EP0977925A1

EP0977925A1 - Method of installing a ventilation system and device therefor

Info

Publication number: EP0977925A1
Application number: EP98919694A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Lennart Johansson
Original assignee: Nivell System AB
Current assignee: Nivell System AB
Priority date: 1997-04-23
Filing date: 1998-04-15
Publication date: 2000-02-09
Anticipated expiration: 2018-04-15
Also published as: SE9701542D0; AU7242298A; WO1998048122A1; SE509097C2; DE69824171D1; SE9701542L; EP0977925B1

Abstract

A method of installing, and a device in a ventilation system (1) for ventilating rooms defined by structural elements (2) forming the walls, floor and ceiling of the room, and support elements (19) situated therebehind, each structural element having flat extension and comprising joists (15) provided with level-adjusting spacers (21) resting against said underlying support element so that a free space (7) is formed for flowing air, said spaced being coherent for the whole structural element or divided into at least two cells, the space or cells being in open communication with a suction source (4) and with the room via a plurality of supply air ducts (30). According to the invention data relating to parameters of the room and said space or cells, respectively, and of the air flow therein which are of significance to the ventilation are compiled and entered into a computer program to achieve a simulation of the ventilation system, said program then calculating and indicating the optimal positions for said supply air ducts, and that inlet devices forming said supply air ducts are applied in said structural element in agreement with the ventilation system simulated by the computer program.

Description

Method of installing a ventilation system and device therefor

The present invention relates to a method of installing a ventilation system for ventilating one or more rooms in a building, which room is defined by structural elements located closest to the room and forming the walls, floor and ceiling of the room, and support elements situated therebehind, each structural element having flat extension and comprising a plurality of parallel joists each of which is provided with a plurality of level -adjusting spacers extending through and out of the joist to rest against said underlying support element so that a free space is formed for air flowing between the structural element and the support element, said space being coherent for the whole structural element or divided into at least two cells, the space or each cell being in open communication with a suction source via at least one exhaust air duct of the ventilation system and with the room via a plurality of supply air ducts.

The invention also relates to a device in a ventilation system for ventilating one or more rooms in a building, which room is defined by structural elements located closest to the room and forming the walls, floor and ceiling of the room, and support elements situated therebehind, each structural element having flat extension and comprising a plurality of parallel joists each of which is provided with a plurality of level -adjusting spacers extending through and out of the joist to rest against said underlying support element so that a free space is formed for air flowing between the structural element and the support element, said space being coherent for the whole structural element or divided into at least two cells, the space or each cell being in open communication with a suction source via at CQ H XI Φ fr) TJ CQ _* n 0 β -H rH φ 4J Xl 00 β rd CQ β >1 CQ 0 rH Φ Cn β > rd 4J

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should of course be to reduce the concentration to the normal content of 10 Bq/m³ of the air outdoors.

The most usual cause of damp penetration into a building is the use of defective building materials or inferior construction work, particularly in the foundation for drainage under the bottom plate. The major sources of damp are rain, meltwater from ground level and ground damp where unforeseen changes in the groundwater level may have an additional negative effect. Floors directly on the ground must always be provided with a moisture barrier if future problems of damp are to be avoided. Moisture also occurs in building materials and may give rise to as much as 3000-5000 litre water in just the cellar walls of a normal home at the initial stage of building. The building construction also absorbs moisture from the air inside. Damp should be suspected, for instance, if the colour of the surface material alters or starts flaking or bubbling. Besides the damage to a building caused by damp mentioned above, there is also risk of fungi and other micro-organisms causing a nuisance in the form of unpleasant odours or allergies. Concrete foundations that have suffered damage due to damp or mildew emit an odour even after clearing and emissions other than radon may come from the construction elements in the building.

Once damp has penetrated into the construction it may be extremely difficult to get rid of it because of the reduced ventilation. The positive effect aimed at in the form of reduced energy consumption now has an undesired result, i.e. damage to the property every year amounting to considerable sums.

In an attempt to solve the problems mentioned above it has been usual to install some form of ventilation system comprising a ventilated space under the floor against the concrete foundation, together with a mechanical ventilation device.

