321-324, which is in the carboxy terminal intracellular domain.
  • a protein kinase C phosphorylation site is found at amino acids 130-132, which is in the second intracellular loop.
  • a casein kinase II phosphorylation site occurs at amino acids 7-10, in the amino terminal extracellular loop.
  • a second casein kinase II phosphorylation site occurs at amino acids 66-69, which is in the second transmembrane segment.
  • a third casein kinase II phosphorylation site occurs at amino acids 174-177, which is in the second extracellular loop.
  • a fourth casein kinase II phosphorylation site occurs at amino acids 320-323, which is in the carboxy terminal intracellular domain.
  • N- myristoylation sites occur at amino acids 40-45, 92-97, 171-176, and 343-348, which are in the first transmembrane segment, the second transmembrane segment, the second extracellular loop, and the carboxy terminal intracellular domain, respectively.
  • amino acids corresponding in position to the GPCR signature and containing the invariant arginine are found in the sequence ERF at amino acids 20-22.
  • the 14400 receptor protein is a GPCR that participates in signaling pathways.
  • a “signaling pathway” refers to the modulation (e.g., stimulation or inhibition) of a cellular function/activity upon the binding of a ligand to the GPCR
  • Examples of such functions include mobilization of intracellular molecules that participate in a signal transduction pathway, e.g., phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP ), inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3 ) and adenylate cyclase; polarization of the plasma membrane; production or secretion of molecules; alteration in the structure of a cellular component; cell proliferation, e.g., synthesis of DNA; cell migration; cell differentiation; and cell survival.
  • PIP phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
  • IP 3 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
  • adenylate cyclase adenylate cyclase
  • cells participating in a 14400 receptor protein signaling pathway include, but are not limited to cells derived from these tissues.
  • the response mediated by the receptor protein depends on the type of cell.
  • binding of a ligand to the receptor protein may stimulate an activity such as release of compounds, gating of a channel, cellular adhesion, migration, differentiation, etc., through phosphatidylinositol or cyclic AMP metabolism and turnover while in other cells, the binding of the ligand will produce a different result.
  • the protein is a GPCR and interacts with G proteins to produce one or more secondary signals, in a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways, e.g., through phosphatidylinositol or cyclic AMP metabolism and turnover, in a cell.
  • phosphatidylinositol turnover and metabolism refers to the molecules involved in the turnover and metabolism of phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) as well as to the activities of these molecules.
  • PIP 2 is a phospholipid found in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Binding of ligand to the receptor activates, in some cells, the plasma-membrane enzyme phospholipase C that in turn can hydrolyze PIP 2 to produce 1 ,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate (IP 3 ).
  • DAG ,2-diacylglycerol
  • IP 3 inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate
  • IP 3 can diffuse to the endoplasmic reticulum surface where it can bind an IP 3 receptor, e.g., a calcium channel protein containing an IP 3 binding site. IP 3 binding can induce opening of the channel, allowing calcium ions to be released into the cytoplasm. IP 3 can also be phosphorylated by a specific kinase to form
  • inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate a molecule which can cause calcium entry into the
  • IP 3 and IP4 can subsequently be hydrolyzed
  • IP 2 inositol 1 ,4-biphosphate
  • IP 1 ,4-biphosphate IP 2
  • inositol 1,3,4- triphosphate respectively.
  • IP 2 inositol 1 ,4-biphosphate
  • DAG inositol 1,3,4- triphosphate
  • the other second messenger produced by the hydrolysis of PIP namely 1 ,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) remains in the cell membrane where it can serve to activate the enzyme protein kinase C.
  • Protein kinase C is usually found soluble in the cytoplasm of the cell, but upon an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration, this enzyme can move to the plasma membrane where it can be activated by DAG.
  • phosphatidylinositol activity refers to an activity of PIP 2 or one of its metabolites.
  • Cyclic AMP is a second messenger produced in response to ligand-induced stimulation of certain G protein coupled receptors.
  • binding of a ligand to a GPCR can lead to the activation of the enzyme adenyl cyclase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cAMP.
  • the newly synthesized cAMP can in turn activate a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
  • This activated kinase can phosphorylate a voltage-gated potassium channel protein, or an associated protein, and lead to the inability of the potassium channel to open during an action potential.
  • the inability of the potassium channel to open results in a decrease in the outward flow of potassium, which normally repolarizes the membrane of a neuron, leading to prolonged membrane depolarization.
  • the invention is based on the discovery of a novel G-coupled protein receptor.
  • an expressed sequence tag (EST) was selected based on homology to G- protein-coupled receptor sequences. This EST was used to design primers based on sequences that it contains and used to identify a cDNA from a B cell cDNA library. Positive clones were sequenced and the overlapping fragments were assembled. Analysis of the assembled sequence revealed that the cloned cDNA molecule encodes a G-protein coupled receptor.
  • the invention thus relates to a novel GPCR having the deduced amino acid sequence shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO 1) or having the amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA, ATCC No. .
  • the deposit will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms.
  • the deposit is provided as a convenience to those of skill in the art and is not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U.S.C. ⁇ 112.
  • the deposited sequence, as well as the polypeptide encoded by the sequence, is incorporated herein by reference and controls in the event of any conflict, such as a sequencing error, with description in this application.
  • 14400 receptor polypeptide or “14400 receptor protein” refers to the polypeptide in SEQ ID NO 1 or encoded by the deposited cDNA.
  • the present invention thus provides an isolated or purified 14400 receptor polypeptide and variants and fragments thereof.
  • the 14400 polypeptide is a 359 residue protein exhibiting three main structural domains.
  • the amino terminal extracellular domain is identified to be within residues 1 to about 23 in SEQ ID NO 1.
  • the transmembrane domain is identified to be within residues from about 24 to about 296 in SEQ ID NO 1.
  • the carboxy terminal intracellular domain is identified to be within residues from about 297 to 359 in SEQ ID NO.
  • the transmembrane domain contains seven segments that span the membrane.
  • the transmembrane segments are found from about amino acid 24 to about amino acid 48, from about amino acid 59 to about amino acid 78, from about amino acid 89 to about amino acid 105, from about amino acid 139 to about amino acid 159, from about amino acid 189 to about amino acid 213, from about amino acid 234 to about amino acid 251, and from about amino acid 277 to about amino acid 296.
  • Within the region spanning the entire transmembrane domain are three intracellular and three extracellular loops.
  • the three intracellular loops are found from about amino acid 49 to about amino acid 58, from about amino acid 106 to about amino acid 138, and from about amino acid 214 to about amino acid 233.
  • the three extracellular loops are found at from about amino acid 79 to about amino acid 88, from about amino acid 160 to about amino acid 188, and from about amino acid 252 to about amino acid 276.
  • the transmembrane domain includes a GPCR signal transduction signature, ERF, at residues 120-122.
  • the sequence includes an arginine at residue 121, an invariant amino acid in GPCRs. Based on a BLAST search, highest homology was shown to thrombin receptors.
  • a polypeptide is said to be “isolated” or “purified” when it is substantially free of cellular material when it is isolated from recombinant and non- recombinant cells, or free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when it is chemically synthesized.
  • a polypeptide can be joined to another polypeptide with which it is not normally associated in a cell and still be considered “isolated” or
  • the receptor polypeptides can be purified to homogeneity. It is understood, however, that preparations in which the polypeptide is not purified to homogeneity are useful and considered to contain an isolated form of the polypeptide.
  • the critical feature is that the preparation allows for the desired function of the polypeptide, even in the presence of considerable amounts of other components. Thus, the invention encompasses various degrees of purity.
  • the language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of the receptor polypeptide having less than about 30% (by dry weight) other proteins (i.e., contaminating protein), less than about 20% other proteins, less than about 10% other proteins, or less than about 5% other proteins.
  • the receptor polypeptide When the receptor polypeptide is recombinantly produced, it can also be substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%, less than about 10%), or less than about 5% of the volume of the protein preparation.
  • the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of the receptor polypeptide in which it is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals that are involved in its synthesis.
  • the language "substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of the polypeptide having less than about 30% (by dry weight) chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than about 20% chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than about 10%o chemical precursors or other chemicals, or less than about 5% chemical precursors or other chemicals.
  • the receptor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1.
  • the invention also encompasses sequence variants. Variants include a substantially homologous protein encoded by the same genetic locus in an organism, i.e., an allelic variant, in the present case, in proximity to marker SHGC-
  • Variants also encompass proteins derived from other genetic loci in an organism, but having substantial homology to the 14400 receptor protein of SEQ ID NO 1. Variants also include proteins substantially homologous to the 14400 receptor protein but derived from another organism, i.e., an ortholog. Variants also include proteins that are substantially homologous to the 14400 receptor protein that are produced by chemical synthesis. Variants also include proteins that are substantially homologous to the 14400 receptor protein that are produced by recombinant methods. It is understood, however, that variants exclude any amino acid sequences disclosed prior to the invention.
  • two proteins are substantially homologous when the amino acid sequences are at least about 50-55%, 55-60%), 60- 65%o, 65-70%, typically at least about 70-75%, more typically at least about 80-85%, and most typically at least about 90-95%> or more homologous.
  • a substantially homologous amino acid sequence, according to the present invention will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence hybridizing to the nucleic acid sequence, or portion thereof, of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 under stringent conditions as more fully described below.
  • amino acid or nucleic acid is aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of one protein or nucleic acid for optimal alignment with the other protein or nucleic acid).
  • the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in one sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the other sequence, then the molecules are homologous at that position.
  • amino acid or nucleic acid "homology" is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "identity”.
  • the percent homology between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., per cent homology equals the number of identical positions/total number of positions times 100).
  • the invention also encompasses polypeptides having a lower degree of identity but having sufficient similarity so as to perform one or more of the same functions performed by the 14400 polypeptide. Similarity is determined by conserved amino acid substitution. Such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a polypeptide by another amino acid of like characteristics. Conservative substitutions are likely to be phenotypically silent.
  • conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, and He; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr, exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu, substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gin, exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr.
  • Guidance concerning which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent are found in Bowie et al, Science 247:1306-1310 (1990).
  • Preferred computer program methods to determine identify and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al, Nucleic Acids Res. I2(I):3S1 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, S.F. et al, Molec. Biol. 275:403 (1990)).
  • a variant polypeptide can differ in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, fusions, and truncations or a combination of any of these.
  • Variant polypeptides can be fully functional or can lack function in one or more activities.
  • variations can affect the function, for example, of one or more of the regions corresponding to ligand binding, membrane association, G- protein binding and signal transduction.
  • Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative variation or variation in non-critical residues or in non-critical regions. Functional variants can also contain substitution of similar amino acids which result in no change or an insignificant change in function. Alternatively, such substitutions may positively or negatively affect function to some degree.
  • Non-functional variants typically contain one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, or truncation or a substitution, insertion, inversion, or deletion in a critical residue or critical region.
  • variants can be naturally-occurring or can be made by recombinant means or chemical synthesis to provide useful and novel characteristics for the receptor polypeptide. This includes preventing immunogenicity from pharmaceutical formulations by preventing protein aggregation.
  • Useful variations further include alteration of ligand binding characteristics. For example, one embodiment involves a variation at the binding site that results in binding but not release, or slower release, of ligand. A further useful variation at the same sites can result in a higher affinity for ligand. Useful variations also include changes that provide for affinity for another ligand. Another useful variation includes one that allows binding but which prevents activation by the ligand. Another useful variation includes variation in the transmembrane G-protein-binding/signal transduction domain that provides for reduced or increased binding by the appropriate G-protein or for binding by a different G-protein than the one with which the receptor is normally associated. Another useful variation provides a fusion protein in which one or more domains or subregions is operationally fused to one or more domains or subregions from another G- protein coupled receptor.
