EP1003681B1 - Two-component container - Google Patents

Two-component container Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1003681B1
EP1003681B1 EP99907441A EP99907441A EP1003681B1 EP 1003681 B1 EP1003681 B1 EP 1003681B1 EP 99907441 A EP99907441 A EP 99907441A EP 99907441 A EP99907441 A EP 99907441A EP 1003681 B1 EP1003681 B1 EP 1003681B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
component
sealing lip
component container
intermediate element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99907441A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1003681A1 (en
Inventor
Volker Herzog
Jörg Mayer
Udo Kohn
Franz Steigerwald
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Procter and Gamble Deutschland GmbH
Original Assignee
Wella GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wella GmbH filed Critical Wella GmbH
Publication of EP1003681A1 publication Critical patent/EP1003681A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1003681B1 publication Critical patent/EP1003681B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/32Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents for packaging two or more different materials which must be maintained separate prior to use in admixture
    • B65D81/3205Separate rigid or semi-rigid containers joined to each other at their external surfaces
    • B65D81/3211Separate rigid or semi-rigid containers joined to each other at their external surfaces coaxially and provided with means facilitating admixture

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a two-component container with two of each other separated and after pushing a plug together communicating containers, each container having a chamber for receiving has a component with a thread on a neck of one Container and another thread, which is with the other container is connected, the threads engage, and the one container can be screwed against the other container in such a way that the stopper comes out of its Holding element is pushed, and wherein an intermediate piece is provided between the containers which rests on the upper edge of the lower container with a support.
  • a two-component container of this type is known from FR 2 239 390 A.
  • a two-component container is known from DE-OS 37 22 371, which is for separate absorption of a hair color and an oxidizing agent suitable is. After pushing out the plug, these two Components mixed together to get an active hair color. Below the external thread of the lower container is at the neck annular bead provided around the two-component container to seal in such a way that the active hair color cannot flow out.
  • the known two-component container has the disadvantage that the sealing effect of the bead very much on the manufacturing accuracy of the bead and the it depends on adjacent components, which is the two-component container expensive. On the other hand, active hair color can get between the threads. And finally, a possibly occurring in the two-component container Overpressure only better or less good depending on the manufacturing tolerance be dismantled to the outside.
  • the invention is based on the object of a two-component container kind described above in such a way that a good Sealing takes place even with a greater manufacturing tolerance, and that a Overpressure is reproducibly reduced.
  • the invention has the advantage that the two-component container also greater manufacturing tolerance is well sealed because the sealing lip is elastic is positioned so that it can move between the connecting piece and the intermediate piece, and compensates for a less precise distance due to its elasticity. An overpressure is reproducibly degraded by the valve effect of the sealing lip. moreover the active hair color cannot get between the threads, because of the sealing lip is prevented.
  • the sealing lip can on the connector be molded and rest on the adapter or vice versa.
  • a seal in the further sealing of the two-component container serves Area of the upper edge of the lower container by means of which the Intermediate piece is sealed off from the edge (claim 4).
  • an at least one opening connected to the upper container having ejector are provided, the plug through the Resistance of the ejector down from a holding element of the Intermediate piece, in which the stopper is seated, can be ejected (claim 3). After ejection, product can flow through the opening, causing the components mix.
  • the two-component container is particularly good for spreading the active ones Hair color can be used when its crushable zone is at least 50 Percent of the total axial container height takes up (claim 6). the manual crumple comes in particular the low height of the separation zone between the individual containers.
