EP1034366B1 - Kolben für eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschine - Google Patents
Kolben für eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1034366B1 EP1034366B1 EP99941458A EP99941458A EP1034366B1 EP 1034366 B1 EP1034366 B1 EP 1034366B1 EP 99941458 A EP99941458 A EP 99941458A EP 99941458 A EP99941458 A EP 99941458A EP 1034366 B1 EP1034366 B1 EP 1034366B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- piston
- interruptions
- piston according
- trough
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 28
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
- F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
- F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
- F02B23/0618—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston having in-cylinder means to influence the charge motion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
- F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
- F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
- F02B23/0636—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston the combustion space having a substantially flat and horizontal bottom
- F02B23/0639—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston the combustion space having a substantially flat and horizontal bottom the combustion space having substantially the shape of a cylinder
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
- F02B23/08—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with positive ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
- F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
- F02F1/4214—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads specially adapted for four or more valves per cylinder
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
- F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
- F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B2275/00—Other engines, components or details, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F02B2275/14—Direct injection into combustion chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B2275/00—Other engines, components or details, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F02B2275/48—Tumble motion in gas movement in cylinder
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- piston internal combustion engines namely both piston internal combustion engines with spark ignition, as well with auto ignition of the fuel mixture
- high specific Performance low pollutant emissions
- Fuel consumption about fuel consumption in the partial load range lowering is available, for example, in piston internal combustion engines the operating point shift towards higher Loads while reducing the lifting volume (so-called downsizing).
- Ignition timing / air ratio calibration can be selected so that the nitrogen oxide emission is low. But this starts Combustion process with very good lean running ability ahead.
- thermodynamic point of view is a lean mode of operation and a high compression ratio for the Full load operation advantageous.
- the piston internal combustion engine be designed so that they have sufficient lean running ability owns, on the one hand, the raw nitrogen oxide emissions limit and on the other hand with intermittent operation to ensure sufficient distance from the lean running limit.
- the tendency to knock of conventional concepts is reduced.
- the known combustion chamber concepts required for this such lean burn engines are either from 4-valve piston internal combustion engines borrowed as for passenger cars be used with so-called tumble inlet channels are provided so that the desired at the time of combustion There is turbulence, or there are 2-valve piston internal combustion engines, the one with a so-called inlet swirl work.
- the shape of the combustion chamber applies essential piston head of the used Piston as "smooth" as possible, d. H. without training fissures, because such fissures for the combustion process in Combustion chamber can be assessed as unfavorable.
- the invention has for its object a piston for to create a piston internal combustion engine, which is used in spark ignition systems a significantly reduced tendency to knock, one increased lean running ability and lower HC emissions, and self-ignition systems, especially diesel fuels, causes a reduction in soot emissions.
- a piston for a piston internal combustion engine with spark or auto ignition their cylinders gas outlets provided with controllable gas exchange valves and have gas inlets, each with the gas inlets the gas flowing into the respective cylinder Give direction of flow, which at least partially around Has a swirl aligned cylinder axis, with a piston crown, which has a trough-shaped depression, which is delimited on the edge by a squeeze surface and at least two substantially at least over partial areas aligned, deepened interruptions.
- the interruptions of the crushing surface have at most a depth which is the depth of the trough-shaped Deepening corresponds.
- the transitions between the squeeze areas of the combustion chamber and the deep interruptions sharp-edged and / or be rounded.
- the deepened interruptions as grooves with a rectangular cross-section or undulating in the course be carried out
- the depth of the breaks is about 3 to 20% of the piston diameter is. It is also useful if the width of the Interruptions and the diameter of the trough-shaped depression are dimensioned so that the total squeeze area is approximately 15 to 40% of the piston diameter is.
- the Interruptions are assigned to the gas exchange valves and so are dimensioned so that they are valve clearance for the range of their depth Act.
- This configuration is particularly for Piston internal combustion engines advantageous, their gas exchange valves with freely controllable actuators, for example in Form of hydraulic, pneumatic and / or electromagnetic Actuators are provided.
- freely controllable Actuators can actuate the gas exchange valves in to a high degree on an optimization of engine operation and / or the combustion process can be turned off.
- Assignment of the interruptions in the squeeze area the gas exchange valves it is with a reduced combustion chamber possible in the cylinder, at least a partial opening of the gas exchange valves to effect if the piston is still in the top dead center position.
- Fig. 1 shows the top view of a substantially flat Piston base with a trough-shaped recess 1 is provided.
- the recess 1 is the one shown here Embodiment circular-cylindrical, with a circular edge contour formed, the axis 2 of the recess 1 opposite the piston axis 3 in the direction of that indicated here Spark plug 4 is shifted.
- the edge contour can also be one have a different course.
- the depression 1 is bordered by a squeeze surface 5 limited, the radially aligned, recessed and interfering edges 6 has interruptions 7 forming.
