EP0984109A2 - Building block and method and apparatus for making same - Google Patents

Abstract

A building block is made by extruding clay through a die with variable apertures. The interior of the block has hollow spaces (13,14) running through the length of the block. Some of the ribs forming the spaces are broken up by periodically closing off the respective apertures of the die and some of the spaces have a large width to depth ratio at right angles to the expected thermal flow when built into a wall. Another variation is to perforate some of the ribs. The overall effect is to retain the strength and sound damping properties while reducing the thermal losses through the block. The wider spaces have a width to depth ratio of up to 5 to 1 depending on the thickness of the ribs.

Description

The invention relates to modules according to claim 1 and claim 7 as well as a method and a device for the production thereof according to the independent claims 9 and 13.

State of the art

Blocks with cavities come in a variety of forms known. At z. B. cuboid blocks in the form of brick can create cavities parallel to the wall surface vertically run, as with so-called perforated bricks, or also horizontal.

Heat-insulating building blocks often have the building block vertical penetrating, long slit-shaped, transverse to Cavities lying on the heat flow in cross-section a rectangular, oval, triangular, diamond-shaped or other To have shape. Such building blocks show a relative good heat-insulating effect. In many cases, however soundproofing properties mediocre, often even insufficient to be used in multi-storey housing to be able to. Because the cavities inside the building blocks are separated from each other by large, long, thin webs separated which by sound waves are excited to vibrate and thus the sound transport favor within the building blocks.

In addition, the long, large cavities weaken the Cohesion of the building blocks, so that the compressive strength of walls created with it leaves something to be desired.

Another known possibility of heat-insulating building blocks, For example, to produce from fired clay is that Raw material with organic products such as sawdust, Mix paper sludge and others. During the fire these porosity agents leave voids that the Improve thermal insulation. But it arises when burning the Bricks from the porosity carbonization gases, either pollute the environment or by expensive post-combustion must be destroyed. Such further weakens Porosity the body structure, so that the compressive strength of masonry created with porous building blocks sinks and the Cleaning liability is impaired. The improvement of Thermal insulation by porosity is therefore subject to limits.

Object and advantages of the invention

The invention has for its object with cavities to provide provided blocks that are improved Have thermal insulation and a comparatively increased Have sound insulation and pressure resistance.

This object is achieved by the features of claim 1 Claim 7 and by the claimed process features as well as device features solved.

The invention starts with a building block with a Variety of internal cavities that make up the building block enforce and with webs that separate the cavities.

A key idea of the module according to the invention now lies in that at least one web inside the block once or is not trained several times and is therefore interrupted. Various advantages are achieved by this measure. First of all, the proportion of material in the interior of the block decreases can contribute to undesirable heat conduction. Through the The procedure according to the invention can be further described for example with unchanged outer hole pattern inside the Building blocks in sections with long slit-shaped Generate cross section transverse to the heat flow direction, however not the drawbacks of long-term cavities slit-shaped cross section in terms of compressive strength and have sound insulation.

To further improve the heat insulating It is also proposed that at least one property Longitudinal bar over most of the length of the bar is interrupted. In this context it is also advantageous if at least one web in the longitudinal direction of the web is interrupted several times in the manner of a perforation.

A particularly advantageous embodiment of a module has voids, their largest ratio of dimensions (Length, width) of their cross-sectional area is less than 4: 1, where web thicknesses of less than 8 mm and cavities with a Width of less than 20 mm are provided and its webs in the longitudinal direction of the bridge inside the block in the manner of a Perforation are interrupted.

Another advantageous embodiment of a module has Voids whose largest ratio of dimension (length, Width) of their cross-sectional area is less than 5: 1, wherein Bridge thicknesses below 6 mm and cavities with a width of less than 15 mm are provided and its webs in Web longitudinal direction inside the block in the manner of a Perforation are interrupted.

Furthermore, the invention is based on a building block which for Thermal insulation has a variety of cavities that have a cross-section parallel to the block support surface, its longitudinal extent in relation to its latitude is greater than 2: 1, the longitudinal extent transverse to Heat flow direction is oriented. The essential aspect in this building block is now that in the cavities in Heat flow direction short connecting the cavity walls Web sections are provided. That means these web sections run at most over a section of the block height. Through this procedure according to the invention, the in Longitudinal webs running through the short crossways aligned web sections are stiffened. So that will not only improves the compressive strength, but also that Ability to resonate with unwanted sound transport suppressed without reducing the thermal insulation.