  • a circlip, after separating one container against the other Container can be screwed serves to prevent a unwanted activation of the two-component container.
  • a two-component container 1 In a two-component container 1, two individual containers 2, 3 are over Thread connected together. After pushing out a plug 5 the contents of the containers 2, 3 can be mixed with one another (FIG. 1). Each container 2, 3 has a chamber 6, 7. While a chamber 6 for Inclusion of a peroxide is provided as the one component that serves another chamber 7 of receiving a hair color as a second component.
  • a thread 36 is provided, which in the thread 4 of an annular connector 10 engages.
  • the Connector 10 is via a snap connection 6 to the container 2nd connected, the lower container 3 can be screwed against the upper container 2, wherein the plug 5 from an ejector 13 having openings 12 (FIG 4) is pushed out of an intermediate piece 19.
  • the plug 5 is replaced by the resistance of the ejector 13 after tearing a locking ring 17, which on a (not shown) tab can be gripped, pushed out and falls into the lower container 3. After the locking ring 17 is separated from the two-component container 1 the lower container 3 can be screwed further against the upper container 2 become.
  • the intermediate piece 19 lies with a pad 20 on the upper edge 21 of the lower container 3.
  • the holding element 14 has a press fit 25 in Combination with a locking connection 24 on ( Figure 3).
  • a sealing lip 30 is provided on the connecting piece 10 (FIG. 2) between the connector 10 and the intermediate piece 19 on Intermediate piece 19 abuts that the sealing lip 30 to the outside of the intermediate piece 19 is resiliently resettable, so in the event of an overpressure in Two-component container to act as a valve.
  • the sealing lip 30, the area of the intermediate piece 10, which rests on the sealing lip 30, and a ring 11 of the Intermediate piece 19 are configured in a circular manner.
  • the intermediate piece 19 is opposite by means of a circumferential seal 34 sealed the edge 21 of the lower container 3 ( Figure 3).
  • the two-component container 1 is after mixing the components shaken, and finally the active hair color, after shaving off one Cap 31, applied through a discharge opening 32 ( Figure 1).
  • the crushable zone 35 of the two-component container 1 takes more than 50 Percent of the total axial container height, which makes it easy Applied is done.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Package Specialized In Special Use (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Zweikomponentenbehälter mit zwei voneinander getrennten und nach Herausstoßen eines Stopfens miteinander kommunizierenden Behältern, wobei jeder Behälter eine Kammer zur Aufnahme einer Komponente aufweist, mit einem Gewinde an einem Hals des einen Behälters und einem weiteren Gewinde, welches mit dem anderen Behälter verbunden ist, wobei die Gewinde ineinandergreifen, und der eine Behälter derart gegen den anderen Behälter schraubbar ist, daß der Stopfen aus seinem Halteelement gestoßen wird, und wobei ein Zwischenstück zwischen den Behältern vorgesehen ist, welches mit einer Auflage auf dem oberen Rand des unteren Behälters aufliegt.The invention relates to a two-component container with two of each other separated and after pushing a plug together communicating containers, each container having a chamber for receiving has a component with a thread on a neck of one Container and another thread, which is with the other container is connected, the threads engage, and the one container can be screwed against the other container in such a way that the stopper comes out of its Holding element is pushed, and wherein an intermediate piece is provided between the containers which rests on the upper edge of the lower container with a support.

Aus der FR 2 239 390 A ist ein Zweikomponentenbehälter dieser Art bekannt.A two-component container of this type is known from FR 2 239 390 A.

Aus der DE-OS 37 22 371 ist ein Zweikomponentenbehälter bekannt, welcher für eine getrennte Aufnahme einer Haarfarbe und eines Oxidationmittels geeignet ist. Nach dem Herausstoßen des Stopfens werden diese beiden Komponenten miteinander vermischt, um eine aktive Haarfarbe zu erhalten. Unterhalb des Außengewindes des unteren Behälters ist an dessen Hals ein ringförmig umlaufender Wulst vorgesehen, um den Zweikomponentenbehälter dahingehend abzudichten, daß die aktive Haarfarbe nicht ausfließen kann.A two-component container is known from DE-OS 37 22 371, which is for separate absorption of a hair color and an oxidizing agent suitable is. After pushing out the plug, these two Components mixed together to get an active hair color. Below the external thread of the lower container is at the neck annular bead provided around the two-component container to seal in such a way that the active hair color cannot flow out.

