EP0972277B1 - Unidirectional telemetry system - Google Patents
Unidirectional telemetry system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0972277B1 EP0972277B1 EP98914348A EP98914348A EP0972277B1 EP 0972277 B1 EP0972277 B1 EP 0972277B1 EP 98914348 A EP98914348 A EP 98914348A EP 98914348 A EP98914348 A EP 98914348A EP 0972277 B1 EP0972277 B1 EP 0972277B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- telemetry system
- recited
- predetermined
- data
- control unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08C—TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MEASURED VALUES, CONTROL OR SIMILAR SIGNALS
- G08C15/00—Arrangements characterised by the use of multiplexing for the transmission of a plurality of signals over a common path
- G08C15/06—Arrangements characterised by the use of multiplexing for the transmission of a plurality of signals over a common path successively, i.e. using time division
- G08C15/08—Arrangements characterised by the use of multiplexing for the transmission of a plurality of signals over a common path successively, i.e. using time division the signals being represented by amplitude of current or voltage in transmission link
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08C—TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MEASURED VALUES, CONTROL OR SIMILAR SIGNALS
- G08C17/00—Arrangements for transmitting signals characterised by the use of a wireless electrical link
- G08C17/02—Arrangements for transmitting signals characterised by the use of a wireless electrical link using a radio link
Definitions
- Telemetry systems used for remote data monitoring are known in a variety of different applications including "Local LAN” Systems for Hospital Record Keeping and "Body LAN” for monitoring soldier biological vital signs in a battlefield situation.
- data telemetry employs a bi-directional communications link wherein both a network controller and transmitting sensors each operate as transponders.
- Conventional telemetry systems include time and frequency division multiplexing systems.
- the network controller receives a radio signal from the transmitting sensors and converts the signal to a digital format providing the measured data.
- the network controller also operates to transmit synchronization and/or acknowledgment information to the transmitting sensors.
- the transmitting sensors operate to receive the synchronization and/or acknowledgment information as well as to transmit the radio signal measured data.
- the remote transmitting sensors also act as receivers and the central receiver also acts as a transmitter.
- the communication link between the central receiver and the transmitting sensors therefore, is bi-directional and synchronously communicates, typically, in time or frequency or both.
- US Patent Number 5,537,397 issued July 16, 1996 entitled “Spread ALOHA For CDMA Data Communications” discloses a method of providing multiple access to a data communications channel wherein transmitters spread a data signal spectrum according to a code spreading sequence.
- the hub station transmits a control signal which is received by the transmitters to advance or retard the timing of the data transmission in order to reduce the probability of fatal interference between two or more transmitted signals.
- the transmitters operate as transponders and a single receiver is able to receive the transmitted data serially.
- both the network controller and the transmitters operate as transponders.
- a transponder is more costly to implement and requires more power to operate than a pure transmitter.
- the cost and power required for implementation of a bi-directional telemetry system There is a need, therefore, for a lower cost, lower power telemetry system, that maintains the robust transmission performance of the known synchronized and acknowledged telemetry systems.
- a telemetry system comprises a plurality of transmitters operating autonomously relative to each other, each transmitter transmitting a packet over a first predetermined transmit time duration.
- a monitoring receiver receives the packet within a second predetermined receive time duration.
- the first predetermined transmit time duration is less than the second predetermined receive time duration and there is an absence of an acknowledgement signal from the receiver to the transmitter.
- a plurality of beacons transmit data to a receiver and the beacons do not receive synchronization or acknowledgment information, thereby providing a lower cost telemetry system due to the exclusive transmit operation of the beacons.
- a system according to the teachings of the present invention provides a low cost, robust, and reliable unidirectional telemetry system for remote monitoring of a plurality of sensors.
- Wheel bearing health of a railway car is of significant importance to train operation as well as safety.
- wheel bearings on a railway car are scheduled for preventative maintenance at predetermined time intervals in order to avoid a failure.
- Preventative maintenance of a wheel bearing involves decommissioning the railway car, disassembling the wheel bearings, cleaning portions of the bearings and replacing worn parts. If the preventative maintenance is performed more often than is necessary, the procedure is costly and train operations proceed less efficiently than what is theoretically possible. If the preventative maintenance is not performed often enough, there is an increased risk of unexpected wheel bearing failure and train derailment which is also costly.
