EP0982132B1 - Coating for a printing cylinder with a removable cavity - Google Patents

Coating for a printing cylinder with a removable cavity Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0982132B1
EP0982132B1 EP99115558A EP99115558A EP0982132B1 EP 0982132 B1 EP0982132 B1 EP 0982132B1 EP 99115558 A EP99115558 A EP 99115558A EP 99115558 A EP99115558 A EP 99115558A EP 0982132 B1 EP0982132 B1 EP 0982132B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hard rubber
printing cylinder
coating
bead
thickness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99115558A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0982132A1 (en
Inventor
Johann Dr. Weinert
Christoph Dr. Macziewitz
Wilhelm Stammel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Felix Bottcher & Co GmbH
Felix Boettcher GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Felix Bottcher & Co GmbH
Felix Boettcher GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Felix Bottcher & Co GmbH, Felix Boettcher GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Felix Bottcher & Co GmbH
Publication of EP0982132A1 publication Critical patent/EP0982132A1/en
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Publication of EP0982132B1 publication Critical patent/EP0982132B1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F31/00—Inking arrangements or devices
    • B41F31/26—Construction of inking rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F31/00—Inking arrangements or devices
    • B41F31/18—Inking arrangements or devices for inking selected parts of printing formes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the coating for printing press rolls, which consists of a metal core and an elastomeric material exist, wherein the roller has sections that can be subdivided and at the at least one depression can be canceled, so that a functionally uninterrupted Shell surface is formed.
  • a roller is based on the example of a rotary printing press described in DE-A-196 53 404.
  • a particularly constructive one simple embodiment dispenses with the use of overpressure and Negative pressure by designing the metal core so that it has an adjustable annular groove which is filled with the same elastomeric material from which the coating also exists. For example, the elastomer coating applied at maximum width of the ring groove.
  • the invention has therefore set itself the task of coating such Improve roller so that while maintaining the structurally simple Design a generic roller is provided, which also to the Edges provides a good print image.
  • This object is achieved in that on the edge of the reversible Deepening, i.e. There is a hard rubber bead (3) on the upper edges of the ring groove is whose thickness is about 20 to 60% of the total layer thickness of the elastomer Coating is, and the hardness is in the range of Shore-D 60-90.
  • the thickness of the hard rubber bead is preferably 30 to 45% of the total layer thickness.
  • this hard rubber bead (3) has a has half-drop-shaped cross section.
  • a particularly stable and durable Construction arises when between the metal core and the elastomer Coating a hard rubber layer (4) is present, which only on the Edges of the ring groove is thickened.
  • the hard rubber bead (4) runs on this Construction from the edge of the ring groove over the entire surface of the Metal core (1).
  • Such a hard rubber layer then has a thickness of 5 to 25%, preferably 8 to 18% of the total layer thickness of the elastomeric coating on.
  • the elastomeric coatings of rollers for printing machines have general hardening to from Shore A 20 to 50, preferably Shore A 25 to 40.
  • Hard rubber bead and hard rubber layer preferably have Shore hardness D 60 to 90.
  • the total layer thicknesses of the elastomeric coatings are between 5 and 20 mm, preferably between 8 and 15 mm.
  • the roller according to the invention is therefore preferably produced as follows:
  • the metal core (1) including the ring groove is sandblasted, the ring groove set to minimum width and the groove base is lined with rubber to it protect from the sand, which is not in the thin air layer between the movable metal parts may reach.
  • After exposing the bottom of the groove and cleaning of the residual blasting material at least the upper edges of the ring groove a bead of a hard rubber mixture.
  • the ring groove is set to the maximum width. Now they are Ring groove and the entire surface of the roller coated with a mixture that forms the elastomeric coating after vulcanization.
  • the ring groove After vulcanization the ring groove is set to the minimum width again, so that part of the filling the ring groove is pushed outwards.
  • This material is used when grinding and Finishing the surface of the elastomeric layer removed so that when adjusting the minimum width creates a smooth, continuous surface that looks like when printing a continuous large plate works.
  • the ring groove is at maximum width set, there is a constriction of the elastomeric material, which forms a sharper kinked edge than the inside due to the hard rubber bead is formed without the hard rubber bead according to the invention. Have pressure attempts result in a significantly improved printed image.
  • the roller is excellently suited for so-called panorama printing, at which either entire large areas or only parts of them are printed.
  • the generic Rolls according to DE-A-196 53 404 allow the same roll to generate different print images.
  • the roller according to the invention is a significant improvement in terms of simple design and manufacture, easier Removing old elastomeric coatings and applying new elastomeric ones Coatings. Furthermore, a significantly improved print image on the Edges created.

