EP1100898A2 - Proteines humaines a domaines hydrophobes et adn codant pour ces proteines - Google Patents

Proteines humaines a domaines hydrophobes et adn codant pour ces proteines

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Publication number
EP1100898A2
EP1100898A2 EP99931489A EP99931489A EP1100898A2 EP 1100898 A2 EP1100898 A2 EP 1100898A2 EP 99931489 A EP99931489 A EP 99931489A EP 99931489 A EP99931489 A EP 99931489A EP 1100898 A2 EP1100898 A2 EP 1100898A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
protein
present
sequences
amino acid
proteins
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP99931489A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Seishi Kato
Tomoko Kimura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sagami Chemical Research Institute
Protegene Inc
Original Assignee
Sagami Chemical Research Institute
Protegene Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Sagami Chemical Research Institute, Protegene Inc filed Critical Sagami Chemical Research Institute
Publication of EP1100898A2 publication Critical patent/EP1100898A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to human proteins having hydrophobic domains, DNAs coding for these proteins, and expression vectors for these DNAs as well as eucaryotic cells expressing these DNAs.
  • the proteins of the present invention can be employed as pharmaceuticals or as antigens for preparing antibodies against these proteins.
  • the human cDNAs of the present invention can be utilized as probes for the genetic diagnosis and gene sources for the gene therapy.
  • the cDNAs can be utilized as gene sources for large-scale production of the proteins encoded by these cDNAs.
  • Cells into which these genes are introduced to express secretory proteins and membrane proteins in large amounts can be utilized for detection of the corresponding receptors and ligands, screening of novel low-molecular pharmaceuticals, and so on.
  • membrane proteins play important roles, as signal receptors, ion channels, transporters, etc. in the material transportation and the information transmission through the cell membrane.
  • Examples thereof include receptors for a variety of cytokines, ion channels for the sodium ion, the potassium ion, the chloride ion, etc., transporters for saccharides and amino acids, and so on, where the genes for many of them have been cloned already. It has been clarified that abnormalities of these membrane proteins are associated with a number of hitherto- cryptogenic diseases. Therefore, discovery of a new membrane protein is anticipated to lead to elucidation of the causes of many diseases, so that isolation of a new gene coding for the membrane protein has been desired.
  • a general method is the so-called expression cloning which comprises introduction of a cDNA library into eucaryotic cells to express cDNAs and then screening of the cells secreting, or expressing on the surface of membrane, the objective active protein.
  • this method is applicable only to cloning of a gene for a protein with a known function.
  • secretory proteins and membrane proteins possess at least one hydrophobic domain inside the proteins, wherein, after synthesis thereof in the ribosome, this domain works as a secretory signal or remains in the phospholipid membrane to be trapped in the membrane. Accordingly, the evidence of this cDNA for encoding a secretory protein and a membrane protein is provided by determination of the whole base sequence of a full-length cDNA followed by detection of highly hydrophobic domain(s) in the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by this cDNA.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide novel human proteins having hydrophobic domains, DNAs coding for these proteins, and expression vectors for these DNAs as well as transformed eucaryotic cells that are capable of expressing these DNAs.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the hydrophobicity/ ydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP01550.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02593.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10195.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10423.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10506.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10507.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10548.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10566.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10567.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10568.
  • Fig. 11 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP01426.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02515.
  • Fig. 13 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02575.
  • Fig. 14 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10357.
  • Fig. 15 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10447.
  • Fig. 16 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10477.
  • Fig. 17 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10513.
  • Fig. 18 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10540.
  • Fig. 19 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10557.
  • Fig. 20 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10563.
  • Fig. 21 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP01467.
  • Fig. 22 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP01956.
  • Fig. 23 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02545.
  • Fig. 24 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02551.
  • Fig. 25 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02631.
  • Fig. 26 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02632.
  • Fig. 27 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10488.
  • Fig. 28 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10538.
  • Fig. 29 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10542.
  • Fig. 30 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10571.
  • Fig. 31 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP01470.
  • Fig. 32 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02419.
  • Fig. 33 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02631.
  • Fig. 34 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02695.
  • Fig. 35 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10031.
  • Fig. 36 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10530.
  • Fig. 37 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10541.
  • Fig. 38 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10550.
  • Fig. 39 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10590.
  • Fig. 40 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10591.
  • Fig. 41 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP01462.
  • Fig. 42 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02485.
  • Fig. 43 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP02798.
  • Fig. 44 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10041.
  • Fig. 45 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10246.
  • Fig. 46 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10392.
  • Fig. 47 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10489.
  • Fig. 48 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10519.
  • Fig. 49 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10531.
  • Fig. 50 illustrates the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile of the protein encoded by clone HP10574.
  • the present inventors have been successful in cloning of cDNAs coding for proteins having hydrophobic domains from the human full- length cDNA bank, thereby completing the present invention.
  • the present invention provides human proteins having hydrophobic domains, namely proteins comprising any of the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10, 31 to 40, 61 to 70, 91 to 100, and 121 to 130.
  • the present invention provides DNAs coding for the above-mentioned proteins, exemplified by cDNAs comprising any of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos.
  • the proteins of the present invention can be obtained, for example, by a method for isolation from human organs, cell lines, etc., a method for preparation of peptides by the chemical synthesis, or a method for production with the recombinant DNA technology using the DNAs coding for the hydrophobic domains of the present invention, among which the method for production with the recombinant DNA technology is employed preferably.
  • in vitro expression of the proteins can be achieved by preparation of an RNA by in vitro transcription from a vector having one of the cDNAs of the present invention, followed by in vitro translation using this RNA as a template.
  • introduction of the translated region into a suitable expression vector by the method known in the art leads to expression of a large amount of the encoded protein in prokaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis, etc., and eucaryotic cells such as yeasts, insect cells, mammalian cells , etc.
  • prokaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis, etc.
  • eucaryotic cells such as yeasts, insect cells, mammalian cells , etc.
  • the protein of the present invention can be produced in vitro, when the translated region of this cDNA is introduced into a vector having an RNA polymerase promoter, followed by addition of the vector to an in vitro translation system such as a rabbit reticulocyte lysate or a wheat germ extract, containing an RNA polymerase corresponding to the promoter.
  • RNA polymerase promoters are exemplified by T7, T3, SP6, and the like.
  • the vectors containing these RNA polymerase promoters are exemplified by pKAl, pCDM ⁇ , pT3/T7 18, pT7/3 19, pBluescript II, and so on.
  • the protein of the present invention can be expressed as the secreted form or the form incorporated into the microsome membrane, when a canine pancreas microsome or the like is added to the reaction system.
  • a recombinant expression vector bearing the translated region of the cDNA of the present invention is constructed in an expression vector having an origin which can be replicated in the microorganism, a promoter, a ribosome-binding site, a cDNA- cloning site, a terminator etc. and, after transformation of the host cells with this expression vector, the resulting transformant is incubated, whereby the protein encoded by said cDNA can be produced on a large scale in the microorganism.
  • a protein fragment containing any region can be obtained by carrying out the expression with inserting an initiation codon and a termination codon in front of and behind the selected translated region.
  • a fusion protein with another protein can be expressed. Only the portion of the protein encoded by this cDNA can be obtained by cleavage of this fusion protein with a suitable protease.
  • the expression vector for Escherichia coli is exemplified by the pUC series, pBluescript II, the pET expression system, the pGEX expression system, and so on.
  • the protein of the present invention can be produced as a secretory protein or as a membrane protein on the cell- membrane surface, when the translated region of this cDNA is introduced into an expression vector for eucaryotic cells that has a promoter, a splicing region, a poly(A) addition site, etc., followed by introduction into the eucaryotic cells.
