Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
  • G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
  • G10H1/02—Means for controlling the tone frequencies, e.g. attack or decay; Means for producing special musical effects, e.g. vibratos or glissandos
  • G10H1/06—Circuits for establishing the harmonic content of tones, or other arrangements for changing the tone colour
  • G10H1/12—Circuits for establishing the harmonic content of tones, or other arrangements for changing the tone colour by filtering complex waveforms
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
  • H01F19/00—Fixed transformers or mutual inductances of the signal type
  • H01F19/02—Audio-frequency transformers or mutual inductances, i.e. not suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
  • H03G5/00—Tone control or bandwidth control in amplifiers
  • H03G5/02—Manually-operated control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
  • H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
  • H04R3/04—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones for correcting frequency response
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
  • G10H2240/00—Data organisation or data communication aspects, specifically adapted for electrophonic musical tools or instruments
  • G10H2240/171—Transmission of musical instrument data, control or status information; Transmission, remote access or control of music data for electrophonic musical instruments
  • G10H2240/201—Physical layer or hardware aspects of transmission to or from an electrophonic musical instrument, e.g. voltage levels, bit streams, code words or symbols over a physical link connecting network nodes or instruments
  • G10H2240/241—Telephone transmission, i.e. using twisted pair telephone lines or any type of telephone network
  • G10H2240/251—Mobile telephone transmission, i.e. transmitting, accessing or controlling music data wirelessly via a wireless or mobile telephone receiver, analogue or digital, e.g. DECT, GSM, UMTS

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the enhancement of electronic audio signals to improve the quality of sound produced from those signals, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for harmonically enhancing an electronic audio signal without the use of an active circuit element.
• harmonics create the tonal quality or timbre of the sound, such as a musical note, that is often unique to the musical instrument or other sound producing source. In other words, these harmonics enrich the sound we hear.
• Numerous sound reproduction systems have been developed in an attempt to add harmonic enhancement to audio signals. However, these systems are often very sophisticated and expensive and the sound quality produced with such systems still falls short of the perceived quality of the original sound heard live.
• a relatively unsophisticated and inexpensive system has been developed which produces an enhanced electronic audio signal which, when converted into audible sound, exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the original input audio signal and has been perceived as more closely duplicating the experience of hearing the original live sound in an acoustically designed environment.
• This system is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,361 ,306, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application.
• the exemplary circuits disclosed in the 5,361 ,306 patent include an input stage having a field inducing coil and an output stage having an electromagnetic field receptor (e.g., another coil) and an output. Input audio signals are transmitted through the inducing coil to set-up an electromagnetic field.
• the field inducing coil and the electromagnetic field receptor are weakly coupled such that when an input audio signal is transmitted through the field inducing coil, an enhanced audio signal is available at the output.
• the present invention is an improvement to the inventions disclosed in the 5,361 ,306 patent.
• the present invention has a less complicated structure and is less expensive.
• a number of methods and apparatus are provided for simply and inexpensively enhancing an electronic audio signal in such a way that the quality of audible sound produced from the audio signal more closely approaches that of the original sound heard live in an acoustically designed environment.
• Sound produced from an audio signal enhanced in accordance with the present invention appears to resist degradation at high volumes and tends to eliminate, or at least significantly reduce, the formation of sweet spots. It is desirable for a circuit according to the present invention to be geared toward restoring the perception of harmonics that are normally lost due to the limitations of audio conversion equipment, the recording process, shortcomings of the recording media and/or the like.
• an apparatus for enhancing the quality of an input audio signal made up of frequency components within a band of frequencies having a low end and a high end.
• An apparatus includes a passive circuit that causes such an input audio signal, transmitted therethrough, to be distorted into an enhanced audio signal that exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the original input audio signal.
• This distortion is a non-linear amplification of frequency components of the input audio signal.
• the amplification is varied in such a manner that the human ear is able to better perceive or pick up and register the harmonic character of the audio signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from an intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency.
• the intermediate . frequency may also be referred to as a reference frequency.
• the peak high frequency it may be desirable for the amplification to decrease as the frequency components increase in frequency from the peak high frequency to the high end frequency.
• the peak high frequency may be a single frequency, it may be desirable for the peak high frequency to be a range of frequencies such that the frequency components falling within the range have generally the same amplitude.
• the peak high frequency may be in the range of from about 6 KHz to about 30 KHz.
• Amplification of the frequency component(s) at the peak high frequency may be from about 1.5 times to about 3.0 times the amplification of an intermediate frequency component.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from a first intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency and decrease in frequency from a second intermediate frequency down to a peak low frequency.
• the first and second intermediate frequencies may be referred to as first and second reference frequencies.
• the first and second intermediate frequencies may be the same frequency or different frequencies.
• Above the peak high frequency it may be desirable for the amplification to decrease as the frequency components increase in frequency from the peak high frequency to the high end frequency.
• Below the peak low frequency it may be desirable for the amplification to decrease as the frequency components decrease in frequency from the peak low frequency down to the low end frequency.
• the peak high frequency, the peak low frequency or both may be a range of frequencies such that frequency components falling within each range have generally the same amplitude.
• the peak high frequency may be in the range of from about 6 KHz to about 30 KHz.
• Amplification of the frequency component(s) at the peak high frequency may be from about 1.5 times to about 3.0 times the amplification of the first intermediate frequency component.
• the peak low frequency may be in the range of from about 20 Hz to about 1 KHz.
• Amplification of the frequency component(s) at the peak low frequency may be from about 1.25 times to about 2.0 times the amplification of the second intermediate frequency component.
• the passive circuit may comprise a single transformer for non-linearly amplifying frequency components of the input audio signal such that the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal is increased as the frequency components increase in frequency from an intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency.
