EP0970779A2 - Process for laser treating a metallic surface - Google Patents
Process for laser treating a metallic surface Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0970779A2 EP0970779A2 EP99110754A EP99110754A EP0970779A2 EP 0970779 A2 EP0970779 A2 EP 0970779A2 EP 99110754 A EP99110754 A EP 99110754A EP 99110754 A EP99110754 A EP 99110754A EP 0970779 A2 EP0970779 A2 EP 0970779A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- deep
- protective layer
- heights
- fine structure
- valleys
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
- B44C1/22—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching
- B44C1/221—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching using streams of abrasive particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/04—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
- B44C1/22—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching
- B44C1/227—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching by etching
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method in Preamble of claim 1 mentioned type for processing a metallic surface.
- embossing surface of an embossing roller is first produces a silicone cast from a natural template, on the surface of which there is such a negative Deep coarse structure is located, after which by repeated Cast produced a positive of the deep coarse structure the surface of which is covered with a conductive layer is provided, in a galvanic way metallic layer, usually nickel, applied becomes. After the galvanic application process has ended the positive is removed and so the metallic Embossed surface with the negative of the deep coarse structure exposed to the template. It is known afterwards the embossing surface by irradiating particles or etching or the like with a deep fine structure to provide her with such a weariness lend that give the impression of natural leather should.
- DE 196 36 801 A1 is a method of im
- the preamble of claim 1 is known, where a steel band through several treatment chambers is moved in which sandblasters are arranged that are on the surface of the tape material act. Due to the multiple irradiation Irradiation effect increased. A different one Irradiation from the various sandblasting fans does not happen.
- the invention is based on the object The method mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 kind of processing a metallic surface to create with which a product can be shaped, whose Surface in appearance a higher degree of agreement with the natural template.
- the basic idea of the invention is the surface to form an embossed surface with a deep coarse structure and the heights and valleys of the Deep coarse structure with a different deep fine structure, different roughness, too provided, creating a higher level of agreement between the embossed surface and the surface a template, e.g. B. natural leather.
- the method according to the invention first the entire, the deep coarse structure embossed surface with a deep fine structure with a first roughness depth, after which then the one with the deep fine structure with the first Surface provided with a roughness in the area of the valleys of the deep coarse structure with a protective layer which is the embossing surface in the area of the valleys protects if according to a further process step the heights protruding from the protective layer the deep coarse structure by irradiation with particles or etching or the like with a deep fine structure provided with a second roughness depth becomes.
- the embossing surface has its shape according to the invention, where the highs and valleys of the deep coarse structure different deep fine structures, so Roughness or gloss levels.
- the degree of roughness can vary and either the highs can be a deep fine structure with a lower surface roughness than the valleys or the other way around.
- An advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the protective layer over heights and valleys of the deep coarse structure applied away and then the protective layer in Removed area of heights of coarse structure becomes. This removal can be advantageous by wiping or wiping, preferably under Use of an agent softening the protective layer, respectively.
- Fig. 1 shows a small section in section an embossing roller 2, the surface 4 valleys 6 and Heights 8 has.
- a transport medium either air or a liquid
- Particles 12 directed onto the surface 4 the size and nature of these particles so is chosen that that achieved by the radiation Deep fine structure a relatively low roughness Has.
- a protective layer 14 being applied to the surface 4 has been spread over the valleys 6 and Extends heights 8.
- the protective layer can it is a protective lacquer that is sprayed on has been.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the subsequent method step, in which the protective layer 14 in the area the heights 8 has been removed, so that the Protective layer is only in the area of the valleys 6.
- Removing the protective layer from heights 8 can be done by wiping with the help of a Protective layer of softening agents.
- the protective layer 14 in liquid Form by means of a squeegee to be applied when applying sweeps over the heights 8, so that there no material of the protective layer remains.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the further method step, with the coarser particles by means of the nozzle 10 16 are irradiated onto the surface, whereby only the exposed heights 8 and so with be provided with a roughness that has a greater roughness depth has than that in the method step according to Fig. 1 generated roughness over the entire surface.