  • Amino acids that are essential for function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham et al, Science 244:1081-1085 (1989)). The latter procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule. The resulting mutant molecules are then tested for biological activity such as receptor binding or in vitro, or in vitro proliferative activity. Sites that are critical for ligand-receptor binding can also be determined by structural analysis such as crystallization, nuclear magnetic resonance or photoaffinity labeling (Smith et al, J. Mol. Biol. 224:899-904 (1992); de Vos et al. Science 255:306-312 (1992)).
  • Substantial homology can be to the entire nucleic acid or amino acid sequence or to fragments of these sequences.
  • the invention thus also includes polypeptide fragments of the 14400 receptor protein. Fragments can be derived from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1. However, the invention also encompasses fragments of the variants of the 14400 receptor protein as described herein.
  • Fragments can retain one or more of the biological activities of the protein, for example the ability to bind to a G-protein or ligand. Fragments can also be useful as an immunogen to generate receptor antibodies.
  • Biologically active fragments can comprise a domain or motif, e.g., an extracellular or intracellular domain or loop, one or more transmembrane segments, or parts thereof, G-protein binding site, or GPCR signature, glycosylation sites, cAMP or a GMP-dependent, or casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and myristoylation sites.
  • Such peptides can be, for example, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 100 or more amino acids in length.
  • Possible fragments include, but are not limited to: 1) soluble peptides comprising the entire amino terminal extracellular domain about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 23 of SEQ ID NO 1 , or parts thereof; 2) peptides comprising the entire carboxy terminal intracellular domain from about amino acid 297 to amino acid 359 of
  • SEQ ID NO 1, or parts thereof 3) peptides comprising the region spanning the entire transmembrane domain from about amino acid 24 to about amino acid 296, or parts thereof; 4) any of the specific transmembrane segments, or parts thereof, from about amino acid 24 to about amino acid 48, from about amino acid 59 to about amino acid 78, from about amino acid 89 to about amino acid 105, from about amino acid 139 to about amino acid 159, from about amino acid 189 to about amino acid 213, from about amino acid 234 to about amino acid 251, and from about amino acid 277 to about amino acid 296; 5) any of the three intracellular or three extracellular loops, or parts thereof, from about amino acid 49 to about amino acid 58, from about amino acid 79 to about amino acid 88, from about amino acid 106 to about amino acid 138, from about amino acid 160 to about amino acid 188, from about amino acid 214 to about amino acid 233, and from about amino acid 252 to about amino acid 276.
  • Fragments further include combinations of the above fragments, such as an amino terminal domain combined with one or more transmembrane segments and the attendant extra or intracellular loops or one or more transmembrane segments, and the attendant intra or extracellular loops, plus the carboxy terminal domain.
  • any of the above fragments can be combined.
  • Other fragments include the mature protein from about amino acid 6 to 359.
  • Other fragments contain the various functional sites described herein, such as phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites, and myristoylation sites and a sequence containing the GPCR signature sequence. Fragments, for example, can extend in one or both directions from the functional site to encompass 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, or up to 100 amino acids.
  • fragments can include sub-fragments of the specific domains mentioned above, which sub-fragments retain the function of the domain from which they are derived. Fragments also include amino acid sequences greater than 107 amino acids. Fragments also include antigenic fragments and specifically those shown to have a high antigenic index in Figure 3. Further specific fragments include a fragment from about 107 to 359 and sub-fragments thereof, from about 120 to 359 and sub-fragments thereof, from about 123 to 359 and sub-fragments thereof, and from about 150 to 359 and sub- fragments thereof.
  • fragments include a fragment including any amino acid sequences from 1-108 but extending beyond amino acid 108, a fragment including any amino acid sequences from 1-120 but extending beyond amino acid 120, a fragment including any amino acid sequences from 1-123 but extending beyond amino acid 123, and a fragment including any amino acid sequences from 1-150 but extending beyond amino acid 150.
  • fragments include fragments defining a ligand-binding site, fragments defining a glycosylation site, fragments defining membrane association, fragments defining phosphorylation sites, fragments defining interaction with G proteins and signal transduction, and fragments defining myristoylation sites.
  • a discrete fragment that provides the relevant function or allows the relevant function to be identified.
  • the fragment contains the ligand-binding site.
  • the invention also provides fragments with immunogenic properties. These contain an epitope-bearing portion of the 14400 receptor protein and variants. These epitope-bearing peptides are useful to raise antibodies that bind specifically to a receptor polypeptide or region or fragment.
  • peptides can contain at least 7, at least 14, or between at least about 15 to about 30 amino acids.
  • antigenic polypeptides that can be used to generate antibodies include peptides derived from the amino terminal extracellular domain or any of the extracellular loops. Regions having a high antigenicity index are shown in Figure 3.
  • the epitope-bearing receptor and polypeptides may be produced by any conventional means (Houghten, R.A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 52:5131-5135
  • Fragments can be discrete (not fused to other amino acids or polypeptides) or can be within a larger polypeptide. Further, several fragments can be comprised within a single larger polypeptide. In one embodiment a fragment designed for expression in a host can have heterologous pre- and pro-polypeptide regions fused to the amino terminus of the receptor fragment and an additional region fused to the carboxyl terminus of the fragment.
  • the invention thus provides chimeric or fusion proteins. These comprise a receptor protein operatively linked to a heterologous protein having an amino acid sequence not substantially homologous to the receptor protein. "Operatively linked” indicates that the receptor protein and the heterologous protein are fused in-frame.
  • the heterologous protein can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the receptor protein.
  • the fusion protein does not affect receptor function per se.
  • the fusion protein can be a GST-fusion protein in which the receptor sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GST sequences.
  • Other types of fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, enzymatic fusion proteins, for example beta- galactosidase fusions, yeast two-hybrid GAL fusions, poly-His fusions and Ig fusions.
  • Such fusion proteins, particularly poly-His fusions can facilitate the purification of recombinant receptor protein.
  • expression and/or secretion of a protein can be increased by using a heterologous signal sequence. Therefore, in another embodiment, the fusion protein contains a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus.
  • EP-A-O 464 533 discloses fusion proteins comprising various portions of immunoglobulin constant regions.
  • the Fc is useful in therapy and diagnosis and thus results, for example, in improved pharmacokinetic properties (EP-A 0232 262).
  • human proteins have been fused with Fc portions for the purpose of high-throughput screening assays to identify antagonists. Bennett et al. (J. Mol. Recog 5:52-58 (1995)) and Johanson et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16:9459-9411 (1995)).
  • this invention also encompasses soluble fusion proteins containing a receptor polypeptide and various portions of the constant regions of heavy or light chains of immunoglobulins of various subclass (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE).
  • immunoglobulin is the constant part of the heavy chain of human IgG, particularly IgGl, where fusion takes place at the hinge region.
  • the Fc part can be removed in a simple way by a cleavage sequence which is also incorporated and can be cleaved with factor Xa.
  • a chimeric or fusion protein can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different protein sequences are ligated together in- frame in accordance with conventional techniques.
  • the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers.
  • PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed and re- amplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see Ausubel et al, Current Protocols in
  • fusion moiety e.g., a GST protein
  • a receptor protein-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in- frame to the receptor protein.
  • Another form of fusion protein is one that directly affects receptor functions.
  • a receptor polypeptide is encompassed by the present invention in which one or more of the receptor domains (or parts thereof) has been replaced by homologous domains (or parts thereof) from another G-protein coupled receptor or other type of receptor. Accordingly, various permutations are possible.
  • the amino terminal extracellular domain, or subregion thereof, (for example, ligand-binding) can be replaced with the domain or subregion from another ligand-binding receptor protein.
  • the entire transmembrane domain, or any of the seven segments or loops, or parts thereof, for example, G-protein-binding/signal transduction can be replaced.
  • the carboxy terminal intracellular domain or subregion can be replaced.
  • chimeric receptors can be formed in which one or more of the native domains or subregions has been replaced.
  • the isolated receptor protein can be purified from cells that naturally express it, such as from CD34 + bone marrow progenitors, megakaryocytes, spleen, thymus, lymph node, prostate, testes, uterus, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood lymphocytes, including CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells, and B lymphocytes, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas, and from HL60 and Jurkat cell lines, purified from cells that have been altered to express it (recombinant), or synthesized using known protein synthesis methods.
  • the protein is produced by recombinant DNA techniques.
  • a nucleic acid molecule encoding the receptor polypeptide is cloned into an expression vector, the expression vector introduced into a host cell and the protein expressed in the host cell.
  • the protein can then be isolated from the cells by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification techniques.
  • Polypeptides often contain amino acids other than the 20 amino acids commonly referred to as the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids. Further, many amino acids, including the terminal amino acids, may be modified by natural processes, such as processing and other post-translational modifications, or by chemical modification techniques well known in the art. Common modifications that occur naturally in polypeptides are described in basic texts, detailed monographs, and the research literature, and they are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • polypeptides also encompass derivatives or analogs in which a substituted amino acid residue is not one encoded by the genetic code, in which a substituent group is included, in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half- life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence for purification of the mature polypeptide or a pro-protein sequence.
  • a substituted amino acid residue is not one encoded by the genetic code, in which a substituent group is included
  • the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half- life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence for purification of the mature polypeptide or a pro-protein sequence.
  • Known modifications include, but are not limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent crosslinks, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination.
  • polypeptides are not always entirely linear.
  • polypeptides may be branched as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be circular, with or without branching, generally as a result of post-translation events, including natural processing event and events brought about by human manipulation which do not occur naturally.
  • Circular, branched and branched circular polypeptides may be synthesized by non-translational natural processes and by synthetic methods.
  • Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. Blockage of the amino or carboxyl group in a polypeptide, or both, by a covalent modification, is common in naturally-occurring and synthetic polypeptides. For instance, the amino terminal residue of polypeptides made in E. coli, prior to proteolytic processing, almost invariably will be N-formylmethionine.
  • the modifications can be a function of how the protein is made.
  • the modifications will be determined by the host cell posttranslational modification capacity and the modification signals in the polypeptide amino acid sequence. Accordingly, when glycosylation is desired, a polypeptide should be expressed in a glycosylating host, generally a eukaryotic cell. Insect cells often carry out the same posttranslational glycosylations as mammalian cells and, for this reason, insect cell expression systems have been developed to efficiently express mammalian proteins having native patterns of glycosylation. Similar considerations apply to other modifications.
  • the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degree at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain more than one type of modification.
  • the receptor polypeptides are useful for producing antibodies specific for the 14400 receptor protein, regions, or fragments. Regions having a high antigenicity index score are shown in Figure 3.
  • the receptor polypeptides, variants, and fragments are useful for biological assays related to GPCRs.
  • Such assays involve any of the known GPCR functions or activities or properties useful for diagnosis and treatment of GPCR-related conditions.
  • the receptor polypeptides are useful in drug screening assays, in cell-based or cell-free systems.
  • Cell-based systems can be native, i.e., cells that normally express the receptor protein, as a biopsy or expanded in cell culture. In one embodiment, however, cell-based assays involve recombinant host cells expressing the receptor protein.
  • the polypeptides can be used to identify compounds that modulate receptor activity. Both 14400 protein and appropriate variants and fragments can be used in high-throughput screens to assay candidate compounds for the ability to bind to the receptor. These compounds can be further screened against a functional receptor to determine the effect of the compound on the receptor activity. Compounds can be identified that activate (agonist) or inactivate (antagonist) the receptor to a desired degree.
  • the receptor polypeptides can be used to screen a compound for the ability to stimulate or inhibit interaction between the receptor protein and a target molecule that normally interacts with the receptor protein.
  • the target can be ligand or a component of the signal pathway with which the receptor protein normally interacts (for example, a G- protein or other interactor involved in cAMP or phosphatidylinositol turnover and/or adenylate cyclase, or phospholipase C activation).
  • the assay includes the steps of combining the receptor protein with a candidate compound under conditions that allow the receptor protein or fragment to interact with the target molecule, and to detect the formation of a complex between the protein and the target or to detect the biochemical consequence of the interaction with the receptor protein and the target, such as any of the associated effects of signal transduction such as G-protein phosphorylation, cyclic AMP or phosphatidylinositol turnover, and adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C activation.