• the distortion effected by the single transformer may also described in the following equivalent manner.
• the single transformer amplifies frequency components of the input audio signal such that the frequency components in the input audio signal increase in amplitude as the frequency components increase in frequency from an intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency.
• the passive circuit may comprise first and second transformers for non-linearly amplifying frequency components of the input audio signal such that the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from a first intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency and decrease in frequency from a second intermediate frequency down to a peak low frequency.
• the distortion effected by the first and second transformers may also be described in the following equivalent manner.
• the first and second transformers amplify frequency components of the input audio signal such that the frequency components in the input audio signal increase in amplitude as the frequency components increase in frequency from a first intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency and decrease in frequency from a second intermediate frequency down to a peak low frequency.
• the first and the second intermediate frequencies may be the same frequency or different frequencies.
• an audio system comprising an audio source, an audio amplifier and a passive circuit.
• the audio source generates an input audio signal made up of frequency components within a band of frequencies having a high end and a low end.
• the audio amplifier generates a speaker drive signal.
• the passive circuit couples the input audio signal to the audio amplifier and distorts the input audio signal, when transmitted therethrough, into an enhanced audio signal that exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the input audio signal. It is desirable that no active elements be coupled between the audio source and the audio amplifier.
• the passive circuit may comprise a single transformer which effects amplitude distortion of the input signal as defined by a first portion of a frequency response curve.
• the first portion of the curve increases non-linearly from an intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency.
• the passive circuit may comprise first and second transformers which effect amplitude distortion of the input signal as defined by first and second portions of a frequency response curve.
• the first portion of the curve increases non-linearly from a first intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency.
• the second curve portion increases non-linearly from a second intermediate frequency down to a peak low frequency.
• the first and second intermediate frequencies may be the same frequency or different frequencies.
• the method comprises the steps of providing an input audio signal made up of frequency components within a frequency band having a high end and a low end, and distorting the input audio signal into an enhanced audio signal by passing the input audio signal through a passive circuit to amplify frequency components of the input signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from an intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from a first intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency and decrease in frequency from a second intermediate frequency down to a peak low frequency.
• the first and second intermediate frequencies may be the same frequency or different frequencies.
• the present method can include the step of processing one or more of the enhanced audio signals into sound.
• the scope of the present invention is intended to include the sound that is so produced.
• the present enhanced audio signal and the sound produced therefrom includes audio signals and sounds having frequency components which fall within the range of normal human hearing (i.e., approximately 20 Hz to 20KHz).
• the present method can also include the step of transmitting one or more audio signals, enhanced according to the present invention, from one location to another.
• the present method can further include the step of recording one or more of the present enhanced audio signals onto a recording medium.
• the scope of the present invention is also intended to include the recording medium having one or more of the present enhanced audio signals recorded thereon.
• the recording medium can be a magnetic recording medium (e.g., reel-to-reel tape, cassette tape, magnetic disk, etc.) or an optical recording medium (e.g, compact disk, video disk, etc.).
• the present invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type of recording medium or method of recording thereon.
• the present invention provides an apparatus and method for enhancing the harmonic quality of an electronic audio signal, in particular an audio signal having a complex wave form (i.e., multiple frequency components such as, for example, music, singing, speech, animal sounds, naturally occurring sounds, equipment noises, and the like.
• An audio signal enhanced according to the present invention exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the input electronic audio signal. It has been found that a similar harmonic enhancement can be obtained using the circuits disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,361 ,306; U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/472,876, having a filing date of June 7, 1995 and entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD OF ENHANCING ELECTRONIC AUDIO SIGNALS; and U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a transformer constructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention
• Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the bobbin of the transformer illustrated in Fig. 1 ;
• Fig. 3 is a view taken along view line 3-3 in Fig.1 ;
• Fig. 4 is a schematic side view of the bobbin illustrated in Fig. 3;
• Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a passive circuit constructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention coupled to an audio signal source and an audio amplifier;
• Fig. 6 is an exploded view of two E-core sections and two l-core sections of the core illustrated in Fig. 1 ;
• Fig. 7 is an illustration of first, second and third frequency response curves generated by a passive circuit constructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;
• Fig. 7A is an illustration of a frequency response curve generated by a passive circuit adapted for use in a CB radio
• Fig. 8 is a circuit diagram of a passive circuit constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention coupled to an audio source and an audio amplifier
• Fig. 9 is a perspective view of a first transformer constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 10 is a perspective view of the bobbin of the transformer illustrated in Fig. 9;
• Fig. 10A is a schematic side view of the bobbin illustrated in Fig.10;
• Fig. 11 is a view taken along view line 11-11 in Fig. 9;
• Fig. 12 is a perspective view of a second transformer constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 13 is a perspective view of the bobbin of the transformer illustrated in Fig. 12;
• Fig. 13A is a schematic side view of the bobbin illustrated in Fig.13;
• Fig. 14 is a view taken along view line 14-14 in Fig. 12; and
• Fig. 15 is an illustration of first, second and third frequency response curves generated by a passive circuit constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
• An apparatus comprises a passive circuit capable of distorting an input audio signal transmitted therethrough by non-linearly (i.e., non-uniformly) amplifying enhancing harmonics or frequency components in the input audio signal.
• non-linearly i.e., non-uniformly
• the resulting enhanced audio signal exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the input audio signal.
• the present circuit is operatively adapted to accomplish enhancement without using any active elements such as operational amplifiers, transistors, vacuum tubes, etc.
• the passive circuit does not add power to the input audio signal.
• a passive circuit 5 for enhancing an electronic audio signal, constructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, is illustrated in the circuit diagram of Fig. 5.
