EP0954658B1 - Gegen harte stösse widerstandsfähiges verbundmaterial - Google Patents

Gegen harte stösse widerstandsfähiges verbundmaterial Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0954658B1
EP0954658B1 EP98900276A EP98900276A EP0954658B1 EP 0954658 B1 EP0954658 B1 EP 0954658B1 EP 98900276 A EP98900276 A EP 98900276A EP 98900276 A EP98900276 A EP 98900276A EP 0954658 B1 EP0954658 B1 EP 0954658B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
matrix
reinforcement
mpa
article according
reinforcing
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EP98900276A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0954658A1 (de
Inventor
Hans Henrik Bache
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composhield A/shavrevaenget 3 Dk-9500 Hobro
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Aalborg Portland AS
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05G—SAFES OR STRONG-ROOMS FOR VALUABLES; BANK PROTECTION DEVICES; SAFETY TRANSACTION PARTITIONS
    • E05G1/00—Safes or strong-rooms for valuables
    • E05G1/02—Details
    • E05G1/024—Wall or panel structure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/04—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate against air-raid or other war-like actions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/06—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of high bending resistance, i.e. of essentially three-dimensional extent, e.g. lattice girders
    • E04C5/0636—Three-dimensional reinforcing mats composed of reinforcing elements laying in two or more parallel planes and connected by separate reinforcing parts
    • E04C5/064—Three-dimensional reinforcing mats composed of reinforcing elements laying in two or more parallel planes and connected by separate reinforcing parts the reinforcing elements in each plane being formed by, or forming a, mat of longitunal and transverse bars
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a shaped article which is capable of resisting impact, including high velocity impact and other high energy impact.
  • a number of impact challenges such as attacks with projectiles, shells, grenades, missiles and bombs, have as their main purpose to penetrate and/or damage the objects which they are aimed at.
  • Another class of potentially damaging impact is accidental events such as gas explosions, vehicle (ships, aeroplanes, cars, etc.) collision, impact occurring during earthquakes, and the accidental dropping of articles, e.g. in the offshore industry.
  • Another type of impact is impact processing, such as impact hammering, explosion shaping, etc.
  • Another type of impact occurs in connection with quarrying of stone. For example, large pieces of stone may fall onto trucks or other machinery, and high energy impacts of this type can cause extensive damage.
  • Impact challenges also occur in the form of high energy impact from e.g. explosives.
  • bank vaults must be able to withstand an explosive impact of this type.
  • the behaviour of materials is in many ways fundamentally different from the behaviour under slow static influences - often resulting, inter alia, in fatal failure or destruction of the articles in question, even where the articles have very high load bearing capacity under static conditions.
  • the behaviour of materials is in many ways also fundamentally different from the behaviour under influence from high energy blasts - also resulting, inter alia, in fatal failure or destruction of the articles in question, even where the articles have very high load bearing capacity also under high energy blast conditions.
  • the present invention provides such articles.
  • the articles of the invention can be designed to provide protection or resistance under influences where known art materials would fail or would be vastly inferior, in particular high energy impact such as high velocity impact.
  • EP 010777 discloses very strong and dense composite cement-based composite materials prepared from Portland cement, inorganic solid silica dust particles, fibres, a concrete superplasticizer and water, the composite materials having a large content of silica dust particles and superplasticizer and a small water content, e.g. typically 10-30% by volume of silica dust particles based on the volume of the cement and silica dust, 1-4% by weight of superplasticizer dry matter based on the weight of the cement and silica dust, and a water/powder weight ratio of 0.12-0.30 based on the weight of the cement, silica dust and possible other fine powder present.
  • WO 87/07597 discloses a compact reinforced composite (CRC) material based on a combination of a rigid, dense and strong matrix comprising a base matrix corresponding to the composite materials described in EP 010777 and EP 042935 which is reinforced with a high content of relatively fine fibres and which is further reinforced with a high content of main reinforcement, e.g. in the form of steel bars, wires or cables, to result in a novel composite material which is both strong and rigid as well as ductile.
  • CRC compact reinforced composite
  • GB 2 262 950 also describes the use of lacing for blast-resistant concrete structures which are capable of withstanding the detonation of explosive charges and generators of high instantaneous energy levels which are propagated via shock waves.
  • the possibility of using the lacing reinforcement together with high-strength concrete is mentioned, but only for high-strength concrete with limited strength, only suggesting using plasticising agents if necessary.
  • This indicates that the high-strength concrete suggested has limited strength within the high-strength interval, because for obtaining high-strength concrete with a very high strength, then it is absolutely necessary and not only optionally necessary to use plasticisers and not only plasticisers but super-plasticisers.
  • the technical paper mentioned above the publication does not address the problem of providing an impact-resistant structure, but only deals with blast-resistance.
  • One aspect of the present invention represents a further development of the CRC concept mentioned above, enabling the production of materials that are extremely strong and durable under both static and dynamic conditions, and which also show extremely high impact resistance.
  • the present invention relates in general to impact-resistant articles which are based on a combination of a hard, but fracture-ductile matrix and a three-dimensional reinforcement which is internally tension interlocked in at least one dimension.
  • Articles according to the invention are unique in showing high strength, rigidity and ductility in all three directions and showing, upon being subjected to a large load, high strength, toughness and rigidity, as well as the capability of absorbing high energy with retention of a substantial degree of internal coherence, also under exposure to high-velocity or high-energy impact.