Landscapes

  • Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)

Abstract

A hard rubber bead (3) is provided at the edge of the raisable recess (1a), the thickness of the bead being ca. 20-60 % of the elastomer coating (2).

Description

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist die Beschichtung für Druckmaschinenwalzen, welche aus einem Metallkern und einem elastomeren Material bestehen, wobei die Walze unterschiedlich unterteilbare Abschnitte aufweist und bei der mindestens eine Vertiefung aufhebbar ist, so daß eine funktional unterbrechungslose Mantelfläche gebildet wird. Eine derartige Walze ist am Beispiel einer Rotationsdruckmaschine in der DE-A-196 53 404 beschrieben. Eine konstruktiv besonders einfache Ausführungsform verzichtet auf die Anwendung von Überdruck und Unterdruck, indem sie den Metallkern so ausgestaltet, daß er eine verstellbare Ringnut aufweist, welche mit dem gleichen elastomeren Material ausgefüllt wird, aus dem auch die Beschichtung besteht. Dazu wird beispielsweise die elastomere Beschichtung bei maximaler Breite der Ringnut aufgetragen. Es wird dann durch Zusammenpressen des elastomeren Materials bis zur minimalen Breite der Ringnut ein Teil des elastomeren Materials nach außen weggedrückt. In diesem Zustand wird dann die Oberfläche geschliffen, so daß eine durchgehende glatte Fläche entsteht, die beim Drucken wie eine durchgehende Platte wirkt. Wird eine derartig hergestellte Walze auf maximale Breite der Ringnut eingestellt, entsteht eine Einschnürung des elastomeren Materials nach innen. Dies wirkt sich beim Drucken aus, als wenn zwei separate Platten vorhanden wären. Druckversuche mit einer derartigen Walze haben gezeigt, daß das Druckbild keine sehr scharfe Kante bildet.The present invention relates to the coating for printing press rolls, which consists of a metal core and an elastomeric material exist, wherein the roller has sections that can be subdivided and at the at least one depression can be canceled, so that a functionally uninterrupted Shell surface is formed. Such a roller is based on the example of a rotary printing press described in DE-A-196 53 404. A particularly constructive one simple embodiment dispenses with the use of overpressure and Negative pressure by designing the metal core so that it has an adjustable annular groove which is filled with the same elastomeric material from which the coating also exists. For example, the elastomer coating applied at maximum width of the ring groove. It is then pressed together of the elastomeric material up to the minimum width of the annular groove elastomeric material pushed outwards. In this state the Ground surface, so that a continuous smooth surface is created, which at Printing looks like a continuous plate. Becomes a roller manufactured in this way set to the maximum width of the ring groove, the necking is constricted elastomeric material inside. When printing, this has the effect of two there would be separate plates. Have pressure tests with such a roller shown that the printed image does not form a very sharp edge.