• the circuit 5 comprises a single transformer 10.
• the transformer 10 includes a bobbin 20, a ferromagnetic core 30 and two magnetically coupled coils 40 and 42, see Figs. 1-3 and 5.
• the bobbin 20 may be formed from a fiber reinforced polymeric material.
• the bobbin 20 comprises a glass fiber reinforced nylon.
• the bobbin 20 has a substantially rectangular-shaped tubular portion 22 having a core-receiving aperture 22a extending through it.
• the wall thickness of each of the tubular portion 22 and the flanges 24 and 26 is about .040 inch.
• the width W F and length L F of each flange 24 and 26 are about 1.48 inches and 1.54 inches respectively.
• the width W A , height H A and length L A of the aperture 22a are about .765 inch, 1.02 inches, and .765 inch, respectively.
• Each of the flanges 24 and 26 includes a pin-containing portion 24a and 26a having six L-shaped pins embedded therein.
• the twelve pins are designated in the drawings PrP 12 .
• One such bobbin is commercially available from Plastron Corporation under the product designation "94HB.”
• the first coil 40 is defined by first and second primary winding portions 40a and 40b which are connected in series, see Fig. 5.
• the second coil 42 is defined by first and second secondary winding portions 42a and 42b which are connected in series.
• a first wire 44 a type "39single-poly-nylon(SPN)155°C" wire, wherein 39 is the wire gauge, SPN is the outer coating material, and 155°C is the wire temperature rating is randomly wound in a clockwise direction about the tubular portion 22 to form the first primary winding portion 40a.
• the winding portion 40a comprises 1000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 285 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P., and P 3 , see Figs. 2, 4 and 5.
• a first layer 51 of a fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about the first primary winding portion 40a, see Fig. 3.
• the film comprises a glass fiber reinforced polyester film having a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• Such a film is commercially available from TESA Inc. under the product designation "IL-4426.”
• the first layer 51 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• a second wire 48 a type "34SPN155°C” wire, is randomly wound in a counterclockwise direction about the first film layer 51 so as to form the first secondary winding portion 42a.
• the winding portion 42a comprises 2000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 156 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 7 and P 9 .
• a second layer 53 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film described above is wrapped about first secondary winding portion 42a, see Fig. 3.
• the second layer 53 has a thickness of about .013 inch.
• a third wire 50 is randomly wound in a clockwise direction about the second film layer 53 so as to form the second primary winding portion 40b.
• the winding portion 40b comprises 1000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 335 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 3 and P 6 .
• a third layer 55 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about second primary winding portion 40b, see Fig. 3. The third layer 55 has a thickness of about .013 inch.
• the first and second primary winding portions 40a and 40b are connected in series via pin P 3 so as to define the first coil 40 extending between pins P 1 and P 6 .
• a fourth wire 52 is randomly wound in a counterclockwise direction about the third film layer 55 so as to form the second secondary winding portion 42b.
• the winding portion 42b comprises 2000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 186 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 9 and P 1
• a fourth layer 57 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about second secondary winding 42b.
• the fourth layer 57 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• the first and second secondary winding portions 42a and 42b are connected in series via pin P g so as to define the second coil 42 extending between pins P 7 and P 1
• the first, second, third and fourth wires 44, 48, 50 and 52 are commercially available from the Phelps Dodge Corporation.
• the core 30 is formed from numerous E-core and l-core sections 32 and 34, see Figs. 1 , 3 and 6.
• the sections 32 and 34 comprise a ferromagnetic material, such as a 24 gauge, M50 grade steel.
• the sections 32 and 34 are assembled by stacking the E-core and l-core sections 32 and 34 alternatively so that each l-core section 34 lies between adjacent E-core sections 32, see Fig. 6.
• a single l-core section 34 may be laminated to each E-core section 32 before assembly. Center portions 32a of the E-core sections 32 fill the core-receiving aperture 22a of the bobbin 20. After assembly, the sections 32 and 34 are laminated to one another by coating the outer surfaces of the assembled sections 32 and 34 with a varnish.
• each E-core section 32 has a thickness of about .025 inch.
• Each l-core section 34 has a thickness of about .025 inch.
• the length L c of the core 30 is about 2.25 inches, the thickness T c of the core 30 is about .750 inch, and the height H c of the core 30 is about 1.875 inch, see Fig. 1.
• the primary winding portions 40a and 40b are interleaved with the secondary winding portions 42a and 42b so as to achieve a high degree of coupling between the primary winding portions 40a, 40b and the secondary winding portions 42a, 42b as well as to minimize the capacitance between the winding portions 40a, 40b and 42a, 42b.
• the transformer 10 is designed with very low flux density to increase the ability of the transformer 10 to accept low level audio signals, increase primary inductance, decrease capacitive reactance and increase the overall frequency response of the circuit 5.
• the passive circuit 5 is intended to be coupled directly to an audio signal source S, such as a CD player, a laser disc player, a tape player, a radio, a digital audio tape (DAT) player, and to an audio amplifier A, such as a a preamplification stage, e.g., a solid state or vacuum tube preamplifier, or a power amplification stage, e.g., an integrated power amplifier, a vacuum tube power amplifier, a solid state power amplifier or a hybrid power amplifier. Any commercially available connector(s) may be used to connect the passive circuit 5 to the signal source including a single- ended connector or a balanced connector. No active element is connected between the source S and the audio amplifier A, see Fig. 5.
• an audio signal source S such as a CD player, a laser disc player, a tape player, a radio, a digital audio tape (DAT) player
• an audio amplifier A such as a a preamplification stage, e.g., a solid state or vacuum tube preamplifier, or
• the transformer 10 when the transformer 10 is coupled in this manner and an input audio signal made up of frequency components within a band of frequencies having a low end and a high end is transmitted through the transformer 10, the audio signal is distorted into an enhanced audio signal that exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the original input audio signal.