- Fig. 5 shows the surface 4 after removing the Protective layer from the valleys 6 so that the surface 4 forms an embossed surface with a rough structure with valleys 6 and heights 8 that are in the range of heights is overlaid by a deep fine structure, the Roughness is greater, preferably much greater than that of the deep fine structure in the area of the valleys 6.
- Fig. 6 illustrates the use of the embossing roller 2 for embossing a thermoplastic film 18 under Heat and pressure.
- FIG. 7 shows an enlarged representation of the embossed film 18, the surface 20 of which has a positive of the surface structure of a leather template, while rend the surface 4 of the embossing roller 2 in a known manner represents a negative of the original leather.
- the surface 20 of the film 18 shown in FIG. 7 has a rough structure corresponding to the template made of natural leather, the heights 22 of which have a deep fine structure with a low roughness, so that the heights 22 appear slightly glossy, as is the case with natural leather due to Wear is the case, while in the non-worn valleys 24 the deep fine structure has a greater roughness depth, so that the valleys appear duller than the heights 22.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren der im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 genannten Art zur Bearbeitung einer metallischen Oberfläche.The invention relates to a method in Preamble of claim 1 mentioned type for processing a metallic surface.
Bei einem allgemein bekannten Verfahren zur Erzeugung einer Tiefengrobstruktur in einer metallischen Prägeoberfläche einer Prägewalze wird zunächst von einer natürlichen Vorlage ein Silikonabguß erzeugt, auf dessen Oberfläche sich so ein Negativ der Tiefengrobstruktur befindet, wonach durch nochmaligen Abguß ein Positiv der Tiefengrobstruktur erzeugt wird, dessen Oberfläche mit einer leitfähigen Schicht versehen wird, auf die auf galvanische Weise eine metallische Schicht, in der Regel Nickel, aufgetragen wird. Nach Beendigung des galvanischen Auftragsvorganges wird das Positiv entfernt und so die metallische Prägeoberfläche mit dem Negativ der Tiefengrobstruktur der Vorlage freigelegt. Es ist bekannt, danach die Prägeoberfläche durch Bestrahlen mit Partikeln oder Ätzen oder dergleichen mit einer Tiefenfeinstruktur zu versehen, um ihr so eine Mattheit zu verleihen, die den Eindruck natürlichen Leders vermitteln soll.In a well-known method of generation a deep coarse structure in a metallic The embossing surface of an embossing roller is first produces a silicone cast from a natural template, on the surface of which there is such a negative Deep coarse structure is located, after which by repeated Cast produced a positive of the deep coarse structure the surface of which is covered with a conductive layer is provided, in a galvanic way metallic layer, usually nickel, applied becomes. After the galvanic application process has ended the positive is removed and so the metallic Embossed surface with the negative of the deep coarse structure exposed to the template. It is known afterwards the embossing surface by irradiating particles or etching or the like with a deep fine structure to provide her with such a weariness lend that give the impression of natural leather should.
Es hat sich gezeigt, daß ein mit einer solchen Prägeoberfläche geprägtes Produkt sich so von einem natürlichen Produkt unterscheidet, daß nicht der Eindruck der natürlichen Vorlage vermittelt wird.It has been shown that one with such a Embossed surface embossed product from one natural product differs that not the impression the natural template is conveyed.
Durch DE 196 36 801 A1 ist ein Verfahren der im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 genannten Art bekannt, bei dem ein Stahlband durch mehrere Behandlungskammern bewegt wird, in denen Sandstrahlgebläse angeordnet sind, die auf die Oberfläche des Bandmaterials einwirken. Durch die Mehrfachbestrahlung wird die Bestrahlungswirkung erhöht. Eine unterschiedliche Bestrahlung durch die verschiedenen Sandstrahlgebläse erfolgt nicht.DE 196 36 801 A1 is a method of im The preamble of claim 1 is known, where a steel band through several treatment chambers is moved in which sandblasters are arranged that are on the surface of the tape material act. Due to the multiple irradiation Irradiation effect increased. A different one Irradiation from the various sandblasting fans does not happen.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 genannten Art zur Bearbeitung einer metallischen Oberfläche zu schaffen, mit dem ein Produkt prägbar ist, dessen Oberfläche im Aussehen ein höheres Maß an Übereinstimmung mit der natürlichen Vorlage aufweist.The invention is based on the object The method mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 Kind of processing a metallic surface to create with which a product can be shaped, whose Surface in appearance a higher degree of agreement with the natural template.