Die Erfindung hat sich somit die Aufgabe gestellt, die Beschichtung einer derartigen Walze dahingehend zu verbessern, daß unter Beibehaltung der konstruktiv einfachen Gestaltung eine gattungsgemäße Walze zur Verfügung gestellt wird, die auch an den Kanten ein gutes Druckbild liefert.The invention has therefore set itself the task of coating such Improve roller so that while maintaining the structurally simple Design a generic roller is provided, which also to the Edges provides a good print image.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß am Rande der aufhebbaren Vertiefung, d.h. an den Oberkanten der Ringnut ein Hartgummiwulst (3) vorhanden ist, dessen Stärke etwa 20 bis 60% der Gesamtschichtstärke der elastomeren Beschichtung beträgt, und dessen Härte im Bereich von Shore-D 60-90 liegt. Vorzugsweise beträgt die Stärke des Hartgummiwulstes 30 bis 45% der Gesamtschichtstärke.This object is achieved in that on the edge of the reversible Deepening, i.e. There is a hard rubber bead (3) on the upper edges of the ring groove is whose thickness is about 20 to 60% of the total layer thickness of the elastomer Coating is, and the hardness is in the range of Shore-D 60-90. The thickness of the hard rubber bead is preferably 30 to 45% of the total layer thickness.

Besonders gute Ergebnisse werden erzielt, wenn dieser Hartgummiwulst (3) einen halbtropfenförmigen Querschnitt aufweist. Eine besonders stabile und langlebige Konstruktion entsteht, wenn zwischen dem Metallkern und der elastomeren Beschichtung insgesamt eine Hartgummischicht (4) vorhanden ist, die nur an den Kanten der Ringnut verdickt ist. Der Hartgummiwulst (4) läuft bei dieser Konstruktion von der Kante der Ringnut aus über die gesamte Oberfläche des Metallkerns (1). Eine derartige Hartgummischicht weist dann eine Stärke von 5 bis 25%, vorzugsweise 8 bis 18% der Gesamtschichtstärke der elastomeren Beschichtung auf.Particularly good results are achieved if this hard rubber bead (3) has a has half-drop-shaped cross section. A particularly stable and durable Construction arises when between the metal core and the elastomer Coating a hard rubber layer (4) is present, which only on the Edges of the ring groove is thickened. The hard rubber bead (4) runs on this Construction from the edge of the ring groove over the entire surface of the Metal core (1). Such a hard rubber layer then has a thickness of 5 to 25%, preferably 8 to 18% of the total layer thickness of the elastomeric coating on.

Die Herstellung der Beschichtung einer derartigen Walze vereinfacht sich in erheblichem Maße, wenn der Hartgummiwulst (3) und die gegebenenfalls vorhandene Hartgummibeschichtung (4) der gesamten Oberfläche des Metallkerns (1) aus einer Haftmischung hergestellt werden. Haftmischungen sind aus dem Reifenbau bekanntThe production of the coating of such a roller is simplified in considerable extent if the hard rubber bead (3) and any existing Hard rubber coating (4) of the entire surface of the metal core (1) from one Adhesive mixture can be made. Adhesive mixtures are known from tire construction

Sie weisen nach dem Vulkanisieren eine gute Haftfestigkeit zwischen Metall und Gummi auf. Derartige Haftmischungen weisen darüber hinaus auch eine gute Haftfestigkeit zwischen dem Hartgummi und der übrigen elastomeren Beschichtung auf, so daß in einfacher Weise eine in jeder Hinsicht zufriedenstellende Gesamtbeschichtung entsteht.After vulcanization, they have good adhesive strength between metal and Rubber on. Such adhesive mixtures also have a good one Adhesive strength between the hard rubber and the rest of the elastomeric coating on, so that in a simple way a satisfactory in every way Overall coating is created.

Die elastomeren Beschichtungen von Walzen für Druckmaschinen weisen im allgemeinen Härten auf von Shore A 20 bis 50, vorzugsweise Shore A 25 bis 40. Hartgummiwulst und Hartgummischicht weisen vorzugsweise Härten auf von Shore D 60 bis 90. Die Gesamtschichtdicken der elastomeren Bechichtungen liegen zwischen 5 und 20 mm, vorzugsweise zwischen 8 und 15 mm.The elastomeric coatings of rollers for printing machines have general hardening to from Shore A 20 to 50, preferably Shore A 25 to 40. Hard rubber bead and hard rubber layer preferably have Shore hardness D 60 to 90. The total layer thicknesses of the elastomeric coatings are between 5 and 20 mm, preferably between 8 and 15 mm.