- wheel bearing preventative maintenance In order to achieve maximum efficiency and lowest costs, it is desirable for wheel bearing preventative maintenance to be performed only when needed and without increasing the likelihood of unexpected bearing failure.
- Other equally advantageous applications of the present invention include, but are not limited to, remote monitoring of utility meters, passive locations systems to retrieve stolen property, long term data collection, and data collection in locations that are difficult to access or otherwise monitor.
- a remote data acquisition unit comprising a plurality of sensors 1 communicating measured data to respective beacons 3.
- a beacon 3 is defined as a system element that performs a transmitting function, exclusively, and does not perform a receive function.
- the transmitted signals are radio frequency (RF) signals.
- each sensor 1 measures aspects of railroad car wheel bearing health including but not limited to: temperature, vibration, and revolutions per unit time.
- Each bearing has one or more sensors 1 associated therewith.
- Each sensor 1 or group of sensors is associated with at least one of the beacons 3, to which the sensor 1 transmits measured data.
- Each sensor 1 transmits measured data via a suitable interconnect 2 such as copper wire to the respective beacon 3.
- Each railway car is equipped with one monitoring receiver 8 for receiving signals transmitted by the beacons 3.
- the beacon 3 comprises sufficient intelligence to interpret and packetize the measured data from the sensor 1.
- the beacon 3 interprets, packetizes and converts the data to a radio frequency (RF) signal for wireless transmission to a monitoring receiver 8.
- RF radio frequency
- the monitoring receiver 8 passively receives or observes the RF signals transmitted by the plurality of beacons 3 associated with a single railway car.
- the monitoring receiver 8 does not transmit any synchronization or acknowledgment information to the beacons 3.
- the term "observes" in the context of the present invention refers to reception of a transmitted signal and an absence of a transmitted signal back to the transmitters for purposes of synchronization or acknowledgment.
- the monitoring receiver 8 assembles and sends data received from all of the beacons 3 to a car control unit 9, also on the railway car, over a suitable interconnect such as copper wire.
- the monitoring receiver 8 and car control unit 9 are physically a single piece of equipment.
- the car control unit 9 communicates over the wire using any conventional bi-directional and synchronized link to a locomotive control unit 13 which is physically housed in the train engine.
- Each railway car is equipped with one car control unit 9 communicating with the monitoring receiver 8.
- a plurality of receivers 8 and car control units 9 are associated with a respective plurality of railroad cars that together comprise a single train. All of the car control units 9 communicate with a locomotive control unit 13 (LCU).
- LCU locomotive control unit 13
- the LCU processes the data and either alerts train personnel concerning the status of one or more wheel bearings, or may initiate some form of automated control over train functions such as procedures to stop the train if sensor readings indicate an imminent failure.
- Each beacon 3 contains electronic intelligence to receive and packetize data measured by the sensor 1.
- Each beacon 3 operating independently of every other beacon 3 and asynchronously with the receiver, transmits the packetized data in a signal burst 4 for reception by the monitoring receiver 8 via a unidirectional wireless link.
- the signal burst 4 occurs over a first predetermined transmit time duration.
- the beacon 3 employs a conventional radio frequency transmission link for data transfer, each beacon 3 transmitting a signal having the same nominal carrier frequency within manufacturing, aging, and temperature tolerances.
- the receiver 8 observes all transmitted signals in contiguous units of time or receive time frames 15, T seconds in duration.
- Each receive time frame 15 is further delineated into a plurality M, of equal length time slots 16, each time slot 16 being T/M seconds in duration, which is a second predetermined receive time duration 16.
- the signal burst 4 containing the packet of data is no more than and preferably approximately equal to one half of the time slot 16 in duration.
- the first predetermined transmit time duration is less than or equal to and preferably approximately one half of the second predetermined receive time duration.
- each beacon 3 repetitively transmits the packet 4, a plurality, R, iterations. Each of the R iterations is transmitted at intervals that are distributed uniformly random over the predetermined transmission frame and independent of packet bursts 4 transmitted by other beacons 3.