• This distortion is a non-linear amplification of at least a portion of the frequency components of the input audio signal.
• the amplification is preferably varied in a such manner that the human ear is able to better perceive or pick up and register the harmonic character of the audio signal.
• the frequency components near the high end of the band of frequencies may be amplified by an amount which exceeds the amount by which intermediate frequency components between the low and high ends of the band of frequencies are amplified.
• first, second and third exemplary frequency response curves C,, C 2 first, second and third exemplary frequency response curves C, C 2 ,
• the frequency response curves C,, C 2 , C 3 were obtained by connecting the first coil 40 of the transformer 10 to a signal source S, a conventional signal generator, which generated a 1 Volt input signal which was swept through a band of frequencies from about 20 Hz to about 22 KHz and connecting the second coil 42 of the transformer 10 to resistive loads of 20 KOHMS (Curve C,), 50 KOHMS (Curve C 2 ), and 100 KOHMS (Curve C 3 ), which loads represented equivalent impedances that the transformer 10 might see when connected to the inputs of conventional audio amplifiers.
• Each of the first, second and third curves C., C 2 , C 3 represents the amplification that occurs to frequency components of an input audio signal when the input audio signal passes through the passive circuit 5 and the output (i.e., the second coil 42) of the passive circuit 5 is connected to a resistive load.
• the resistive load is 20 KOHMS for curve O,, 50 KOHMS for curve C 2 , and 100 KOHMS for curve C 3 . From these three curves C,, C 2 , C 3 , it is apparent that an input audio signal made up of frequency components falling within a band of frequencies having a low end and a high end is distorted when transmitted through the passive circuit 5.
• This distortion is a non-linear amplification of the frequency components of the input audio signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components of the input audio signal is substantially constant for intermediate frequency components falling within a band of frequencies of about 20 Hz to about 3.5 KHz and increases for frequency components increasing in frequency from about 3.5 KHz up to a peak high frequency of about 20 KHz. Above the peak high frequency of about 20 KHz, the amplification decreases as the frequency components increase in frequency from the peak high frequency of about 20 KHz to a high end frequency of about 22 KHz.
• the amplification or gain is between about 1.5 and 2.0 for the intermediate frequency components falling within the band of frequencies of about 20 Hz to about 5 KHz and is between about 2.6 and about 4.8 for frequency components at the peak high frequency.
• the amplification of the frequency component at the peak high frequency is about 1.5 times the average amplification of a range of intermediate frequency components from 20 Hz to 3.5 KHz.
• the amplification of the frequency component at the peak high frequency is about 2.0 times the average amplification of a range of intermediate frequency components from 20 Hz to 3.5 KHz.
• the amplification of the frequency component at the peak high frequency is about 2.3 times the average amplification of a range of intermediate frequency components from 20 Hz to 3.5 KHz.
• the frequency response of the passive circuit 5 for a given load can be varied by changing one or more of the following: the number of turns of one or both of the coils 40 and 42; the size and type of wire used to make up the coils 40 and 42; the DC resistance of one or more of the first and second primary winding portions 40a and 40b and the first and second secondary winding portions 42a and 42b; the size of the core 30; and the gauge and grade of the material used to form the core 30. It is also believed that if the capacitance of the transformer 10 is varied, the amplification of the frequency components at the high end of the band of frequencies may be varied.
• Capacitance may be altered by changing the thickness of one or more of the film layers 51 , 53 and 55; the DC resistance of one or more of the winding portions 40a, portions 40a, 42a, 40b and 42b; and/or the location of one or more of the winding portions 40a, 42a, 40b and 42b.
• an empirical determination is required to determine exactly the make up of a transformer 10 in order to effect a desired frequency response when the transformer is coupled to a given load.
• an input audio signal is distorted into an enhanced audio signal by passing the input audio signal through a passive circuit 5 to amplify frequency components of the input signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from an intermediate frequency up to a peak high frequency. Above the peak high frequency, it is desirable for the amplification to decrease as the frequency components increase in frequency from the peak high frequency to the high end frequency.
• the peak high frequency instead of the peak high frequency comprising a single frequency, it may be desirable for the peak high frequency to be a relatively narrow range of frequencies such that the frequency components falling within the narrow range have generally the same amplitude.
• Curves C,, C 2 and C 3 are provided for illustrative purposes only. It is believed that the amplification of intermediate frequency components, e.g., those of about 20 Hz to about 3.5 KHz, may be unity gain (1.0), less than 1.0 or greater than 1.0.
• the peak high frequency may be in the range of from about 6 KHz to about 30 KHz. Amplification of the frequency component(s) at the peak high frequency may be from about 1.5 times to about 3.0 times the amplification of intermediate frequency component of the average amplification of a range of intermediate frequency components. It is further contemplated that the order of the winding portions 40a, 40b, 42a and 42b may vary so as to shield incoming electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) radiation.
• EMI electromagnetic interference
• RFID radio frequency interference
• the second wire 48 may be wound first on the tubular portion 22 in a counter-clockwise direction, followed by the first wire 44 which is wound in a clockwise direction, followed by the fourth wire 52 which is wound in a counter-clockwise direction, followed by the third wire 50 which is wound in a clockwise direction.
• the order of the winding portions is as follows: first secondary winding portion 42a followed by first primary winding portion 40a followed by second secondary winding portion 42b followed by second primary winding portion 40b.
• the second primary winding portion 40b acts as a shield such that its own flux lines cancel most incoming EMI and RFI radiation.
• a passive circuit comprising a single or dual transformer may be constructed for use in a CB radio.