Die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe wird durch die im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 angegebene Lehre gelöst.The object underlying the invention will by the specified in the characterizing part of claim 1 Doctrine solved.
Der Grundgedanke der Erfindung besteht darin, die Oberfläche zur Bildung einer Prägeoberfläche mit einer Tiefengrobstruktur und die Höhen und Täler der Tiefengrobstruktur mit einer unterschiedlichen Tiefenfeinstruktur, also unterschiedlicher Rauhtiefe, zu versehen, wodurch ein höheres Maß an Übereinstimmung zwischen der geprägten Oberfläche und der Oberfläche einer Vorlage, z. B. natürliches Leder, erzielt wird. Zu diesem Zwecke wird bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zunächst die gesamte, die Tiefengrobstruktur aufweisende Prägeoberfläche mit einer Tiefenfeinstruktur mit einer ersten Rauhtiefe versehen, wonach dann die mit der Tiefenfeinstruktur mit der ersten Rauhtiefe versehene Oberfläche im Bereich der Täler der Tiefengrobstruktur mit einer Schutzschicht versehen wird, die die Prägeoberfläche im Bereich der Täler schützt, wenn gemäß einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt die aus der Schutzschicht herausragenden Höhen der Tiefengrobstruktur durch Bestrahlen mit Partikeln oder Ätzen oder dergleichen mit einer Tiefenfeinstruktur mit einer zweiten Rauhtiefe versehen wird. Nach Entfernen der Schutzschicht aus den Tälern hat die Prägeoberfläche ihre erfindungsgemäße Gestalt, bei der die Höhen und Täler der Tiefengrobstruktur unterschiedliche Tiefenfeinstrukturen, also Rauhtiefen oder Glanzgrade, aufweisen.The basic idea of the invention is the surface to form an embossed surface with a deep coarse structure and the heights and valleys of the Deep coarse structure with a different deep fine structure, different roughness, too provided, creating a higher level of agreement between the embossed surface and the surface a template, e.g. B. natural leather. For this purpose, the method according to the invention first the entire, the deep coarse structure embossed surface with a deep fine structure with a first roughness depth, after which then the one with the deep fine structure with the first Surface provided with a roughness in the area of the valleys of the deep coarse structure with a protective layer which is the embossing surface in the area of the valleys protects if according to a further process step the heights protruding from the protective layer the deep coarse structure by irradiation with particles or etching or the like with a deep fine structure provided with a second roughness depth becomes. After removing the protective layer from the valleys the embossing surface has its shape according to the invention, where the highs and valleys of the deep coarse structure different deep fine structures, so Roughness or gloss levels.
Nach diesem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren lassen sich im Aussehen unterschiedliche Oberflächeneffekte erzielen. Das Maß der Rauhtiefe kann unterschiedlich sein, und entweder können die Höhen eine Tiefenfeinstruktur mit geringerer Rauhtiefe als die Täler haben oder umgekehrt.Leave by this method according to the invention different surface effects in appearance achieve. The degree of roughness can vary and either the highs can be a deep fine structure with a lower surface roughness than the valleys or the other way around.
Eine vorteilhafte Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens sieht vor, daß die Schutzschicht über Höhen und Täler der Tiefengrobstruktur hinweg aufgetragen und danach die Schutzschicht im Bereich der Höhen der Tiefengrobstruktur entfernt wird. Dieses Entfernen kann in vorteilhafter Weise durch Abwischen oder Abstreichen, vorzugsweise unter Verwendung eines die Schutzschicht erweichenden Mittels, erfolgen.An advantageous embodiment of the invention The procedure provides that the protective layer over heights and valleys of the deep coarse structure applied away and then the protective layer in Removed area of heights of coarse structure becomes. This removal can be advantageous by wiping or wiping, preferably under Use of an agent softening the protective layer, respectively.
Anhand der Zeichnung soll die Erfindung näher erläutert werden.
- Die Fig. 1 bis 5
- verdeutlichen aufeinanderfol gende Schritte des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens,
- Fig. 6
- dient der Erläuterung der Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Prägeoberfläche und
- Fig. 7
- zeigt vergrößert eine Einzelheit aus Fig. 6.