Die gute Haftung der elastomeren Schicht auf dem Metallkern ist bekanntermaßen absolut nötig, da es anderenfalls zur raschen Ablösung und damit zur Unbrauchbarkeit führt.It is known that the elastomer layer adheres well to the metal core absolutely necessary, as otherwise it will quickly detach and thus render it unusable leads.

Da die Haftung der elastomeren Beschichtung an den Wänden der verstellbaren Ringnut eine Schwachstelle darstellt, könnte die besonders einfache Konstruktion dieser Walze zu verkürzter Lebensdauer führen. Durch entsprechende Versuche hat sich gezeigt, daß durch den erfindungsgemäßen Hartgummiwulst nicht nur die Druckqualität an der Kante verbessert wird, sondern obendrein die Haftfestigkeit und somit Lebensdauer der elastomeren Beschichtung an den Kanten der Ringnut verbessert wird. Dies beruht wahrscheinlich darauf, daß die punktuelle Belastung an der Metallkante ersetzt wird durch eine Belastung auf breiterer Fläche, die insbesondere bei Verwendung einer Haftmischung auch noch eine erhöhte Haftfestigkeit zwischen der elastomeren Schicht und dem Hartgummiwulst gewährleistet.Because the adhesion of the elastomeric coating to the walls of the adjustable Ring groove represents a weak point, could be the particularly simple construction this roller lead to a shortened service life. Through appropriate attempts It has been shown that the hard rubber bead according to the invention not only improves the print quality on the edge is improved, but on top of that the adhesive strength and thus Lifespan of the elastomeric coating on the edges of the ring groove improved becomes. This is probably due to the fact that the point load on the Metal edge is replaced by a load on a wider area, in particular when using an adhesive mixture, there is also an increased adhesive strength between the elastomeric layer and the hard rubber bead.

Die Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Walze erfolgt somit vorzugsweise folgendermaßen:The roller according to the invention is therefore preferably produced as follows:

Der Metallkern (1) einschließlich der Ringnut wird sandgestrahlt, wobei die Ringnut auf minimale Breite eingestellt und der Nutgrund mit Gummi ausgelegt wird, um ihn vor dem Sand zu schützen, der keinesfalls in die dünne Luftschicht zwischen die verschiebbaren Metallteile gelangen darf. Nach dem Freilegen des Nutgrundes und der Reinigung vom Reststrahlgut werden mindestens die Oberkanten der Ringnut mit einem Wulst einer Hartgummimischung belegt. Vorzugsweise wird auch die gesamte weitere Oberfläche des Metallkerns mit einer dünneren Schicht der Hartgummimischung belegt. Insbesondere bei Verwendung von Haftmischungen kann auf die sonst übliche Vorbehandlung mit einem Primer und Bonder verzichtet werden. Die Ringnut wird auf maximale Breite eingestellt. Es werden jetzt die Ringnut und die gesamte Oberfläche der Walze mit einer Mischung beschichtet, die nach dem Vulkanisieren die elastomere Beschichtung bildet. Nach dem Vulkanisieren wird die Ringnut wieder auf minimale Breite eingestellt, so daß ein Teil der Füllung der Ringnut nach außen weggedrückt wird. Dieses Material wird beim Schleifen und Endbearbeiten der Oberfläche der elastomeren Schicht entfernt, so daß bei Einstellung der minimalen Breite eine glatte durchgehende Fläche entsteht, die beim Drucken wie eine durchgehende große Platte wirkt. Wird jetzt die Ringnut auf maximale Breite eingestellt, kommt es zu einer Einschnürung des elastomeren Materials, welches durch den Hartgummiwulst im Inneren eine schärfer abgeknickte Kante bildet, als sie sich ohne den erfindungsgemäßen Hartgummiwulst ausbildet. Druckversuche haben ergeben, daß ein deutlich verbessertes Druckbild entsteht.The metal core (1) including the ring groove is sandblasted, the ring groove set to minimum width and the groove base is lined with rubber to it protect from the sand, which is not in the thin air layer between the movable metal parts may reach. After exposing the bottom of the groove and cleaning of the residual blasting material, at least the upper edges of the ring groove a bead of a hard rubber mixture. Preferably the whole further surface of the metal core with a thinner layer of Hard rubber mixture occupied. Especially when using adhesive mixtures can do without the usual pretreatment with a primer and bonder become. The ring groove is set to the maximum width. Now they are Ring groove and the entire surface of the roller coated with a mixture that forms the elastomeric coating after vulcanization. After vulcanization the ring groove is set to the minimum width again, so that part of the filling the ring groove is pushed outwards. This material is used when grinding and Finishing the surface of the elastomeric layer removed so that when adjusting the minimum width creates a smooth, continuous surface that looks like when printing a continuous large plate works. Now the ring groove is at maximum width set, there is a constriction of the elastomeric material, which forms a sharper kinked edge than the inside due to the hard rubber bead is formed without the hard rubber bead according to the invention. Have pressure attempts result in a significantly improved printed image.