  • the expression vector is exemplified by pKAl, pED6dpc2, pCDM8, pSVK3 , pMSG, pSVL, pBK-CMV, pBK-RSV, EBV vector, pRS, pYES2, and so on.
  • eucaryotic cells to be used in general include mammalian cultured cells such as simian kidney cells COS7, Chinese hamster ovary cells CHO, etc., budding yeasts, fission yeasts, silkworm cells, Xenopus oocytes, and so on, but any eucaryotic cells may be used, provided that they are capable of expressing the proteins of the present invention.
  • the expression vector can be introduced into the eucaryotic cells by methods known in the art such as the electroporation method, the calcium phosphate method, the liposome method, the DEAE-dextran method, and so on.
  • the objective protein can be isolated from the culture and purified by a combination of separation procedures known in the art.
  • separation procedures include treatment with a denaturing agent such as urea or a detergent, sonication, enzymatic digestion, salting-out or solvent precipitation, dialysis, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, affinity chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, and so on.
  • the proteins of the present invention include peptide fragments (5 amino acid residues or more) containing any partial amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 1. to 10, 31 to 40, 61 to 70, 91 to 100, and 121 to 130. These peptide fragments can be utilized as antigens for preparation of antibodies.
  • those having the signal sequences are secreted in the form of mature proteins, after the signal sequences are removed. Therefore, these mature proteins shall come within the scope of the present invention.
  • the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the mature proteins can be easily determined by using the method for the determination of cleavage site of a signal sequence [JP 8-187100 A] .
  • membrane proteins undergo the processing on the cell surface to be converted to the secretory forms.
  • proteins or peptides in the secretory forms shall come within the scope of the present invention.
  • sugar chain-binding sites are present in the amino acid sequences
  • expression in appropriate eucaryotic cells affords proteins to which sugar chains are attached. Accordingly, such proteins or peptides to which sugar chains are attached shall come within the scope of the present invention.
  • the DNAs of the present invention include all the DNAs coding for the above-mentioned proteins. These DNAs can be obtained by using a method by chemical synthesis, a method by cDNA cloning, and so on.
  • the cDNAs of the present invention can be cloned, for example, from cDNA libraries derived from the human cells. These cDNAs are synthesized by using as templates poly(A) + RNAs extracted from human cells.
  • the human cells may be cells delivered from the human body, for example, by the operation or may be the cultured cells.
  • the cDNAs can be synthesized by using any method selected from the Okayama- Berg method [Okayama, H. and Berg, P., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2: 161-170 (1982)], the Gubler-Hoff an method [Gubler, U. and Hoffman, J. Gene 25: 263-269 (1983)], and so on, but it is preferred to use the capping method [Kato, S.
  • cDNA libraries can be utilized. Cloning of the cDNAs of the present invention from the cDNA libraries can be carried out by synthesis of an oligonucleotide on the basis of base sequences of any portion in the cDNA of the present invention, followed by screening using this oligonucleotide as the probe according to the colony or plaque hybridization by a method known in the art.
  • the cDNA fragments of the present invention can be prepared by synthesis of oligonucleotides which hybridize with both termini of the objective cDNA fragment, followed by the usage of these oligonucleotides as the primers for the RT-PCR method using an mRNA isolated from human cells.
  • the cDNAs of the present invention are characterized by comprising either of the base sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 20, 41 to 50, 71 to 80, 101 to 110, and 131 to 140 or the base sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 21 to 30, 51 to 60, 81 to 90, 111 to 120, and 141 to 150.
  • Table 1 summarizes the clone number (HP number), the cells from which the cDNA was obtained, the total base number of the cDNA, and the number of the amino acid residues of the encoded protein, for each of the cDNAs.
  • the same clones as the cDNAs of the present invention can be easily obtained by screening of the cDNA libraries constructed from the human cell lines or human tissues utilized in the present invention by the use of an oligonucleotide probe synthesized on the basis of the cDNA base sequence described in any of SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 30, 41 to 60, 71 to 90, 101 to 120, and 131 to 150.
  • any cDNA in which one or plural nucleotides are inserted, deleted and/or substituted with other nucleotides in SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 30, 41 to 60, 71 to 90, 101 to 120, and 131 to 150 shall come within the scope of the present invention.
  • any protein in which one or plural amino acids are inserted, deleted and/or substituted with other amino acids shall come within the scope of the present invention, as far as the protein possesses the activity of any protein having the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10, 31 to 40, 61 to 70, 91 to 100, and 121 to 130.
  • the cDNAs of the present invention include cDNA fragments (10 bp or more) containing any partial base sequence in the base sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 20, 41 to 50, 71 to 80, 101 to 110, and 131 to 140 or in the base sequences represented by SEQ ID Nos. 21 to 30, 51 to 60, 81 to 90, 111 to 120, and 141 to 150.
  • DNA fragments consisting of a sense strand and an anti-sense strand shall come within this scope. These DNA fragments can be utilized as the probes for the genetic diagnosis.
  • polynucleotides and proteins of the present invention may exhibit one or more of the uses or biological activities (including those associated with assays cited herein) identified below.
  • Uses or activities described for proteins of the present invention may be provided by administration or use of such proteins or by administration or use of polynucleotides encoding such proteins (such as, for example, in gene therapies or vectors suitable for introduction of DNA).
  • the polynucleotides provided by the present invention can be used by the research community for various purposes.
  • the polynucleotides can be used to express recombinant protein for analysis, characterization or therapeutic use; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in disease states); as molecular weight markers on Southern gels; as chromosome markers or tags (when labeled) to identify chromosomes or to map related gene positions; to compare with endogenous DNA sequences in patients to identify potential genetic disorders; as probes to hybridize and thus discover novel, related DNA sequences; as a source of information to derive PCR primers for genetic fingerprinting; as a probe to "subtract-out" known sequences in the process of discovering other novel polynucleotides; for selecting and making oligomers for attachment to a "gene chip” or other support, including for examination of expression patterns; to raise anti-protein antibodiesusing DNA im
  • the polynucleotide encodes a protein which binds or potentially binds to another protein (such as, for example, in a receptor-ligand interaction)
  • the polynucleotide can also be used in interaction trap assays (such as, for example, that described in Gyuris et al., Cell 75:791-803 (1993)) to identify polynucleotides encoding the other protein with which binding occurs or to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction.
  • the proteins provided by the present invention can similarly be used in assay to determine biological activity, including in a panel of multiple proteins for high- throughput screening; to raise antibodies or to elicit another immune response; as a reagent (including the labeled reagent) in assays designed to quantitatively determine levels of the protein (or its receptor) in biological fluids; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in a disease state); and, of course, to isolate correlative receptors or ligands.
  • the protein binds or potentially binds to another protein (such as, for example, in a receptor-ligand interaction)
  • the protein can be used to identify the other protein with which binding occurs or to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction. Proteins involved in these binding interactions can also be used to screen for peptide or small molecule inhibitors or agonists of the binding interaction.
  • Polynucleotides and proteins of the present invention can also be used as nutritional sources or supplements. Such uses include without limitation use as a protein or amino acid supplement, use as a carbon source, use as a nitrogen source and use as a source of carbohydrate.
  • the protein or polynucleotide of the invention can be added to the feed of a particular organism or can be administered as a separate solid or liquid preparation, such as in the form of powder, pills, solutions, suspensions or capsules.
  • the protein or polynucleotide of the invention can be added to the medium in or on which the microorganism is cultured.
  • a protein of the present invention may exhibit cytokine, cell proliferation (either inducing or inhibiting) or cell differentiation (either inducing or inhibiting) activity or may induce production of other cytokines in certain cell populations.