  • signal transduction such as G-protein phosphorylation, cyclic AMP or phosphatidylinositol turnover, and adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C activation.
  • Candidate compounds include, for example, 1) peptides such as soluble peptides, including Ig-tailed fusion peptides and members of random peptide libraries (see, e.g., Lam et al, Nature 554:82-84 (1991); Houghten et al, Nature 554:84-86 (1991)) and combinatorial chemistry-derived molecular libraries made of D- and/or L- configuration amino acids; 2) phosphopeptides (e.g., members of random and partially degenerate, directed phosphopeptide libraries, see, e.g., Songyang et al, Cell 72:161- 778 (1993)); 3) antibodies (e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, anti-idiotypic, chimeric, and single chain antibodies as well as Fab, F(ab') 2> Fab expression library fragments, and epitope-binding fragments of antibodies); and 4) small organic and inorganic molecules (e.g.,
  • One candidate compound is a soluble full-length receptor or fragment that competes for ligand binding.
  • Other candidate compounds include mutant receptors or appropriate fragments containing mutations that affect receptor function and thus compete for ligand. Accordingly, a fragment that competes for ligand, for example with a higher affinity, or a fragment that binds ligand but does not allow release, is encompassed by the invention.
  • the invention provides other end points to identify compounds that modulate (stimulate or inhibit) receptor activity.
  • the assays typically involve an assay of events in the signal transduction pathway that indicate receptor activity.
  • the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the receptor protein dependent signal cascade can be assayed.
  • the regulatory region of such genes can be operably linked to a marker that is easily detectable, such as luciferase.
  • phosphorylation of the receptor protein, or a receptor protein target could also be measured.
  • Binding and/or activating compounds can also be screened by using chimeric receptor proteins in which the amino terminal extracellular domain, or parts thereof, the entire transmembrane domain or subregions, such as any of the seven transmembrane segments or any of the intracellular or extracellular loops and the carboxy terminal intracellular domain, or parts thereof, can be replaced by heterologous domains or subregions.
  • a G-protein-binding region can be used that interacts with a different G-protein then that which is recognized by the native receptor. Accordingly, a different set of signal transduction components is available as an end-point assay for activation.
  • the entire transmembrane portion or subregions can be replaced with the entire transmembrane portion or subregions specific to a host cell that is different from the host cell from which the amino terminal extracellular domain and/or the G-protein- binding region are derived.
  • This allows for assays to be performed in other than the specific host cell from which the receptor is derived.
  • the amino terminal extracellular domain (and/or other ligand-binding regions) could be replaced by a domain (and/or other binding region) binding a different ligand, thus, providing an assay for test compounds that interact with the heterologous amino terminal extracellular domain (or region) but still cause signal transduction.
  • activation can be detected by a reporter gene containing an easily detectable coding region operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence that is part of the native signal transduction pathway.
  • the receptor polypeptides are also useful in competition binding assays in methods designed to discover compounds that interact with the receptor.
  • a compound is exposed to a receptor polypeptide under conditions that allow the compound to bind or to otherwise interact with the polypeptide.
  • Soluble receptor polypeptide is also added to the mixture. If the test compound interacts with the soluble receptor polypeptide, it decreases the amount of complex formed or activity from the receptor target.
  • This type of assay is particularly useful in cases in which compounds are sought that interact with specific regions of the receptor.
  • the soluble polypeptide that competes with the target receptor region is designed to contain peptide sequences corresponding to the region of interest.
  • a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows the protein to be bound to a matrix.
  • glutathione-S- transferase/14400 fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads
  • the cell lysates e.g., S-labeled
  • the candidate compound e.g., S-labeled
  • the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH).
  • the beads are washed to remove any unbound label, and the matrix immobilized and radiolabel determined directly, or in the supernatant after the complexes are dissociated.
  • the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, separated by SDS-PAGE, and the level of receptor-binding protein found in the bead fraction quantitated from the gel using standard electrophoretic techniques.
  • either the polypeptide or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin using techniques well known in the art.
  • antibodies reactive with the protein but which do not interfere with binding of the protein to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and the protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Preparations of a receptor-binding protein and a candidate compound are incubated in the receptor protein-presenting wells and the amount of complex trapped in the well can be quantitated.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the receptor protein target molecule, or which are reactive with receptor protein and compete with the target molecule; as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the target molecule.
  • Modulators of receptor protein activity identified according to these drug screening assays can be used to treat a subject with a disorder mediated by the receptor pathway, by treating cells that express the 14400 protein, such as in CD34 + bone marrow progenitors, megakaryocytes, spleen, thymus, prostate, testes, uterus, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood lymphocytes, including CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells, and B lymphocytes, lymph node, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas.
  • These methods of treatment include the steps of administering the modulators of protein activity in a pharmaceutical composition as described herein, to a subject in need of such treatment.
  • Thallium disorders involving the spleen include, but are not limited to, splenomegaly, including nonspecific acute splenitis, congestive spenomegaly, and spenic infarcts; neoplasms, congenital anomalies, and rupture.
  • disorders associated with splenomegaly include infections, such as nonspecific splenitis, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, brucellosis, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, malaria, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, kala-azar, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and echinococcosis; congestive states related to partial hypertension, such as cirrhosis of the liver, portal or splenic vein thrombosis, and cardiac failure; lymphohematogenous disorders, such as Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas/leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, hemolytic anemias, and thrombocytopenic purpura; immunologic-inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythemat
  • disorders involving the lung include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies; atelectasis; diseases of vascular origin, such as pulmonary congestion and edema, including hemodynamic pulmonary edema and edema caused by microvascular injury, adult respiratory distress syndrome (diffuse alveolar damage), pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage, and infarction, and pulmonary hypertension and vascular sclerosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and bronchiectasis; diffuse interstitial (infiltrative, restrictive) diseases, such as pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary eosinophilia (pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia),
  • diseases of vascular origin such as pulmonary congestion and edema, including
  • Bronchiolitis obliterans-ovganizing pneumonia diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes, including Goodpasture syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and other hemorrhagic syndromes, pulmonary involvement in collagen vascular disorders, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; complications of therapies, such as drug-induced lung disease, radiation-induced lung disease, and lung transplantation; tumors, such as bronchogenic carcinoma, including paraneoplastic syndromes, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, such as bronchial carcinoid, miscellaneous tumors, and metastatic tumors; pathologies of the pleura, including inflammatory pleural effusions, noninflammatory pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and pleural tumors, including solitary fibrous tumors (pleural fibroma) and malignant mesothelioma.
  • disorders involving the colon include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies, such as atresia and stenosis, Meckel diverticulum, congenital aganglionic megacolon-Hirschsprung disease; enterocolitis, such as diarrhea and dysentery, infectious enterocolitis, including viral gastroenteritis, bacterial enterocolitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated colitis (pseudomembranous colitis), and collagenous and lymphocytic colitis, miscellaneous intestinal inflammatory disorders, including parasites and protozoa, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, transplantation, drug-induced intestinal injury, radiation enterocolitis, neutropenic colitis (typhlitis), and diversion colitis; idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis; tumors of the colon, such as non-neoplastic polyps, adenomas, familial syndromes, colorectal carcinogenesis, colorectal carcinoma, and car
  • disorders involving the liver include, but are not limited to, hepatic injury; jaundice and cholestasis, such as bilirubin and bile formation; hepatic failure and cirrhosis, such as cirrhosis, portal hypertension, including ascites, portosystemic shunts, and splenomegaly; infectious disorders, such as viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A-E infection and infection by other hepatitis viruses, clinicopathologic syndromes, such as the carrier state, asymptomatic infection, acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, and fulminant hepatitis; autoimmune hepatitis; drug- and toxin-induced liver disease, such as alcoholic liver disease; inborn errors of metabolism and pediatric liver disease, such as hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, aj- antitrypsin deficiency, and neonatal hepatitis; intrahepatic biliary tract disease, such as secondary
  • disorders involving the uterus and endometrium include, but are not limited to, endometrial histology in the menstrual cycle; functional endometrial disorders, such as anovulatory cycle, inadequate luteal phase, oral contraceptives and induced endometrial changes, and menopausal and postmenopausal changes; inflammations, such as chronic endometritis; adenomyosis; endometriosis; endometrial polyps; endometrial hyperplasia; malignant tumors, such as carcinoma of the endometrium; mixed Mullerian and mesenchymal tumors, such as malignant mixed Mullerian tumors; tumors of the myometrium, including leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, and endometrial stromal tumors.
  • Disorders involving the brain include, but are limited to, disorders involving neurons, and disorders involving glia, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia; cerebral edema, raised intracranial pressure and hemiation, and hydrocephalus; malformations and developmental diseases, such as neural tube defects, forebrain anomalies, posterior fossa anomalies, and syringomyelia and hydromyeha; perinatal brain injury; cerebrovascular diseases, such as those related to hypoxia, ischemia, and infarction, including hypotension, hypoperfusion, and low-flow states—global cerebral ischemia and focal cerebral ischemia—infarction from obstruction of local blood supply, intracranial hemorrhage, including intracerebral (intraparenchymal) hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and ruptured berry aneurysms, and vascular malformations, hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, including lac
  • T-cells disorders involving T-cells include, but are not limited to, cell-mediated hypersensitivity, such as delayed type hypersensitivity and T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and transplant rejection; autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj ⁇ gren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, inflammatory myopathies, mixed connective tissue disease, and polyarteritis nodosa and other vasculitides; immunologic deficiency syndromes, including but not limited to, primary immunodeficiencies, such as thymic hypoplasia, severe combined immunodeficiency diseases, and AIDS; leukopenia; reactive (inflammatory) proliferations of white cells, including but not limited to, leukocytosis, acute nonspecific lymphadenitis, and chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis; neoplastic proliferations of white cells, including but not limited to lymphoid neoplasms, such as precursor T-cell neoplasms, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia/ly
  • Diseases of the skin include but are not limited to, disorders of pigmentation and melanocytes, including but not limited to, vitiligo, freckle, melasma, lentigo, nevocellular nevus, dysplastic nevi, and malignant melanoma; benign epithelial tumors, including but not limited to, seborrheic keratoses, acanthosis nigricans, fibroepithelial polyp, epithelial cyst, keratoacanthoma, and adnexal (appendage) tumors; premalignant and malignant epidermal tumors, including but not limited to, actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and merkel cell carcinoma; tumors of the dermis, including but not limited to, benign fibrous histiocytoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, xanthomas, and dermal vascular tumors; tumors of cellular
  • the myelocytic series (polymorphoneuclear cells) make up approximately 60%> of the cellular elements, and the erythrocytic series, 20- 30%). Lymphocytes, monocytes, reticular cells, plasma cells and megakaryocytes together constitute 10-20%). Lymphocytes make up 5-15% of normal adult marrow.
  • cell types are add mixed so that precursors of red blood cells (erythroblasts), macrophages (monoblasts), platelets (megakaryocytes), polymo ⁇ honeuclear leucocytes (myeloblasts), and lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) can be visible in one microscopic field.
  • stem cells exist for the different cell lineages, as well as a precursor stem cell for the committed progenitor cells of the different lineages.
  • the various types of cells and stages of each would be known to the person of ordinary skill in the art and are found, for example, on page 42 ( Figure 2-8) of Immunology, Imunopathology and Immunity, Fifth Edition, Sell et al. Simon and Schuster (1996), inco ⁇ orated by reference for its teaching of cell types found in the bone marrow. According, the invention is directed to disorders arising from these cells.
  • disorders include but are not limited to the following: diseases involving hematopoeitic stem cells; committed lymphoid progenitor cells; lymphoid cells including B and T-cells; committed myeloid progenitors, including monocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes; and committed erythroid progenitors.