Der bekannte Zweikomponentenbehälter hat den Nachteil, daß die Dichtwirkung des Wulstes sehr stark von der Fertigungsgenauigkeit des Wulstes und der an ihn angrenzenden Bauteile abhängt, was den Zweikomponentenbehälter verteuert. Zum anderen kann aktive Haarfarbe zwischen die Gewinde gelangen. Und schließlich kann ein evtl. im Zweikomponentenbehälter auftretender Überdruck nur in Abhängigkeit der Fertigungstoleranz besser oder weniger gut nach außen abgebaut werden.The known two-component container has the disadvantage that the sealing effect of the bead very much on the manufacturing accuracy of the bead and the it depends on adjacent components, which is the two-component container expensive. On the other hand, active hair color can get between the threads. And finally, a possibly occurring in the two-component container Overpressure only better or less good depending on the manufacturing tolerance be dismantled to the outside.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, einen Zweikomponentenbehälter der eingangs beschriebenen Art dahingehend auszugestalten, daß eine gute Abdichtung auch bei größerer Fertigungstoleranz erfolgt, und daß hierbei ein Überdruck reproduzierbar abgebaut wird. The invention is based on the object of a two-component container kind described above in such a way that a good Sealing takes place even with a greater manufacturing tolerance, and that a Overpressure is reproducibly reduced.

Gelöst ist die Aufgabe gemäß dem kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1. Danach ist ein ringförmiges Verbindungsstück mit dem oberen Behälter verbunden, und ist am Verbindungsstück eine Dichtlippe vorgesehen, die zwischen dem Verbindungsstück und dem Zwischenstück derart anliegt, daß die Dichtlippe nach außen vom Zwischenstück elastisch wegstellbar ist, um so eine Ventilwirkung zu erzeugen.The problem is solved according to the characterizing part of claim 1. After that is one annular Connection piece connected to the upper container, and is on Connector provided a sealing lip that between the Connection piece and the intermediate piece so that the sealing lip is elastically displaceable outwards from the intermediate piece, so as to be one To generate valve action.

Die Erfindung hat den Vorteil, daß der Zweikomponentenbehälter auch bei größerer Fertigungstoleranz gut abgedichtet wird, da die Dichtlippe elastisch wegstellbar zwischen dem Verbindungsstück und dem Zwischenstück anliegt, und eine ungenauere Distanz durch ihre Elastizität ausgleicht. Ein Überdruck wird durch die Ventilwirkung der Dichtlippe reproduzierbar abgebaut. Zudem kann die aktive Haarfarbe nicht zwischen die Gewinde gelangen, da dies von der Dichtlippe verhindert wird. Die Dichtlippe kann am Verbindungsstück angeformt sein und am Zwischenstück anliegen oder umgekehrt.The invention has the advantage that the two-component container also greater manufacturing tolerance is well sealed because the sealing lip is elastic is positioned so that it can move between the connecting piece and the intermediate piece, and compensates for a less precise distance due to its elasticity. An overpressure is reproducibly degraded by the valve effect of the sealing lip. moreover the active hair color cannot get between the threads, because of the sealing lip is prevented. The sealing lip can on the connector be molded and rest on the adapter or vice versa.

Ist sowohl die Dichtlippe als auch der Bereich des Zwischenstücks, der an der Dichtlippe anliegt, ringförmig umlaufend ausgestaltet (Anspruch 2), so erfüllt die Dichtung in umlaufender Weise ihre Funktion.Is both the sealing lip and the area of the intermediate piece on the Sealing lip rests, designed in a circular circumference (claim 2), so the Seal their function in a circumferential manner.

Der weiteren Abdichtung des Zweikomponentenbehälters dient eine Dichtung im Bereich des oberen Randes des unteren Behälters, mittels der das Zwischenstück gegenüber dem Rand abgedichtet wird (Anspruch 4).A seal in the further sealing of the two-component container serves Area of the upper edge of the lower container by means of which the Intermediate piece is sealed off from the edge (claim 4).