- 1 to 5
- illustrate successive steps of the method according to the invention,
- Fig. 6
- serves to explain the use of the embossing surface and
- Fig. 7
- shows an enlarged detail of FIG. 6.
Fig. 1 zeigt im Schnitt einen kleinen Ausschnitt
einer Prägewalze 2, deren Oberfläche 4 Täler 6 und
Höhen 8 aufweist. Aus einer Düse 10 werden mittels
eines Transportmediums, entweder Luft oder eine Flüssigkeit,
Partikel 12 auf die Oberfläche 4 gerichtet,
wobei die Größe und Beschaffenheit dieser Partikel so
gewählt ist, daß die durch die Bestrahlung erzielte
Tiefenfeinstruktur eine verhältnismäßig geringe Rauhtiefe
hat.Fig. 1 shows a small section in section
an
Fig. 2 entspricht der Darstellung in Fig. 1,
wobei auf die Oberfläche 4 eine Schutzschicht 14 aufgetragen
worden ist, die sich über die Täler 6 und
Höhen 8 hinweg erstreckt. Bei der Schutzschicht kann
es sich um einen Schutzlack handeln, der aufgesprüht
worden ist.2 corresponds to the representation in FIG. 1,
a
Fig. 3 verdeutlicht den nachfolgenden Verfahrensschritt,
bei dem die Schutzschicht 14 im Bereich
der Höhen 8 abgetragen worden ist, so daß sich die
Schutzschicht nur noch im Bereich der Täler 6 befindet.
Das Abtragen der Schutzschicht von den Höhen 8
kann durch Abwischen unter Zuhilfenahme eines die
Schutzschicht erweichenden Mittels erfolgen. Es ist
aber auch möglich, die Schutzschicht 14 in flüssiger
Form mittels einer Rakel aufzutragen, die beim Auftragen
über die Höhen 8 hinwegstreicht, so daß dort
kein Material der Schutzschicht verbleibt.3 illustrates the subsequent method step,
in which the
Fig. 4 verdeutlicht den weiteren Verfahrensschritt,
bei dem mittels der Düse 10 gröbere Partikel
16 auf die Oberfläche aufgestrahlt werden, wobei nur
die frei liegenden Höhen 8 beaufschlagt und so mit
einer Rauheit versehen werden, die eine größere Rauhtiefe
hat als die bei dem Verfahrensschritt gemäß
Fig. 1 erzeugte Rauhtiefe über die gesamte Oberfläche.4 illustrates the further method step,
with the coarser particles by means of the
Fig. 5 zeigt die Oberfläche 4 nach Entfernen der
Schutzschicht aus den Tälern 6, so daß die Oberfläche
4 eine Prägeoberfläche bildet mit einer Grobstruktur
mit Tälern 6 und Höhen 8, die im Bereich der Höhen
von einer Tiefenfeinstruktur überlagert ist, deren
Rauhtiefe größer, vorzugsweise wesentlich größer ist
als die der Tiefenfeinstruktur im Bereich der Täler
6.Fig. 5 shows the
Fig. 6 verdeutlicht die Verwendung der Prägewalze
2 zum Prägen einer thermoplastischen Folie 18 unter
Hitze und Druck.Fig. 6 illustrates the use of the
Fig. 7 zeigt in vergrößerter Darstellung die
geprägte Folie 18, deren Oberfläche 20 ein Positiv
der
Oberflächenstruktur einer Ledervorlage aufweist, wäh
rend die Oberfläche 4 der Prägewalze 2 in bekannter
Weise ein Negativ der Vorlage des natürlichen Leders
darstellt. Somit weist die Oberfläche 20 der in Fig.