  • leukemias include B-lymphoid leukemias, T- lymphoid leukemias, undifferentiated leukemias; erythroleukemia, megakaryoblastic leukemia, monocytic; [leukemias are encompassed with and without differentiation]; chronic and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia, lymphoma, myelo dysplastic syndrome, chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia; chronic and acute myeloblastic leukemia, chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic and acute promyelocytic leukemia, chronic and acute myelocytic leukemia, hematologic malignancies of monocyte-macrophage lineage, such as juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia; secondary AML, antecedent hematological disorder; refractory anemia;
  • disorders involving the heart include but are not limited to, heart failure, including but not limited to, cardiac hypertrophy, left-sided heart failure, and right- sided heart failure; ischemic heart disease, including but not limited to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death; hypertensive heart disease, including but not limited to, systemic (left-sided) hypertensive heart disease and pulmonary (right-sided) hypertensive heart disease; valvular heart disease, including but not limited to, valvular degeneration caused by calcification, such as calcific aortic stenosis, calcification of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, and mitral annular calcification, and myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve (mitral valve prolapse), rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, and noninfected vegetations, such as nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and end
  • disorders involving blood vessels include, but are not limited to, responses of vascular cell walls to injury, such as endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation and intimal thickening; vascular diseases including, but not limited to, congenital anomalies, such as arteriovenous fistula, atherosclerosis, and hypertensive vascular disease, such as hypertension; inflammatory disease-the vasculitides, such as giant cell (temporal) arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa (classic), Kawasaki syndrome (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), microscopic polyanglitis (microscopic polyarteritis, hypersensitivity or leukocytoclastic anglitis), Wegener granulomatosis, thromboanglitis obliterans (Buerger disease), vasculitis associated with other disorders, and infectious arteritis; Raynaud disease; aneurysms and dissection, such as abdominal aortic aneurysms
  • disorders involving red cells include, but are not limited to, anemias, such as hemolytic anemias, including hereditary spherocytosis, hemolytic disease due to erythrocyte enzyme defects: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell disease, thalassemia syndromes, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, immunohemolytic anemia, and hemolytic anemia resulting from trauma to red cells; and anemias of diminished erythropoiesis, including megaloblastic anemias, such as anemias of vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia, and anemia of folate deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and other forms of marrow failure.
  • anemias such as hemolytic anemias, including hereditary spherocytosis, hemolytic disease due to erythrocyte enzyme defects: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogena
  • Thamomas can include benign or encapsulated thymoma, and malignant thymoma Type I (invasive thymoma) or Type II, designated thymic carcinoma.
  • B-cells include, but are not limited to precursor B-cell neoplasms, such as lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.
  • Peripheral B-cell neoplasms include, but are not limited to, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, plasma cell neoplasms, multiple myeloma, and related entities, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenstr ⁇ m macroglobulinemia), mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma (MALToma), and hairy cell leukemia.
  • disorders involving the kidney include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies including, but not limited to, cystic diseases of the kidney, that include but are not limited to, cystic renal dysplasia, autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease, autosomal recessive (childhood) polycystic kidney disease, and cystic diseases of renal medulla, which include, but are not limited to, medullary sponge kidney, and nephronophthisis-uremic medullary cystic disease complex, acquired (dialysis- associated) cystic disease, such as simple cysts; glomerular diseases including pathologies of glomerular injury that include, but are not limited to, in situ immune complex deposition, that includes, but is not limited to, anti-GBM nephritis, Heymann nephritis, and antibodies against planted antigens, circulating immune complex nephritis, antibodies to glomerular cells, cell-mediated immunity in glomerulonephritis, activation of alternative
  • HUS/TTP and other vascular disorders including, but not limited to, atherosclerotic ischemic renal disease, atheroembolic renal disease, sickle cell disease nephropathy, diffuse cortical necrosis, and renal infarcts; urinary tract obstruction (obstructive uropathy); urolithiasis (renal calculi, stones); and tumors of the kidney including, but not limited to, benign tumors, such as renal papillary adenoma, renal fibroma or hamartoma
  • renal cell carcinoma hyperemephroma, adenocarcinoma of kidney
  • urothelial carcinomas of renal pelvis include urothelial carcinomas of renal pelvis.
  • disorders of the breast include, but are not limited to, disorders of development; inflammations, including but not limited to, acute mastitis, periductal mastitis, periductal mastitis (recurrent subareolar abscess, squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts), mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis, and pathologies associated with silicone breast implants; fibrocystic changes; proliferative breast disease including, but not limited to, epithelial hype ⁇ lasia, sclerosing adenosis, and small duct papillomas; tumors including, but not limited to, stromal tumors such as fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, and sarcomas, and epithelial tumors such as large duct papilloma; carcinoma of the breast including in situ (noninvasive) carcinoma that includes ductal carcinoma in situ (including Paget's disease) and
  • Disorders in the male breast include, but are not limited to, gynecomastia and carcinoma.
  • Disorders involving the testis and epididymis include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies such as cryptorchidism, regressive changes such as atrophy, inflammations such as nonspecific epididymitis and orchitis, granulomatous (autoimmune) orchitis, and specific inflammations including, but not limited to, gonorrhea, mumps, tuberculosis, and syphilis, vascular disturbances including torsion, testicular tumors including germ cell tumors that include, but are not limited to, seminoma, spermatocytic seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor choriocarcinoma, teratoma, and mixed tumors, tumore of sex cord-gonadal stroma including, but not limited to, leydig (interstitial) cell tumors and sertoli cell tumors (androblastoma), and testicular lymphoma, and miscellaneous lesions of tunica vaginalis. Disorders
  • disorders involving the thyroid include, but are not limited to, hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism including, but not limited to, cretinism and myxedema; thyroiditis including, but not limited to, hashimoto thyroiditis, subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis, and subacute lymphocytic (painless) thyroiditis; Graves disease; diffuse and multinodular goiter including, but not limited to, diffuse nontoxic (simple) goiter and multinodular goiter; neoplasms of the thyroid including, but not limited to, adenomas, other benign tumors, and carcinomas, which include, but are not limited to, papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma; and cogenital anomalies.
  • Disorders involving the skeletal muscle include tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • disorders involving the pancreas include those of the exocrine pancreas such as congenital anomalies, including but not limited to, ectopic pancreas; pancreatitis, including but not limited to, acute pancreatitis; cysts, including but not limited to, pseudocysts; tumors, including but not limited to, cystic tumors and carcinoma of the pancreas; and disorders of the endocrine pancreas such as, diabetes mellitus; islet cell tumors, including but not limited to, insulinomas, gastrinomas, and other rare islet cell tumors.
  • disorders involving the small intestine include the malabso ⁇ tion syndromes such as, celiac sprue, tropical sprue (postinfectious sprue), whipple disease, disaccharidase (lactase) deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, and tumors of the small intestine including adenomas and adenocarcinoma.
  • malabso ⁇ tion syndromes such as, celiac sprue, tropical sprue (postinfectious sprue), whipple disease, disaccharidase (lactase) deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, and tumors of the small intestine including adenomas and adenocarcinoma.
  • thrombocytopenia disorders related to reduced platelet number, thrombocytopenia, include idiopathic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura, including acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, HIV-associated thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic microangiopathies: thrombotic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura and hemolytic- uremic syndrome.
  • disorders involving precursor T-cell neoplasms include precursor T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.
  • Disorders involving peripheral T-cell and natural killer cell neoplasms include T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, large granular lymphocytic leukemia, mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, angiocentric lymphoma (NK/T-cell lymphoma 4 "), intestinal T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
  • disorders to which the invention is particularly directed are those involving CD3, CD4, and CD8 T lymphocytes.
  • Expression of the receptor mRNA decreases when these lymphocytes are activated. The level remains low when the activated lymphocytes are suppressed. Expression of the receptor also occurs in resting B lymphocytes but increases significantly in activated B lymphocytes. Accordingly, disorders that are pertinent to the present receptor include, but are not limited to, immune disorders, such as those described herein, and inflammation.
  • Other particularly relevant disorders include those involving bone marrow progenitor cells, and particularly CD34 + cells.
  • bone marrow progenitor cells and particularly CD34 + cells.
  • CD3 antigen is expressed by thymocytes, peripheral T-cells and natural killer cells. Accordingly, the invention is relevant to disorders involving thymocyte disfunction.
  • CD4 is expressed on a helper subset of peripheral T-cells, single positive medullary thymocytes and CD4/CD8 ++ thymocytes.
  • CD8 is expressed on a cytoxic subset of peripheral T-cells, single positive medullary thymocytes, double positive cortical thymocytes, and some natural killer cells.
  • CD34 is expressed on pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells and progenitor cells of many lineages.
  • the receptor polypeptides also are useful to provide a target for diagnosing a disease or predisposition to disease mediated by the receptor protein, especially in CD34 + bone marrow progenitors, megakaryocytes, spleen, thymus, prostate, testes, uterus, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood lymphocytes, including CD3, CD4, and
  • CD8 T-cells and B lymphocytes, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, lymph node, kidney, and pancreas. Accordingly, methods are provided for detecting the presence, or levels of, the receptor protein in a cell, tissue, or organism.
  • the method involves contacting a biological sample with a compound capable of interacting with the receptor protein such that the interaction can be detected.
  • receptor protein is an antibody capable of selectively binding to receptor protein.
  • a biological sample includes tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject.
  • the receptor protein also provides a target for diagnosing active disease, or predisposition to disease, in a patient having a variant receptor protein.
  • receptor protein can be isolated from a biological sample, assayed for the presence of a genetic mutation that results in aberrant receptor protein. This includes amino acid substitution, deletion, insertion, rearrangement, (as the result of aberrant splicing events), and inappropriate post-translational modification.
  • Analytic methods include altered electrophoretic mobility, altered tryptic peptide digest, altered receptor activity in cell- based or cell-free assay, alteration in ligand or antibody-binding pattern, altered isoelectric point, direct amino acid sequencing, and any other of the known assay techniques useful for detecting mutations in a protein.
  • the protein can be detected in vivo in a subject by introducing into the subject a labeled anti -receptor antibody.
  • the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques.
  • Particularly useful are methods which detect the allelic variant of a receptor protein expressed in a subject and methods which detect fragments of a receptor protein in a sample.
  • the receptor polypeptides are also useful in pharmacogenomic analysis.
  • Pharmacogenomics deal with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, e.g., Eichelbaum, M., Clin. Exp. Pharmacol Physiol 23(10-11) :983-985 (1996), and Linder, M.W., Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266 (1997).
  • the clinical outcomes of these variations result in severe toxicity of therapeutic drugs in certain individuals or therapeutic failure of drugs in certain individuals as a result of individual variation in metabolism.
  • the genotype of the individual can determine the way a therapeutic compound acts on the body or the way the body metabolizes the compound.
  • the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes effects both the intensity and duration of drug action.
  • the pharmacogenomics of the individual permit the selection of effective compounds and effective dosages of such compounds for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment based on the individual's genotype.
  • the discovery of genetic polymo ⁇ hisms in some drug metabolizing enzymes has explained why some patients do not obtain the expected drug effects, show an exaggerated drug effect, or experience serious toxicity from standard drug dosages. Polymo ⁇ hisms can be expressed in the phenotype of the extensive metabolizer and the phenotype of the poor metabolizer. Accordingly, genetic polymo ⁇ hism may lead to allelic protein variants of the receptor protein in which one or more of the receptor functions in one population is different from those in another population.
  • polymo ⁇ hism may give rise to amino terminal extracellular domains and/or other ligand-binding regions that are more or less active in ligand binding, and receptor activation. Accordingly, ligand dosage would necessarily be modified to maximize the therapeutic effect within a given population containing a polymo ⁇ hism.
  • specific polymo ⁇ hic polypeptides could be identified.
  • the receptor polypeptides are also useful for monitoring therapeutic effects during clinical trials and other treatment.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of an agent that is designed to increase or decrease gene expression, protein levels or receptor activity can be monitored over the course of treatment using the receptor polypeptides as an end-point target.