- a single packet 4 comprises a 100 Kbit/sec signal having a duration of 1msec or 100 bits total.
- the packet 4 further comprises a header 5 having X synchronization bits and Y bits identifying the transmitting beacon 3/sensor 1.
- Z bits of content 6, contain a value representing the respective sensor measurement at an instant in time.
- the packet 4 further comprises a footer 7 containing W parity bits which are used to determine whether the packet 4 was received without collision or error by the receiver 8.
- ACK acknowledgment
- the resulting interference between the signals at the receiver 8 causes nonreception of the packet involved in the collision for the time slot 16. Because the beacons 3 perform a transmission function exclusively, the receiver 8 does not indicate to the beacon 3 the reception versus nonreception of data and the data is lost.
- a monitoring system for certain applications such as this one can tolerate a certain number of lost transmissions without adversely effecting system performance.
- a monitoring system wherein the measurements taken do not change rapidly over time as compared to a time interval within which transmission may be assured with acceptable probability, loss of data at infrequent intervals does not effect system performance.
- the beacon 3 can adjust the priority of transmission. The beacon 3 receives the sensor measurement, and if the magnitude of the measurement is either above or below a given set of thresholds reflecting an out of tolerance condition, the beacon 3 increases the frequency of transmission for the out of tolerance sensor to reduce the probability of data loss. The receiver then interprets the information transmitted by the beacon 3 and reports the out of tolerance condition to the car control unit for further processing.
- FIG. 5 of the drawings there is shown a graphical representation of a probability of loss of all repetitions of a packet burst 4 transmitted by one of the beacons 3 for all time slots 16 of duration M in a single receive time frame 15 of duration T.
- Probability curves are shown for a number of beacons, B, and a number of slots, M, in a frame 15 as a function of the number of repetitions, R, of the packet burst 4 over the frame 15.
- the probability curves Pr(B,R,M) shown assume that each beacon 3 transmits randomly and independently of the remaining beacons, but with the same number of repetitions over a transmission frame.
- a repetition rate for any one packet burst 4 may be selected for the lowest probability of losing all repetitions of one of the packet bursts 4 for the frame 15.
- one or more of the beacons 3 may be assigned a higher number of repetitions to be transmitted per frame 15.
- a lower priority sensor transmits fewer bursts 4 per frame 15 relative to a higher priority sensor 1 which transmits a relatively greater number of bursts 4 per frame 15.
- a telemetry system therefore, may be optimized for a specific application and for specific kind of measurements.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
Description
Claims (11)
- A telemetry system comprising:a plurality of transmitters operating autonomously relative to each other, each transmitter (3) transmitting a packet over a first predetermined transmit time duration, a monitoring receiver (8) observing received data within a second predetermined receive time duration wherein said first predetermined transmit time duration is less than said second predetermined receive time duration, there being an absence of an acknowledgment signal from said receiver (8) to said transmitter (3).
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 1 wherein each transmitter repeats the transmitted data a predetermined number of iterations over a length of time defined by a predetermined transmission frame (15).
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 1 wherein said first predetermined transmit time duration is approximately half of said second predetermined receive time duration.
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 2 wherein a plurality of sensors (1) communicate information to the plurality of transmitters (3), the transmitted data reflecting the content of the sensor information, each sensor (1) having a tolerance range wherein the transmitters repeat the transmitted data more frequently than said predetermined number of iterations over said predetermined transmission frame (15) if the sensor information is outside of said tolerance range.
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 2 wherein each one of the plurality of transmitters (3) has one or more sensors (1) associated therewith and each sensor (1) has a priority level assigned thereto which is known by the transmitter (3) wherein the transmitter adaptively repeats the data from the sensor having a higher priority level more often over the transmission frame (15) than the data from the sensor having a lower priority level.
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 1 wherein said monitoring receiver (8) collects a plurality of said packets for a predetermined receive time frame (15), said predetermined receive time frame (15) comprising a plurality of time slots (16).
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 5 wherein said repetitive transmissions of said packets (4) are uniformly distributed in time.
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 6 wherein each said first predetermined transmit time duration is of equal length.
