AU2012204057B2

AU2012204057B2 - Railroad train monitoring system

Info

Publication number: AU2012204057B2
Application number: AU2012204057A
Authority: AU
Inventors: William Lefebvre; Michael J. Mccann
Original assignee: ASF Keystone Inc
Current assignee: ASF Keystone Inc
Priority date: 2005-12-23
Filing date: 2012-07-10
Publication date: 2014-12-18
Anticipated expiration: 2026-12-22
Also published as: AU2012204057A1

Abstract

A monitoring system for monitoring performance criteria of a railcar, said railcar including a car body and a plurality of trucks each carrying one or more wheel sets 5 mounted on said railcar, including: one or more vibration dampening pads disposed between each wheel set and its corresponding truck; one or more sensors disposed on one or more of said pads, said sensors measuring parameters relevant to the operating performance of said railcar; a 10 computational element disposed on one or more of said pads programmed to control the periodicity and sampling frequency of readings from said one or more sensors and for performing an analysis of data gathered via said readings; a communication element disposed on one or more of said pads 15 for transmitting data selected as a result of said analysis; and wherein said one or more pads are in direct communication with one or more other of said pads and further wherein data transmitted by any one of said pads may be relayed by another of said pads to a receiver.

Description

RAILROAD TRAIN MONITORING SYSTEM Field of the Invention This invention relates to a monitoring system for 5 railroad trains and the like, and more particularly a system that uses an instrumented roller bearing adapter pad to detect the occurrence and cause of poor performance at wheel set, truck, freight car or train level. 10 Background of the Invention More than ever, railcar owners and operators need a better understanding of how their assets are performing. With heavier cars in service, there is a greater need to identify "bad actors" (cars which can 15 damage track infrastructure and lead to derailments) as soon as their performance becomes unacceptable. There is also a need to increase average train speed by improving high speed performance and reducing unplanned service interruptions through mechanical failures. Car 20 owners increasingly seek to implement preventative maintenance programs to avoid mechanical failures and schedule repairs at a facility and time of their choice. Finally, with more automation of rail operations and increasing regulation to improve safety, 25 the railroad industry needs new ways to monitor the performance of trains, cars and railcar trucks. Some of the performance criteria that need to be monitored include roller bearing condition and temperature, roller bearing adapter displacement, wheel 30 condition, truck hunting/warp/binding, brake status and performance, whether a partial derailment has occurred

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and potentially problematic track condition. Since some of these performance problems could lead very quickly.to a catastrophic failure of the train, it is desirable to monitor and report exceptions to the 5 locomotive or to a central data handling facility as quickly as possible. Further, given the demanding environment in which railroad trains operate, any system must be rugged, reliable and able to operate for long periods with little or no maintenance. In 1o addition, to be cost effective, it should not add significant cost to install and maintain the system. Since there are more than 1.5 million freight cars in North America alone, and a system of monitoring all cars in use is highly desirable, any such system need 15 to be able to deal with a very large address a very large number of potential devices. One approach widely adopted in North America is to use wayside defect detectors at fixed locations throughout the railroad network. Detectors measuring 20 bearing temperature (hotbox detectors) are common, while other wayside detectors to measure wheel impacts, bearing condition (from acoustical signatures) and lateral forces are gradually being introduced. However, while one detector can monitor many freight 25 cars as they pass, they can only provide a spot check on performance. It is quite possible that defects will only become apparent and escalate to a critical level between detectors. A system which is continuously monitoring railcar performance is needed. 30 2 3 Another approach to railcar performance monitoring has been to use on-board instrumentation. One such prominent system has been developed for the Federal Railroad Administration. In this and other similar systems, a number 5 of instruments on different areas of a freight car are used to make discrete measurements before being communicated to a central hub on the freight car. While providing a superior solution to that provided by wayside monitors, wiring, complexity and costs increase the investment 10 required to monitor the cars. Any discussion of documents, devices, acts or knowledge in this specification is included to explain the context of the invention. It should not be taken as an admission that any of the material formed part of the prior art base or the 15 common general knowledge in the relevant art in Australia on or before the priority date of the claims herein. "Comprises/comprising" when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the 20 presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. Summary of the Invention It would be desirable to provide a means for continuously, while in service, monitoring the behavior and 25 condition of the trucks, wheels and bearings of a railroad car and provide both regular assurance of proper performance and, as necessary, warning of impending or actual failure in a timely and useful manner to the operators and owners of the train whereof it forms a part. 30 In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system for monitoring performance criteria of a railcar, said railcar including a car body and a plurality of trucks each carrying one or more 4 wheel sets mounted on said railcar, including: one or more sensing units disposed on the railcar, each of said sensing units including: one or more sensors disposed on said sensing unit, said sensors sensing parameters relevant to the operating 5 performance of said railcar; a computational element disposed on said sensing unit programmed to analyze said sensed parameters to detect indications of faults or impending failures; and a communication element disposed on said sensing unit for transmitting data, wherein said communication element is kept in 10 a passive, low-power state, but is powered on: periodically, to report that said sensing units is operational; or when said computational element has detected an indication of a fault or impending failure. Preferably one or more sensing units are in communication 15 with one or more other of said sensing units and further wherein data transmitted by any one of said sensing units may be relayed by another of said sensing units to a specific location. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of monitoring performance of interconnected 20 mobile units having bodies supported by wheels, wherein one of said mobile units is a controllable prime mover and the remainder of said units are interconnected to said prime mover, said method including: providing interfacing pads between the wheels and the bodies of the mobile units, said pads having embedded sensors for 25 measuring operational parameters of said mobile units, said pads being programmable to control the sampling frequency for each sensor and the periodicity of sampling for each of said sensors; and providing, on said pads, a computational capability for evaluating said measured operational parameters, and for 30 identifying performance behavior derived from said measured operational parameters considered to be outside of a normal operating range; and communicating to a single location messages identifying the performance behavior to be outside of a normal operating range. 35 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a monitoring system for monitoring performance criteria of a railcar, said railcar including a car body and a plurality 4a of trucks each carrying one or more wheel sets mounted on said railcar, including: one or more sensing units disposed on the railcar, each of said sensing units including: one or more sensors integral with said one or more sensing units, said 5 sensors sensing parameters relevant to the operating performance of said railcar; a computational element integral with said sensing unit programmed to analyze said sensed parameters to detect indications of faults or impending failures; and a communication element integral with said one or more sensing 10 units for transmitting data, wherein said communication element is kept in a passive, low-power state, but is powered on: a) periodically, to report that said one or more sensing units is operational; or b) when said computational element has detected an indication of a fault or impending failure. 15 While the discussion which follows describes the vehicle as a freight car, it will be understood that the same methods are applicable to any railroad or, in some instances, other multi axle vehicles. Furthermore, while the description which follows features a freight car with two trucks (or bogies), it is 20 applicable to almost any configuration with more or less trucks or axles.