A traditional ventilation system of the type mentioned above, intended for a floor construction with a space between inner floor an bottom plate with room for a suction pipe, generally consists of conventional wooden joists placed out over the bottom plate to provide said ventilated space. However, there is still considerable risk of moisture still being absorbed into the joists from the surface below, with damage caused by damp as a result. When said spaces are provided, a ventilated skirting board must be constructed with a narrow gap between the skirting or edge of the floor construction and the outside of the wall. A permanent filter strip may possibly be fitted in this wall air gap, which can only be changed after removing the skirting board. Furthermore, when the flooring itself is laid it must be placed a certain distance from the wall. In this known method, therefore, the flooring cannot just be placed flush with the wall, but a careful check must be performed to ensure that an air gap always exists which is sufficiently wide to provide ventilation while at the same time not so wide that the skirting board does not cover it. This air gap to the wall usually runs along most or all of said skirting and it is therefore considered that suitable ventilation of the room is ensured through said ventilated space under the floor. A multitude of small holes are distributed along the suction pipe, through which the indoor air is drawn. These holes will inevitably become clogged after a certain time and the floor must be taken up if the holes are to be cleared. An analysis of a measured air flow in the air gap to the wall must also be performed, after which the floor is laid in accordance with the specific drawings produced. This entails more complicated pipe laying, gaps and other extra devices necessary for the CQ SH CQ 0 cn J SH

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divide the area into small seas of air by means of partitioning. All inner walls, pipe lead-throughs, electricity and telephone cables, floor drains, etc., must also be sealed. All this work is generally performed after the mat has been laid and since sufficient care is not always taken, the method still results in damage and consequently expensive extra work. Thus the apparently simple expedient of just rolling out a plastic mat is merely a small part of the time-consuming total preparatory and post work required in order to obtain a good result. The surface of the under-floor must be very smooth when the mat is laid, since the whole floor construction rests directly on top of this mat and any unevenness will directly influence the finished floor, as regards both its function and its appearance. Liquid putty is thus also necessary to obtain a completely flat surface before the mat is laid. Liquid putty contains a considerable amount of liquid, as well as chemicals which emit primarily moisture, but also a number of other emissions and this liquid putty is therefore deemed to cause the allergies that have caused entire day-nurseries and schools to close down for clearance although the buildings were newly built. The use of liquid putty is also expensive not only in material and work costs but also due to the waste of time when the floor must dry out before further work can be continued.

If these known ventilation solutions are to give a satisfactory result all walls, including outer walls must also be placed above said mat. Thus when an inner wall is to be taken down and moved, it cannot just be nailed up directly at the new place on the floor, but special arrangements in the form of sealing strips and jointing foam must be used to re-seal the moisture barrier which has been unavoidably damaged during demolition. rd rd Φ β r rH 4J ti ι β 0 J so XI Φ Φ υ 4-⁾ rd rH rH 0 -H β φ TJ

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simulation of an imagined floor ventilation, a theoretical computer model of a floor construction comprising a ventilated low profile floor with floor device according to the invention for a specific object, taken for instance from a construction drawing of the floor in question, for instance, a negative pressure ventilation is guaranteed that ventilates and removes the damp air between the bottom plate and lower side of the joists or floor insulation, thus eliminating the risk of future damp and mildew damage under the new floor. The foundation plate is thus kept dry and transmission losses to the floor are reduced, with the added advantages that the floor is kept warm and finally that the indoor climate is improved thanks to efficient air conditioning.

The present invention will be useful in removing damp problems from existing houses or as a preventive measure in new buildings. The present invention can also be used when high radon contents have been determined.

The invention will be described in more detail in the following with reference to the drawings.

Figure 1 is a cross section through parts of a building with a room provided with a floor ventilation system according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a front view of parts of the ventilation equipment forming a part of the floor ventilation system according to the invention.

Figure 3 is a side view of the ventilation equipment according to Figure 2.

Figure 4 is a side view of a support element included in a floor construction in the floor ventilation system according to the invention. Figure 5 is a top view of the support element according to Figure 4.

Figure 6 is an end view of the support element according to Figure 4.

Figure 7 is a side view of a device included in the floor ventilation system according to the invention.

Figures 8 and 9 are a front view of, and a cross section through, the device according to Figure 7 along the line A-A.

Figure 10 is a top view of the device according to Figure 7.

Figure 11 is a top view of the floor ventilation system according to Figure 1.

Figure 12 is a diagram showing the variation in air velocity at a simulation of the floor ventilation in a computer model of the ventilation system according to the invention.

Figure 13 is a cross section through parts of a building with a room according to an alternative embodiment provided with a floor ventilation system according to the invention, also including a wall construction.