  • cytokine cytokine
  • cell proliferation either inducing or inhibiting
  • cell differentiation either inducing or inhibiting
  • the activity of a protein of the present invention is evidenced by any one of a number of routine factor dependent cell proliferation assays for cell lines including, without limitation, 32D, DA2, DA1G, T10, B9, B9/11, BaF3, MC9/G, M+ (preB M+), 2E8, RB5, DAI, 123, T1165, HT2, CTLL2, TF-1, M ⁇ 7e and CMK.
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
  • Assays for T-cell or thymocyte proliferation include without limitation those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Marg ⁇ lies, E.M. Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1-3.19; Chapter 7, Immunologic studies in Humans); Takai et al., J. Immunol. 137:3494-3500, 1986; Bertagnolli et al., J. Immunol.
  • Assays for cytokine production and/or proliferation of spleen cells, lymph node cells or thymocytes include, without limitation, those described in: Polyclonal T cell stimulation, Kruisbeek, A.M. and Shevach, E.M. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 3.12.1-3.12.14, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994; and Measurement of mouse and human Interferon ⁇ , Schreiber, R.D. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.8.1-6.8.8, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994.
  • Assays for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic and lymphopoietic cells include, without limitation, those described in: Measurement of Human and Murine Interleukin 2 and Interleukin 4, Bottomly, K., Davis, L.S. and Lipsky, P.E. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.3.1-6.3.12, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1991; deVries et al., J. Exp. Med. 173:1205- 1211, 1991; Moreau et al., Nature 336:690-692, 1988; Greenberger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  • Assays for T-cell clone responses to antigens include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro
  • a protein of the present invention may also exhibit immune stimulating or immune suppressing activity, including without limitation the activities for which assays are 0 described herein.
  • a protein may be useful in the treatment of various immune deficiencies and disorders (including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)), e.g., in regulating (up or down) growth and proliferation of T and/or B lymphocytes, as well as effecting the cytolytic activity 5 of NK cells and other cell populations.
  • SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
  • These immune deficiencies may be genetic or be caused by viral (e.g., HIV) as well as bacterial orfungal infections, or may result from autoimmune disorders.
  • infectious diseases causes by viral, bacterial, fungal or other 0 infection may be treatable using a protein of the present invention, including infections by HIV, hepatitis viruses, herpesviruses , mycobacteria, Leishmania spp., malaria spp. and various fungal infections such as candidiasis.
  • a protein of the present invention may also be useful where a boost to the immune system generally may be desirable, i.e., in the treatment of cancer.
  • Autoimmune disorders which may be treated using a protein of the present invention include, for example, connective tissue disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus , rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune pulmonary inflammation, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitis, myasthenia gravis, graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune inflammatory eye disease.
  • a protein of the present invention may also to be useful in the treatment of allergic reactions and conditions, such as asthma (particularly allergic asthma) or other respiratory problems.
  • Other conditions, in which immune suppression is desired may also be treatable using a protein of the present invention.
  • T cells may be inhibited by suppressing T cell responses or by inducing specific tolerance in T cells, or both.
  • Immunosuppression of T cell responses is generally an active, non-antigen-specific, process which requires continuous exposure of the T cells to the suppressive agent.
  • Tolerance which involves inducing non-responsiveness or anergy in T cells, is distinguishable from immunosuppression in that it is generally antigen- specific and persists after exposure to the tolerizing agent has ceased. Operationally, tolerance can be demonstrated by the lack of a T cell response upon reexposure to specific antigen in the absence of the tolerizing agent.
  • Down regulating or preventing one or more antigen functions (including without limitation B lymphocyte antigen functions (such as , for example, B7)), e.g., preventing high level lymphokine synthesis by activated T cells, will be useful in situations of tissue, skin and organ transplantation and in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) .
  • B lymphocyte antigen functions such as , for example, B7
  • GVHD graft-versus-host disease
  • blockage of T cell function should result in reduced tissue destruction in tissue transplantation.
  • rejection of the transplant is initiated through its recognition as foreign by T cells, followed by an immune reaction that destroys the transplant.
  • a molecule which inhibits or blocks interaction of a B7 lymphocyte antigen with its natural ligand(s) on immune cells such as a soluble, monomeric form of a peptide having B7-2 activity alone or in conjunction with a monomeric form of a peptide having an activity of another B lymphocyte antigen (e.g., B7-1, B7-3) or blocking antibody
  • B7 lymphocyte antigen e.g., B7-1, B7-3 or blocking antibody
  • Blocking B lymphocyte antigen function in this matter prevents cytokine synthesis by immune cells, such as T cells, and thus acts as an immunosuppressant.
  • the lack of costimulation may also be sufficient to anergize the T cells, thereby inducing tolerance in a subject.
  • Induction of long-term tolerance by B lymphocyte antigen-blocking reagents may avoid the necessity of repeated administration of these blocking reagents.
  • the efficacy of particular blocking reagents in preventing organ transplant rejection or GVHD can be assessed using animal models that are predictive of efficacy in humans .
  • appropriate systems which can be used include allogeneic cardiac grafts in rats and xenogeneic pancreatic islet cell grafts in mice, both of which have been used to examine the immunosuppressive effects of CTLA4lg fusion proteins in vivo as described in Lenschow et al., Science 257:789-792 (1992) and Turka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 89:11102-11105 (1992).
  • murine models of GVHD can be used to determine the effect of blocking B lymphocyte antigen function in vivo on the development of that disease.
  • Blocking antigen function may also be therapeutically useful for treating autoimmune diseases .
  • Many autoimmune disorders are the result of inappropriate activation of T cells that are reactive against self tissue and which promote the production of cytokines and autoantibodies involved in the pathology of the diseases. Preventing the activation of autoreactive T cells may reduce or eliminate disease symptoms.
  • Administration of reagents which block costimulation of T cells by disrupting receptor:ligand interactions of B lymphocyte antigens can be used to inhibit T cell activation and prevent production of autoantibodies or T cell-derived cytokines which may be involved in the disease process. Additionally, blocking reagents may induce antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells which could lead to long-term relief from the disease.
  • the efficacy of blocking reagents in preventing or alleviating autoimmune disorders can be determined using a number of well-characterized animal models of human autoimmune diseases. Examples include murine experimental autoimmune encephalitis, systemic lupus erythmatosis in MRL/lpr/lpr mice or NZB hybrid mice, murine autoimmune collagen arthritis, diabetes mellitus in NOD mice and BB rats, and murine experimental myasthenia gravis (see Paul ed. , Fundamental Immunology, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp. 840-856). Upregulation of an antigen function (preferably a B lymphocyte antigen function), as a means of up regulating immune responses, may also be useful in therapy.
  • an antigen function preferably a B lymphocyte antigen function
  • Upregulation of immune responses may be in the form of enhancing an existing immune response or eliciting an initial immune response.
  • enhancing an immune response through stimulating B lymphocyte antigen function may be useful in cases of viral infection.
  • systemic viral diseases such as influenza, the commoncold, and encephalitis might be alleviated by the administration of stimulatory forms of B lymphocyte antigens systemically.
  • anti-viral immune responses may be enhanced in an infected patient by removing T cells from the patient, costimulating the T cells in vitro with viral antigen-pulsed APCs either expressing a peptide of the present invention or together with a stimulatory form of a soluble peptide of the present invention and reintroducing the in vitro activated T cells into the patient.
  • Another method of enhancing anti-viral immune responses would be to isolate infected cells from a patient, transfect them with a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention as described herein such that the cells express all or a portion of the protein on their surface, and reintroduce the transfected cells into the patient.