Zum einfachen und sicheren Aktivieren des Zweikomponentenbehälters kann ein mit dem oberen Behälter verbundener, mindestens eine Öffnung aufweisender Ausstoßer vorgesehen werden, wobei der Stopfen durch den Widerstand des Ausstoßers nach unten aus einem Halteelement des Zwischenstücks, in dem der Stopfen sitzt, ausgestoßen werden kann (Anspruch 3). Nach einem Ausstoßen kann Produkt durch die Öffnung fließen, wodurch sich die Komponenten vermischen.For simple and safe activation of the two-component container an at least one opening connected to the upper container having ejector are provided, the plug through the Resistance of the ejector down from a holding element of the Intermediate piece, in which the stopper is seated, can be ejected (claim 3). After ejection, product can flow through the opening, causing the components mix.

Der Zweikomponentenbehälter kann besonders gut zur Ausbringung der aktiven Haarfarbe genutzt werden, wenn seine knautschbare Zone mindestens 50 Prozent der axialen Gesamtbehälterbauhöhe einnimmt (Anspruch 6). Dem manuellen Knautschen kommt insbesondere die geringe Höhe der Trennzone zwischen den einzelnen Behältern zu Gute.The two-component container is particularly good for spreading the active ones Hair color can be used when its crushable zone is at least 50 Percent of the total axial container height takes up (claim 6). the manual crumple comes in particular the low height of the separation zone between the individual containers.

Ein Sicherungsring, nach dessen Abtrennen ein Behälter gegen den anderen Behälter schraubbar ist (Anspruch 5), dient der Verhinderung einer ungewünschten Aktivierung des Zweikomponentenbehälters.A circlip, after separating one container against the other Container can be screwed (claim 5) serves to prevent a unwanted activation of the two-component container.

Die Erfindung wird im folgenden an Hand eines Ausführungsbeispiels näher beschrieben. Es zeigt:

Figur 1
in einem Vertikalschnitt einen Zweikomponentenbehälter mit zwei Behältern, die mittels eines Stopfens gegeneinander abgedichtet sind, wobei der Stopfen durch den Widerstand eines Ausstoßers von einem Zwischenstück ablösbar ist, das Zwischenstück mit einer Auflage auf dem oberen Rand des unteren Behälters aufliegt, und das Zwischenstück oben an einer Dichtlippe eines ringförmigen Verbindungsstücks anliegt, welche eine Ventilfunktion hat;
Figur 2
in einem Vertikalschnitt und in vergrößerter Darstellung einen Ausschnitt aus Figur 1;
Figur 3
in einem Vertikalschnitt und in vergrößerter Darstellung einen weiteren Ausschnitt aus Figur 1, sowie
Figur 4
einem Horizontalschnitt entlang A-B der Figur 1 und in vergrößerter Darstellung den Gegenstand der Figur 1.
The invention is described below with reference to an embodiment. It shows:
Figure 1
in a vertical section, a two-component container with two containers, which are sealed against each other by means of a stopper, the stopper being detachable from an intermediate piece by the resistance of an ejector, the intermediate piece resting on the upper edge of the lower container, and the intermediate piece resting on top abuts a sealing lip of an annular connector, which has a valve function;
Figure 2
in a vertical section and in an enlarged view a section of Figure 1;
Figure 3
in a vertical section and in an enlarged view a further detail from Figure 1, and
Figure 4
a horizontal section along AB of Figure 1 and in an enlarged view the subject of Figure 1