Brief Description of the Drawings Figures 1-3 are schematic views showing the arrangement of components suited for use in carrying out the objectives of the present invention 5 Figure 4 is an exploded perspective view of portions of a railcar truck illustrating the position of an instrumented pad of the invention with respect to the railcar truck; and Figures 5-7 are schematic views illustrating 10 alternative configurations of elements of the invention. Detailed Description of the Embodiments Turning now to Figures 1, 2 and 4, trucks 1, shown diagrammatically, each carry two axles 2 each with two 15 wheels 3. The axle bearings 2a and bearing adapters 4, best shown in Figure 4, are configured so that each bearing transmits the load which it carries and heat that it may generate through pads 16 and to the truck. Figure 4 illustrates a portion of a railcar truck 20 1 showing the relationship of an instrumented pad 16 relative to other truck parts. In Figure 4, one end of a truck side frame 12 is shown. Each side frame has a pair of downwardly extending pedestal jaws 13. Parallel side walls 14 of each pedestal jaw along with 25 a roof section 15 combine to form a pedestal jaw opening. The truck also includes bearing adapters 4, one of which is shown in Figure 4. The adapters have a generally rectangular upper surface with depending legs 30 extending from the corners of the top structure. The legs have facing curved side surfaces which are

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configured so as to rest on the outer surface of a bearing 2a mounted on the end of wheel bearing axle 2. The adapter is typically comprised of cast steel. Adapter pad 16 is generally rectangular in plan view 5 and has depending legs. The adapter pad 16 is preferably comprised of a cast or injected molded elastomeric polymer. The adapter pad 16 is formed to seat upon the upper surface of adapter 4 which, as indicated above, seats in turn on the bearing. The io adapter and details of the pad as they relate to its function as a load bearing and attenuation means are more particularly described in U.S. Published Application No. 2005/0268813, dated December 8, 2005. Referring further to Figure 2, the pads 4 are is seated on the upper rectangular surface of the bearing adapter. Each bearing transmits the loads which it carries and heat that it may generate through the adapter to the pad it carries and, thus, to the railcar truck. 20 Figure 3 shows, in schematic form, an.adapter pad 16 modified to carry out the objectives of the present invention. The pad contains a plurality of sensors 5 which are preferably embedded into its upper, side and lower surfaces or into other locations such as its end 25 surfaces as may be necessary for the purposes of the invention as explained more fully below. In preferred form, the pad 16 has an extended attachment portion 17 located so as to be relatively isolated from the forces transmitted through the adapter 16. The extended 30 portion 17 contains a power source 18, an analog/signal conditioning means and analog to digital conversion 6 means and an associated microprocessor unit 19 and a communications unit 20 which is preferably a low power radio transmitter/receiver having an antenna 21. The sensors.are electrically connected to the analog to 5 digital conversion circuit unit and the microprocessor unit which, in turn, is connected to and controls the communications unit by means of which messages can be sent and received. Various means of supplying power to the pad may be employed. The source of power may be a io battery delivering sufficient voltage and having sufficient energy storage capacity so that when turned on periodically and briefly, as described hereinafter, the pad can be functional for several years, consistent with the normal service life of the bearing components 15 used in the trucks. Alternatively, the power source may consist of an energy scavenging device which supplies energy to a rechargeable battery or capacitor. A strain generated electrical power source may be employed. Although the. 20 energy source may be a source mounted on the car body, it is preferred that it be on the truck and most preferably on the extension to the pad so as to avoid the need for electric wiring between relatively movable car parts. 25 Figures 1-3 further illustrate a railroad freight car 22 having trucks 1 with pads 16 with their associated sensors and control and communication circuit units 19 and 20. In the example described, each truck carries four pads 16 (one for each bearing) 30 each having a power source 18, control circuit unit 19 7 and a communications unit 20, preferably comprising a radio transmitter/receiver. Mounted on the railcar body, preferably at a point at about midway between the two railcar trucks is a 5 data control unit 23 also having a radio/receiver which has the ability to communicate with the radios on the pads 4 on its own railcar together with a r microprocessor whose functions will be described hereinafter. The data control unit 23 is linked by 10 cable 23a to a communications device 24 shown herein as being on top of the railcar, although other positions may be appropriate, depending on factors such as the type of car to which the invention is applied. Under some circumstances and for some car types, the data is control unit and the communications device may be contiguous. The communications device 24 is advantageously powered by a solar cell represented by reference character 24a or other electrical means having the 20 capability of maintaining continuous functionality. Communications device 24 serves to link the railcar either directly to the locomotive drawing the train so that the engineer or other crew personnel have immediate notice of problem cars. Optionally, 25 communication may be via track side automatic equipment identification means or to a cellular or satellite radio system or other communication equipment to monitoring stations as desired by the user. In the event that wired communication from the locomotive is 30 available throughout the train as, for example, if electronic braking becomes standard, then the 8 communications device may be connected to this communication line. The power supply for the communications device 24 may also provide power for the data control unit 23a, in which case the electrical 5 connection 23 may be a multi-connector link. Also shown in Figure 1 is a hand-held unit 23b containing a microprocessor and the radio for communication with the instrumented pad 16 by its radio and also with the data control unit 23. Unit 23b, io hereinafter called a "registrar", is designed with very limited signal transmission capability so that it must be placed physically close to the pads 16 or the data communications unit 23 for communication to take place. This insures that the operator will communicate with 15 only one such device without similar devices on other cars on-the same or a nearby train receiving the radio transmissions. Although the use of a radio for making the communication by the registrar is preferred, direct 20 electrical contact could be