  • the infected cells would now be capable of delivering a costimulatory signal to, and thereby activate, T cells in vivo.
  • up regulation or enhancement of antigen function may be useful in the induction of tumor immunity.
  • Tumor cells e.g., sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, carcinoma
  • a nucleic acid encoding at least one peptide of the present invention can be administered to a subject to overcome tumor-specific tolerance in the subject. If desired, the tumor cell can be transfected to express a combination of peptides.
  • tumor cells obtained from a patient can be transfected ex vivo with an expression vector directing the expression of a peptide having B7-2-like activity alone, or in conjunction with a peptide having B7-l-like activity and/or B7-3-like activity.
  • the transfected tumor cells are returned to the patient to result in expression of the peptides on the surface of the transfected cell.
  • gene therapy techniques can be used to target a tumor cell for transfection in vivo.
  • tumor cells which lack MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, or which fail to reexpress sufficient amounts of MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, can be transfected with nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of (e.g., a cytoplasmic-domain truncated portion) of an MHC class I ⁇ chain protein and 2 microglobulin protein or an MHC class II chain protein and an MHC class II chain protein to thereby express MHC class I or MHC class II proteins on the cell surface.
  • nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of (e.g., a cytoplasmic-domain truncated portion) of an MHC class I ⁇ chain protein and 2 microglobulin protein or an MHC class II chain protein and an MHC class II chain protein to thereby express MHC class I or MHC class II proteins on the cell surface.
  • a gene encoding an antisense construct which blocks expression of an MHC class II associated protein, such as the invariant chain can also be cotransfected with a DNA encoding a peptide having the activity of a B lymphocyte antigen to promote presentation of tumor associated antigens and induce tumor specific immunity.
  • a T cell mediated immune response in a human subject may be sufficient to overcome tumor-specific tolerance in the subject.
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
  • Suitable assays for thymocyte or splenocyte cytotoxicity include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1-3.19; Chapter 7 , Immunologic studies in Humans ) ; Herrmann et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2488-2492, 1981; Herrmann et al., J. Immunol. 128:1968-1974, 1982; Handa et al., J.
  • T-cell-dependent immunoglobulin responses and isotype switching (which will identify, among others, proteins that modulate T-cell dependent antibody responses and that affect Thl/Th2 profiles) include, without limitation, those described in: Maliszewski, J. Immunol. 144:3028-3033, 1990; and Assays for B cell function: In vitro antibody production, Mond, J.J. and Brunswick, M. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 3.8.1-3.8.16, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994.
  • MLR Mixed lymphocyte reaction
  • Dendritic cell-dependent assays (which will identify, among others, proteins expressed by dendritic cells that activate naive T-cells) include, without limitation, those described in: Guery et al., J. Immunol. 134:536-544, 1995; Inaba et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 173:549-559, 1991; Macatonia et al., Journal of Immunology 154:5071-5079, 1995; Porgador et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 182:255-260, 1995; Nair et al., Journal of Virology 67:4062-4069, 1993; Huang et al., Science 264:961-965, 1994; Macatonia et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 169:1255-1264, 1989; Bhardwaj et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation 94:797-807, 1994; and Inaba et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 172:631-640, 1990.
  • lymphocyte survival/apoptosis (which will identify, among others, proteins that prevent apoptosis after superantigen induction and proteins that regulate lymphocyte homeostasis) include, without limitation, those described in: Darzynkiewicz et al., Cytometry 13:795-808, 1992; Gorczyca et al., Leukemia 7:659-670, 1993; Gorczyca et al., Cancer Research 53:1945-1951, 1993; Itoh et al., Cell 66:233-243, 1991; Zacharchuk, Journal of Immunology 145:4037-4045, 1990; Zamai et al., Cytometry 14:891-897, 1993; Gorczyca et al., International Journal of Oncology 1:639-648, 1992.
  • Assays for proteins that influence early steps of T- cell commitment and development include, without limitation, those described in: Antica et al., Blood 84:111-117, 1994; Fine et al., Cellular Immunology 155:111-122, 1994; Galy et al., Blood 85:2770-2778, 1995; Toki et al., Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA 88:7548-7551, 1991.
  • a protein of the present invention may be useful in regulation of hematopoiesis and, consequently, in the treatment of myeloid or lymphoid cell deficiencies. Even marginal biological activity in support of colony forming cells or of factor-dependent cell lines indicates involvement in regulating hematopoiesis, e.g.
  • erythroid progenitor cells in supporting the growth and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells alone or in combination with other cytokines, thereby indicating utility, for example, in treating various anemias or for use in conjunction with irradiation/chemotherapy to stimulate the production of erythroid precursors and/or erythroid cells; in supporting the growth and proliferation of myeloid cells such as granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages (i.e., traditional CSF activity) useful, for example, in conjunction with chemotherapy to prevent or treat consequent myelo-suppression; in supporting the growth and proliferation of megakaryocytes and consequently of platelets thereby allowing prevention or treatment of various platelet disorders such as thrombocytopenia, and generally for use in place of or complimentary to platelet transfusions; and/or in supporting the growth and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells which are capable of maturing to any and all of the above- mentioned hematopoietic cells and therefore find therapeutic utility in various stem cell disorders
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
  • Assays for embryonic stem cell differentiation include, without limitation, those described in: Johansson et al. Cellular Biology 15:141-151, 1995; Keller et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology 13:473-486, 1993; McClanahan et al., Blood 81:2903-2915, 1993.
  • Assays for stem cell survival and differentiation include, without limitation, those described in: Methylcellulose colony forming assays, Freshney, M.G. In Culture of Hematopoietic Cells. R.I. Freshney, et al. eds. Vol pp. 265-268, Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, NY. 1994; Hirayama et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5907-5911, 1992; Primitive hematopoietic colony forming cells with high proliferative potential, McNiece, I.K. and Briddell, R.A.
  • a protein of the present invention also may have utility in compositions used for bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament and/or nerve tissue growth or regeneration, as well as for wound healing and tissue repair and replacement, and in the treatment of burns, incisions and ulcers.
  • a protein of the present invention which induces cartilage and/or bone growth in circumstances where bone is not normally formed, has application in the healing of bone fractures and cartilage damage or defects in humans and other animals .
  • Such a preparation employing a protein of the invention may have prophylactic use in closed as well as open fracture reduction and also in the improved fixation of artificial joints.
  • De novo bone formation induced by an osteogenic agent contributes to the repair of congenital, trauma induced, or oncologic resection induced craniofacial defects, and also is useful in cosmetic plastic surgery.
  • a protein of this invention may also be used in the treatment of periodontal disease, and in other tooth repair processes.
  • Such agents may provide an environment to attract bone-forming cells, stimulate growth of bone-forming cells or induce differentiation of progenitors of bone- forming cells.
  • a protein of the invention may also be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis or osteoarthritis, such as through stimulation of bone and/or cartilage repair or by blocking inflammation or processes of tissue destruction (collagenase activity, osteoclast activity, etc.) mediated by inflammatory processes.
  • tissue regeneration activity that may be attributable to the protein of the present invention is tendon/ligament formation.
  • a protein of the present invention which induces tendon/ligament-like tissue or other tissue formation in circumstances where such tissue is not normally formed, has application in the healing of tendon or ligament tears, deformities and other tendon or ligament defects in humans and other animals.
  • Such a preparation employing a tendon/ligament-like tissue inducing protein may have prophylactic use in preventing damage to tendon or ligament tissue, as well as use in the improved fixation of tendon or ligament to bone or other tissues, and in repairing defects to tendon or ligament tissue.