• the single or dual transformer is coupled at its input to the output of a conventional detector circuit within the CB radio through a low pass filter comprising a capacitor in series with a resistor and at its output to an audio amplifier also within the CB radio.
• Fig. 7A an exemplary frequency response curve, generated by a single transformer passive circuit constructed in accordance with the present invention, is shown.
• output voltages are plotted versus frequency for a normalized input audio signal.
• the frequency response curve was obtained by connecting the first coil of the transformer, through a low pass filter comprising a capacitor (.22 microfarad) in series with a resistor (250 Ohms), to a signal source S, a conventional signal generator, which generated a 1 Volt input signal which was swept through a band of frequencies from about 20 Hz to about 20 KHz and connecting the second coil of the transformer to a resistive load of about 43 KOHMS, which load represented an equivalent impedance that the transformer might see when connected to the input of a conventional audio amplifier of a CB radio.
• No active element was interposed between the input source and the resistive load.
• the curve of Fig. 7A represents the amplification that occurs to frequency components of an input audio signal when the input audio signal passes through the passive circuit and the output (i.e., the second coil) of the passive circuit is connected to a resistive load.
• the resistive load is about 43 KOHMS for the curve illustrated in Fig. 7A. From this curve, it is apparent that an input audio signal made up of frequency components falling within a band of frequencies having a low end and a high end is distorted when transmitted through the passive circuit. This distortion is a non-uniform amplification of the frequency components of the input audio signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components of the input audio signal gradually increases for intermediate frequency components falling within a band of frequencies of from about 100 Hz to about 300 Hz and increases at an increased rate for frequency components increasing in frequency from about 300 Hz up to a peak high frequency of about 10 KHz. Above the peak high frequency of about 10 KHz, the amplification decreases as the frequency components increase in frequency from the peak high frequency of about 10 KHz to a high end frequency of about 20 KHz.
• the amplification or gain in the curve of Fig. 7A is in the range of from about 1.6 and about 1.8 for the intermediate frequency components falling within the band of frequencies of about 100 Hz to about 300 Hz and is about 3.8 for frequency components at or near the peak high frequency.
• the curve illustrated in Fig. 7A is provided for illustrative purposes only. It is believed that the amplification of intermediate frequency components, e.g., those of about 100 Hz to about 300 Hz, may be unity gain (1.0), less than 1.0 or greater than 1.0.
• the peak high frequency may be in the range of from about 6 KHz to about 15 KHz for a single transformer circuit to be used in a CB radio.
• the single transformer when incorporated within a CB radio, will typically receive an input audio signal made up of frequencies components falling only within a range of from about 300 Hz to about 3 KHz.
• a passive circuit 300 comprising first and second transformers 100 and 200, constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, is illustrated in the circuit diagram of Fig. 8.
• the first and second transformers 100 and 200 are constructed in essentially the same manner as the transformer 10 described above and are illustrated in Figs. 9, 10, 10A and 11 and 12, 13, 13A and 14.
• the first transformer 100 includes a bobbin 120, see FigsJO and 10A, a ferromagnetic core 130, see Fig. 9, and two magnetically coupled coils 140 and 142, see Fig. 8.
• the second transformer 200 includes a bobbin 220, see Figs. 13 and 13A, a ferromagnetic core 230, see Fig. 12, and two magnetically coupled coils 240 and 242, see Fig. 8.
• the bobbins 120 and 220 are constructed in essentially the same manner as bobbin 20 described above.
• the bobbins 120 and 220 are formed from a glass fiber reinforced nylon.
• the bobbin 120 has a substantially rectangular-shaped tubular portion 122 having a core-receiving aperture 122a extending through it.
• first and second flanges 124 and 126 are provided at opposite ends of the tubular portion 122.
• the wall thickness of each of the tubular portion 122 and the flanges 124 and 126 is about .040 inch.
• the width W F and length L F of each flange 124 and 126 are about 1.23 inches and 1.34 inches, respectively.
• the width W A , height H A and length L A of the aperture 122a are about .640 inch, .830 inch, and .640 inch, respectively.
• Each of the flanges 124 and 126 includes a pin-containing portion 124a and 126a having six L-shaped pins embedded therein. The twelve pins are designated in the drawings P r
• the bobbin 220 has a substantially rectangular-shaped tubular portion 222 having a core-receiving aperture 222a extending through it.
• first and second flanges 224 and 226 Provided at opposite ends of the tubular portion 222 are first and second flanges 224 and 226.
• the wall thickness of each of the tubular portion 222 and the flanges 224 and 226 is about .040 inch.
• the width W F and length L F of each flange 224 and 226 are about 1.48 inches and 1.54 inches, respectively.
• the width W A , height H A and length L A of the aperture 222a are about .765 inch, 1.02 inches, and .765 inch, respectively.
• Each of the flanges 224 and 226 includes a pin-containing portion 224a and 226a having six L-shaped pins embedded therein.
• the twelve pins are designated in the drawings P r P 12 .
• the first coil 140 of the transformer 100 is defined by first and second primary winding portions 140a and 140b which are connected in series, see Fig. 8.
• the second coil 142 is defined by first and second secondary winding portions 142a and 142b which are connected in series.
• a first wire 144 a type "39single-poly-nylon(SPN) 155°C" wire, is randomly wound in a clockwise direction about the tubular portion 122 to form the first primary winding portion 140a.
• the winding portion 140a comprises 500 turns and has a DC resistance of about 106 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P., and P 3 , see Figs. 8, 10, and 10A.
• a first layer 151 of a fiber reinforced polymeric film such as the one discussed above with regard to the first embodiment of the present invention, is wrapped about the first primary winding portion 140a, see Fig. 11.