employed. However, because of the harsh environmental conditions to which railcars are exposed, direct electrical contact would be liable to reduce reliability and would be more time consuming to carry out, especially when communication with a 25 large number of cars is necessary. The use of the registrar in carrying out the functions of the invention will be described further below. At this point, it should be noted that a feature of the invention is to facilitate ascertaining the 30 address-for radio communication at the time of installation of a pad or during replacement of a pad or 9 a data control unit. For this purpose, as an alternative to radio communication, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag or a corresponding bar code or other readable version of the extended address which 5 can be read out and recorded by the registrar could be employed. While the antennae shown in Figures 1 and 3 are schematically illustrated as of wire or rod form. In practice, they may be micro-strips or conformal arrays 10 and may be, for example, metallic conductors on a ceramic substrate. Likewise, in place of battery power for the instrumented pads an onboard electrical supply may be available in the railcar and could be employed if 15 available. Alternative energy scavenging devices which derive energy from the rotation of the wheels could be used to generate electrical power. As a practical matter in choosing a source of power, high priority should be given to a power supply most likely to 20 function for several years without the need for battery replacement or the need to perform other maintenance work. As noted above, it is a feature of the invention that the radios iqithin the pads 16 and the data control 25 units 23 need only communicate over a very short range. For this purpose, radios conforming to the IEEE802.15.4 standard for wireless sensor networks are preferable. This is the short range standard of which the ZigBee sensor network systems is exemplary. The power levels 30 are low and range is limited but all that is required is generally the ability to communicate between the 10 pads on the trucks of a particular car and the data control units of that car or with a registrar held by a workman standing close by the car. The existence of standards for the data formats and open source software S for using these systems with capable micro-controllers makes this a preferable option. An especially compelling advantage to radio transmission is that wiring on the trucks and wiring from trucks to railcar is undesirable as being susceptible to breakage, and 10 wiring along the length of a freight train very unlikely to be acceptable unless industry wide adoption of electronic brakes or the like is universally adopted. Means for wireless communication based on the IEEE 15 standard are available and adaptable to allow the instrumented pads and data control units to establish a network of connections without external intervention. They can be set up to recognize the relationship of truck and axle location on a railcar or set up so that 20 the digital communication unit is informed of the configuration providing thereby a multi-hop means of linking the network together. Radios used in carrying out the above aspects of the invention are intended to be operated intermittently at low power. Several 25 frequency bands are acceptable in various parts of the world. A suitable available frequency at which the radios will be operating in North America is about 2.4 GHz. Although it is preferably expected that the format and coding of messages will conform to the 30 aforementioned IEEE standard, other arrangements are feasible. 11 In an exemplary system, the instrumented pads 4 contain several sensors for measurement of dynamic and static vertical loads and shear or lateral forces imposed by the railcar truck and hence by the freight 5 car by the bearing adapters. Conversely, these are the forces which the axles, themselves attached rigidly to the wheels, and subject to track irregularities, are applying to the truck. The exemplary instrumented pads 16 also carry temperature sensors to give an indication 10 of the temperature of the associated bearing, since it is important for safety that a bearing does not become overheated. With reference.again to Figures 1-3, in operation, the microprocessor on an instrumented pad 16 is is normally in a passive, low power state,.but is programmed to switch on briefly, periodically. It gathers readings from each of the sensors and performs preliminary analysis of the readings. The rational for the choice of sampling frequencies and the selection of 20 sensors-to be read is based on the type of behavior being monitored and the particular application. Sampling should be at a frequency several times the highest frequency to be detected from the data. More frequent sampling will gain no further intelligence but 25 increase power consumption. The periodicities of sampling and of reporting are controlled by the data control unit 23. Nevertheless, should the pads detect indications of fault or impending failure, the microprocessor on the pad may be 30 programmed to switch on the radio which it controls and send an appropriate message via the radio to the data 12 control unit 23. An example of such an event could be a sudden increase in temperature. A large voltage spike generated by the power scavenging device may also be used to activate the pads microprocessor if it were 5 then in a low power state. In the absence of such a problem, the pad microprocessor follows its given schedule which would normally result in its being in a low powered state most of the time. The data control unit 23 is intended to serve 10 several purposes. It coordinates the timing of the cyclic testing performed by the instrumented pad microprocessor and the timing of the messages issuing therefrom. As an aggregator of information, it is programmed to compare information from all of the 15 trucks on the railcar and draws inferences from them as to the status of the car, for example, the data control unit uses inference engine techniques to identify unsatisfactory behavior such as swaying, bouncing or even partial derailment. It passes on information from 20 the communications device 24. For example, the communications device 24 may include a means of measurement such as a global positioning system to provide information about vehicle speed which is useful in checking truck behavior such as hunting. This 25 information may also be used to inhibit sensor checks when no'purpose is thereby to be served in order to preserve energy usage. Likewise, if desired, detectors of factors such as ambient temperature and humidity (rain, snow and icing) 30 can be built into the communication device 24 or the data control unit 23 in the distributed inference 13 engine functions for use described below. Additionally, the data control units 23 or the communications device 24 may contain a triaxial accelerometer or rate gyro for triggering certain 5 analysis modes or verifying readings made by the pad and providing information on a variety of car body