Figures 1-13 show a floor ventilation system 1 in accordance with the invention. The system 1 comprises two main components: a structural element consisting of a floor construction 2 in the embodiment shown in Figure 1, and ventilation equipment 3. The ventilation equipment 3, see Figures 2 and 3, comprises at least one suction source 4, suitably consisting of a noiseless, Cn ε -. rH c. CQ CQ β Φ 4H SH rH rH

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centre line 20 of the joist 15. The drill holes 18 are given screw threading with small pitch. A spacer is screwed into each drill hole 18 which, in the embodiment shown, consists of a screw 21 extending through the wooden joist 15 and has the same threading as said drill holes 18. The screw is provided with an engagement member, suitably in the shape of a hexagon 22 which is freely accessible from the upper side 16 of the joist 15 for cooperation with a turning device. Each screw 21 may also be provided with a narrower trough-hole 23 in the extension of said hexagon 22, intended for a securing device, e.g. a nail or screw to secure the joist 15 to a support element 19 which, in the embodiment shown, consists of a foundation 19, via the spacers 21. The function of the screws 21 is that, after being screwed into the drill holes 18, they protrude a certain distance below the lower side 17 of the joist 15 in order to form the above mentioned air gap 7 in the form of a space between the foundation 19 and the joist 15 and also to enable adjustment of the joists to a desired level for the finished floor surface, said screws being in strong thread engagement with the joist 15 and having the rear end 24 situated somewhat below or flush with the upper side 16 of the joist. The optimal level for each screw 21 with respect to the evenness of the foundation 19 and the vertical position of each joist 15, and thus the whole floor construction 2, is obtained by turning each screw 21 clockwise or counter-clockwise. The described spacers 21 thus offer several important advantages over traditional floor constructions in which joists are usually laid directly on the bottom plate. They allow a floor construction 2 to be installed on a relatively very uneven foundation 19, as well as creating a free space 7 below the joist 15 which can be ventilated to remove moisture or radon. They also raise the joist 15 from direct contact with the foundation, thus offering protection against damp. In many cases it is desirable for the threaded holes 18 to be drilled directly on site and this can be performed using a suitable screw cutting tool .

Each screw 21 may also be freely placed on some type of stable support plate (not shown) in order to distribute the pressure over the foundation 19 and to facilitate turning the screw 21 when adjusting the level of the construction 2. It may be advisable to use such support plates or other pressure-distribution aids if the foundation 19 consists of anything other than a cast bottom plate 19, e.g. if a ventilated floor construction 2 is laid directly on existing ground. The joist 15 may be solid, in profile form or hollow. In the latter cases it must be ensured that the drill holes 18 have sufficiently bearing threading. The joists 15 can be supplied in different dimensions and in continuous lengths to be cut with ordinary tools, in which case they should consist of wood or plastic, and spliced in suitable manner. The spacers 21 are manufactured of a suitable hard plastic material to give them the necessary bearing capacity and which is resistant to ageing.

In the shown embodiment spacers 21 are arranged along the centre line 20 of the joist body 15. In an alternative embodiment they may be arranged in two rows , one on each side of said centre line, provided the joist 15 is wide enough. The joist 15 can thus be placed on the foundation 19 with its upper side 16 in a horizontal position.

The joists 15 constitute attachment means for the floor material 25, suitably consisting of fibreboard slabs with a covering layer determined by the use to which the room is to be put, e.g. plastic flooring, ceramic tiles, etc. Since the space 7 beneath the floor construction 2 is ventilated there is no danger of the floor feeling cold. Support members 26 are therefore arranged on the wooden φ 4H Φ 4-1 frj • 4-1 CQ Xl β 0 TJ β 4H -H Φ .

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0 H CQ CQ Φ Φ υ 0 rd β TJ rH SH 01 o o CQ -H Φ 4-> Φ 4J rd XI -

01 Φ CQ rH 01 J 4H rd 4-1 H 4-> 4J ^•3 4-> -H -H Φ Φ 0 ^•3 4-1 rd β

00 Φ β Xi β β SH O rH XI 4H -H CQ H 4-1 rd XI 4-> 01 > 4-) 4J 0 β 0 Φ -H

The supply air to said space 7 beneath the floor construction is taken from the indoor air via individual inlet devices placed directly against the wall 5 of the room. In the embodiment shown these inlet devices comprise floor devices 30, see particularly Figures 7-10, which devices 30 are provided with air intakes 31 containing one or more easily exchanged air filters 32 in a filter holder 33 to prevent dust from entering under the floor construction 2. Said air filters 32 can be exchanged either by removing a grating 34 in front of said filter 32, or by the floor device 30 having a special construction, not shown, in the form of a pull-out filter box similar to a matchbox, arranged on one side of the floor device 30.

The floor device 30 also includes one or more sockets or measuring nipples 35 having an opening to the space behind the air filter 32, for an instrument to measure any odours, moisture, etc. in the air drawn in, including the current air pressure and air flow, thereby enabling the function of the floor device 30 to be controlled. If the pressure or air flow is too low the filter 32 may need to be changed or cleaned. Alternatively a sensor in the device 30 can continuously measure pressure or flow from the exhaust air and emit a signal when a predetermined value is reached.