Bei einem Zweikomponentenbehälter 1 sind zwei einzelne Behälter 2, 3 über Gewinde miteinander verbunden. Nach einem Herausstoßen eines Stopfens 5 können die Inhalte der Behälter 2, 3 miteinander vermischt werden (Figur 1). Jeder Behälter 2, 3 weist eine Kammer 6, 7 auf. Während eine Kammer 6 zur Aufnahme eines Peroxids als der einen Komponente vorgesehen ist, dient die andere Kammer 7 der Aufnahme einer Haarfarbe als zweiter Komponente.In a two-component container 1, two individual containers 2, 3 are over Thread connected together. After pushing out a plug 5 the contents of the containers 2, 3 can be mixed with one another (FIG. 1). Each container 2, 3 has a chamber 6, 7. While a chamber 6 for Inclusion of a peroxide is provided as the one component that serves another chamber 7 of receiving a hair color as a second component.

Am Hals 8 des unteren Behälters 3 ist ein Gewinde 36 vorgesehen, welches in das Gewinde 4 eines ringförmigen Verbindungsstücks 10 eingreift. Das Verbindungsstück 10 ist über eine Schnappverbindung 6 mit dem Behälter 2 verbunden, Der untere Behälter 3 ist gegen den oberen Behälter 2 schraubbar, wobei der Stopfen 5 von einem Öffnungen 12 aufweisenden Ausstoßer 13 (Figur 4) aus einem Zwischenstück 19 herausgestoßen wird.On the neck 8 of the lower container 3, a thread 36 is provided, which in the thread 4 of an annular connector 10 engages. The Connector 10 is via a snap connection 6 to the container 2nd connected, the lower container 3 can be screwed against the upper container 2, wherein the plug 5 from an ejector 13 having openings 12 (FIG 4) is pushed out of an intermediate piece 19.

Der Stopfen 5 wird durch den Widerstand des Ausstoßers 13, nach Abreißen eines Sicherungsringes 17, welcher an einer ( nicht dargestellten ) Lasche ergriffen werden kann, herausgestoßen und fällt in den unteren Behälter 3. Nachdem der Sicherungsring 17 vom Zweikomponentenbehälter 1 abgetrennt ist, kann der untere Behälter 3 weiter gegen den oberen Behälter 2 geschraubt werden.The plug 5 is replaced by the resistance of the ejector 13 after tearing a locking ring 17, which on a (not shown) tab can be gripped, pushed out and falls into the lower container 3. After the locking ring 17 is separated from the two-component container 1 the lower container 3 can be screwed further against the upper container 2 become.

Das Zwischenstück 19 liegt mit einer Auflage 20 auf dem oberen Rand 21 des unteren Behälters 3 auf. Das Halteelement 14 weist einen Preßsitz 25 in Kombination mit einer Rastverbindung 24 auf (Figur 3).The intermediate piece 19 lies with a pad 20 on the upper edge 21 of the lower container 3. The holding element 14 has a press fit 25 in Combination with a locking connection 24 on (Figure 3).

Am Verbindungsstück 10 ist eine Dichtlippe 30 vorgesehen (Figur 2), die zwischen dem Verbindungsstück 10 und dem Zwischenstück 19 derart am Zwischenstück 19 anliegt, daß die Dichtlippe 30 nach außen vom Zwischenstück 19 elastisch rückstellbar ist, um so bei einem Überdruck im Zweikomponentenbehälter als Ventil zu wirken. Die Dichtlippe 30, der Bereich des Zwischenstücks 10, der an der Dichtlippe 30 anliegt, und ein Ring 11 des Zwischenstücks 19 sind ringförmig umlaufend ausgestaltet.A sealing lip 30 is provided on the connecting piece 10 (FIG. 2) between the connector 10 and the intermediate piece 19 on Intermediate piece 19 abuts that the sealing lip 30 to the outside of the intermediate piece 19 is resiliently resettable, so in the event of an overpressure in Two-component container to act as a valve. The sealing lip 30, the area of the intermediate piece 10, which rests on the sealing lip 30, and a ring 11 of the Intermediate piece 19 are configured in a circular manner.