  • the receptor polypeptides are also useful for treating a receptor-associated disorder. Accordingly, methods for treatment include the use of soluble receptor or fragments of the receptor protein that compete for ligand binding. These receptors or fragments can have a higher affinity for the ligand so as to provide effective competition.
  • the invention also provides antibodies that selectively bind to the 14400 receptor protein and its variants and fragments.
  • An antibody is considered to selectively bind, even if it also binds to other proteins that are not substantially homologous with the receptor protein. These other proteins share homology with a fragment or domain of the receptor protein. This conservation in specific regions gives rise to antibodies that bind to both proteins by virtue of the homologous sequence. In this case, it would be understood that antibody binding to the receptor protein is still selective.
  • an isolated receptor polypeptide is used as an immunogen to generate antibodies using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. Either the full-length protein or antigenic peptide fragment can be used. Regions having a high antigenicity index are shown in Figure 3. Antibodies are preferably prepared from these regions or from discrete fragments in these regions. However, antibodies can be prepared from any region of the peptide as described herein. A preferred fragment produces an antibody that diminishes or completely prevents ligand-binding. Antibodies can be developed against the entire receptor or portions of the receptor, for example, the intracellular carboxy terminal domain, the amino terminal extracellular domain, the entire transmembrane domain or specific segments, any of the intra or extracellular loops, or any portions of the above. Antibodies may also be developed against specific functional sites, such as the site of ligand-binding, the site of G protein coupling, or sites that are phosphorylated, glycosylated, or myristoylated.
  • an antigenic fragment will typically comprise at least 7 contiguous amino acid residues.
  • the antigenic peptide can comprise, however, at least 12 amino acid residues, at least 14 amino acid residues, at least 15 amino acid residues, at least 20 amino acid residues, or at least 30 amino acid residues.
  • fragments correspond to regions that are located on the surface of the protein, e.g., hydrophilic regions. These fragments are not to be construed, however, as encompassing any fragments which may be disclosed prior to the invention.
  • Antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal. An intact antibody, or a fragment thereof (e.g. Fab or F(ab') 2 ) can be used.
  • Detection can be facilitated by coupling (i.e., physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance.
  • detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials.
  • suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
  • suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin;
  • suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin;
  • an example of a luminescent material includes luminol;
  • bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive mate ⁇ al include
  • An appropriate immunogenic preparation can be derived from native, recombinantly expressed, protein or chemically synthesized peptides.
  • the antibodies can be used to isolate a receptor protein by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation.
  • the antibodies can facilitate the purification of the natural receptor protein from cells and recombinantly produced receptor protein expressed in host cells.
  • the antibodies are useful to detect the presence of receptor protein in cells or tissues to determine the pattern of expression of the receptor among various tissues in an organism and over the course of normal development.
  • the antibodies can be used to detect receptor protein in situ, in vitro, or in a cell lysate or supernatant in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression.
  • the antibodies can be used to assess abnormal tissue distribution or abnormal expression during development.
  • Antibody detection of circulating fragments of the full length receptor protein can be used to identify receptor turnover.
  • the antibodies can be used to assess receptor expression in disease states such as in active stages of the disease or in an individual with a predisposition toward disease related to receptor function.
  • a disorder is caused by an inappropriate tissue distribution, developmental expression, or level of expression of the receptor protein
  • the antibody can be prepared against the normal receptor protein.
  • antibodies specific for this mutant protein can be used to assay for the presence of the specific mutant receptor protein.
  • the antibodies can also be used to assess normal and aberrant subcellular localization of cells in the various tissues in an organism.
  • Antibodies can be developed against the whole receptor or portions of the receptor, for example, portions of the amino terminal extracellular domain or extracellular loops.
  • the diagnostic uses can be applied, not only in genetic testing, but also in monitoring a treatment modality. Accordingly, where treatment is ultimately aimed at correcting receptor expression level or the presence of aberrant receptors and aberrant tissue distribution or developmental expression, antibodies directed against the receptor or relevant fragments can be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, antibodies are useful in pharmacogenomic analysis. Thus, antibodies prepared against polymo ⁇ hic receptor proteins can be used to identify individuals that require modified treatment modalities.
  • the antibodies are also useful as diagnostic tools as an immunological marker for aberrant receptor protein analyzed by electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, tryptic peptide digest, and other physical assays known to those in the art.
  • the antibodies are also useful for tissue typing.
  • a specific receptor protein has been correlated with expression in a specific tissue
  • antibodies that are specific for this receptor protein can be used to identify a tissue type.
  • the antibodies are also useful in forensic identification. Accordingly, where an individual has been correlated with a specific genetic polymo ⁇ hism resulting in a specific polymo ⁇ hic protein, an antibody specific for the polymo ⁇ hic protein can be used as an aid in identification.
  • the antibodies are also useful for inhibiting receptor function, for example, blocking ligand binding. These uses can also be applied in a therapeutic context in which treatment involves inhibiting receptor function.
  • An antibody can be used, for example, to block ligand binding.
  • Antibodies can be prepared against specific fragments containing sites required for function or against intact receptor associated with a cell.
  • kits for using antibodies to detect the presence of a receptor protein in a biological sample can comprise antibodies such as a labeled or labelable antibody and a compound or agent for detecting receptor protein in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of receptor protein in the sample; and means for comparing the amount of receptor protein in the sample with a standard.
  • the compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container.
  • the kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detect receptor protein.
  • the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO 2 was obtained by sequencing the deposited human full length cDNA. Accordingly, the sequence of the deposited clone is controlling as to any discrepancies between the two and any reference to the sequence of SEQ ID NO 2 includes reference to the sequence of the deposited cDNA.
  • the specifically disclosed cDNA comprises the coding region and 5' and 3' untranslated sequences (SEQ ID NO 2).
  • the human 14400 receptor cDNA is approximately 1955 nucleotides in length and encodes a full length protein that is approximately 359 amino acid residues in length.
  • the nucleic acid is expressed in CD34 + bone marrow progenitors, lymph node, megakaryocytes, spleen, thymus, prostate, testes, uterus, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood lymphocytes, including CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells, and B lymphocytes, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas, and in HL60 and Jurkat cell lines.
  • Structural analysis of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 is provided in Figure 3, a hydropathy plot. The figure shows the putative structure of the seven transmembrane segments, the amino terminal extracellular domain and the carboxy terminal intracellular domain.
  • transmembrane segment refers to a structural amino acid motif which includes a hydrophobic helix that spans the plasma membrane. The entire transmembrane domain spans from about amino acid 24 to about amino acid 296.
  • the invention provides isolated polynucleotides encoding a 14400 receptor protein.
  • 14400 polynucleotide or “14400 nucleic acid” refers to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 or in the deposited cDNA.
  • receptor polynucleotide or “receptor nucleic acid” further includes variants and fragments of the 14400 polynucleotide.
  • an “isolated” receptor nucleic acid is one that is separated from other nucleic acid present in the natural source of the receptor nucleic acid.
  • an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived.
  • flanking nucleotide sequences for example up to about 5KB. The important point is that the nucleic acid is isolated from flanking sequences such that it can be subjected to the specific manipulations described herein such as recombinant expression, preparation of probes and primers, and other uses specific to the receptor nucleic acid sequences.
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule such as a cDNA molecule
  • a cDNA molecule can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
  • the nucleic acid molecule can be fused to other coding or regulatory sequences and still be considered isolated.
  • recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector are considered isolated.
  • isolated DNA molecules include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in solution.
  • isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of the isolated DNA molecules of the present invention.
  • Isolated nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention further include such molecules produced synthetically.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can encode the mature protein plus additional amino or carboxyl-terminal amino acids, or amino acids interior to the mature polypeptide (when the mature form has more than one polypeptide chain, for instance).
  • Such sequences may play a role in processing of a protein from precursor to a mature form, facilitate protein trafficking, prolong or shorten protein half-life or facilitate manipulation of a protein for assay or production, among other things.
  • the additional amino acids may be processed away from the mature protein by cellular enzymes.
  • the receptor polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, the sequence encoding the mature polypeptide alone, the sequence encoding the mature polypeptide and additional coding sequences, such as a leader or secretory sequence (e.g., a pre-pro or pro-protein sequence), the sequence encoding the mature polypeptide, with or without the additional coding sequences, plus additional non-coding sequences, for example introns and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences such as transcribed but non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing (including splicing and polyadenylation signals), ribosome binding and stability of mRNA.
  • additional coding sequences such as a leader or secretory sequence (e.g., a pre-pro or pro-protein sequence)
  • additional non-coding sequences for example introns and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences such as transcribed but non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing (including s
  • the polynucleotide may be fused to a marker sequence encoding, for example, a peptide that facilitates purification.
  • Receptor polynucleotides can be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, or in the form DNA, including cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced by chemical synthetic techniques or by a combination thereof.
  • the nucleic acid, especially DNA can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single-stranded nucleic acid can be the coding strand (sense strand) or the non-coding strand (anti-sense strand).
  • One receptor nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
  • the receptor nucleic acid comprises only the coding region.
  • the invention further provides variant receptor polynucleotides, and fragments thereof, that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same protein as that encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2.
  • the invention also provides receptor nucleic acid molecules encoding the variant polypeptides described herein.
  • polynucleotides may be naturally occurring, such as allelic variants (same locus; Y chromosome/SHGC-5431), homologs (different locus), and orthologs (different organism), or may be constructed by recombinant DNA methods or by chemical synthesis.
  • non-naturally occurring variants may be made by mutagenesis techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or organisms. Accordingly, as discussed above, the variants can contain nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either or both the coding and non-coding regions.
  • Orthologs, homologs, and allelic variants can be identified using methods well known in the art. These variants comprise a nucleotide sequence, encoding a receptor, that is at least about 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, typically at least about 70- 75%), more typically at least about 80-85%>, and most typically at least about 90-95%> or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 or a fragment of this sequence.
  • Such nucleic acid molecules can readily be identified as being able to hybridize under stringent conditions, to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 or a fragment of the sequence. It is understood that stringent hybridization does not indicate substantial homology where it is due to general homology, such as poly A sequences, or sequences common to all or most proteins, all GPCRs, or all family I
  • hybridizes under stringent conditions is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences encoding a receptor at least 55% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
  • the conditions can be such that sequences at least about 65%>, at least about 70%), or at least about 75%> or more homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
  • stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.
  • an isolated receptor nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the sequence of SEQ ID NO 2 corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule.
  • a "naturally-occurring" nucleic acid molecule refers to an RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs in nature (e.g., encodes a natural protein).
  • the invention provides polynucleotides that comprise a fragment of the full-length receptor polynucleotides.
  • the fragment can be single or double stranded and can comprise DNA or RNA.
  • the fragment can be derived from either the coding or the non-coding sequence.
  • an isolated receptor nucleic acid is at least 539 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 2.
  • an isolated receptor nucleic acid encodes the entire coding region from amino acid 1 to amino acid 359.
  • the isolated receptor nucleic acid encodes a sequence corresponding to the mature protein from about amino acid 6 to amino acid
  • Fragments further include nucleic acid sequences encoding a portion of the amino acid sequence described herein and further including flanking nucleotide sequences at the 3' region. Other fragments include nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid fragments described herein.
  • Receptor nucleic acid fragments also include a fragment from around nucleotide 609 to around 1794 and subfragments thereof. Receptor nucleic acid fragments further include a nucleotide sequence from around 647 to around 1794 and subfragments thereof.
  • a further receptor nucleic acid fragment includes nucleic acid from around 653 to around 1794 and subfragments thereof.
  • the nucleic acid can be at least 17, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, or 500 nucleotides in length or greater.
  • Nucleic acid fragments, according to the present invention are not to be construed as encompassing those fragments that may have been disclosed prior to the invention.
  • a receptor fragment includes any nucleic acid sequence that does not include the entire gene.
  • Receptor nucleic acid fragments further include sequences corresponding to the domains described herein, subregions also described, and specific functional sites.