- the interfering edges 6 can be sharp-edged or rounded.
- the Interruptions 7 are not only different here Wide, but are also in relation to the piston axis 3 arranged asymmetrically on the piston crown. In the illustrated Examples are those related to the cylinder axis 3 moved interruptions 7.1 narrower than that transverse depressions 7.2.
- the depth is T of the interruptions 7 less than the depth of the trough-shaped Well 1 and dimensioned so that it is about 3 to 20% of the piston diameter.
- the width of the breaks 7 is also such that the size of the here in four Sub-areas divided crush area 5 depending on the application is between 15 and 40% of the piston area.
- Fig. 1 the assignment of a swirl to the gas inlet is schematic 8 of the associated cylinder indicated.
- a drain flow as indicated by arrow 9 is.
- This can be due to the alignment of the gas inlets specifically generated swirl flow or around the residual swirl of the differently guided gas flow in the cylinder, act, for example, a tumble flow.
- this swirl flow becomes upward movement of the piston 9 or the residual twist due to the increasing influence the interfering edges 6 of the interruptions 7 in their free Swirl movement hindered and swirled in such a way that one that is not distributed over the entire combustion chamber forms turbulent flow in the combustion chamber.
- 3 and 4 is a modified embodiment of the 1 for a piston internal combustion engine shown with two gas exchange valves. In these representations are the positions of the gas injection valve 10 and the gas outlet valve 11 shown.
- the interruptions shifted with respect to the cylinder axis 3 7.1 are dimensioned in their width so that the beginning of the opening movement of the gas exchange valves can be moved to a point in time at which the Piston is still in the top dead center position. With this dimensioning, the interruptions 7 act for the area their depth T as valve clearance.
- This concept can also be applied to piston internal combustion engines with four gas exchange valves per cylinder, d. H. two gas inlet valves 10 and two gas outlet valves 11, as indicated in Fig. 5.
- the one shown here Embodiment is the trough-shaped depression 1 coaxial aligned with the cylinder axis 3.
- An ignition device 4 for example a spark plug, an ignition beam device a gas engine or a fuel injector at one Compression ignition engine, open in the area of the cylinder axis 3 in the combustion chamber.
- the depressions 7.1 and 7.2 can in turn, as shown in Fig. 5, as milled out the Squeeze surface 5 are made.
- the geometry of the tool can be changed change the interfering edges 6 so that, as shown, the Interfering edges 6 of the interruptions at least over part their length are aligned essentially radially in the area of the clearance but also partially coaxial with the gas exchange valves run.
- the arrangement can also be a have a wave-like contour.
- a cell-like contour course can already be achieved that the interfering edges 6 are more or less rounded and their transitions to the bottom surface of the depressions are also rounded. This can go up be changed to a "real" waveform.
- a sawtooth-like one can also be used or a sequence of trapezoids formed the contour follow the wells 7 are provided. Also a change of sharp-edged and rounded interfering edges 6 can be useful his.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Description
- Fig. 1
- eine Aufsicht auf einen Kolbenboden,
- Fig. 2
- einen Schnitt gemäß der Linie II-II in Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3
- eine Aufsicht entsprechend Fig. 1 mit modifizierten Unterbrechungen der Quetschfläche in der Zuordnung für zwei Gaswechselventile
- Fig. 4
- einen Vertikalschnitt gem. der Linie IV-IV in Fig. 3,
- Fig. 5
- eine Aufsicht auf einen Kolbenboden mit modifizierter Quetschfläche in der Zuordnung für vier Gaswechelventile.
Claims (10)
- Kolben für eine Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine mit Fremd- oder Selbstzündung, deren Zylinder mit steuerbaren Gaswechseiventilen (10, 11) versehene Gasauslässe und Gaseinlässe aufweisen, wobei jeweils die Gaseinlässe (8) dem in den jeweiligen Zylinder einströmenden Gas eine Strömungsrichtung geben, die zumindest teilweise einen um die Zylinderachse (3) ausgerichteten Drall aufweist, mit einem Kolbenboden, der eine muldenförmige Vertiefung aufweist, die randseitig von einer Quetschfläche (5) begrenzt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Quetschfläche (5) wenigstens zwei zumindest über Teilbereiche im wesentlichen radial ausgerichtete, vertiefte Unterbrechungen (7) aufweist.
- Kolben nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Unterbrechungen (7) der Quetschfläche (5) höchstens eine Tiefe aufweisen, die der Tiefe der muldenförmige Vertiefung (1) entspricht.
- Kolben nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Unterbrechungen (7) radial ausgerichtete Störkanten (6) aufweisen.
- Kolben nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zumindest die Störkanten (6) scharfkantig ausgebildet sind.
- Kolben nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zumindest die Störkanten (6) abgerundet ausgebildet.
- Kolben nach Anspruch 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß wenigstens zwei Unterbrechungen (7.1) vorgesehen sind.