motions. As a conduit, the data control unit 23 passes messages on to the communications device 24 for onward 10 transmission to the locomotive or to other remote receivers and receives, in turn, for the purpose of its own analysis and distribution to the pads, when appropriate, information or instruction as, for example, from the locomotive or from other remote 15 sources. Alternative configurations for the monitoring system described in Figures 1-3 are illustrated in Figures'5-7. In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, each instrumented pad 16 has its own microprocessor and 20 radio. This arrangement is intended to use a protocol for networking which allows the messages to be passed between pads on their way to and from the digital communications unit 23. In the embodiment.of Figure 6, all of the pads 16 25 from one truck communicate with a single microprocessor and radio unit 24 passing along multi-core cables 27. This minimizes the number of electronic. components at the cost of making a large number of wire connections on the truck. The computational services performed in 30 the microprocessor unit on the truck may be somewhat different from those in the microprocessor unit of 14 Figure 5. In this embodiment, all the analog to digital conversion functions are performed in the microprocessor and any inference functions performed there make assessments for all sensors for all pads on 5 the truck. A further alternative embodiment is shown in Figure 7. In Figure 7, each instrumented pad 16 has its own analog to digital conversion unit which may be incorporated into a microprocessor 28 on the particular 10 pad. Those microprocessors can then communicate with the single data handling unit 25 on the truck and hence to the data control unit 23. As in the configuration of Figure 6, any inferences or data analysis performed at unit 25 takes account of information from all the is sensors on all the pads on the truck. Other options include standard CANBus communication schemes where wired links are used. In addition, CANBus or other standards may be implemented in the event of wide scale implementation of 20 electronically controlled pneumatic brakes potentially providing other options for communication schemes. Communications along the train may be provided in a variety of ways. The WiFi (IEEE802.15.11 standard) may be appropriate for very long freight trains. For 25 communication along passenger trains, Rail Transit Vehicle Interface Standard, IEEE1473-199 would be applicable. Furthermore, it should be noted that, in principle, it would be feasible to let the instrumented 30 pads communicate along the train, passing messages from one freight car to the next. However, for long trains, 15 this causes a message to make many hops which is essentially less reliable than a single, more powerful link from each car to the locomotive or other remote location. Other problems include the likelihood that 5 trains will be reconfigured with freight cars possibly being removed or shuffled or the train being pulled by a locomotive at its opposite end. Any such network depending upon pad-to-pad links from car-to-car would require reconfiguration of the train in marshalling 10 yards. As indicated above, it is a feature of the invention to have appropriate means of addressing and identifying each and every instrumented pad in railcars used in the system. Further, it is necessary that the 15 instrumented pads on trucks on adjacent freight cars, be they on the same train or not, continue to function while within each other's radio range without mutual interference. It must be possible to form trains from any freight cars and to replace a single pad on a truck 20 without having to replace all the other pads on the truck or the freight car. Even if there are no problems to report, it is important that the system provide assurance that it is still functioning properly. The preferred system described herein uses 25 messages initiated by the instrumented pads for this purpose. The alternative of using polling by the data control units to check the status of the instrumented pads requires the pads to switch on and act as receivers at accurately controlled times and for 30 periods which require longer operation at full power than if they are allowed to send messages based on 16 their own timing with the requirement that the data control units is always in a receiving mode. The instrumented pads which are to be mutually interoperable with the corresponding data control units 5 must all use matching frequencies. The aforementioned IEEE802.15.4 standard designates frequencies or channels in each frequency band. For example, in the ISM band, at 2.4 GHz there are 26 channels. There is also a standard for the pattern of messages such that 10 each form a packet of a multiplicity of 8-bit bytes of data wherein each byte has a preassigned meaning. Within this pattern, one byte is assigned for a group number and two bytes are assigned for an address within a group. Another byte is assigned for the type of 15 message which might be interpreted as a command. The associated radio receivers and their controlling microprocessors are designed to ignore messages received from a source in a different group. They do not detect messages on other frequencies then their 20 chosen operating frequencies. However, they can change operating channels (frequency)' under program control. They can act appropriately on messages that belong to their own group. For use on railroads, a larger number of devices than can be covered by the two-byte address 25 will be needed and, furthermore, means has to be provided so that a data control unit can recognize messages from instrumented pads on its own freight car. Instrumented pads have to be able to recognize messages from their own data control unit and both have to be 30 able to tolerate potential interference from instrumented pads and data control units on other 17 nearby freight-cars either in the same train or a passing train. They also have to be able to tolerate potential interference from other devices operating in the same unlicensed band. 5 The identification number or address may be programmed into the electronics module at manufacture. The given address for an instrumented pad may additionally or alternatively be stored in an RFID (radio frequency identification) tag on or embedded 10 into each pad 4. The physical placement of the pad on the truck results in it being near to the trackside. Specifically, it could be on the outer side of the side frame of the truck and, thus, near to any trackside monitoring equipment. That provides the opportunity is for at least the recognition of passing devices by the fixed equipment and, if active RFID tag technology is used, to allow for an alternative communication route from car to central data repository or the owners. The given address may conveniently be visible as a 20 readable number optionally with a barcode for the convenience of users, though the demanding operational environment may make this alternative of limited use. It will be apparent that any addressing scheme which