  • compositions of the present invention contributes to the repair of congenital, trauma induced, or other tendon or ligament defects of other origin, and is also useful in cosmetic plastic surgery for attachment or repair of tendons or ligaments.
  • the compositions of the present invention may provide an environment to attract tendon or ligament-forming cells, stimulate growth of tendon- or ligament-forming cells, induce differentiation of progenitors of tendon- or ligament-forming cells, or induce growth of tendon/ligament cells or progenitors ex vivo for return in vivo to effect tissue repair.
  • the compositions of the invention may also be useful in the treatment of tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and other tendon or ligament defects.
  • the compositions may also include an appropriate matrix and/or sequestering agent as a carrier as is well known in the art.
  • the protein of the present invention may also be useful for proliferation of neural cells and for regeneration of nerve and brain tissue, i.e. for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system diseases and neuropathies, as well as mechanical and traumatic disorders, which involve degeneration, death or trauma to neural cells or nerve tissue. More specifically, a protein may be used in the treatment of diseases of the peripheral nervous system, such as peripheral nerve injuries, peripheral neuropathy and localized neuropathies, and central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Shy-Drager syndrome. Further conditions which may be treated in accordance with the present invention include mechanical and traumatic disorders, such as spinal cord disorders, head trauma and cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke.
  • Proteins of the invention may also be useful to promote better or faster closure of non-healing wounds, including without limitation pressure ulcers, ulcers associated with vascular insufficiency, surgical and traumatic wounds, and the like. It is expected that a protein of the present invention may also exhibit activity for generation or regeneration of other tissues, such as organs (including, for example, pancreas, liver, intestine, kidney, skin, endothelium) , muscle (smooth, skeletal or cardiac) and vascular (including vascular endothelium) tissue, or for promoting the growth of cells comprising such tissues.
  • organs including, for example, pancreas, liver, intestine, kidney, skin, endothelium
  • muscle smooth, skeletal or cardiac
  • vascular including vascular endothelium
  • Part of the desired effects may be by inhibition or modulation of fibrotic scarring to allow normal tissue to regenerate.
  • a protein of the invention may also exhibit angiogenic activity.
  • a protein of the present invention may also be useful for gut protection or regeneration and treatment of lung or liver fibrosis, reperfusion injury in various tissues, and conditions resulting from systemic cytokine damage.
  • a protein of the present invention may also be useful for promoting or inhibiting differentiation of tissues described above from precursor tissues or cells; or for inhibiting the growth of tissues described above.
  • tissue generation activity include, without limitation, those described in: International Patent Publication No. WO95/16035 (bone, cartilage, tendon); International Patent Publication No. WO95/05846 (nerve, neuronal); International Patent Publication No. WO91/07491 (skin, endothelium ).
  • Assays for wound healing activity include, without limitation, those described in: Winter, Epidermal Wound
  • a protein of the present invention may also exhibit activin- or inhibin-related activities. Inhibins are characterized by their ability to inhibit the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), while activins and are characterized by their ability to stimulate the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Thus, a protein of the present invention, alone or in heterodimers with a member of the inhibin family, may be useful as a contraceptive based on the ability of inhibins to decrease fertility in female mammals and decrease spermatogenesis in male mammals. Administration of sufficient amounts of other inhibins can induce infertility in these mammals.
  • FSH follicle stimulating hormone
  • the protein of the invention may be useful as a fertility inducing therapeutic, based upon the ability of activin molecules in stimulating FSH release from cells of the anterior pituitary. See, for example, United States Patent 4,798,885.
  • a protein of the invention may also be useful for advancement of the onset of fertility in sexually immature mammals, so as to increase the lifetime reproductive performance of domestic animals such as cows, sheep and pigs.
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
  • Assays for activin/inhibin activity include, without limitation, those described in: Vale et al., Endocrinology 91:562-572, 1972; Ling et al., Nature 321:779-782, 1986; Vale et al., Nature 321:776-779, 1986; Mason et al., Nature 318:659-663, 1985; Forage et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3091-3095, 1986.
  • a protein of the present invention may have chemotactic or chemokinetic activity (e.g., act as a chemokine) for mammalian cells, including, for example, monocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, T-cells, mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial and/or endothelial cells.
  • Chemotactic and chemokinetic proteins can be used to mobilize or attract a desired cell population to a desired site of action.
  • Chemotactic or chemokinetic proteins provide particular advantages in treatment of wounds and other trauma to tissues, as well as in treatment of localized infections. For example, attraction of lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils to tumors or sites of infection may result in improved immune responses against the tumor or infecting agent.
  • a protein or peptide has chemotactic activity for a particular cell population if it can stimulate, directly or indirectly, the directed orientation or movement of such cell population.
  • the protein or peptide has the ability to directly stimulate directed movement of cells. Whether a particular protein has chemotactic activity for a population of cells can be readily determined by employing such protein or peptide in any known assay for cell chemotaxis .
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
  • Assays for chemotactic activity (which will identify proteins that induce or prevent chemotaxis)consist of assays that measure the ability of a protein to induce the migration of cells across a membrane as well as the ability of a protein to induce the adhesion of one cell population to another cell population.
  • Suitable assays for movement and adhesion include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J.E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W.Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 6.12, Measurement of alpha and beta Chemokines 6.12.1- 6.12.28; Taub et al. J. Clin. Invest.
  • a protein of the invention may also exhibit hemostatic or thrombolytic activity.
  • a protein is expected to be useful in treatment of various coagulation disorders (includinghereditary disorders, such as hemophilias) or to enhance coagulation and other hemostatic events in treating wounds resulting from trauma, surgery or other causes.
  • a protein of the invention may also be useful for dissolving or inhibiting formation of thromboses and for treatment and prevention of conditions resulting therefrom (such as, for example, infarction of cardiac and central nervous system vessels (e.g., stroke).
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
  • Assay for hemostatic and thrombolytic activity include, without limitation, those described in: Linet et al., J. Clin. Pharmacol. 26:131-140, 1986; Burdick et al., Thrombosis Res. 45:413-419, 1987; Humphrey et al., Fibrinolysis 5:71-79 (1991); Schaub, Prostaglandins 35:467- 474, 1988.
  • a protein of the present invention may also demonstrate activity as receptors, receptor ligands or inhibitors or agonists of receptor/ligand interactions.
  • receptors and ligands include, without limitation, cytokine receptors and their ligands, receptor kinases and their ligands, receptor phosphatases and their ligands, receptors involved in cell-cell interactions and their ligands (including without limitation, cellular adhesion molecules (such as selectins, integrins and their ligands) and receptor/ligand pairs involved in antigen presentation, antigen recognition and development of cellular and humoral immune responses ) .
  • Receptors and ligands are also useful for screening of potential peptide or small molecule inhibitors of the relevant receptor/ligand interaction.
  • a protein of the present invention (including, without limitation, fragments of receptors and ligands) may themselves be useful as inhibitors of receptor/ligand interactions .
  • the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following
  • Suitable assays for receptor-ligand activity include without limitation those described in:Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J.E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W.Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 7.28, Measurement of Cellular Adhesion under static conditions 7.28.1-7.28.22), Takai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6864-6868, 1987; Bierer et al., J. Exp. Med. 168:1145-1156, 1988; Rosenstein et al., J. Exp. Med. 169:149-160 1989; Stoltenborg et al., J. Immunol. Methods 175:59-68, 1994; Stitt et al., Cell 80:661-670, 1995.
  • Proteins of the present invention may also exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.