• the first layer 151 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• a second wire 148 a type "32SPN 155°C" wire, is randomly wound in a counter-clockwise direction about the first film layer 151 so as to form the first secondary winding portion 142a.
• the winding portion 142a comprises 1000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 46 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 7 and P 9 .
• a second layer 153 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about first secondary winding portion 142a, see Fig. 11. The second layer 153 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• a third wire 150 is randomly wound in a clockwise direction about the second film layer 153 so as to form the second primary winding portion 140b.
• the wire 150 is soldered or otherwise connected to pin P 3 randomly wound about the second film layer 153 about 400 turns, and connected to pin P 5 .
• the third wire 150 after being connected to pin P 5 , is randomly wound about the second film layer 153 another 100 turns and soldered or otherwise connected to pin P 6 .
• the winding portion 140b extends between pins P 3 and P 5 comprises 400 turns and has a DC resistance of about 107 Ohms + 10%.
• a third layer 155 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about second primary winding portion 140b.
• the third layer 155 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• the first and second primary winding portions 140a and 140b of the first transformer 100 are connected in series via pin P 3 so as to define the first coil 140 extending between pins P., and P 5
• a fourth wire 152 is randomly wound in a counterclockwise direction about the third film layer 155 so as to form the second secondary winding portion 142b.
• the winding portion 142b comprises 1000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 58.0 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 9 and P 1
• a fourth layer 157 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about second secondary winding portion 142b.
• the fourth layer 157 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• the first and second secondary winding portions 142a and 142b of the first transformer 100 are connected in series via pin P 9 so as to define the second coil 142 extending between pins P 7 and P 1
• the wires 144, 148, 150 and 152 are commercially available from the Phelps Dodge Corporation.
• the core 130 of the first transformer is formed from numerous E-core and I- core sections 132 and 134, see Figs. 9 and 11, in substantially the same manner as described above with regard to core 30.
• the sections 132 and 143 comprise a ferromagnetic material, such as a 29 gauge, M6 grade steel.
• each E-core section 132 has a thickness of about .014 inch.
• Each I- core section 134 has a thickness of about .014 inch.
• the length L c of the core 130 is about 1.875 inches
• the thickness T c of the core 130 is about .625 inch
• the height H c of the core 130 is about 1.5625 inches, see Fig. 9.
• the primary winding portions 140a and 140b are interleaved with the secondary winding portions 142a and 142b so as to achieve a high degree of coupling between the primary winding portions 140a, 140b and the secondary winding portions 142a, 142b as well as to minimize the capacitance between the winding portions 140a, 140b and 142a, 142b.
• the transformer 100 is designed with very low flux density to increase the ability of the circuit 300 to accept low level audio signals, increase primary inductance, decrease capacitive reactance and increase the overall frequency response of the circuit 300.
• the first coil 240 of the second transformer 200 is defined by first and second primary winding portions 240a and 240b which are connected in series, see Fig. 8.
• the second coil 242 is defined by first and second secondary winding portions 242a and 242b which are connected in series.
• the winding portion 240a comprises 1000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 250 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P., and P 3 , see Figs. 8, 13 and 13A.
• the first layer 251 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• a second wire 248, a type "34SPN155°C" wire, is randomly wound in a counter-clockwise direction about the first film layer 251 so as to form the first secondary winding portion 242a.
• the winding portion 242a comprises 2000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 156 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 7 and P 9 .
• a second layer 253 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about first secondary winding portion 242a, see Fig. 14. The second layer has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• a third wire 250 is randomly wound in a clockwise direction about the second film layer 253 so as to form the second primary winding portion 240b.
• the wire 250 is soldered or otherwise connected to pin P 3 , randomly wound about the second film layer 253 about 500 turns, and connected to pin P 5 .
• the third wire 250 after being connected to pin P 5 , is randomly wound about the second film layer 253 another 500 turns and soldered or otherwise connected to pin P 6 .
• the winding portion 240b extends between pins P 3 and P 5 , comprises 500 turns and has a DC resistance of about 150 Ohms + 10%.
• a third layer 255 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film is wrapped about second primary winding portion 240b.
• the third layer 225 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• the first and second primary winding portions 240a and 240b of the second transformer 200 are connected in series via pin P 3 so as to define the first coil 240 extending between pins P ⁇ and P 5 .
• a fourth wire 252 is randomly wound in a counterclockwise direction about the third film layer 255 so as to form the second secondary winding portion 242b.
• the winding portion 242b comprises 2000 turns and has a DC resistance of about 186 Ohms + 10%. It is soldered or otherwise connected to pins P 9 and P 1
• a fourth layer 257 of the fiber reinforced polymeric film (not shown) is wrapped about the second secondary winding portion 242b.
• the fourth layer 257 has a thickness of about .0065 inch.
• the first and second secondary winding portions 242a and 242b of the second transformer 200 are connected in series via pin P 9 so as to define the second coil 242 extending between pins P 7 and P 1
• the wires 244, 248, 250 and 252 are commercially available from the Phelps
• the core 230 is formed from numerous E-core and l-core sections 232 and 234, see Figs. 12 and 14, in the same manner as core 30 described above.
• the sections 232 and 234 comprise a ferromagnetic material, such as a 29 gauge, M6 grade steel.
• each E-core section 232 has a thickness of about .014 inch.
• Each l-core section 234 has a thickness of about .014 inch.
• the length L c of the core 230 is about 2.25 inches
• the thickness T c of the core 230 is about .750 inch
• the height H c of the core 230 is about 1.875 inches, see Fig. 1.
• the primary winding portions 240a and 240b are interleaved with the secondary winding portions 242a and 242b so as to achieve a high degree of coupling between the primary winding portions 240a, 240b and the secondary winding portions 242a, 242b as well as to minimize the capacitance between the winding portions 240a, 240b and 242a, 242b.