provides sufficient individual addresses or 25 identities may be used. The address of the pad may be made conforming to the extended Internet Protocol (IPv6) addressing scheme, using 6 bytes so that these devices can have their own IP addresses. The preferred embodiment described below can be 30 augmented to use multiple channels (radio frequencies) 18 thereby providing a means of virtually eliminating interference between adjacent cars in a train. The underlying purpose of the invention is to be able to monitor the behavior of all the trucks and 5 bearings and wheels on a train. An alarm message must get through from any railcar to the locomotive or to the remote data handling service as quickly as possible, preferably within a few seconds. However, the burden of transmitting all the data 10 that might be sampled in performing such monitoring is extremely large and, for the most part, detailed data is not significant. Preferably, only the observations which imply some fault or misbehavior are recognized. To reduce the radio traffic to manageable proportions, is the system is designed to process the raw sensor data, looking for signs of trouble and then send only essential indicative information. To this end, a distributed inference engine is used, sharing the essential functions between the microprocessors at the 20 instrumented pads and at the data control unit 23. It is a purpose of this invention to reduce the radio traffic between pads and data control unit so part of the data analysis is done at the pads and only relevant information is transmitted to the data control unit 25 from the pads for further analysis and recognition of faults. In the example system illustrated above', the microprocessors 19 at the instrumented pads 16 take a series of measurements and treat them as a time series. 30 The search algorithms, forming an inference engine, can identify, for example, periodicities and cross 19 correlations in and between time series so that any behavior detectable at pad level will be seen. For instance, hunting of a truck back and forth across the line of the rails, is at a frequency determined by 5 truck geometry and wheel rotation speed. Swaying and rocking of the car is at frequencies dominated by the mass spring systems of suspension and load. To various extents, depending on vehicle design, these irregularities in behavior will be apparent in the 10 changing load and distribution of load in the instrumented pad, which can sense, for example, vertical and shear and braking forces. Wheel irregularities create repetitive patterns of forces at the rotation frequency which can be calculated from is vehicle speed. Track defects can generate large and sudden forces in the wheels, bearings and truck and on to the car and its load. If such behavior is inferred at the instrumented pad and the magnitude is sufficient to cause alarm, 20 relevant attributes and timing (relative to the time of transmission of report) can be passed to the car's data control unit. Given that more than one instrumented pad may report misbehavior, then the components of the 25 inference engine in the data control unit take responsibility for making assessments for the whole truck and ultimately for the freight car. When serious trouble is inferred, then messages are sent via the communications link 23a, 24 to the locomotive, etc. 30 Examples of performance that the system is capable of monitoring include: 20 Bearing temperature - A temperature sensor in instrumented pad 16 monitors relative changes in temperature against other bearings and provides an alarm threshold or long term trends to link to bearing 5 condition. The well-being of a roller bearing can be inferred using either trends or alarm levels, avoiding a potential bearing burn off and possible derailment and providing a direct measurement that can be used to avoid false alarms from wayside hotbox detectors. As a 10 further purpose of this invention, the observations from wayside detectors for temperature and other effects can be compared with those from the on-board system for mutual calibration and verification purposes. 15 Bearing condition - Use a load sensor in the top of instrumented pad 16 to monitor vibrations emitted from the bearing (transmitted through the roller bearing adapter). Specific bearing defects can be inferred from frequency spectrum analysis. Identifying 20 a failing bearing in its early stages is important in preventative maintenance programs. Wheel condition - A load sensor in the instrumented pad to detect high amplitude loads (compared to the background) that repeat periodically 25 (function of wheel diameter and speed) to identify a flat spot or shelled wheel tread. It may also be possible to identify hollow worn wheels using some of the other sensors in the instrumented pad. Monitoring wheel impacts may allow an owner to schedule a wheel 30 change out before it is identified by a trackside Wheel Impact Load Detector resulting in unscheduled 21 maintenance. It may also provide insight into cause of failure. Wheel derailment - Using the same instrumentation as for the Wheel Condition, but looking for a higher 5 frequency and a similar signal from both wheels in the wheel set. Identifying when a wheel set has derailed prevents a possible full derailment and possible catastrophic consequences. Truck Hunting - Using load sensors mounted in the 10 instrumented pad so as to detect longitudinal, lateral and yawing forces, monitor rapidly changing loads (and hence the angle of attack of the wheel set) indicative of axle or truck hunting. By analyzing such loads monitored from both wheel sets on a truck, and both is trucks on a car, truck and axle hunting as well as truck warp can be identified. Additionally by assessing the angle of attack of wheel sets on each truck, high rotational friction caused by binding side bearings or dry center bowls can be identified. 20 Identifying these conditions helps to prevent damage to freight car trucks and lading as well as to the track infrastructure. Car weight - Sum the load measured in all eight instrumented pads on a freight car to determine its 25 weight. Even a coarse measurement (say plus or minus 10% of full load) will provide useful information for those charged with assessing the performance of freight cars and their components. A further benefit comes from detecting load imbalances due to improper loading 30 or shifting in transit. 