  • the anti-inflammatory activity may be achieved by providing a stimulus to cells involved in the inflammatory response, by inhibiting or promoting cell- cell interactions (such as, for example, cell adhesion), by inhibiting or promoting chemotaxis of cells involved in the inflammatory process, inhibiting or promoting cell extravasation, or by stimulating or suppressing production of other factors which more directly inhibit or promote an inflammatory response.
  • proteins exhibiting such activities can be used to treat inflammatory conditions including chronic or acute conditions), including without limitation inflammation associated with infection (such as septic shock, sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)), ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin lethality, arthritis, complement-mediated hyperacute rejection, nephritis, cytokine or chemokine-induced lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease or resulting from over production of ytokines such as TNF or IL-1. Proteins of the invention may also be useful to treat anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity to an antigenic substance or material.
  • infection such as septic shock, sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
  • ischemia-reperfusion injury such as endotoxin lethality, arthritis, complement-mediated hyperacute rejection, nephritis, cytokine or chemokine-induced lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease or resulting
  • a protein of the invention may exhibit other anti-tumor activities.
  • a protein may inhibit tumor growth directly or indirectly (such as, for example, via ADCC).
  • a protein may exhibit its tumor inhibitory activity by acting on tumor tissue or tumor precursor tissue, by inhibiting formation of tissues necessary to support tumor growth (such as, for example, by inhibiting angiogenesis), by causing production of other factors, agents or cell types which inhibit tumor growth, or by suppressing, eliminating or inhibiting factors, agents or cell types which promote tumor growth Other Activities
  • a protein of the invention may also exhibit one or more of the following additional activities or effects: inhibiting the growth, infection or function of, or killing, infectious agents, including, without limitation, bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasites; effecting (suppressing or enhancing) bodily characteristics, including, without limitation, height, weight, hair color, eye color, skin, fat to lean ratio or other tissue pigmentation, or organ or body part size or shape (such as, for example, breast augmentation or diminution, change in bone form or shape); effecting biorhythms or caricadic cycles or rhythms; effecting the fertility of male or female subjects; effecting the metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, processing, utilization, storage or elimination of dietary fat, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, cofactors or other nutritional factors or component(s ) ; effecting behavioral characteristics, including, without limitation, appetite, libido, stress, cognition (including cognitive disorders), depression (including depressive disorders) and violent behaviors; providing analgesic effects or other pain reducing effects;
  • the present invention is specifically illustrated in more detail by the following Examples, but Examples are not intended to restrict the present invention.
  • the basic operations with regard to the recombinant DNA and the enzymatic reactions were carried out according to the literature ["Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989]. Unless otherwise stated, restrictive enzymes and a variety of modification enzymes to be used were those available from Takara Shuzo.
  • the buffer compositions and the reaction conditions for each of the enzyme reactions were as described in the manufacturer's instructions.
  • the cDNA synthesis was carried out according to the literature [Kato, S. et al., Gene 150: 243-250 (1994)].
  • hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profiles were determined for the proteins encoded by the full-length cDNA clones registered in the homo-protein cDNA bank by the Kyte- Doolittle method [Kyte, J. & Doolittle, R. F., J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-132 (1982)] to examine the presence or absence of a hydrophobic region. Any clone that has a hydrophobic region being putative as a secretory signal or a transmembrane domain in the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein was selected as a clone candidate.
  • the plasmid vector bearing the cDNA of the present invention was used for in vitro transcription/translation with a T N T rabbit reticulocyte lysate kit (Promega). In this case, [ 35 S]methionine was added to label the expression product with a radioisotope. Each of the reactions was carried out according to the protocols attached to the kit.
  • Two micrograms of the plasmid was subjected to the reaction at 30°C for 90 minutes in the reaction solution of a total volume of 25 ⁇ l containing 12.5 ⁇ l ⁇ of T N T rabbit reticulocyte lysate, 0.5 ⁇ l of a buffer solution (attached to the kit), 2 ⁇ l of an amino acid mixture (without methionine), 2 ⁇ l of [ 35 S]methionine (Amersham) (0.37 MBq/ ⁇ l), 0.5 ⁇ l of T7 RNA polymerase, and 20 U of RNasin. Also, an experiment in the presence of a membrane system was carried out by adding to this reaction system 2.5 ⁇ l of a canine pancreas microsome fraction (Promega).
  • Escherichia coli cells bearing the expression vector for the protein of the present invention was incubated at 37°C for 2 hours in 2 ml of the 2xYT culture medium containing 100 ⁇ g/ml of ampicillin, the helper phage M13K07 (50 ⁇ 1 ) was added, and the incubation was continued at 37°C overnight. A supernatant separated by centrifugation underwent precipitation with polyethylene glycol to obtain single-stranded phage particles. These particles were suspended in 100 ⁇ l of 1 mM Tris-0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8 (TE).
  • the cultured cells derived from simian kidney, COS7 were incubated at 37°C in the presence of 5% CO- in the Dulbecco's modified Eagle's culture medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's culture medium
  • Into a 6-well plate (Nunc, well diameter: 3 cm) were inoculated with 1 x 10 5 COS7 cells and incubation was carried out at 37 °C for 22 hours in the presence of 5% C0 2 . After the culture medium was removed, the cell surface was washed with a phosphate buffer solution and then washed again with DMEM containing 50 mM Tris- hydrochloric acid (pH 7.5) (TDMEM).
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's culture medium
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 125 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 1 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte- Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 15 kDa that was almost identical with the molecular weight of 13,825 predicted from the ORF.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA338859) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP02593> (SEQ ID Nos. 2, 12, and 22) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP02593 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 revealed the structure consisting of a 103-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 396-bp ORF, and a 198-bp 3 ' -untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 131 amino acid residues and there existed four putative transmembrane domains at the C- terminus.
  • Figure 2 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of a high molecular weight.
  • ⁇ HP10195> (SEQ ID Nos. 3, 13, and 23) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10195 obtained from cDNA library of human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 revealed the structure consisting of a 286-bp 5 ' -untranslated region, a 729-bp ORF, and a 604-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 242 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain at the C-terminus.
  • Figure 3 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA447905) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10423> (SEQ ID Nos. 4, 14, and 24) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10423 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line U-2 OS revealed the structure consisting of a 64-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 795-bp ORF, and a 207-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 264 amino acid residues and there existed a secretory signal at the N-terminus and one putative transmembrane domain at the N-terminus.
  • Figure 4 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. D80116) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10506> (SEQ ID Nos. 5, 15, and 25) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10506 obtained from cDNA library of human stomach cancer revealed the structure consisting of a 53-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 339-bp ORF, and a 226-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 112 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 5 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte- Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA282544) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA424759) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA143152) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. W79821) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA428475) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10568 obtained from cDNA library of the human stomach cancer revealed the structure consisting of a 56-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 984-bp ORF, and a 60-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 327 amino acid residues and there existed a secretory signal at the N-terminus and one putative transmembrane domain at the C-terminus.
  • Figure 10 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte- Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. T24595) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • XL IEITEAAVLLFYL Furthermore, the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. R06009) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP02515> (SEQ ID Nos. 32, 42, and 52) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP02515 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 revealed the structure consisting of a 176-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 690-bp ORF, and a 71-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 229 amino acid residues and there existed a putative secretory signal at N-terminus and one putative transmembrane domain at the C-terminus.
  • Figure 12 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 27 kDa that was almost identical with the molecular weight of 26,000 predicted from the ORF.
  • the addition of a microsome led to the formation of a product of 25.5 kDa from which the secretory signal is considered to have been cleaved.