Das Zwischenstück 19 ist mittels einer umlaufenden Dichtung 34 gegenüber dem Rand 21 des unteren Behälters 3 abgedichtet (Figur 3).The intermediate piece 19 is opposite by means of a circumferential seal 34 sealed the edge 21 of the lower container 3 (Figure 3).

Der Zweikomponentenbehälter 1 wird nach dem Vermischen der Komponenten geschüttelt, und schließlich wird die aktive Haarfarbe, nach Abschauben einer Verschlußkappe 31, durch eine Abgabeöffnung 32 appliziert (Figur 1). Die knautschbare Zone 35 des Zweikomponentenbehälters 1 nimmt mehr als 50 Prozent der axialen Gesamtbehälterbauhöhe ein, wodurch ein leichtes Applizieren erfolgt.The two-component container 1 is after mixing the components shaken, and finally the active hair color, after shaving off one Cap 31, applied through a discharge opening 32 (Figure 1). The crushable zone 35 of the two-component container 1 takes more than 50 Percent of the total axial container height, which makes it easy Applied is done.

Claims (6)

  1. Two-component container with two separate containers which communicate with one another once a stopper has been ejected, each container having a chamber for accommodating a component, with a thread on a neck of one container and a further thread connected to the other container, the threads interengaging and it being possible for one container to be screwed towards the other container such that the stopper is ejected from its retaining element, and there being provided, between the containers (2, 3), an intermediate element (19) which rests on the top border (21) of the bottom container (3) by way of a bearing means (20), characterized in that an annular connecting element (10) is connected to the top container (2), and in that there is provided, on the connecting element (10), a sealing lip (30) which is positioned between the connecting element (10) and the intermediate element (19) such that the sealing lip (30) can be deflected away elastically outwards from the intermediate element (19) or from the connecting element (10) in order thus to produce a valve action.
  2. Two-component container according to Claim 1, characterized in that both the sealing lip (30) and the region (33) of the intermediate element (19) or of the connecting element (10) which butts against the sealing lip (30) are of annually encircling configuration.
  3. Two-component container according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, characterized in that an ejector (13), which is connected to the top container (2) and has at least one opening (12), is provided, and in that the stopper (5) can be ejected downwards, by the resistance of the ejector (13), out of a retaining element (14) of the intermediate element (19), in which it is seated.
  4. Two-component container according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the intermediate element (19) is sealed in relation to the border (21) of the bottom container (3) by means of a seal (34) in the region of the border (21).
  5. Two-component container according to at least one of the existing claims, characterized in that there is provided a securing ring (17), following the removal of which it is possible to screw one container (3) towards the other container (2).
  6. Two-component container according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the deformable zone (35) of the two-component container (1) takes up at least 50% of the axial height of the container as a whole.
EP99907441A 1998-03-23 1999-01-28 Two-component container Expired - Lifetime EP1003681B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19812660 1998-03-23
DE19812660A DE19812660A1 (en) 1998-03-23 1998-03-23 Two-component container
PCT/EP1999/000547 WO1999048772A1 (en) 1998-03-23 1999-01-28 Two-component container

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1003681A1 EP1003681A1 (en) 2000-05-31
EP1003681B1 true EP1003681B1 (en) 2002-09-04

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99907441A Expired - Lifetime EP1003681B1 (en) 1998-03-23 1999-01-28 Two-component container

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Country Link
US (1) US6126032A (en)
EP (1) EP1003681B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3934683B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9904883A (en)
DE (2) DE19812660A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1999048772A1 (en)

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US5647481A (en) * 1995-05-17 1997-07-15 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Dual container system for two component hair dye

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DE59902536D1 (en) 2002-10-10
DE19812660A1 (en) 1999-09-30
JP2002500605A (en) 2002-01-08
JP3934683B2 (en) 2007-06-20
WO1999048772A1 (en) 1999-09-30
BR9904883A (en) 2000-09-19
US6126032A (en) 2000-10-03
EP1003681A1 (en) 2000-05-31

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