22 Displaced roller bearing adapter - By monitoring the load in the instrumented pad legs it is possible to identify when a roller bearing adapter has become displaced. This provides information about what caused 5 the displacement as well as drawing attention to an urgent maintenance need to avoid damage to the roller bearing. Brake performance and status - Monitoring the longitudinal forces at an instrumented pad provides 10 information on the force being applied from brake pads to wheels. This can provide insight into braking efficiency (excessively high brake loads indicating brakes may cause wheels to bind, excessively low brake loads indicating the brakes are not working properly. i5 In addition, checking brake status can be used to send an alarm if the train is moved with some of the handbrakes applied. Track defects - Monitoring the vertical loads in the instrumented pads and comparing these between wheel 20 sets gives car owners insight into track defects that may cause damage to freight cars or their lading. While several alternatives have been identified above for the configuration of the devices and for the communication between them the preferred embodiment is 25 described hereinafter. It will be apparent to those familiar with the programming of microcontrollers and the protocols and capabilities of both low power and satellite or cell phone communications that the functions described 30 herein are feasible with existing technology and components. For instance, the Micaz low power motes, 23 made by Crossbow Corp., of Palo Alto, California, with their built-in ChipCon radios can perform the functions of the Pads and of the data control unit. The communications device 24 is a model DS300-RDT made by 5 Stellar-Sat, Inc. That device has significant computing power so that some of the functions ascribed herein to the data control-unit 23 can be performed in the DS300-RDT. Indeed, the two devices may well be combined or their functions shared so that the 10 distinction could become unnecessary. The power source consists of an energy scavenging device, such as a piezoelectric film from Measurement Specialties, Inc., of Hampton, Virginia, together with a charge storage capacitor or a rechargeable battery. 15 The instrumented pads are programmed in manufacture with a group number, a channel number and a unique, extended address which is stored in non volatile memory and matches the data in the RFID tag and barcode if used. With appropriate programming, the 20 number of available addresses for distinct instrumented pads can be increased as much as necessary. The group number serves, as is standard with such IEEE802.15.4 systems, to distinguish this application from any others which might use the same radio 25 frequency (channel). As the pads are installed their extended addresses are read by registrar 23b which is equipped to gather the RFID or barcode data. The user instructs the registrar, by means of its keypad and screen as to 30 which location on the truck and hence on the freight car is occupied by each pad. The registrar is then 24 placed in proximity to the data control unit 23, and using the radio channel, passes the address and location data for the pads on that data control unit's own freight car into the data control unit. s To avoid the use of RFID or barcode means the registrar can alternatively exploit the functionality of the pad and electronics which is programmed always to send out messages whenever it has power available. Those messages, as are explained hereinafter, always 10 contain the extended address of the pad, so that the registrar can gather it when it is close to the pad. This mode of operation has the disadvantage of requiring the pad to be electrically powered for the dialog to take place, which is not convenient if the is pad is to be powered in normal operation by energy scavenging means. If extra means are provided to provide electrical energy, for example, by induction, then the use of the radio communication becomes preferable. 20 The registration of pad data could alternatively be conveyed into the data control unit by other means, such as using the data link 24. In any case, the data is recorded in the data control unit in non-volatile memory so that temporary loss of power does not 25 obligate repeat registration. The process of registration allows tracking of devices throughout the railroad system. Once the pad identities are written in to the data control unit, subsequent transmissions from 30 instrumented pads will be recognized by the data control unit if they emanate from a registered 25 instrumented pad. Likewise subsequent transmissions from the data control unit can be directed to the correct instrumented pads. Irrelevant messages that are picked up from nearby s instrumented pads and data control units are not a problem if they do not collide in time with the desired messages. They can simply be ignored. If they collide, then messages will be corrupted. However, by using the normal IEEE802.15.4 standards for cyclic io redundancy checking of message validity, they will not be recognized and will, therefore, be missed. To minimize this problem, the data control unit manages the timing of messages to and from its own instrumented pads. 35 Initially, instrumented pads will start sending messages at the rate of one a minute or similar rate, just after they are powered. This message, broadcast as if for any recipient, but with the correct group number and on the appropriate channel carries the pad's 20 address as the sender address. This is the only type of message that is sent as a broadcast in this scheme. The pad then waits briefly for a reply. The data control unit, when powered, acts as a receiver so it picks up the message. Because it can recognize the 25 sender address as belonging to one of the pads for which it is responsible, it replies immediately with a message that instructs the pad as to which data gathering task to perform and when (how much later) to report back. The pad is programmed so that any message 30 it receives which uses its own full address is accepted as having come directly or indirectly from its 26 controlling data control unit and automatically sends replies back' to that sender. As a result, the pads will need no further addressing instruction for the rest of their useful lives, since they will 5 automatically take instruction from and report back to whichever device addresses them directly and are near enough. Having received a message from the data control unit, the pad can revert to low power (sleep mode) until it has to perform its next task. 10 This scheme allows pads to stop functioning due to loss of scavenged power and still come back and be connected into their appropriate data control unit when power is restored. The scheme allows a data control unit to be is replaced in the network by giving it the addresses of the pads for which it is responsible. A single pad can be replaced in the network by giving its ID to the appropriate data control unit. The scheme also allows other devices to be 20 operated in the network, as long as they have an associated, proximate data control unit. By the time that all the instrumented pads belonging to a data control unit have had a round of communication, they are on a schedule that brings them 25 up in turn at times 'which the data control unit can anticipate. The instrumented pads are essentially incommunicado in the intervening period to save power. The scheme for scheduling messages in the system deliberately keeps messages from the instrumented pads 30 on a single freight car separate in time, so radio signal collisions are avoided. Because the 27 instrumented pads themselves are only acting as receivers very briefly, the risk of them receiving spurious messages is also small. Because the scheduled