In the embodiment shown the floor device 30 consists of a box-shaped plastic component 36 placed on edge. It is manufactured in one piece, with the exception of the movable and removable filter holder 33, and has no back. Other designs are of course perfectly feasible, such as low, elongate, closed or spherical devices of material such as metal or wood. ι _^ SH β SH CQ rH Φ 0 -H SH -H rd β O 4-S oo SH > Φ 4-1 β 01 rd ^•H rH 0 SH Φ 0 β

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attempting to estimate the air flow along an air gap to the wall, for instance, that requires a considerable number of measuring points to give a more or less correct picture of the actual situation.

The procedure from projecting to finished system may be as follows: The ventilation system 1 is projected using the computer simulation program according to the floor plan of the building decided upon. At said computer simulation the ventilation system 1 is analyzed so that an optimal flow is obtained in each floor device 30 and in the air gap 7 between the bottom plate 19 and the lower side of the selected floor construction 2. The material required is delivered to the work site where an ordinary builder's labourer fits the floor, sealing all joints and splicing according to instructions, and- performing any cell division of the floor construction 2 into smaller, separate cells which can be ventilated independently of each other. The same labourer or a second one fits the fan 4 and duct system 6 comprising said pipes 8, muffs 10, supply air device 12, etc., and connects said duct system 6 between the floor construction 2 and outer wall 5 or the ceiling via lead-throughs 12 provided therefor. The work is performed in accordance with instructions which also include required testing of the floor construction 2 and the ventilation equipment therein.

Specially trained personnel then fit the floor devices 30 and adjust and check the ventilation equipment 3.

The function of the ventilation system 1 thus installed is as follows: air is withdrawn form each cell at a point through an exhaust air duct 6 connected to a fan 4. Fresh air enters as required through the normal outer wall vents 12 which may be supplemented if necessary, after which the air from the room is drawn into the floor Φ Xl 4H 4-> SH r> > υ 0 Φ 1 TJ -H β 0 A CQ o rd β SH id β Xl β 0 -H β 4-S -H o Xl 0 Φ φ SH 0 Φ 4J 4-> ft o rd CQ -H SH -H -H CQ td

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having to think about the installation of the ventilation equipment 3. This is performed by a specially trained electrician after completion of the floor construction.

In the present embodiment the air can pass in all directions under the joists 15 or under the insulation 27 suspended below the joists 15, thanks to the spacer screws 21. However, these may also consist of wedges, plugs, blocks or recesses in the joist 15 itself. If necessary extra supply air devices 12 can also be arranged in order to achieve a suitable pressure level in the house .

A sealing compound can be injected round the connection between wall 5 and bottom plate 19 to guarantee complete sealing in order to prevent any odours from spreading and also to efficiently exclude any insects.

The ventilation system 1 described above can be applied both in houses being newly built or during renovation or repair projects, and is not limited to only floor constructions against a bottom plate 19 but also functions against a wall 5 or in a system of joists, see Figure 13.

Claims

Φ 4J TJ Φ 01 4-S 4-1 SH

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4-1 Φ φ r β rH β _^ ., — , _^ CJ , _.

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CQ φ o l O XI SH β SH 4H H CQ Φ CΛ

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plurality of supply air ducts (30) , characterized in that it comprises a number of inlet devices (30) predetermined by computer simulation, forming said supply air ducts (30) and which are arranged at the periphery of said structural element (2) at distances from each other predetermined by computer simulation and at points in relation to said exhaust air duct (6) predetermined by computer simulation.

6. A device as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the inlet devices (30) are provided with air intakes (31) comprising one or more replaceable air filters (32) in a filter holder (33) .

7. A device as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that said filter holder (33) comprises a pull-out device for the air filter (32) , preferably in the form of a box, arranged on some sides of the floor device (30) .

8 A device as claimed in any of claims 5-7, characterized in that the inlet devices (30) also comprise one or more sockets or measuring nipples (35) having an opening to the space behind the air filter (32) , for an instrument to measure the air flow with regard to odour, moisture, current air pressure and air flow.

9. A device as claimed in any of claims 5-8, characterized in that the inlet devices (30) are manufactured in one piece out of plastic, wood or metal, with one or more openings or sockets .

10. A device as claimed in any of claims 5-9, characterized in that the inlet devices (30) comprise one or more attachment devices (37) consisting of one or more pipes (38) fitting into holes provided therefor in the structural element (2) , or of suitable screws, nails or adhesive.