7 dargestellten Folie 18 eine Grobstruktur entsprechend
der Vorlage aus natürlichem Leder auf, deren
Höhen 22 eine Tiefenfeinstruktur mit einer geringen
Rauhtiefe aufweist, so daß die Höhen 22 schwach glänzend
erscheinen, wie das bei natürlichem Leder aufgrund
von Abnutzung der Fall ist, während in den
nicht abgenutzten Tälern 24 die Tiefenfeinstruktur
eine größere Rauhtiefe hat, so daß die Täler matter
erscheinen als die Höhen 22.FIG. 7 shows an enlarged representation of the embossed
rend the
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist also die Oberfläche einer Prägewalze herstellbar, mit der eine Folie geprägt werden kann, die ein wesentlich höheres Maß an Ähnlichkeit mit einer Vorlage aus natürlichem Leder hat, als das bei bekannten Prägewalzen der Fall war.With the method according to the invention Surface of an embossing roller can be produced with which one Foil can be embossed, which is a much higher one Level of similarity to a natural template Leather is the case with known embossing rollers was.
Claims (2)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
characterized by
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19830215 | 1998-07-07 | ||
DE19830215A DE19830215C1 (en) | 1998-07-07 | 1998-07-07 | Process for processing a metallic surface |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0970779A2 true EP0970779A2 (en) | 2000-01-12 |
EP0970779A3 EP0970779A3 (en) | 2002-10-16 |
EP0970779B1 EP0970779B1 (en) | 2003-10-01 |
Family
ID=7873160
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99110754A Expired - Lifetime EP0970779B1 (en) | 1998-07-07 | 1999-06-04 | Process for treating a metallic surface |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6352646B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0970779B1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9902545A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2273773A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE19830215C1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2209281T3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2679402A1 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-01 | Hueck Rheinische GmbH | Method for producing a surface structure with a pressurized water jet |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110007453A1 (en) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-13 | Chen-Feng Hsieh | Method for forming a concavo-convex textured structure on a housing of an electronic device and related structure |
CN105751078B (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2019-04-05 | 苏州市永通不锈钢有限公司 | The surface treatment technique for stainless steel of accurate control roughness |
CN105666338B (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2019-04-02 | 苏州市永通不锈钢有限公司 | The surface treatment technique for stainless steel that roughness accurately controls |
JP7139650B2 (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2022-09-21 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | decorative material |
CN109955636A (en) * | 2019-04-24 | 2019-07-02 | 苏州星泽激光科技有限公司 | Laser carving etch process |
CN114103543B (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2023-05-30 | 云浮市创美石材有限公司 | Leather face stone and preparation method thereof |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3537955A1 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-05-07 | Moleda Modische Leder Accessoi | Embossing roller for the embossing of textile materials |
EP0800802A2 (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1997-10-15 | Sulzer Orthopädie AG | Metallic implant having a surface and method of producing the surface |
DE19636801A1 (en) * | 1996-09-11 | 1998-04-02 | Klaus Bodo Maier | Method for producing matt surface finish on stainless steel sheet |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATE219344T1 (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 2002-07-15 | Sulzer Orthopaedie Ag | METAL IMPLANT HAVING A SURFACE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SURFACE |
-
1998
- 1998-07-07 DE DE19830215A patent/DE19830215C1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-06-04 ES ES99110754T patent/ES2209281T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-04 EP EP99110754A patent/EP0970779B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-07 CA CA002273773A patent/CA2273773A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-22 US US09/337,397 patent/US6352646B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-06 BR BR9902545-0A patent/BR9902545A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3537955A1 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-05-07 | Moleda Modische Leder Accessoi | Embossing roller for the embossing of textile materials |
EP0800802A2 (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1997-10-15 | Sulzer Orthopädie AG | Metallic implant having a surface and method of producing the surface |
DE19636801A1 (en) * | 1996-09-11 | 1998-04-02 | Klaus Bodo Maier | Method for producing matt surface finish on stainless steel sheet |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2679402A1 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-01 | Hueck Rheinische GmbH | Method for producing a surface structure with a pressurized water jet |
WO2014000879A1 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-03 | Hueck Rheinische Gmbh | Method for producing a surface structure using a water-jet device |
CN104245349A (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-12-24 | 许克莱茵有限公司 | Method for producing a surface structure using a water-jet device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR9902545A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
EP0970779A3 (en) | 2002-10-16 |
DE19830215C1 (en) | 2000-02-03 |
ES2209281T3 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
CA2273773A1 (en) | 2000-01-07 |
EP0970779B1 (en) | 2003-10-01 |
US6352646B1 (en) | 2002-03-05 |
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