Versuche mit einem Metallwulst an den Oberkanten der Ringnut anstelle des Hartgummiwulstes haben ergeben, daß in beiden Fällen ein vergleichbar gutes Druckbild erzielt werden kann. Die Aufbringung eines derartigen Metallwulstes ist jedoch wesentlich aufwendiger als die Aufbringung des Hartgummiwulstes. Schließlich stört ein derartiger Metallwulst beim mechanischen Entfernen verbrauchter elastomerer Beschichtungen, so daß gegebenenfalls sogar der Metallwulst erneuert werden müßte. Der erfindungsgemäß eingesetzte Hartgummiwulst kann hingegen bei der Erneuerung der elastomeren Beschichtung ohne weiteres mechanisch entfernt und anschließend wie oben beschrieben erneut aufgebaut werden. Es handelt sich somit um eine konstruktiv einfache Lösung des Problems, die zu einer Verlängerung der Lebensdauer der elastomeren Beschichtung und des Metallkerns führt.Try using a metal bead on the top edges of the ring groove instead of the Hard rubber beads have shown that in both cases a comparably good one Print image can be achieved. The application of such a metal bead is, however, much more complex than the application of the hard rubber bead. After all, such a metal bead is disruptive when mechanically removing used elastomeric coatings, so that if necessary, even the metal bead would have to be replaced. The invention The hard rubber bead used, however, can be used when renewing the elastomer Coating removed mechanically without further ado and then as above described can be rebuilt. It is therefore a constructive one simple solution to the problem leading to an extension of the life of the elastomer coating and the metal core leads.

In den anliegenden Figuren ist das Prinzip der Walze näher erläutert.

  • Figur 1 zeigt die Walze mit aufgehobener Vertiefung bei minimaler Breite des Ringspaltes.
  • Figur 2 zeigt die Walzenoberfläche mit Vertiefung bei maximaler Breite des Ringspaltes.
    • The principle of the roller is explained in more detail in the accompanying figures.
  • Figure 1 shows the roller with the recess lifted with a minimum width of the annular gap.
  • Figure 2 shows the roller surface with a depression at the maximum width of the annular gap.