  • Application of the (-3,-1) rule a method for predicting the cleavage site of the secretory signal sequence, allows to expect that the mature protein starts from phenylalanine at position 28.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA477156) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA296976) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10477> (SEQ ID Nos. 36, 46, and 56) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10477 obtained from cDNA library of human liver revealed the structure consisting of a 149-bp 5'- untranslated region, a 1092-bp ORF, and a 15-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 363 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain at the N-terminus.
  • Figure 16 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 40 kDa that was almost identical with the molecular weight of 39,884 predicted from the ORF.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA424759) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Table 10 shows the comparison between amino acid sequences of the human protein of the present invention (HP) and the human hypothetical protein KIAA0512 (KI). Therein, the marks of -, *, and . represent a gap, an amino acid residue identical with that of the protein of the present invention, and an amino acid residue similar to that of the protein of the present invention, respectively. The both proteins shared a homology of 31.6% in the C-terminal region of 196 amino acid residues. Table 10
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. N92228) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10540> (SEQ ID Nos. 38, 48, and 58) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10540 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 revealed the structure consisting of a 47-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 297-bp ORF, and a 245-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 98 amino acid residues and there existed two putative transmembrane domains.
  • Figure 18 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of high molecular weight.
  • GenBank search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA420715) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Table 12 shows the comparison between amino acid sequences of the human protein of the present invention (HP) and the human progesterone binding protein (PG) .
  • HP human protein of the present invention
  • PG human progesterone binding protein
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA101709) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA083574) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP01467> (SEQ ID Nos. 61, 71, and 81) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP01467 obtained from cDNA library of human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 revealed the structure consisting of a 65-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 924-bp ORF, and a 447-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 307 amino acid residues and there existed three putative transmembrane domains.
  • Figure 21 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of high molecular weight.
  • the search of the protein data base using the amino acid sequence of the present protein revealed that the protein was similar to the rat Sec22 homologue (GenBank Accession No. U42209).
  • Table 14 shows the comparison between amino acid sequences of the human protein of the present invention (HP) and the rat Sec22 homologue (RN) .
  • the marks of -, *, and . represent a gap, an amino acid residue identical with that of the protein of the present invention, and an amino acid residue similar to that of the protein of the present invention, respectively.
  • the both proteins shared a homology of 94.6% in the N-terminal region of 241 amino acid residues.
  • the protein of the present invention was longer by 53 amino acids at the C-terminus than the rat Sec22 homologue.
  • ⁇ HP01956> (SEQ ID Nos. 62, 72, and 82) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP01956 obtained from cDNA library of human liver revealed the structure consisting of a 86-bp 5'- untranslated region, a 552-bp ORF, and a 359-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 183 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 22 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte- Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 20.5 kDa that was almost identical with the molecular weight of 20,073 predicted from the ORF.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA159753) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA312629) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Table 17 shows the comparison between amino acid sequences of the human protein of the present invention (HP) and the mouse FGF binding protein (MM).
  • HP human protein of the present invention
  • MM mouse FGF binding protein
  • the marks of -, *, and . represent a gap, an amino acid residue identical with that of the protein of the present invention, and an amino acid residue similar to that of the protein of the present invention, respectively.
  • the both proteins shared a homology of 21.2% in the entire region other than the N-terminal region. In particular, all the eight cysteine residues contained in the both proteins were conserved.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA317400) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA156969) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • CE RNILPNLSSHANCARCWLCICGGDSELIEYEQEDQEHLMEA Furthermore, the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. N50907) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10488> (SEQ ID Nos. 67, 77, and 87) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10488 obtained from cDNA library of human liver revealed the structure consisting of a 39-bp 5'- untranslated region, a 273-bp ORF, and a 421-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 90 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain at the N-terminus.
  • Figure 27 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. H73534) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10538> (SEQ ID Nos. 68, 78, and 88) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10538 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 revealed the structure consisting of a 357-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 1500-bp ORF, and a 1911-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 499 amino acid residues and there existed at least four putative transmembrane domains.
  • Figure 28 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of high molecular weight.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. R25184) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA029683) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10571> (SEQ ID Nos. 70, 80, and 90) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10571 obtained from cDNA library of human stomach cancer revealed the structure consisting of a 95-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 459-bp ORF, and a 675-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 152 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 30 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte- Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA282838) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA173214) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP02631 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 revealed the structure consisting of a 42-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 588-bp ORF, and a 750-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the 49th amino acid residue is encoded by a stop codon, it is likely that this codon encodes selenocysteine from the molecular weight of the translation product and the sequence comparison data with the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 195 amino acid residues and there existed a putative secretory signal at the N-terminus and one putative transmembrane domain in the intermediate region.
  • Figure 33 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 58 kDa.
  • the addition of a microsome led to the formation of a product of 56 kDa from which the secretory signal is considered to have been cleaved. Since both of these products are larger than the molecular weight of 22 kDa predicted from the ORF, it is likely that the protein interacts with another protein.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA156969) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. T84331) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10031> (SEQ ID Nos. 95, 105, and 115) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10031 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 revealed the structure consisting of a 55-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 1464-bp ORF, and a 649-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 487 amino acid residues and there existed eleven putative transmembrane domains.
  • Figure 35 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of high molecular weight. When expressed in COS7 cells, an expression product of about 55 kDa was observed in the membrane fraction.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA334000) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA302913) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA340605) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA348310) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10590> (SEQ ID Nos. 99, 109, and 119) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10590 obtained from cDNA library of human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 revealed the structure consisting of a 77-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 1053-bp ORF, and a 180-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 350 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 39 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • ⁇ HP10591> (SEQ ID Nos. 100, 110, and 120) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10591 obtained from cDNA library of human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 revealed the structure consisting of a 232-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 324-bp ORF, and a 844-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 107 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 40 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 12 kDa that was almost identical with the molecular weight of 11,328 predicted from the ORF.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. H09424) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP01462 obtained from cDNA library of human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 revealed the structure consisting of a 121-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 1452-bp ORF, and a 477-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 483 amino acid residues and there existed a putative secretory signal at the N-terminus.
  • Figure 41 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA307793) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP02798 obtained from cDNA library of human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 revealed the structure consisting of a 31-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 804-bp ORF, and a 301-bp 3 ' -untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 267 amino acid residues and there existed four putative transmembrane domains.
  • Figure 43 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • Table 29 shows the comparison between amino acid sequences of the human protein of the present invention (HP) and the human DHHC- containing cysteine-rich protein (DH) .
  • HP human protein of the present invention
  • DH human DHHC- containing cysteine-rich protein
  • the marks of -, *, and . represent a gap, an amino acid residue identical with that of the protein of the present invention, and an amino acid residue similar to that of the protein of the present invention, respectively.
  • the both proteins shared a homology of 35.0% in the intermediate region of 100 amino acid residues.
  • the positions of seven cysteines were conserved between the two proteins.
  • the protein of the present invention also had the DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) sequence. Table 29
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. D79050) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. H20098) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA453931) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10392> (SEQ ID Nos. 126, 136, and 146) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10392 obtained from cDNA library of human osteosarcoma cell line U-2 OS revealed the structure consisting of a 24-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 777-bp ORF, and a 726-bp 3 '-untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 258 amino acid residues and there existed a putative secretory signal at the N-terminus.
  • Figure 46 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte-Doolittle method, of the present protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. H15999) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • partial identity with the hypothetical protein KIAA0384 was observed, although the hypothetical protein had a different ORF.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA262162) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • ⁇ HP10519> (SEQ ID Nos. 128, 138, and 148) Determination of the whole base sequence of the cDNA insert of clone HP10519 obtained from cDNA library of human stomach cancer revealed the structure consisting of a 67-bp 5 '-untranslated region, a 276-bp ORF, and a 367-bp 3'- untranslated region.