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 2 wherein a high priority beacon transmits more repetitions per frame (15) than a low priority beacon.
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 1 and further comprising:a car control unit (9), anda locomotive control unit (13),
- A telemetry system as recited in claim 1 and further comprising:a car control unit (9), anda locomotive control unit (13),
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US4221697P | 1997-03-31 | 1997-03-31 | |
US42216P | 1997-03-31 | ||
PCT/US1998/006204 WO1998044472A1 (en) | 1997-03-31 | 1998-03-30 | Unidirectional telemetry system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0972277A1 EP0972277A1 (en) | 2000-01-19 |
EP0972277B1 true EP0972277B1 (en) | 2003-02-26 |
Family
ID=21920686
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98914348A Expired - Lifetime EP0972277B1 (en) | 1997-03-31 | 1998-03-30 | Unidirectional telemetry system |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6184798B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0972277B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001519102A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6872398A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69811649T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998044472A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8352400B2 (en) | 1991-12-23 | 2013-01-08 | Hoffberg Steven M | Adaptive pattern recognition based controller apparatus and method and human-factored interface therefore |
US10361802B1 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2019-07-23 | Blanding Hovenweep, Llc | Adaptive pattern recognition based control system and method |
ES2192746T3 (en) * | 1997-12-02 | 2003-10-16 | Two Way Tv Ltd | PROCEDURE AND DATA TRANSMISSION DEVICE. |
US7904187B2 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2011-03-08 | Hoffberg Steven M | Internet appliance system and method |
US7484008B1 (en) | 1999-10-06 | 2009-01-27 | Borgia/Cummins, Llc | Apparatus for vehicle internetworks |
US6710721B1 (en) * | 1999-10-16 | 2004-03-23 | Datamatic Inc. | Radio frequency automated meter reading device |
US20060028355A1 (en) * | 1999-10-16 | 2006-02-09 | Tim Patterson | Automated meter reader having peak product delivery rate generator |
US7315257B2 (en) * | 1999-10-16 | 2008-01-01 | Datamatic, Ltd. | Automated meter reader having high product delivery rate alert generator |
US6668216B2 (en) * | 2000-05-19 | 2003-12-23 | Tc (Bermuda) License, Ltd. | Method, apparatus and system for wireless data collection and communication for interconnected mobile systems, such as for railways |
WO2001089903A1 (en) * | 2000-05-25 | 2001-11-29 | Daimlerchrysler Rail Systems Gmbh | Monitoring system for railway vehicles |
US6819260B2 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2004-11-16 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Synchronous CDMA telemetry system for use in a wellbore |
US6584339B2 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2003-06-24 | Vanderbilt University | Method and apparatus for collecting and processing physical space data for use while performing image-guided surgery |
US7392117B1 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2008-06-24 | Bilodeau James R | Data logging, collection, and analysis techniques |
US6995683B2 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2006-02-07 | Welldynamics, Inc. | System and method for transmitting downhole data to the surface |
DE102004043212A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2006-03-09 | Biotronik Vi Patent Ag | Communication module and method for its operation |
JP4521312B2 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2010-08-11 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | Electric field communication system, electric field communication method, electric field communication program, and recording medium |
ATE544654T1 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2012-02-15 | Asf Keystone Inc | MONITORING SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY TRAINS |
AU2012204057B2 (en) * | 2005-12-23 | 2014-12-18 | Asf-Keystone, Inc | Railroad train monitoring system |
US8560151B2 (en) * | 2010-05-11 | 2013-10-15 | Cartasite, Inc. | Dynamic monitoring of mobile railway car undercarriage |
US9365223B2 (en) | 2010-08-23 | 2016-06-14 | Amsted Rail Company, Inc. | System and method for monitoring railcar performance |