• the transformer 200 is designed with very low flux density to increase the ability of the passive circuit 300 to accept low level audio signals, increase primary inductance, decrease capacitive reactance and increase the overall frequency response of the circuit 300.
• the first and second transformers 100 and 200 are connected to one another in series, as illustrated in Fig. 8, to define the passive circuit 300.
• a first hook-up or jumper wire 301 a type 24 gauge (UL 1007) lead wire, is coupled to pin P 5 of the first transformer 100 and to pin P 5 of the second transformer 200 and a second hook-up wire 303, a type 24 gauge (UL 1007) lead wire wire, is coupled to pin P 7 of the second transformer 200 and pin P 7 of the first transformer 100.
• the 24 gauge lead wire is commercially available from Belden Corporation.
• the input of the passive circuit 300 may be coupled directly to an audio signal source S, such as a CD player, a DAT player, a laser disc player, a tape player and the like, and the output of the passive circuit 300 may be coupled directly to an audio amplifier, such as a pre-amplifier stage or a power amplifier stage, see Fig. 8.
• an audio amplifier such as a pre-amplifier stage or a power amplifier stage, see Fig. 8.
• Any commercially available connector(s) may be used to connect the passive circuit 300 to the signal source including a single-ended connector or a balanced connector. No active element is connected between the source S and the audio amplifier A.
• transformers 100 and 200 interact with one another such that when an input audio signal is transmitted through them, the audio signal is distorted into an enhanced audio signal that exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the original input audio signal.
• first, second and third exemplary frequency response curves C,, C 2 , C 3 generated by a passive circuit 300 constructed in accordance with the second embodiment described above, are shown. For each curve, output voltages are plotted versus frequency for normalized input signals.
• the frequency response curves C,, C 2 , C 3 were obtained by connecting pins P., of the first and second transformers 100 and 200 to a signal source S, a signal generator, which generated a 1 Volt input signal which was swept through a band of frequencies from about 20 Hz to about 22KHz and connecting pins P think of the transformers 100 and 200 to resistive loads of 20 KOHMS (Curve C , 50 KOHMS (Curve C 2 ), and 100 KOHMS (Curve C 3 ), which loads represented equivalent impedances that the transformers 100 and 200 might see when connected to conventional audio amplifiers. No active element was interposed between the input source S and the resistive loads.
• Each of the first, second and third curves C,, C 2 , C 3 represents the amplification that occurs to frequency components of an input audio signal when the input audio signal passes through the passive circuit 300 and the output of the passive circuit 300 is connected to a resistive load.
• the resistive load is 20 KOHMS for curve C,, 50 KOHMS for curve C 2 , and 100 KOHMS for curve C 3 . From these three curves C,, C 2 , C 3 , it is apparent that an input audio signal made up of frequency components falling within a band of frequencies having a low end and a high end is distorted when transmitted through the passive circuit 300. This distortion is a nonlinear amplification of the frequency components of the input audio signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from an intermediate frequency (about 2.0 KHz for a 20 KOHMS load and between about 2.5 KHz and 3.5 KHz for 50 KOHMS and 100 KOHMS loads) to a peak high frequency (about 22 KHz for 20 KOHMS, 50 KOHMS and 100 KOHMS loads) and decrease in frequency from the intermediate frequency down to a peak low frequency (about 20 Hz for a 20 KOHMS load, about 800 Hz for a 50 KOHMS load and about 1000 Hz for a 100 KOHMS load).
• the amplification of the frequency components at the peak high frequency is from about 2.0 to about 3.4.
• the amplification of the frequency components at the peak low frequency is from about 1.9 to about 2.5.
• the amplification of the frequency component at the peak high frequency is about 1.8 times the amplification of the intermediate frequency component at 2 KHz and the amplification of the frequency component at the peak low_frequency is about 1.7 times the amplification of the intermediate frequency component at 2 KHz.
• the amplification of the frequency component at the peak high frequency is about 1.8 times the amplification of the intermediate frequency component at 3 KHz and the amplification of the frequency component at the peak low frequency is about 1.3 times the amplification of the intermediate frequency component at 3 KHz .
• the amplification of the frequency component at the peak high frequency is about 1.8 times the amplification of the intermediate frequency component at 3.5 KHz and the amplification of the frequency component at the peak low frequency is about 1.4 times the amplification of the intermediate frequency component at 3.5 KHz.
• the frequency response of the passive circuit 300 for a given load can be varied by changing one or more of the following: the number of turns of one or more of the coils 140, 142, 240, 242; the size and type of the wire used to make up one or more of the coils 140, 142, 240, 242; the DC resistance of one or more of the coils 140, 142, 240, 242; the shape and size of one or both of the cores 130 and 230; and the gauge and grade of the material used to form one or both of the cores 130 and 230.
• the low end frequency response of the passive circuit 300 is controlled by factors such as: 1) the primary to secondary turns ratio (i.e., the ratio of the combined turns of the first coils 140 and 240 to the combined turns of the second coils 142 and 242); 2) the primary inductance which is controlled by the number of turns of the first and second coils 140, 142, 240, 242 and the gauge and grade of the material from which the cores 130 and 230 are made; 3) the DC resistance of the coils 140, 142, 240, 242, the size and type of wire used to make up the coils 140, 142, 240, 242, and the mean length of each turn of the coils 140, 142, 240, 242; and 4) the impedance of the signal source S and the load.