- Kolben nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die muldenförmige Vertiefung (1) und/oder die Unterbrechungen (7) gegenüber der Kolbenachse (3) exzentrisch im Kolbenboden angeordnet sind.
- Kolben nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Tiefe T der Unterbrechungen (7) jeweils etwa 3 bis 20% des Kolbendurchmessers beträgt.
- Kolben nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Form der Unterbrechungen (7) und der der muldenförmigen Vertiefung (1) so bemessen sind, daß die Summe der Quetschflächen (5) insgesamt etwa 15 bis 40% der Kolbenfläche beträgt.
- Kolben nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Unterbrechungen (7) den Gaswechselventilen zugeordnet sind und so bemessen sind, daß sie für den Bereich ihrer Tiefe (T) als Ventilfreigang wirken.
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19844070 | 1998-09-25 | ||
| DE19844070 | 1998-09-25 | ||
| DE19856909 | 1998-12-10 | ||
| DE19856909 | 1998-12-10 | ||
| DE19909112A DE19909112A1 (de) | 1998-09-25 | 1999-03-03 | Kolben für eine Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
| DE19909112 | 1999-03-03 | ||
| PCT/EP1999/005300 WO2000019080A1 (de) | 1998-09-25 | 1999-07-24 | Kolben für eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1034366A1 EP1034366A1 (de) | 2000-09-13 |
| EP1034366B1 true EP1034366B1 (de) | 2003-09-24 |
Family
ID=27218697
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99941458A Expired - Lifetime EP1034366B1 (de) | 1998-09-25 | 1999-07-24 | Kolben für eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6129066A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1034366B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE250718T1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2000019080A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011101005A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-10-25 | Daimler Ag | Kolben für eine Hubkolben-Brennkraftmaschine |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE519767C2 (sv) * | 1997-11-26 | 2003-04-08 | Volvo Car Corp | Förbränningssystem |
| DE102005002389B4 (de) * | 2005-01-19 | 2009-04-23 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Fahrzeug-Kolben-Brennkraftmaschine mit angepasster Mulde |
| JP4254865B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-29 | 2009-04-15 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関用ピストン及びそのピストンが適用された内燃機関 |
| DE102009037963B4 (de) | 2009-08-18 | 2016-02-25 | Entec Consulting Gmbh | Verbrennungskraftmaschine mit drosselfreier Laststeuerung |
| DE112011100851B4 (de) * | 2010-03-09 | 2024-12-05 | Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc. | Vorrichtung, System und Verfahren für das Erkennen der Anwesenheit von originalen einsatzfähigen Produktkomponenten |
| US20110231316A1 (en) * | 2010-03-09 | 2011-09-22 | Cummins Intellectual Properties, Inc. | Method, system and computer readable media containing a program for identifying whether a product is genuine |
| US9022003B2 (en) * | 2011-04-06 | 2015-05-05 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Piston for robust auto-ignition |
| US8833327B2 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2014-09-16 | Cummins Intellectual Property, Inc. | Piston and combustion chamber |
| US10865735B1 (en) | 2018-03-03 | 2020-12-15 | Steven H. Marquardt | Power piston |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1012339A (en) * | 1962-06-12 | 1965-12-08 | Lucas Industries Ltd | Piston and cylinder construction for internal combustion engines |
| US4162661A (en) * | 1977-02-25 | 1979-07-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Internal combustion engine with combustion chambers which create a squish and swirl of an air-fuel mixture |
| DE2934644A1 (de) * | 1979-08-28 | 1981-03-26 | Michael G. Dipl.-Ing. ETH Rolle May | Fremdgezuendete 4-takt-hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschine. |
| US5024194A (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1991-06-18 | Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. | Flame dispersion arrangement for swirl chamber type diesel engine piston crown |
| AT402430B (de) * | 1992-04-09 | 1997-05-26 | Avl Verbrennungskraft Messtech | Dieselbrennkraftmaschine mit einem oder mehreren hin- und hergehenden kolben |
| JP3746344B2 (ja) * | 1996-12-24 | 2006-02-15 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の燃焼室構造 |
| JP3256671B2 (ja) * | 1997-08-01 | 2002-02-12 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 内燃機関のピストン |
-
1999
- 1999-07-24 AT AT99941458T patent/ATE250718T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-24 WO PCT/EP1999/005300 patent/WO2000019080A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1999-07-24 EP EP99941458A patent/EP1034366B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-27 US US09/404,155 patent/US6129066A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011101005A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-10-25 | Daimler Ag | Kolben für eine Hubkolben-Brennkraftmaschine |
| WO2012143075A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-10-26 | Daimler Ag | Kolben für eine hubkolben-brennkraftmaschine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2000019080A1 (de) | 2000-04-06 |
| US6129066A (en) | 2000-10-10 |
| EP1034366A1 (de) | 2000-09-13 |
| ATE250718T1 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
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