  • Receptor nucleic acid fragments include nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino terminal extracellular domain including amino acid residues from 1 to about 23, a polypeptide comprising the region spanning the transmembrane domain (amino acid residues from about 24 to about 296), a polypeptide comprising the carboxy terminal intracellular domain (amino acid residues from about 297 to about 359), and a polypeptide encoding the G-protein receptor signature (120-122 or surrounding amino acid residues from about 109 to about 125), nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the seven transmembrane segments, extracellular or intracellular loops, glycosylation sites, cAMP or a GMP phosphorylation sites, and casein kinase II phospho
  • Receptor nucleic acid fragments also include combinations of the domains, segments, loops, and other functional sites described above.
  • a receptor nucleic acid could include sequences corresponding to the amino terminal extracellular domain and one transmembrane fragment.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of the many permutations that are possible. Where the location of the domains have been predicted by computer analysis, one of ordinary skill would appreciate that the amino acid residues constituting these domains can vary depending on the criteria used to define the domains.
  • the invention also provides receptor nucleic acid fragments that encode epitope- bearing regions of the receptor proteins described herein.
  • the isolated receptor polynucleotide sequences, and especially fragments, are useful as DNA probes and primers.
  • the coding region of a receptor gene can be isolated using the known nucleotide sequence to synthesize an oligonucleotide probe.
  • a labeled probe can then be used to screen a cDNA library, genomic DNA library, or mRNA to isolate nucleic acid corresponding to the coding region.
  • primers can be used in PCR reactions to clone specific regions of receptor genes.
  • a probe/primer typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide.
  • the oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, typically about 25, more typically about 40, 50 or 75 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 2 sense or anti-sense strand or other receptor polynucleotides.
  • a probe further comprises a label, e.g., radioisotope, fluorescent compound, enzyme, or enzyme co-factor.
  • Polynucleotide uses The receptor polynucleotides are useful for probes, primers, and in biological assays. Where the polynucleotides are used to assess GPCR properties or functions, such as in the assays described herein, all or less than all of the entire cDNA can be useful. In this case, even fragments that may have been known prior to the invention are encompassed. Thus, for example, assays specifically directed to GPCR functions, such as assessing agonist or antagonist activity, encompass the use of known fragments.
  • diagnostic methods for assessing receptor function can also be practiced with any fragment, including those fragments that may have been known prior to the invention. Similarly, in methods involving treatment of receptor dysfunction, all fragments are encompassed including those which may have been known in the art.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are useful as a hybridization probe for cDNA and genomic DNA to isolate a full-length cDNA and genomic clones encoding the polypeptide described in SEQ ID NO 1 and to isolate cDNA and genomic clones that correspond to variants producing the same polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO 1 or the other variants described herein.
  • Variants can be isolated from the same tissue and organism from which the polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO 1 was isolated, different tissues from the same organism, or from different organisms. This method is useful for isolating genes and cDNA that are developmentally-controlled and therefore may be expressed in the same tissue or different tissues at different points in the development of an organism.
  • the probe can correspond to any sequence along the entire length of the gene encoding the receptor. Accordingly, it could be derived from 5' noncoding regions, the coding region, and 3' noncoding regions.
  • the nucleic acid probe can be, for example, the full-length cDNA of SEQ ID NO 1, or a fragment thereof, such as an oligonucleotide of at least 7, 12, 15, 30, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides in length and sufficient to specifically hybridize under stringent conditions to mRNA or DNA.
  • Fragments of the polynucleotides described herein are also useful to synthesize larger fragments or full-length polynucleotides described herein.
  • a fragment can be hybridized to any portion of an mRNA and a larger or full-length cDNA can be produced.
  • the fragments are also useful to synthesize antisense molecules of desired length and sequence.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful as primers for PCR to amplify any given region of a receptor polynucleotide.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for constructing recombinant vectors.
  • Such vectors include expression vectors that express a portion of, or all of, the receptor polypeptides.
  • Vectors also include insertion vectors, used to integrate into another polynucleotide sequence, such as into the cellular genome, to alter in situ expression of receptor genes and gene products.
  • an endogenous receptor coding sequence can be replaced via homologous recombination with all or part of the coding region containing one or more specifically introduced mutations.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful as probes for determining the chromosomal positions of the receptor polynucleotides by means of in situ hybridization methods.
  • the receptor polynucleotide probes are also useful to determine patterns of the presence of the gene encoding the receptors and their variants with respect to tissue distribution, for example, whether gene duplication has occurred and whether the duplication occurs in all or only a subset of tissues.
  • the genes can be naturally occurring or can have been introduced into a cell, tissue, or organism exogenously.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for designing ribozymes corresponding to all, or a part, of the mRNA produced from genes encoding the polynucleotides described herein.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for constructing host cells expressing a part, or all, of the receptor polynucleotides and polypeptides.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for constructing transgenic animals expressing all, or a part, of the receptor polynucleotides and polypeptides.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for making vectors that express part, or all, of the receptor polypeptides.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful as hybridization probes for determining the level of receptor nucleic acid expression. Accordingly, the probes can be used to detect the presence of, or to determine levels of, receptor nucleic acid in cells, tissues, and in organisms.
  • the nucleic acid whose level is determined can be DNA or
  • probes corresponding to the polypeptides described herein can be used to assess gene copy number in a given cell, tissue, or organism. This is particularly relevant in cases in which there has been an amplification of the receptor genes.
  • the probe can be used in an in situ hybridization context to assess the position of extra copies of the receptor genes, as on extrachromosomal elements or as integrated into chromosomes in which the receptor gene is not normally found, for example as a homogeneously staining region.
  • In vitro techniques for detection of mRNA include Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations.
  • In vitro techniques for detecting DNA includes Southern hybridizations and in situ hybridization.
  • Probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissues that express a receptor protein, such as by measuring a level of a receptor-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA, or determining if a receptor gene has been mutated.
  • Nucleic acid expression assays are useful for drug screening to identify compounds that modulate receptor nucleic acid expression.
  • the invention thus provides a method for identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder associated with nucleic acid expression of the receptor gene.
  • the method typically includes assaying the ability of the compound to modulate the expression of the receptor nucleic acid and thus identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder characterized by undesired receptor nucleic acid expression.
  • the assays can be performed in cell-based and cell-free systems.
  • Cell-based assays include cells naturally expressing the receptor nucleic acid or recombinant cells genetically engineered to express specific nucleic acid sequences.
  • candidate compounds can be assayed in vivo in patients or in transgenic animals.
  • the assay for receptor nucleic acid expression can involve direct assay of nucleic acid levels, such as mRNA levels, or on collateral compounds involved in the signal pathway (such as cyclic AMP or phosphatidylinositol turnover). Further, the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the receptor protein signal pathway can also be assayed. In this embodiment the regulatory regions of these genes can be operably linked to a reporter gene such as luciferase.
  • modulators of receptor gene expression can be identified in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of mRNA determined.
  • the level of expression of receptor mRNA in the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of receptor mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound.
  • the candidate compound can then be identified as a modulator of nucleic acid expression based on this comparison and be used, for example to treat a disorder characterized by aberrant nucleic acid expression.
  • expression of mRNA is statistically significantly greater in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of nucleic acid expression.
  • the candidate compound When nucleic acid expression is statistically significantly less in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of nucleic acid expression. Accordingly, the invention provides methods of treatment, with the nucleic acid as a target, using a compound identified through drug screening as a gene modulator to modulate receptor nucleic acid expression. Modulation includes both up-regulation (i.e. activation or agonization) or down-regulation (suppression or antagonization) or nucleic acid expression.
  • a modulator for receptor nucleic acid expression can be a small molecule or drug identified using the screening assays described herein as long as the drug or small molecule inhibits the receptor nucleic acid expression.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for monitoring the effectiveness of modulating compounds on the expression or activity of the receptor gene in clinical trials or in a treatment regimen.
  • the gene expression pattern can serve as a barometer for the continuing effectiveness of treatment with the compound, particularly with compounds to which a patient can develop resistance.
  • the gene expression pattern can also serve as a marker indicative of a physiological response of the affected cells to the compound. Accordingly, such monitoring would allow either increased administration of the compound or the administration of alternative compounds to which the patient has not become resistant. Similarly, if the level of nucleic acid expression falls below a desirable level, administration of the compound could be commensurately decreased.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful in diagnostic assays for qualitative changes in receptor nucleic acid, and particularly in qualitative changes that lead to pathology.
  • the polynucleotides can be used to detect mutations in receptor genes and gene expression products such as mRNA.
  • the polynucleotides can be used as hybridization probes to detect naturally-occurring genetic mutations in the receptor gene and thereby to determine whether a subject with the mutation is at risk for a disorder caused by the mutation. Mutations include deletion, addition, or substitution of one or more nucleotides in the gene, chromosomal rearrangement, such as inversion or transposition, modification of genomic DNA, such as aberrant methylation patterns or changes in gene copy number, such as amplification. Detection of a mutated form of the receptor gene associated with a dysfunction provides a diagnostic tool for an active disease or susceptibility to disease when the disease results from overexpression, underexpression, or altered expression of a receptor protein.
  • Genomic DNA can be analyzed directly or can be amplified by using PCR prior to analysis.
  • RNA or cDNA can be used in the same way.
  • detection of the mutation involves the use of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202), such as anchor PCR or RACE PCR, or, alternatively, in a ligation chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g., Landegran et al, Science 247:1077-1080 (1988); and Nakazawa et al, PNAS 97:360-364 (1994)), the latter of which can be particularly useful for detecting point mutations in the gene (see Abravaya et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:675-682 (1995)).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligation chain reaction
  • This method can include the steps of collecting a sample of cells from a patient, isolating nucleic acid (e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from the cells of the sample, contacting the nucleic acid sample with one or more primers which specifically hybridize to a gene under conditions such that hybridization and amplification of the gene (if present) occurs, and detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product, or detecting the size of the amplification product and comparing the length to a control sample. Deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product compared to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to normal RNA or antisense DNA sequences.
  • nucleic acid e.g., genomic, mRNA or both
  • mutations in a receptor gene can be directly identified, for example, by alterations in restriction enzyme digestion patterns determined by gel electrophoresis. Further, sequence-specific ribozymes (U.S.Patent No. 5,498,531) can be used to score for the presence of specific mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site.
  • Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched sequences by nuclease cleavage digestion assays or by differences in melting temperature.
  • Sequence changes at specific locations can also be assessed by nuclease protection assays such as RNase and SI protection or the chemical cleavage method.
  • sequence differences between a mutant receptor gene and a wild- type gene can be determined by direct DNA sequencing.
  • a variety of automated sequencing procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays ((1995)
  • Biotechniques 79:448) including sequencing by mass spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO 94/16101; Cohen et al, Adv. Chromatogr. 36:121- 162 (1996); and Griffin et al, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol 35:147-159 (1993)).
  • RNA/RNA RNA/RNA
  • Other methods for detecting mutations in the gene include methods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detect mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or
  • RNA/DNA duplexes Myers et al, Science 230:1242 (1985)); Cotton et al, PNAS 55:4397 (1988); Saleeba et al, Meth. Enzymol 277:286-295 (1992)), electrophoretic mobility of mutant and wild type nucleic acid is compared (Orita et al, PNAS 86:2166 (1989); Cotton et al, Mutat. Res. 255:125-144 (1993); and Hayashi et al, Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for testing an individual for a genotype that while not necessarily causing the disease, nevertheless affects the treatment modality. Thus, the polynucleotides can be used to study the relationship between an individual's genotype and the individual's response to a compound used for treatment (pharmacogenomic relationship).
  • the receptor polynucleotides described herein can be used to assess the mutation content of the receptor gene in an individual in order to select an appropriate compound or dosage regimen for treatment.