• the primary to secondary turns ratio i.e., the ratio of the combined turns of the first coils 140 and 240 to the combined turns of the second coils 142 and 242
• the primary inductance which is controlled by the number of turns of the first and second
• the high end frequency response of the passive circuit 300 is controlled by factors such as: 1) the inter-windings capacitance, i.e., the capacitance between the first coils 140, 240 and the second coils 142 , 242; 2) the intra-windings capacitance, i.e., the capacitance between adjacent primary and secondary winding portions on each transformer 100 and 200; 3) primary and secondary winding portion placement; and 4) the impedance of the signal source S and the load. It is also believed that if the capacitance of the transformer is varied, the amplification of the frequency components at the high end of the band of frequencies may be varied.
• Capacitance may be altered by changing the thickness of one or more of the film layers 151 , 153, 155, 251 , 253, 255; the DC resistance of one or more of the winding portions 140a, 142a, 140b, 142b, 240a, 242a, 240b, 242b and/or the location of one or more of the winding portions 140a, 142a, 140b, 142b, 240a, 242a, 240b, 242b. It is further believed that if the inductance of one or both of the transformers 100 and 200 is varied, the amplification of the frequency components at the low end of the band of frequencies may be varied. Inductance can be altered by changing the .
• an input audio signal is distorted into an enhanced audio signal by passing the input audio signal through a passive circuit 300 to amplify frequency components of the input signal.
• the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal increases as the frequency components increase in frequency from a first intermediate or reference frequency up to a peak high frequency and decrease in frequency from a second intermediate or reference frequency down to a peak low frequency.
• the first and second intermediate frequencies may be the same frequency or different frequencies.
• Above the peak high frequency it may be desirable for the amplification to decrease as the frequency components increase in frequency from the peak high frequency to the high end frequency.
• Below the peak low frequency it may be desirable for the amplification to decrease as the frequency components decrease in frequency from the peak low frequency down to the low end frequency.
• each being a single frequency it may be desirable for the peak high frequency, the peak low frequency or both to be a relatively narrow range of frequencies such that frequency components falling within each narrow range have generally the same amplitude.
• the peak high frequency may be in the range of from about 6 KHz to about 30 KHz.
• Amplification of the frequency component(s) at the peak high frequency may be from about 1.5 times to about 3.0 times the amplification of a first intermediate frequency.
• the peak low frequency may be in the range of from about 20 Hz to about 1 KHz.
• Amplification of the frequency component(s) at the peak low frequency may be from about 1.25 times to about 2.0 times the amplification of a second intermediate frequency. It is further contemplated with regard to the first and second embodiments of the present invention that one or more of the transformers 10, 100 and 200 may be tapped. Tapping may occur during the winding of any one of the first and second primary winding portions and the first and second secondary winding portions.
• the wire being wound may be connected to another of the pins on the bobbin.
• the first transformer is tapped.
• the third wire 150 is randomly wound 400 times about the second film layer 153, it is wrapped or otherwise connected to pin P 5 . Thereafter, the wire 150 is wound another 100 times and connected to pin P 6 . If wire 301 is connected to pin P 5 , the effective second primary winding portion 140b comprises 400 turns. Alternatively, if the wire 301 is connected to pin P 6 , the effective second primary winding portion 140b comprises 500 turns.
• an enhanced audio signal By changing the connection of the wire 301 from pin P 5 to pin P 6 , the enhancement of the audio signal passing through the passive circuit 300 is changed.
• An enhanced audio signal exhibits an improved harmonic quality compared to that of the original input audio signal. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. For instance, it may be desirable for two or more of the above described passive circuits, i.e., either two or more of the first passive circuits 5, two or more of the second passive circuits 300, or a combination of the two passive circuits 5 and 300, to be used in series.
• the present invention can be used to enhance electronic audio signals from sound converting equipment, for example a hearing aid, a microphone or the like, before being either recorded onto a recording medium (for example, magnetic tape or optical disk) or converted directly into acoustic sound or other sound impulses.
• sound converting equipment for example a hearing aid, a microphone or the like
• an audio signal enhanced according to the present invention can be transmitted through the air or some other medium, for example, for television, radio, sonar, computer or cellular telephone use; can be transmitted through transmission lines, for example, for telephone, cable TV or computer use; can be converted directly into audible sound, for example, for use at a concert, a play, in a restaurant, or a bar; and that it can be used in any other application which includes an audio signal such as, for example, in distinguishing sonar images, etc.
• the passive circuit may comprise a single transformer for non-linearly amplifying frequency components of an input audio signal such that the amplification of the frequency components in the input audio signal is increased as the frequency components decrease in frequency from an intermediate frequency e.g., about 3.5 KHz down to a peak low frequency. It is believed that amplification of frequency components from about 3.5 KHz to about 20 KHz may be unity gain (1.0), less than 1.0 or greater than 1.0. It is also believed that amplification of the frequency component at the peak low frequency may be about 1.25 times to about 2.0 times the amplification of an intermediate frequency component or the average amplification of a range of intermediate frequency components falling within the band of frequencies of 3.5 KHz to 20 KHz.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
• Multimedia (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
• Amplifiers (AREA)
• Signal Processing For Digital Recording And Reproducing (AREA)
• Tone Control, Compression And Expansion, Limiting Amplitude (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=25535060

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (7)

Families Citing this family (2)

• 1998
  • 1998-12-11 CA CA002313695A patent/CA2313695A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-12-11 JP JP2000524859A patent/JP2001526482A/ja active Pending
  • 1998-12-11 AU AU19115/99A patent/AU1911599A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-12-11 EP EP98963879A patent/EP1038350A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1998-12-11 KR KR1020007006429A patent/KR20010033068A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1998-12-11 WO PCT/US1998/026430 patent/WO1999030414A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1998-12-11 CN CN98813237A patent/CN1284214A/zh active Pending

Non-Patent Citations (2)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events