In a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the Invention are the web sections at least on the Support surfaces of the block arranged. By this measure is the contact surface, which is usually on the walling of the Masonry mortar is applied with a higher proportion of material trained so that less mortar falls into the cavities. This saves mortar and the thermal insulation and Compressive strength of the masonry improved.

A preferred method for producing inventive Building blocks consists of extruding through a mouthpiece in that for the generation of different hole patterns during the extrusion passage cross sections on the pressure side in the The mouthpiece can be closed temporarily. That means that Mouthpiece is closed in an area in which the extruding building block material is still under pressure, so has not yet relaxed to atmospheric pressure.

Another advantageous method is that the Building blocks with a predetermined hole pattern be extruded, the extrusion process for at least a bridge in the interior of the block interrupted once or several times becomes. In this way, the external appearance of the Building block unaffected while inside according to the invention is trained.

At least one perforation-like interruption To achieve part of the webs, it is also proposed that the extrusion process for these webs according to the Perforation pattern is interrupted periodically.

To ensure that the broken webs inside the Building blocks are trained beyond that suggested that the interruptions in the extrusion process with a cutting device (cutter) with which the Extrusion strand can be cut to length, is synchronized.

A preferred device for the production of Building blocks according to the invention has an extrusion unit, the a mouthpiece for forming a block mass comprises the a frame and on a holding device within the Has frame arranged extrusion cores. According to the invention are means of closing the gaps between the Cores in at least part of the length of the cores Extrusion direction provided in the pressure area of the mouthpiece, which can be actuated during the extrusion process. To this Any break pattern can be done at any time the webs inside the block in the direction of extrusion realize.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the The device comprises the means for closing the Spaces one or more rod elements that are separated from the Pressure side of the extrusion unit fits between the cores can be inserted. This represents a comparatively simple one Realization possibility represents the extrusion process effectively for to interrupt certain webs.

To ensure a safe interruption of a web, it is also proposed that the bar element to the end the adjacent cores can be inserted between them.

To ensure easy positioning of the rod elements achieve, it is further proposed that the rod elements are arranged on brackets on the pressure side of the Extrusion unit at a distance from the cores across the mouthpiece run.

For a simple position specification of the bar elements for the In case of attaching the bar elements to the bracket, it will continue proposed that the bracket can be moved in the extrusion direction are. The brackets can preferably be operated by a hydraulic system move.

In a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the Invention comprise the means for closing the Interstices movable cores that are transverse to the direction of extrusion are displaceable and / or rotatable. That way they have to Means for closing the gaps in the direction of displacement not moved against the block material to be extruded become.

It is also particularly advantageous that the holding device comprises a solid perforated plate or a grating. At a Perforated plate or a grate, the cores can be easily and attach mechanically stable.

Finally, it is advantageous that a cutting device for the extruded component strand with the means for Closing the spaces between the cores is synchronized. As mentioned above, this is based on Way ensured that broken web parts in Block interior are trained.

drawings

Several embodiments of the invention are in the Drawings shown and in the description below stating further advantages and details explained.

Fig. 1

eine schematisch dargestellte Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Bausteinen mit einer Extrudiereinheit,

Fig. 2a-2c

drei erfindungsgemäße Mundstücke für eine Extrudiereinheit gemäß Fig. 1 teilweise geschnitten und ausschnittsweise dargestellt,

Fig. 3

einen Ausschnitt eines erfindungsgemäßen Bausteins in einer perspektivischen Ansicht und

Fig. 4 A-C

Schnittansichten des in Fig. 3 ausschnittsweise dargestellten Bausteins entlang der in Fig. 3 eingezeichneten Schnittlinien A-A bis C-C.

Show it

Fig. 1

1 shows a schematically illustrated device for producing building blocks with an extrusion unit,

2a-2c

three mouthpieces according to the invention for an extrusion unit according to FIG. 1 partially cut and shown in sections

Fig. 3

a section of a block according to the invention in a perspective view and

Fig. 4 AC

Sectional views of the block shown in detail in FIG. 3 along the section lines AA to CC shown in FIG. 3.

Description of the embodiments

1 shows a device for producing building blocks 1 shown. The device 1 comprises an extruder housing 2 a mouthpiece 3 is arranged at the front end thereof. A Screw conveyor 4 pushes raw material (e.g. clay) with high pressure against the mouthpiece 3, from which a strand of building blocks 5 is squeezed out. The extruded strand is made by means of a cutting device 6 individual modules 7 generated.