  • polynucleotides displaying genetic variations that affect treatment provide a diagnostic target that can be used to tailor treatment in an individual. Accordingly, the production of recombinant cells and animals containing these polymo ⁇ hisms allow effective clinical design of treatment compounds and dosage regimens.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are also useful for chromosome identification when the sequence is identified with an individual chromosome and to a particular location on the chromosome.
  • the DNA sequence is matched to the chromosome by in situ or other chromosome-specific hybridization.
  • Sequences can also be correlated to specific chromosomes by preparing PCR primers that can be used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual chromosomes from the desired species. Only hybrids containing the chromosome containing the gene homologous to the primer will yield an amplified fragment. Sublocalization can be achieved using chromosomal fragments.
  • chromosome mapping can be used individually to mark a single chromosome or a single site on the chromosome, or panels of reagents can be used for marking multiple sites and or multiple chromosomes.
  • Reagents corresponding to noncoding regions of the genes actually are preferred for mapping pu ⁇ oses. Coding sequences are more likely to be conserved within gene families, thus increasing the chance of cross hybridizations during chromosomal mapping.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can also be used to identify individuals from small biological samples. This can be done for example using restriction fragment-length polymo ⁇ hism (RFLP) to identify an individual.
  • RFLP restriction fragment-length polymo ⁇ hism
  • the receptor sequence can be used to provide an alternative technique which determines the actual DNA sequence of selected fragments in the genome of an individual.
  • the receptor sequences described herein can be used to prepare two PCR primers from the 5' and 3' ends of the sequences. These primers can then be used to amplify DNA from an individual for subsequent sequencing.
  • Panels of corresponding DNA sequences from individuals prepared in this manner can provide unique individual identifications, as each individual will have a unique set of such DNA sequences. It is estimated that allelic variation in humans occurs with a frequency of about once per each 500 bases. Allelic variation occurs to some degree in the coding regions of these sequences, and to a greater degree in the noncoding regions.
  • the receptor sequences can be used to obtain such identification sequences from individuals and from tissue. The sequences represent unique fragments of the human genome.
  • Each of the sequences described herein can, to some degree, be used as a standard against which DNA from an individual can be compared for identification pu ⁇ oses.
  • a panel of reagents from the sequences is used to generate a unique identification database for an individual, those same reagents can later be used to identify tissue from that individual.
  • positive identification of the individual, living or dead can be made from extremely small tissue samples.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can also be used in forensic identification procedures. PCR technology can be used to amplify DNA sequences taken from very small biological samples, such as a single hair follicle, body fluids (eg. blood, saliva, or semen). The amplified sequence can then be compared to a standard allowing identification of the origin of the sample.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can thus be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., PCR primers, targeted to specific loci in the human genome, which can enhance the reliability of DNA-based forensic identifications by, for example, providing another "identification marker" (i.e. another DNA sequence that is unique to a particular individual).
  • an "identification marker” i.e. another DNA sequence that is unique to a particular individual.
  • actual base sequence information can be used for identification as an accurate alternative to patterns formed by restriction enzyme generated fragments. Sequences targeted to the noncoding region are particularly useful since greater polymo ⁇ hism occurs in the noncoding regions, making it easier to differentiate individuals using this technique. Fragments are at least 12 bases.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can further be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled or labelable probes which can be used in, for example, an in situ hybridization technique, to identify a specific tissue. This is useful in cases in which a forensic pathologist is presented with a tissue of unknown origin. Panels of receptor probes can be used to identify tissue by species and/or by organ type.
  • these primers and probes can be used to screen tissue culture for contamination (i.e. screen for the presence of a mixture of different types of cells in a culture).
  • the receptor polynucleotides can be used directly to block transcription or translation of receptor gene sequences by means of antisense or ribozyme constructs.
  • nucleic acids can be directly used for treatment.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are thus useful as antisense constructs to control receptor gene expression in cells, tissues, and organisms.
  • a DNA antisense polynucleotide is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription, preventing transcription and hence production of receptor protein.
  • An antisense RNA or DNA polynucleotide would hybridize to the mRNA and thus block translation of mRNA into receptor protein.
  • Examples of antisense molecules useful to inhibit nucleic acid expression include antisense molecules complementary to a fragment of the 5' untranslated region of SEQ ID NO 2 which also includes the start codon and antisense molecules which are complementary to a fragment of the 3' untranslated region of SEQ ID NO 2.
  • a class of antisense molecules can be used to inactivate mRNA in order to decrease expression of receptor nucleic acid. Accordingly, these molecules can treat a disorder characterized by abnormal or undesired receptor nucleic acid expression.
  • This technique involves cleavage by means of ribozymes containing nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more regions in the mRNA that attenuate the ability of the mRNA to be translated. Possible regions include coding regions and particularly coding regions corresponding to the catalytic and other functional activities of the receptor protein, such as ligand binding.
  • the receptor polynucleotides also provide vectors for gene therapy in patients containing cells that are aberrant in receptor gene expression. Thus, recombinant cells, which include the patient's cells that have been engineered ex vivo and returned to the patient, are introduced into an individual where the cells produce the desired receptor protein to treat the individual.
  • kits for detecting the presence of a receptor nucleic acid in a biological sample can comprise reagents such as a labeled or labelable nucleic acid or agent capable of detecting receptor nucleic acid in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of receptor nucleic acid in the sample; and means for comparing the amount of receptor nucleic acid in the sample with a standard.
  • the compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container.
  • the kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detect receptor mRNA or DNA.
  • vector refers to a vehicle, preferably a nucleic acid molecule, that can transport the receptor polynucleotides.
  • the receptor polynucleotides are covalently linked to the vector nucleic acid.
  • the vector includes a plasmid, single or double stranded phage, a single or double stranded RNA or DNA viral vector, or artificial chromosome, such as a
  • a vector can be maintained in the host cell as an extrachromosomal element where it replicates and produces additional copies of the receptor polynucleotides.
  • the vector may integrate into the host cell genome and produce additional copies of the receptor polynucleotides when the host cell replicates.
  • the invention provides vectors for the maintenance (cloning vectors) or vectors for expression (expression vectors) of the receptor polynucleotides.
  • the vectors can function in procaryotic or eukaryotic cells or in both (shuttle vectors).
  • Expression vectors contain cis-acting regulatory regions that are operably linked in the vector to the receptor polynucleotides such that transcription of the polynucleotides is allowed in a host cell.
  • the polynucleotides can be introduced into the host cell with a separate polynucleotide capable of affecting transcription.
  • the second polynucleotide may provide a trans-acting factor interacting with the cis- regulatory control region to allow transcription of the receptor polynucleotides from the vector.
  • a trans-acting factor may be supplied by the host cell.
  • a trans-acting factor can be produced from the vector itself.
  • transcription and/or translation of the receptor polynucleotides can occur in a cell-free system.
  • the regulatory sequence to which the polynucleotides described herein can be operably linked include promoters for directing mRNA transcription. These include, but are not limited to, the left promoter from bacteriophage ⁇ , the lac, TRP, and TAC promoters from E. coli, the early and late promoters from SV40, the CMV immediate early promoter, the adenovirus early and late promoters, and retrovirus long-terminal repeats.
  • expression vectors may also include regions that modulate transcription, such as repressor binding sites and enhancers.
  • regions that modulate transcription include the SV40 enhancer, the cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer, polyoma enhancer, adenovirus enhancers, and retrovirus LTR enhancers.
  • expression vectors can also contain sequences necessary for transcription termination and, in the transcribed region a ribosome binding site for translation.
  • Other regulatory control elements for expression include initiation and termination codons as well as polyadenylation signals.
  • the person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of the numerous regulatory sequences that are useful in expression vectors. Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd. ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
  • a variety of expression vectors can be used to express a receptor polynucleotide.
  • Such vectors include chromosomal, episomal, and vims-derived vectors, for example vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from yeast episomes, from yeast chromosomal elements, including yeast artificial chromosomes, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papovaviruses such as SV40, Vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, poxvimses, pseudorabies vimses, and retrovimses.
  • Vectors may also be derived from combinations of these sources such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, eg.
  • the regulatory sequence may provide constitutive expression in one or more host cells (i.e. tissue specific) or may provide for inducible expression in one or more cell types such as by temperature, nutrient additive, or exogenous factor such as a hormone or other ligand.
  • host cells i.e. tissue specific
  • inducible expression in one or more cell types such as by temperature, nutrient additive, or exogenous factor such as a hormone or other ligand.
  • a variety of vectors providing for constitutive and inducible expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can be inserted into the vector nucleic acid by well-known methodology.
  • the DNA sequence that will ultimately be expressed is joined to an expression vector by cleaving the DNA sequence and the expression vector with one or more restriction enzymes and then ligating the fragments together. Procedures for restriction enzyme digestion and ligation are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the vector containing the appropriate polynucleotide can be introduced into an appropriate host cell for propagation or expression using well-known techniques.
  • Bacterial cells include, but are not limited to, E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium.
  • Eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to, yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila, animal cells such as COS and CHO cells, and plant cells.
  • the invention provides fusion vectors that allow for the production of the receptor polypeptides.
  • Fusion vectors can increase the expression of a recombinant protein, increase the solubility of the recombinant protein, and aid in the purification of the protein by acting for example as a ligand for affinity purification.
  • a proteolytic cleavage site may be introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety so that the desired polypeptide can ultimately be separated from the fusion moiety.
  • Proteolytic enzymes include, but are not limited to, factor Xa, thrombin, and enterokinase.
  • Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Smith et al., Gene 67:31-40 (1988)), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • suitable inducible non- fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al, Gene 69:301-315 (1988)) and pET lid (Studier et al, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 755:60-89 (1990)).
  • Recombinant protein expression can be maximized in a host bacteria by providing a genetic background wherein the host cell has an impaired capacity to proteo lyrically cleave the recombinant protein.
  • the sequence of the polynucleotide of interest can be altered to provide preferential codon usage for a specific host cell, for example E. coli. (Wada et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118 (1992)).
  • the receptor polynucleotides can also be expressed by expression vectors that are operative in yeast. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast e.g., S. cerevisiae include pYepSecl (Baldari, et al, EMBOJ.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can also be expressed in insect cells using, for example, baculovims expression vectors.
  • Baculovims vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells include the pAc series (Smith et al, Mol Cell Biol 3:2156-2165 (1983)) and the pVL series (Lucklow et al, Virology 770:31-39 (1989)).
  • the polynucleotides described herein are expressed in mammalian cells using mammalian expression vectors.
  • mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. Nature 329:840(1987)) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al, EMBOJ. 6:187-195 (1987)).
  • the expression vectors listed herein are provided by way of example only of the well-known vectors available to those of ordinary skill in the art that would be useful to express the receptor polynucleotides.
  • the person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of other vectors suitable for maintenance propagation or expression of the polynucleotides described herein. These are found for example in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989.
  • the invention also encompasses vectors in which the nucleic acid sequences described herein are cloned into the vector in reverse orientation, but operably linked to a regulatory sequence that permits transcription of antisense RNA.
  • an antisense transcript can be produced to all, or to a portion, of the polynucleotide sequences described herein, including both coding and non-coding regions. Expression of this antisense RNA is subject to each of the parameters described above in relation to expression of the sense RNA (regulatory sequences, constitutive or inducible expression, tissue-specific expression).
  • the invention also relates to recombinant host cells containing the vectors described herein.
  • Host cells therefore include prokaryotic cells, lower eukaryotic cells such as yeast, other eukaryotic cells such as insect cells, and higher eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells.
  • the recombinant host cells are prepared by introducing the vector constmcts described herein into the cells by techniques readily available to the person of ordinary skill in the art. These include, but are not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection,
  • Host cells can contain more than one vector.
  • different nucleotide sequences can be introduced on different vectors of the same cell.
  • the receptor polynucleotides can be introduced either alone or with other polynucleotides that are not related to the receptor polynucleotides such as those providing trans-acting factors for expression vectors.
  • the vectors can be introduced independently, co-introduced or joined to the receptor polynucleotide vector.
  • bacteriophage and viral vectors these can be introduced into cells as packaged or encapsulated vims by standard procedures for infection and transduction.