radio transmissions from the instrumented pads are very 5 short, e.g., a few milliseconds, compared to the intervening quiet period, the chances of radio signal collisions from adjacent freight cars or other completely independent devices are also low. However, they will eventually occur. The standard approach for 10 the IEEE scheme is that a radio about to send out a signal first goes into receiver mode to see if any other is transmitting on the channel. If so, it delays sending by a random amount of time related to message length. This procedure eliminates most collisions. is If-an expected, scheduled message from an instrumented pad does not arrive within a reasonable time frame, then the data control unit can take a number of different actions. It can sometimes detect that a message was received but was corrupted. Knowing 20 that the sending instrumented pad will be expecting a reply for a while, it can send a message instructing a slight random shift in timing so that if the problem comes from an adjacent freight car, then the next message will very likely get through. 25 Correspondingly, the instrumented pad can repeat its message, out of schedule, if it does not get a reply so that the data control unit, always powered and normally acting as a receiver, will soon pick up the connection and can, as in the initial start-up process, 30 assign a new schedule time for transmission. The data control unit can wait another cycle to see if it was a 28 chance event, it can quiet its other instrumented pads for a while when they call in, so that they do not interfere with transmissions from the missing device. By these and other similar stratagems, the instrumented s pads and data can take steps to restore communications. Eventually, if all these fail, the data control unit will report loss of communication via the messaging link 23a. It is a feature of this invention that the pads 1o never stop trying to make contact with a data control unit so long as they have sufficient power and no external message to a Pad is capable of stopping that process although a long, but not indeterminate, delay before the next report is naturally allowed. 15 With communications established, the data control unit instructs the pads as to which data acquisition task to carry out and when to report back so as to provide information to enable the inferences indicated above to be performed. Such tasks include but are not 20 limited to: measure temperatures, take average forces, deliver'spectral data on lateral or vertical or longitudinal forces, measure vertical forces over cycles at wheel rotation frequency. Each of these measurement sequences corresponds to a particular 25 inference that may be drawn if the data justifies it. For each task a time to wait before reporting back is assigned. For each task a time at which the measurement should be taken is assigned or periodicity is assigned. 30 29 The tasks may require the pads to make intermediate measurements and store them temporarily between radio reporting intervals. These intermediate, timed actions can be undertaken without intervention of s the data control unit. Between such activities, the pads revert to low power sleep mode, provided there is sufficient time to restart, the process results in energy economy. Every report sent back by a pad identifies the 10 task that was requested and the elapsed time since the data in the set was gathered. Every report includes status information (status byte) on the functionality of the pad components especially the sensors. 15 The set of requests includes the option to request reporting received signal strength as a check on communications. The data control unit schedules the reporting times so that the radio transmissions do not conflict 20 with each other. The data control unit can parameterize the data requests with relevant informationsuch as ambient temperature or vehicle speed. The commands, which select the measurement task, can be made location 25 dependent by using the GPS information. The commands can be influenced by the measured accelerations at the data control unit when such facility exists. The data control unit has a default program of measurements to run through, using its pads as data 30 gatherers so that regular assessments of freight car behavior are made in a timely manner. However, this 30 regular pattern can be superseded by commands sent to the data control unit from the central data repository or by command of the owners or operators. The data control unit in its role as information 5 aggregator merges the data from the pads and makes adjustments as necessary for the slightly different times at which the data was reported and gathered. The data control unit then performs the assessments described above for the inference engine to check if 10 the freight car, its trucks or wheels or axles are behaving sufficiently poorly that a report to the central data handling location or owner or operator or locomotive is needed. If so, then the report can be sent. It is important to minimize the data being sent is because the data transmission may be priced by quantity, and there can be many rail cars sending data. Nevertheless, the data control unit will schedule the sending.of an "all's well" message at suitable intervals should nothing be amiss. 20 The rules for assessing freight car performance are designed to be tolerant of missing data, since it will be apparent from the above description of the system that either due to communications difficulties or to the rigors of the environment, components may 25 fail to provide all the requested data. Because this preferred embodiment delegates the initiation of data dialog to the pads, a further advantage is that should some extreme condition occur the pad can send an unsolicited report at any time 30 between scheduled reporting intervals. To minimize data traffic, the same approach is taken in the sending 31 of data from the data control unit to the central data base. For a version of the invention that can take advantage of the choice of several (e.g., 26 in the 2.4 5 GHz band) available operating frequencies, the following additional features are added. The central data control can extract from GPS data sent by the cars, which pairs of cars are actually adjacent. If the cars are reporting communications problems, then 10 one of such a pair can be told by communication, from the center to the car, to switch to another channel. Networks of IEEE802.15.4 devices can be programmed to do frequency hopping by mutual agreement to avoid interference. In the event that communications are 15 lost, such devices will broadcast messages on a sequence of difference frequencies until a response provides the basis for reestablishing communications. Limiting the choice and predefining the sequence of frequencies to be tried expedites the recovery process. 20 The system can also be programmed to provide deliberate changes of frequency by sending the instructions therefor as part of the regular dialog between pads and data control unit. Thus, by the means described, the objectives of 25 the invention are carried out. 32