  • the ORF codes for a protein consisting of 91 amino acid residues and there existed one putative transmembrane domain.
  • Figure 48 depicts the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profile, obtained by the Kyte- Doolittle method, of the present protein. In vitro translation resulted in formation of a translation product of 10 kDa that was almost identical with the molecular weight of 10,275 predicted from the ORF.
  • GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. R50695) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the search of the protein data base using the amino acid sequence of the present protein revealed that the protein was similar to the Drosophila melanogaster GOLIATH protein (SWISS-PROT Accession No. Q06003).
  • Table 32 shows the comparison between amino acid sequences of the human protein of the present invention (HP) and the D. melanogaster GOLIATH protein (DM).
  • HP human protein of the present invention
  • DM D. melanogaster GOLIATH protein
  • the marks of -, *, and . represent a gap, an amino acid residue identical with that of the protein of the present invention, and an amino acid residue similar to that of the protein of the present invention, respectively.
  • the intermediate region of 169 amino acids of the protein of the present invention shared a homology of 41.4% with the N-terminal region of the D. melanogaster GOLIATH protein.
  • the search of the GenBank using the base sequences of the present cDNA has revealed the registration of sequences that shared a homology of 90% or more (for example, Accession No. AA155685) in ESTs, but, since they are partial sequences, it can not be judged whether or not any of these sequences codes for the same protein as the protein of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides human proteins having hydrophobic domains, DNAs coding for these proteins, and expression vectors for these DNAs as well as eucaryotic cells expressing these DNAs. All of the proteins of the present invention are secreted or exist in the cell membrane, so that they are considered to be proteins controlling the proliferation and/or the differentiation of the cells. Accordingly, the proteins of the present invention can be employed as pharmaceuticals such as carcinostatic agents which act to control the proliferation and/or the differentiation of the cells, or as antigens for preparing antibodies against these proteins.
  • the DNAs of the present invention can be utilized as probes for the genetic diagnosis and gene sources for the gene therapy. Furthermore, the DNAs can be utilized for large-scale expression of these proteins.
  • Cells into which these genes are introduced to express these proteins can be utilized for detection of the corresponding receptors and ligands, screening of novel low- molecular pharmaceuticals, and so on.
  • the present invention also provides genes corresponding to the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein. "Corresponding genes" are the regions of the genome that are transcribed to produce the mRNAs from which cDNA polynucleotide sequences are derived and may include contiguous regions of the genome necessary for the regulated expression of such genes. Corresponding genes may therefore include but are not limited to coding sequences, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, alternatively spliced exons, introns, promoters, enhancers, and silencer or suppressor elements.
  • the corresponding genes can be isolated in accordance with known methods using the sequence information disclosed herein. Such methods include the preparation of probes or primers from the disclosed sequence information for identification and/or amplification of genes in appropriate genomic libraries or other sources of genomic materials.
  • An "isolated gene” is a gene that has been separated from the adjacent coding sequences, if any, present in the genome of the organism from which the gene was isolated.
  • Organisms that have enhanced, reduced, or modified expression of the gene(s) corresponding to the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein are provided.
  • the desired change in gene expression can be achieved through the use of antisense polynucleotides or ribozymes that bind and/or cleave the mRNA transcribed from the gene (Albert and Morris, 1994, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15(7): 250-254; Lavarosky et al., 1997, Biochem. Mol. Med. 62(1): 11-22; and Hampel, 1998, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 58: 1-39; all of which are incorporated by reference herein).
  • Transgenic animals that have multiple copies of the gene(s) corresponding to the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein, preferably produced by transformation of cells with genetic constructs that are stably maintained within the transformed cells and their progeny, are provided.
  • organisms are provided in which the gene(s) corresponding to the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein have been partially or completely inactivated, through insertion of extraneous sequences into the corresponding gene(s) or through deletion of all or part of the corresponding gene(s).
  • Partial or complete gene inactivation can be accomplished through insertion, preferably followed by imprecise excision, of transposable elements (Plasterk, 1992, Bioessays 14(9): 629-633; Zwaal et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(16): 7431-7435; Clark et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(2): 719-722; all of which are incorporated by reference herein), or through homologous recombination, preferably detected by positive/negative genetic selection strategies (Mansour et al., 1988, Nature 336: 348-352; U.S. Patent Nos.
  • intracellular and transmembrane domains of the protein are deleted such that the protein is fully secreted from the cell in which it is expressed.
  • the intracellular and transmembrane domains of proteins of the invention can be identified in accordance with known techniques for determination of such domains from sequence information.
  • Proteins and protein fragments of the present invention include proteins with amino acid sequence lengths that are at least 25% (more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75%) of the length of a disclosed protein and have at least 60% sequence identity (more preferably, at least 75% identity; most preferably at least 90% or 95% identity) with that disclosed protein, where sequence identity is determined by comparing the amino acid sequences of the proteins when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps.
  • proteins and protein fragments that contain a segment preferably comprising 8 or more (more preferably 20 or more, most preferably 30 or more) contiguous amino acids that shares at least 75% sequence identity (more preferably, at least 85% identity; most preferably at least 95% identity) with any such segment of any of the disclosed proteins.
  • Species homologs of the disclosed polynucleotides and proteins are also provided by the present invention.
  • a "species homologue" is a protein or polynucleotide with a different species of origin from that of a given protein or polynucleotide, but with significant sequence similarity to the given protein or polynucleotide, as determined by those of skill in the art.
  • Species homologs may be isolated and identified by making suitable probes or primers from the sequences provided herein and screening a suitable nucleic acid source from the desired species .
  • the invention also encompasses allelic variants of the disclosed polynucleotides or proteins; that is, naturally- occurring alternative forms of the isolated polynucleotide which also encode proteins which are identical, homologous, or related to that encoded by the polynucleotides.
  • the invention also includes polynucleotides with sequences complementary to those of the polynucleotides disclosed herein.
  • the present invention also includes polynucleotides capable of hybridizing under reduced stringency conditions, more preferably stringent conditions, and most preferably highly stringent conditions, to polynucleotides described herein.
  • stringency conditions are shown in the table 33 below: highly stringent conditions are those that are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions A-F; stringent conditions are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions G-L; and reduced stringency conditions are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions M-R.
  • the hybrid length is that anticipated for the hybridized region(s) of the hybridizing polynucleotides.
  • the hybrid length is assumed to be that of the hybridizing polynucleotide.
  • the hybrid length can be determined by aligning the sequences of the polynucleotides and identifying the region or regions of optimal sequence complementarity.
  • SSPE 0.15M NaCl, lOmM NaH 2 PO 4 , and 1.25mM EDTA, pH7.4
  • SSC 0.15M NaCl and 15mM sodium citrate
  • each such hybridizing polynucleotide has a length that is at least 25% (more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75%) of the length of the polynucleotide of the present invention to which it hybridizes, and has at least 60% sequence identity (more preferably, at least 75% identity; most preferably at least 90% or 95% identity) with the polynucleotide of the present invention to which it hybridizes, where sequence identity is determined by comparing the sequences of the hybridizing polynucleotides when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des protéines humaines à domaines hydrophobes, des ADN codant pour ces protéines, et des vecteurs d'expression pour ces ADN, ainsi que des cellules eucaryotes exprimant ces ADN.
EP99931489A 1998-07-24 1999-07-22 Proteines humaines a domaines hydrophobes et adn codant pour ces proteines Withdrawn EP1100898A2 (fr)

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US6664373B1 (en) 1999-03-01 2003-12-16 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. TWIK-5 potassium channel polypeptides and uses therefor
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