    • In den Figuren bedeuten

    1:
    Metallkern
    la:
    aufgeschobener, verstellbarer Teil des Metallkerns
    2:
    elastomere Beschichtung
    3:
    Hartgummiwulst
    4:
    Hartgummischicht.
    5:
    dünne Luftschicht
    Mean in the figures
    1:
    metal core
    la:
    slidable, adjustable part of the metal core
    2:
    elastomeric coating
    3:
    Hartgummiwulst
    4:
    Hard rubber layer.
    5:
    thin layer of air

    Die Walze ist ausgezeichnet geeignet für das sogenannte Panoramadrucken, bei welchem entweder gesamte große Flächen oder nur Teile derselben bedruckt werden. Vor der Entwicklung von Walzen gemäß DE-A-196 53 404 war es notwendig, beim Wechsel von einer zur anderen Druckart die Walze zu wechseln. Die gattungsgemäßen Walzen gemäß DE-A-196 53 404 gestatten es, mit der gleichen Walze verschiedene Druckbilder zu erzeugen. Die erfindungsgemäße Walze stellt eine deutliche Verbesserung bezüglich einfacher Konstruktion und Herstellung, einfacher Entfernung alter elastomerer Beschichtungen und Auftragen neuer elastomerer Beschichtungen dar. Weiterhin wird ein deutlich verbessertes Druckbild an den Kanten erzeugt.The roller is excellently suited for so-called panorama printing, at which either entire large areas or only parts of them are printed. Before the development of rolls according to DE-A-196 53 404 it was necessary to Change from one type of printing to another. The generic Rolls according to DE-A-196 53 404 allow the same roll to generate different print images. The roller according to the invention is a significant improvement in terms of simple design and manufacture, easier Removing old elastomeric coatings and applying new elastomeric ones Coatings. Furthermore, a significantly improved print image on the Edges created.

    Claims (6)

    1. A printing cylinder consisting of a metal core (1) and an elastomeric coating, wherein the cylinder has segments which can be subdivided in different ways and wherein at least one recess can be removed to form a functionally non-interrupted lateral surface, characterized in that a hard rubber bead (3) is provided on the edge of said removable recess, the thickness of said bead being about 20 to 60% of the total layer thickness of said elastomeric coating (2) and its hardness being within a range of Shore D 60-90.
    2. The printing cylinder according to claim 1, characterized in that the thickness of said hard rubber bead (3) is from 30 to 45% of the total layer thickness.
    3. The printing cylinder according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cross-section of said hard rubber bead (3) has a half-drop shape.
    4. The printing cylinder according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a total of one hard rubber layer (4) is provided between said metal core (1) and said elastomeric coating (2).
    5. The printing cylinder according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the thickness of said hard rubber layer (4) is from 5 to 25%, preferably from 8 to 18%, of the total layer thickness of said elastomeric coating.
    6. The printing cylinder according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said hard rubber layer (4) is made of an adhesive composition.
    EP99115558A 1998-08-21 1999-08-06 Coating for a printing cylinder with a removable cavity Expired - Lifetime EP0982132B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    DE19838126 1998-08-21
    DE19838126 1998-08-21

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0982132A1 EP0982132A1 (en) 2000-03-01
    EP0982132B1 true EP0982132B1 (en) 2002-12-11

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    ID=7878356

    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP99115558A Expired - Lifetime EP0982132B1 (en) 1998-08-21 1999-08-06 Coating for a printing cylinder with a removable cavity

    Country Status (7)

    Country Link
    EP (1) EP0982132B1 (en)
    AT (1) ATE229437T1 (en)
    DE (1) DE59903721D1 (en)
    DK (1) DK0982132T3 (en)
    ES (1) ES2184375T3 (en)
    HK (1) HK1023539A1 (en)
    PT (1) PT982132E (en)

    Family Cites Families (2)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE19628647B4 (en) * 1996-07-16 2004-03-11 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Ink transport roller for the inking unit of a web-fed rotary printing machine and method for producing the roller
    DE19653404A1 (en) 1996-12-20 1998-07-02 Koenig & Bauer Albert Ag roller

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    DE59903721D1 (en) 2003-01-23
    ATE229437T1 (en) 2002-12-15
    EP0982132A1 (en) 2000-03-01
    DK0982132T3 (en) 2003-03-31
    HK1023539A1 (en) 2000-09-15
    ES2184375T3 (en) 2003-04-01
    PT982132E (en) 2003-03-31

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