  • Viral vectors can be replication-competent or replication-defective. In the case in which viral replication is defective, replication will occur in host cells providing functions that complement the defects.
  • Vectors generally include selectable markers that enable the selection of the subpopulation of cells that contain the recombinant vector constmcts.
  • the marker can be contained in the same vector that contains the polynucleotides described herein or may be on a separate vector.
  • Markers include tetracycline or ampicillin-resistance genes for prokaryotic host cells and dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic host cells. However, any marker that provides selection for a phenotypic trait will be effective.
  • RNA derived from the DNA constmcts described herein can be produced in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and other cells under the control of the appropriate regulatory sequences, cell- free transcription and translation systems can also be used to produce these proteins using RNA derived from the DNA constmcts described herein.
  • secretion of the polypeptide is desired, appropriate secretion signals are inco ⁇ orated into the vector.
  • the signal sequence can be endogenous to the receptor polypeptides or heterologous to these polypeptides.
  • the protein can be isolated from the host cell by standard dismption procedures, including freeze thaw, sonication, mechanical dismption, use of lysing agents and the like.
  • the polypeptide can then be recovered and purified by well-known purification methods including ammonium sulfate precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cationic exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, lectin chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography.
  • polypeptides can have various glycosylation patterns, depending upon the cell, or maybe non-glycosylated as when produced in bacteria.
  • polypeptides may include an initial modified methionine in some cases as a result of a host-mediated process.
  • the host cells expressing the polypeptides described herein, and particularly recombinant host cells have a variety of uses.
  • the cells are useful for producing receptor proteins or polypeptides that can be further purified to produce desired amounts of receptor protein or fragments.
  • host cells containing expression vectors are useful for polypeptide production.
  • Host cells are also useful for conducting cell-based assays involving the receptor or receptor fragments.
  • a recombinant host cell expressing a native receptor is useful to assay for compounds that stimulate or inhibit receptor function. This includes ligand binding, gene expression at the level of transcription or translation, G-protein interaction, and components of the signal transduction pathway.
  • Host cells are also useful for identifying receptor mutants in which these functions are affected. If the mutants naturally occur and give rise to a pathology, host cells containing the mutations are useful to assay compounds that have a desired effect on the mutant receptor (for example, stimulating or inhibiting function) which may not be indicated by their effect on the native receptor. Recombinant host cells are also useful for expressing the chimeric polypeptides described herein to assess compounds that activate or suppress activation by means of a heterologous amino terminal extracellular domain (or other binding region). Alternatively, a heterologous region spanning the entire transmembrane domain (or parts thereof) can be used to assess the effect of a desired amino terminal extracellular domain (or other binding region) on any given host cell.
  • a region spanning the entire transmembrane domain (or parts thereof) compatible with the specific host cell is used to make the chimeric vector.
  • a heterologous carboxy terminal intracellular, e.g., signal transduction, domain can be introduced into the host cell.
  • mutant receptors can be designed in which one or more of the various functions is engineered to be increased or decreased (e.g., ligand binding or G-protein binding) and used to augment or replace receptor proteins in an individual.
  • host cells can provide a therapeutic benefit by replacing an aberrant receptor or providing an aberrant receptor that provides a therapeutic result.
  • the cells provide receptors that are abnormally active.
  • the cells provide receptors that are abnormally inactive.
  • receptors can compete with endogenous receptors in the individual.
  • cells expressing receptors that cannot be activated are introduced into an individual in order to compete with endogenous receptors for ligand.
  • endogenous receptors for ligand For example, in the case in which excessive ligand is part of a treatment modality, it may be necessary to inactivate this ligand at a specific point in treatment. Providing cells that compete for the ligand, but which cannot be affected by receptor activation would be beneficial.
  • Homologously recombinant host cells can also be produced that allow the in situ alteration of endogenous receptor polynucleotide sequences in a host cell genome. This technology is more fully described in WO 93/09222, WO 91/12650 and U.S. 5,641,670.
  • specific polynucleotide sequences corresponding to the receptor polynucleotides or sequences proximal or distal to a receptor gene are allowed to integrate into a host cell genome by homologous recombination where expression of the gene can be affected.
  • regulatory sequences are introduced that either increase or decrease expression of an endogenous sequence.
  • a receptor protein can be produced in a cell not normally producing it, or increased expression of receptor protein can result in a cell normally producing the protein at a specific level.
  • the entire gene can be deleted.
  • specific mutations can be introduced into any desired region of the gene to produce mutant receptor proteins. Such mutations could be introduced, for example, into the specific functional regions such as the ligand-binding site or the G-protein binding site.
  • the host cell can be a fertilized oocyte or embryonic stem cell that can be used to produce a transgenic animal containing the altered receptor gene.
  • the host cell can be a stem cell or other early tissue precursor that gives rise to a specific subset of cells and can be used to produce transgenic tissues in an animal. See also Thomas et al, Cell 57:503 (1987) for a description of homologous recombination vectors.
  • the vector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous receptor gene is selected (see e.g., Li, E. et al, Cell 69:915 (1992)).
  • the selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in Teratocarcinomas and
  • Embryonic Stem Cells A Practical Approach, E.J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152).
  • a chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term.
  • Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the transgene. Methods for constmcting homologous recombination vectors and homologous recombinant animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication Nos. WO 90/11354; WO 91/01140; and WO 93/04169.
  • the genetically engineered host cells can be used to produce non-human transgenic animals.
  • a transgenic animal is preferably a mammal, for example a rodent, such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal include a transgene.
  • a transgene is exogenous DNA which is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops and which remains in the genome of the mature animal in one or more cell types or tissues of the transgenic animal. These animals are useful for studying the function of a receptor protein and identifying and evaluating modulators of receptor protein activity.
  • transgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, and amphibians.
  • a host cell is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic stem cell into which receptor polynucleotide sequences have been introduced.
  • a transgenic animal can be produced by introducing nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal.
  • Any of the receptor nucleotide sequences can be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal, such as a mouse.
  • Any of the regulatory or other sequences useful in expression vectors can form part of the transgenic sequence. This includes intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals, if not already included.
  • a tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to the transgene to direct expression of the receptor protein to particular cells.
  • transgenic founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of the transgene in its genome and/or expression of transgenic mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene.
  • transgenic animals carrying a transgene can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes.
  • a transgenic animal also includes animals in which the entire animal or tissues in the animal have been produced using the homologously recombinant host cells described herein.
  • transgenic non-human animals can be produced which contain selected systems which allow for regulated expression of the transgene.
  • One example of such a system is the cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI.
  • cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI.
  • a recombinase system is the FLP recombinase system of S. cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. Science 257:1351-1355 (1991). If a cre/loxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression of the transgene, animals containing transgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein is required. Such animals can be provided through the constmction of "double" transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, one containing a transgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase.
  • Clones of the non-human transgenic animals described herein can also be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut, I. et al. Nature 355:810-813 (1997) and PCT International Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669.
  • a cell e.g., a somatic cell
  • the quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g., through the use of electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from an animal of the same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated.
  • the reconstmcted oocyte is then cultured such that it develops to momla or blastocyst and then transferred to pseudopregnant female foster animal.
  • the offspring borne of this female foster animal will be a clone of the animal from which the cell, e.g., the somatic cell, is isolated.
  • Transgenic animals containing recombinant cells that express the polypeptides described herein are useful to conduct the assays described herein in an in vivo context. Accordingly, the various physiological factors that are present in vivo and that could effect ligand binding, receptor activation, and signal transduction, may not be evident from in vitro cell-free or cell-based assays.
  • non-human transgenic animals to assay in vivo receptor function, including ligand interaction, the effect of specific mutant receptors on receptor function and ligand interaction, and the effect of chimeric receptors. It is also possible to assess the effect of null mutations, that is mutations that substantially or completely eliminate one or more receptor functions.
  • the receptor nucleic acid molecules, protein (particularly fragments such as the amino terminal extracellular domain), modulators of the protein, and antibodies (also referred to herein as "active compounds”) can be inco ⁇ orated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject, e.g., a human.
  • Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, modulator, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and abso ⁇ tion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, such media can be used in the compositions of the invention. Supplementary active compounds can also be inco ⁇ orated into the compositions.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • PH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in am
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, NJ) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged abso ⁇ tion of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays abso ⁇ tion, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound (e.g., a receptor protein or anti-receptor antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • the active compound e.g., a receptor protein or anti-receptor antibody
  • dispersions are prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the agent can be contained in enteric forms to survive the stomach or further coated or mixed to be released in a particular region of the GI tract by known methods.
  • the active compound can be inco ⁇ orated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
  • Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • suppositories e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides
  • retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.
  • the materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Co ⁇ oration and Nova
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.
  • the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (U.S.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.
  • compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
  • circulating lymphocytes particularly CD4 and CD8 T-cells.
  • the mRNA level decreases in these cells.
  • Significant expression of the receptor also occurs in CD34 4" bone marrow progenitor cells.
  • Significant expression occurs in megakaryocytes.
  • Significant expression of the receptor also occurs in B-cells.
  • B-cells Upon activation of B-cells, significant increases in expression are observed.
  • expression is significantly increased in dexamethasone treated T-cells. Accordingly, expression of the receptor is related to immunosuppression and modulation of receptor levels, particularly increases in receptor levels can be used to achieve immunosuppression of T-cells.
  • significant expression also occurs on circulating CD3 lymphocytes.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un récepteur récemment identifié qui appartient à la superfamille des récepteurs couplés à la protéine G. Elle concerne également les polynucléotides codant pour ce récepteur. De plus, l'invention porte sur des méthodes d'utilisation des polypeptides et des polynucléotides de ce récepteur en tant que cible pour le diagnostic et le traitement de troubles induits par ce récepteur. Elle concerne également des procédés de criblage de médicaments qui font intervenir les polypeptides et les polynucléotides de ce récepteur dans le but d'identifier des agonistes et des antagonistes à des fins de diagnostic et de traitement. Elle concerne en outre les agonistes et les antagonistes basés sur les polypeptides et les polynucléotides de ce récepteur. Enfin, l'invention s'intéresse à des procédés permettant d'obtenir les polypeptides et les polynucléotides de ce récepteur.
EP99942397A 1998-08-20 1999-08-20 Recepteur couple a la proteine g, dit recepteur 14400 Ceased EP1104465A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13706398A 1998-08-20 1998-08-20
US137063 1998-08-20
US37810099A 1999-08-20 1999-08-20
PCT/US1999/019112 WO2000011170A1 (fr) 1998-08-20 1999-08-20 Recepteur couple a la proteine g, dit recepteur 14400
US378100 1999-08-20

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EP1104465A1 true EP1104465A1 (fr) 2001-06-06

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EP99942397A Ceased EP1104465A1 (fr) 1998-08-20 1999-08-20 Recepteur couple a la proteine g, dit recepteur 14400

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EP (1) EP1104465A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2003532369A (fr)
AU (1) AU5578699A (fr)
CA (1) CA2340457A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000011170A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE42190E1 (en) 1998-11-20 2011-03-01 Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method of identifying a compound for inhibiting or stimulating human G protein-coupled receptors
US20030017528A1 (en) 1998-11-20 2003-01-23 Ruoping Chen Human orphan G protein-coupled receptors
EP1849866B1 (fr) * 1998-11-20 2008-05-21 Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Récepteur humain orphelin RUP3 couplé à une protéine g
US7816492B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2010-10-19 Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Human G protein-coupled receptors
WO2002000700A2 (fr) * 2000-06-26 2002-01-03 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Regulation du recepteur couple a la proteine g semblable a la p2y8 humaine

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2235627C (fr) * 1995-11-21 2010-08-10 Euroscreen S.A. Recepteur et molecule d'acide nucleique codant ledit recepteur

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO0011170A1 *

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CA2340457A1 (fr) 2000-03-02
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WO2000011170A1 (fr) 2000-03-02

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