2a-2c show sections of the invention Mouthpieces 3a-3c in a sectional side view. The Mouthpiece 3a in Fig. 2a comprises a perforated plate 8, on which Extrusion cores 9, are fixed. In addition are on the Printing side in the extrusion direction in the area behind the cores 9 Rod elements 10 present in the direction of extrusion Spaces 11 of the extrusion cores can be moved around them to close. The bar elements 10 lying in one plane are attached to a cross bracket 12. 2 is in solid lines a position of the crossbar 12 with it arranged bar elements 10 shown, in which the Raw material the spaces 11 between the cores 9 can pass freely to one at this point to form a cavity-defining web. Against it dash-dot line a position of the crossbar 12 with rods 10 in which the spaces 11 between the cores 9 are blocked. That is, at this point no one can be under pressure standing raw material pass through the core space and thus also do not form a bridge.

Another mouthpiece 3b is shown in FIG. 2b which similar components with the same reference numerals as in Fig. 2a are designated. The difference to the embodiment 2a is that the crossbar 12 with it attached rod elements 10 in the extrusion direction not before Perforated plate 8 are arranged, but after, but before the cores 9. In this way it is possible to crossbar 12 in the cover of the connecting webs of the perforated plate 12 lead so that the crossbar 12 is not the full pressure of itself exposed in the direction of extrusion building block material are. The mouthpiece 3a can thereby be comparatively simpler and thus be built more cost-effectively.

In Fig. 2c is a mouthpiece 3c in contrast to the pictures 2a and b shown from a viewing direction, which corresponds to the direction of extrusion. 2a and b however, the extrusion direction is in the image plane. At the Mouthpiece 3c are spaces 11 between cores 9 through movable cores 9c closed, the transverse to Extrusion direction can be moved (see double arrow). This Embodiment has the advantage that the movable cores 9c not of crossbars 12c, on which the movable cores 9c are arranged in the direction of moving Block material must be moved.

A cross-sectional pattern of cavities according to that in FIG. 3 to generate the shown block are according to the Cavities 13, 14 cores 9 arranged on the perforated plate 8. In are the same way in one place or in several places distributed over the area of the block cross section e.g. on one or several crossbar rod elements 10 provided in Cross section of a web 15 between two cavities 13 (see FIG. 3) correspond.

The webs 15 are transverse webs since they are transverse to are aligned in a plane in which, for. B. one from the Stones created wall. These crosspieces 15 sit in the Embodiment perpendicular to longitudinal webs 16, which then run along the plane indicated above.

If the rod elements 10 are in a retracted position Position, a slit hole pattern is created which corresponds to the corresponds to the bearing surface 17 of the block 18 in FIG. 3. However, during the extrusion process Bar elements (if there are several) in the in Fig. 2nd Move the locking position shown in dashed lines. Then it will be at this point the extrusion process, e.g. B. a web (s. Fig. 3) interrupted. This happens inside the building block multiple times, a perforated web with web elements is formed 15a, 15b and 15c.

By appropriately shaping the cores 9 or the rods 10 or movable core elements 9c and by a corresponding one Leave the positioning of the rods 10 or the core elements 9c web structures in the interior of a building block 18 in produce in various ways. Because of the fact that a Slot hole structure such as B. on the bearing surface 17 of the Building block 18 in Fig. 3, not necessarily inside one Blocks must continue, the webs can be placed so that not only the heat and sound insulation properties of the building block, but also its Strength increases. Because the otherwise conventional thin Longitudinal webs 16 are braced by short transverse webs, with what the heat-conducting cross section decreases, which is an unfavorable one Prevents resonance behavior of the longitudinal webs and the Cohesion of the building blocks improved and thus the Compressive strength of walls created from such building blocks is increased.

In Fig. 4 A, which is a section along the section line A-A 3 in a plane parallel to Shows extrusion direction, continuous webs 15 are adjacent double-interrupted web sections 15a, 15b, 15c. This creates on the one hand in the direction of heat flow, d. H. perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, less thermal bridges, resulting in the insulation behavior improved. On the other hand, stiff the short web sections 15a, 15b and 15c the longitudinal webs 16 and thus reduce the resonance behavior of these long Longitudinal webs. It also decreases the strength of the building block closed, since the longitudinal webs are stiffened. Even if you Ignores strength, sound and heat insulation aspects, the procedure according to the invention has the advantage that less raw material is necessary for its production, with which Building block becomes lighter and comparatively less Manufacturing costs result. To illustrate the inner Structures of the building block are two cuts in FIGS. 4 B and 4 C. by the block section 18 in Fig. 3 according to the Section lines B-B and C-C shown. The cross section along the section line C-C corresponds to the slotted hole structure of the Support surface 17. In contrast, form at the interface B-B a missing web 15 two cavities 13 one each new cavity 19 times as long.