US8674534B2 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2014-03-18 | Paul V. Bodnar, JR. | Managed pneumatic turbine power supply |
WO2014144948A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Stuart Micheal D | Visible audiovisual annotation of infrared images using a separate wireless mobile device |
BR112016014887B1 (en) | 2013-12-24 | 2022-09-06 | Amsted Rail Company, Inc | SYSTEM TO DETECT OPERATIONAL ANOMALIES IN A RAILWAY WAGON, AND, SYSTEM TO DETECT OPERATIONAL ANOMALIES IN A TRAIN COMPOSITION |
MX2017014920A (en) | 2015-05-27 | 2018-09-27 | Amsted Rail Co Inc | System and method for building and managing a train consist. |
JP7097598B2 (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2022-07-08 | オプテックス株式会社 | Signal transmitter |
CA3089133A1 (en) | 2018-01-24 | 2019-08-29 | Amsted Rail Company, Inc. | Discharge gate sensing method, system and assembly |
BR112021020736A2 (en) | 2018-04-17 | 2021-12-14 | Amsted Rail Co Inc | Method and system for dynamically adjusting a configuration of an intra-train communication network |
EP4400385A2 (en) | 2018-07-12 | 2024-07-17 | Amsted Rail Company, Inc. | Brake monitoring systems for railcars |
Family Cites Families (17)
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US3676875A (en) * | 1970-03-10 | 1972-07-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method and apparatus for transmitting information in meter reading |
US4316175A (en) | 1977-01-26 | 1982-02-16 | Skf Kugellagerfabriken Gmbh | Method for the advance indication of damage to wheel bearings |
DE2802075C3 (en) | 1978-01-18 | 1980-11-13 | Compur-Electronic Gmbh, 8000 Muenchen | Procedures for security and surveillance, in particular for personal security and surveillance, as well as an arrangement for the implementation of the procedure |
US4340886A (en) | 1978-07-03 | 1982-07-20 | Dickey-John Corporation | Bearing and motor temperature monitor |
US4356475A (en) * | 1980-09-12 | 1982-10-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | System containing a predetermined number of monitoring devices and at least one central station |
US4582280A (en) * | 1983-09-14 | 1986-04-15 | Harris Corporation | Railroad communication system |
US4724435A (en) * | 1985-11-06 | 1988-02-09 | Applied Spectrum Technologies, Inc. | Bi-directional data telemetry system |
US5272476A (en) * | 1991-04-04 | 1993-12-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Data acquisition system having novel, low power circuit for time-division-multiplexing sensor array signals |
JP3471816B2 (en) * | 1991-04-25 | 2003-12-02 | キヤノン株式会社 | Data communication device |
JP2764717B2 (en) * | 1992-09-28 | 1998-06-11 | 株式会社堀場製作所 | Measurement system |
US5377938A (en) | 1992-12-01 | 1995-01-03 | Pulse Electronics, Inc. | Railroad telemetry and control systems |
IT1264800B1 (en) | 1993-05-31 | 1996-10-10 | Rettagliata Servizi Srl | EQUIPMENT FOR THE CENTRALIZED COMMAND AND CONTROL OF SAFETY PARAMETERS, PARTICULARLY IN HEATING SYSTEMS |
US5446451A (en) | 1993-06-08 | 1995-08-29 | Servo Corporation Of America | On board hot bearing detector system with fault detection |
US5383717A (en) | 1993-09-10 | 1995-01-24 | Pulse Electronics | Brake control of helper locomotive |
AU2200895A (en) * | 1994-04-04 | 1995-10-23 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for activating and accessing remote meter interface devices |
US5537397A (en) | 1994-06-07 | 1996-07-16 | Aloha Networks, Inc. | Spread aloha CDMA data communications |
GB2297663A (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 1996-08-07 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Remote meter reading |
-
1998
- 1998-03-30 WO PCT/US1998/006204 patent/WO1998044472A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-03-30 US US09/050,819 patent/US6184798B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-30 DE DE69811649T patent/DE69811649T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-30 EP EP98914348A patent/EP0972277B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-30 JP JP54189098A patent/JP2001519102A/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-03-30 AU AU68723/98A patent/AU6872398A/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69811649T2 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
US6184798B1 (en) | 2001-02-06 |
EP0972277A1 (en) | 2000-01-19 |
AU6872398A (en) | 1998-10-22 |
DE69811649D1 (en) | 2003-04-03 |
WO1998044472A1 (en) | 1998-10-08 |
JP2001519102A (en) | 2001-10-16 |
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