Claims

1. A monitoring system for monitoring performance criteria of a railcar, said railcar including a car body and a plurality of trucks each carrying one or more wheel sets mounted on said railcar, including: one or more sensing units disposed on the railcar, each of said sensing units including: one or more sensors disposed on said sensing unit, said sensors sensing parameters relevant to the operating performance of said railcar; a computational element disposed on said sensing unit programmed to analyze said sensed parameters to detect indications of faults or impending failures; and a communication element disposed on said sensing unit for transmitting data, wherein said communication element is kept in a passive, low-power state, but is powered on: periodically, to report that said sensing units is operational; or when said computational element has detected an indication of a fault or impending failure.

2. The monitoring system of claim 1 wherein said one or more sensing units are in communication with one or more other of said sensing units and further wherein data transmitted by any one of said sensing units may be relayed by another of said sensing units to a specific location.

3. The monitoring system of claim 2 further including: a data control unit, mounted on said railcar, for receiving data transmitted from one or more of said sensing units, for analyzing said data, and for selectively communicating said data to a receiver located at a location remote from said railcar.

4. The monitoring system of claim 3 wherein said one or more sensing units are all located on the same railcar and further wherein data transmitted by any of said sensing units may be 34 relayed to another of said sensing units before reaching said data control unit.

5. The monitoring system of claim 4 wherein one or more of said sensing units includes a pad disposed between a wheel set and its corresponding truck.

6. The monitoring system of claim 2 further including: a data control unit, mounted on a train of which said railcar is a part, for receiving data transmitted from one or more of said sensing units, for analyzing said data, and for selectively communicating said data to a receiver located at a location remote from said train; wherein said one or more sensing units may be located on multiple railcars and further wherein said specific location to which said data is transmitted is said data control unit.

7. The monitoring system of claim 6 wherein one or more of said sensing units includes a pad disposed between a wheel set and its corresponding truck.

8. The monitoring system of claim 1, further including: a data control unit, mounted on said railcar, for receiving data transmitted from one or more of said sensing units, for analyzing said data, and for selectively communicating said data to a remote receiver; wherein said data control unit programs said computational element on each of said sensing units to control (i) the sampling frequency for each sensor associated with said sensing units; (ii) the periodicity of sampling for each sensor associated with said sensing units; and (iii) how often collected data should be transmitted via said communications element to said data control unit.

9. The monitoring system of claim 8, wherein said data control unit communicates said data to said remote receiver wirelessly. 35

10. The monitoring system of claim 8, wherein said communication element transmits said gathered data wirelessly to said data control unit.

11. The monitoring system of claim 8, wherein said sensing unit may transmit an unsolicited or unscheduled message if said computational element determines that said gathered data is outside an acceptable range for a particular sensed parameter.

12. The monitoring system of claim 3, wherein said data control unit also contains a computational element, further including: a logical inference engine, said logical inference engine deriving inferences regarding the status of said railcar based on data collected by a plurality of sensors located on a plurality of sensing units.

13. The monitoring system of claim 12 wherein said logical inference engine resides in said computational element of said data control unit.

14. The monitoring system of claim 12 wherein said logical inference engine is distributed over said one or more computational elements of said sensing units and said computational element of said data control unit.

15. The monitoring system of claim 12, wherein said data control unit transmits a message to said remote receiver when it determines that said inferred status indicates a problem in the operation or performance of said railcar.

16. The monitoring system of claim 12, wherein said data control unit periodically transmits a status message to said remote receiver when said inferred status indicates that said railcar is operating with acceptable boundaries.

17. The monitoring system of claim 12 wherein said logical inference engine uses information available from outside sources 36 in addition to all data collected regarding said railcar in deriving said inferences regarding the behavior of said railcar.

18. The monitoring system of claim 17 wherein said outside sources are selected from a group consisting of a GPS device, an ambient temperature sensor, a speed sensor, an ambient humidity sensor, an accelerometer and a gyroscope.

19. The monitoring system of claim 8 wherein said sensing units are powered by power elements which generate energy from the motion of said railcars.

20. A method of monitoring performance of interconnected mobile units having bodies supported by wheels, wherein one of said mobile units is a controllable prime mover and the remainder of said units are interconnected to said prime mover, said method including: providing interfacing pads between the wheels and the bodies of the mobile units, said pads having embedded sensors for measuring operational parameters of said mobile units, said pads being programmable to control the sampling frequency for each sensor and the periodicity of sampling for each of said sensors; and providing, on said pads, a computational capability for evaluating said measured operational parameters, and for identifying performance behavior derived from said measured operational parameters considered to be outside of a normal operating range; and communicating to a single location messages identifying the performance behavior to be outside of a normal operating range.

21. A method of monitoring according to claim 20, further including the step of including in the messages communicated to said single location an identification code unique to the mobile unit from which the signals identifying behavior considered to be outside of a normal operating range originate. 37

22. The method of claim 20 wherein said single location is located on said prime mover.

23. A monitoring system for monitoring performance criteria of a railcar, said railcar including a car body and a plurality of trucks each carrying one or more wheel sets mounted on said railcar, including: one or more sensing units disposed on the railcar, each of said sensing units including: one or more sensors integral with said one or more sensing units, said sensors sensing parameters relevant to the operating performance of said railcar; a computational element integral with said sensing unit programmed to analyze said sensed parameters to detect indications of faults or impending failures; and a communication element integral with said one or more sensing units for transmitting data, wherein said communication element is kept in a passive, low-power state, but is powered on: a) periodically, to report that said one or more sensing units is operational; or b) when said computational element has detected an indication of a fault or impending failure.

24. The monitoring system of claim 23 further including: a data control unit, mounted on said railcar, for receiving data transmitted from one or more of said sensing units, for analyzing said data, and for selectively communicating said data to a receiver located at a location remote from said railcar.

25. The monitoring system of claim 24, wherein said data control unit transmits a message to said remote receiver when it determines that said inferred status indicates a problem in the operation or performance of said railcar.

26. The monitoring system of claim 23, further including a power source integral with said one or more sensing units for providing power thereto. 38

27. A monitoring system as claimed in claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings; a method as claimed in claim 20, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings, or a monitoring system as claimed in claim 23, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings. ASF-KEYSTONE, INC. WATERMARK PATENT AND TRADE MARKS ATTORNEYS P30492AU01