So that the interrupted web sections inside the building block come to rest, as in Fig. 1 by a particularly long Interruption 20 illustrates the cutting device with the movement of the rod elements 10 synchronized.

Reference symbol list:

1

Device for the production of building blocks

2nd

Extruder housing

3a

Mouthpiece

3b

Mouthpiece

3c

Mouthpiece

4th

Auger

5

Block strand

6

Cutting device / cutter

7

Building block

8th

Perforated plate

9

core

9c

moving core

10th

Bar element

11

Space

12th

Crossbar

12c

Crossbar

13

cavity

14

cavity

15

Cross bar (across the wall)

15a

Web section

15b

Web section

15c

Web section

16

Longitudinal web (parallel or longitudinal to the wall direction)

17th

storage area

18th

Building block

19th

cavity

20th

Interruption

Claims (20)

Building block with a variety of internal cavities that enforce the block and with webs that cover the cavities separate, characterized in that at least one web (15) is not trained one or more times inside the module and is interrupted. Module according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one web in the longitudinal direction of the web over most of it the length of the bridge is interrupted. Module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that at least one web (15a, 15b, 15c) over the bridge length interrupted several times in the manner of a perforation is. Module according to one of the preceding claims with in Cavities running in the direction of the block height, thereby characterized in that at least part of the webs (15a, 15b, 15c) transverse to the heat flow direction in the direction of the block height in Type of perforation are interrupted. Module according to claim 1, characterized in that Cavities are provided, the largest ratio of which Dimensions of their cross-sectional area are less than 4: 1, where web thicknesses of less than 8 mm and cavities with a Width of less than 20 mm are available and webs in Web longitudinal direction inside the block in the manner of a Perforation are interrupted. Module according to claim 1, characterized in that Cavities are provided, the largest ratio of which Dimensions of their cross-sectional area are less than 5: 1, where web thicknesses below 6 mm and cavities with a width of less than 15 mm and webs in Web longitudinal direction inside the block in the manner of a Perforation are interrupted. Building block, in particular according to one of the preceding Claims that a variety of cavities for thermal insulation has a parallel to the block support surface Have cross-section, the longitudinal extent of which in relation to Width extension is greater than 2: 1, the longitudinal extension is oriented transversely to the heat flow direction, thereby characterized in that in the cavities (14) in the direction of heat flow short web sections connecting the cavity walls are provided. Module according to claim 7, characterized in that the Web sections arranged at least on the bearing surfaces (17) are. Process for the production of building blocks, in particular Building blocks according to one of the preceding claims, by means of Extruding through a mouthpiece, characterized in that to generate different hole patterns during the Extruding passage cross-sections on the pressure side in the mouthpiece temporarily locked. A method according to claim 9, characterized in that the Building blocks with a predetermined hole pattern be extruded, the extrusion process for at least a bridge in the interior of the block interrupted one or more times becomes. A method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the extrusion process for at least part of the webs Periodic generation of perforation-like interruptions is interrupted. Method according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized characterized in that the interruptions of the extrusion process with a cutting device (6) with which the Extrusion strand is cut to length, is synchronized. Device for the production of building blocks, in particular Building blocks according to one of claims 1 to 8, with a Extrusion unit, which is a mouthpiece for forming a Component mass includes a frame and on a Holding device arranged within the frame Has extrusion cores, characterized in that means (10, 12) for closing a gap or several Gaps between the cores at least over part the length of the cores (9) in the extrusion direction in the printing area of the mouthpiece are provided, which during the Extrusion process can be operated. Device according to claim 13, characterized in that the means for closing the gaps one or more Bar elements (10) comprise the pressure side of the Extrusion unit in the extrusion direction fits between the Cores (9) can be inserted. Device according to claim 14, characterized in that the one or more rod elements (10) in Direction of extrusion to the end of the adjacent cores can be inserted between them. Apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that the rod elements are arranged on brackets (12) on the Pressure side of the extrusion unit at a distance from the cores (9) run across the mouthpiece opening. Apparatus according to claim 16, characterized in that the bracket (12) with the rod elements (10) in the extrusion direction are movable. Device according to one of claims 13 to 17, characterized characterized in that the means for closing the Intermediate spaces comprise movable cores (9c) which are transverse to the Extrusion direction are displaceable and / or rotatable. Device according to one of claims 13 to 18, characterized characterized in that the holding device is a perforated plate (8) or a grate. Device according to one of claims 13 to 19, characterized characterized in that a cutting device (6) for the extruded block strand (5) is present with the Means for closing the spaces between the cores (9) can be synchronized.

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