  • the invention can be characterized as a shaped article, at least one domain of which has a three-dimensionally reinforced composite structure, the composite structure comprising a matrix and a reinforcing system, wherein the matrix is prepared from a submatrix comprising fine particles having a size of 0.5-100 ⁇ m, ultrafine particles having a size of from 50 ⁇ to less than 0.5 ⁇ m, a dispersing agent and water, said fine particles comprising cement particles, the ultrafine particles comprising microsilica particles and the dispersing agent comprises a concrete superplasticizer, and said matrix having a compressive strength of at least 80 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of at least 40 GPa, and a fracture energy of at least 0.5 kN/m, and wherein the reinforcing system comprising a plurality of bodies embedded in the matrix and extending three-dimensionally in first, second and third dimensions therein, the reinforcing system being tension interlocked in at least one dimension in that reinforcement components extending in the first and
  • the present invention relates in particular to shaped articles that exhibit improved performance under dynamic conditions. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the shaped articles of the invention, the volume proportion of the reinforcing bodies in the reinforced composite structure is at least 2%, the volume proportion in any specific direction being at least 0.5%. Preferably, the volume proportion of the reinforcing bodies is at least 4% and the volume proportion in any specific direction is at least 0.75%, and more preferably the volume proportion of the reinforcing bodies is at least 6% and the volume proportion in any specific direction is at least 1%.
  • the number of reinforcing components in the reinforced composite structure domain will typically be at least 3, preferably at least 5, in any of the first, second and third dimensions of an arbitrary rectangular reference coordinate system in the reinforced composite domain.
  • the ultimate strain of the reinforcing bodies is at least 2%. However, when the reinforcing bodies have a tensile strength between 200 and 300 MPa then the ultimate strain should be at least 20%, and when the reinforcing bodies have a tensile strength between 301 and 400 MPa, then the ultimate strain should be at least 15%.
  • the reinforcement systems in the articles according to the invention may be configured in many different ways, such as will be explained in the following, but characteristic to them all is a three-dimensional grid, network or lattice of reinforcement (which may have many different configurations as explained in the following) in which matrix material as a "continuous phase” is dispersed in the interstices of the "lattice", which also normally and preferably constitutes "a continuous phase".
  • Characteristic to the present invention is the fact that the reinforcement system comprises components which extend in all three dimensions, and that the concentration of reinforcement in any particular direction is above the above-stated minimum value.
  • the reinforcement system in at least one direction, is internally “tension interlocked”, which means that at least in that direction, the reinforcement system counteracts separation in that direction.
  • tension interlocked does not necessarily mean that the reinforcement in question is under tension under static conditions, but rather that when the material is exposed to tension forces that tend to separate the interlocked components of the reinforcement in question from each other, the tension interlocking provided by the transverse reinforcement components resists the separation, even under conditions of heavy destruction where matrix might fail. This is explained in greater detail in connection with the drawings.
  • This feature plays an essential role in the high velocity impact resistance achieved by the present invention: Take as an example (with reference to Fig. 11, which is discussed in greater detail below) a large 20 cm thick panel or plate with 20% by volume of reinforcement in the plane of the panel consisting of five layers of heavy steel bars arranged perpendicular to each other and interconnected by means of 3.1% by volume of transverse reinforcement fixing each individual steel bar in the top layer with a corresponding individual steel bar in the bottom layer. This reinforcement is embedded in and tightly fixed to a strong, stiff and fracture-ductile cement-based matrix.
  • the shaped article does not necessarily have the reinforced composite structure throughout the article, but that one or several domains which fulfil the criteria stated above may be present together with domains which do not conform to the criteria.
  • a bank vault where a domain having the defined reinforced composite structure is hidden within a wall which has a different exterior.
  • the reinforcing system (the "main reinforcement") will typically be made from bars, e.g. several layers of bars, with bars within a layer being arranged parallel to each other, the direction of the bars in one layer typically being perpendicular to the bars in the adjacent layer or layers. It is also possible to have layers of the reinforcement consisting of perforated plates, possibly with other layers being, e.g., bars or rods.
  • the transverse components may be bars or rods bent around the outer layers of the main reinforcement, or other configurations, such as illustrated in the drawings. It is also possible for the transverse components to be integrated parts of one reinforcement body, e.g. where the reinforcement body consists of several perforated plates at a (transverse) distance from each other joined together with transverse rods welded to the plates in such a manner that they give a strong tension interlocking.
  • reinforcing components in a given dimension may be a part of a single reinforcing body.
  • a reference herein to a number of reinforcing components in a given dimension need not be equivalent to the same number of independent (i.e. non-connected) reinforcing bodies. See e.g. Fig. 10 and the accompanying description below for an illustration of this principle.
  • the transverse reinforcement components tension interlock reinforcement components of opposite outermost planes or surfaces of the reinforcement, so that the reinforcement system as a whole resists separation in the transverse direction.
  • the reinforcing system may be tension interlocked in more than one dimension. This may be done according to the same principles described above, using e.g. rods bent around rods perpendicular thereto, or wires/cables. Another interesting possibility is to have adjacent longitudinal rods combined in a hairpin-like configuration around and enclosing the outer layers of rods perpendicular thereto. While this is not tension interlocking proper, it is an interesting further enhancement of the reinforcing system where a transverse tension interlocking is already present.
  • the matrix material is relatively strong, stiff and resistant to fracturing, such as appears from the above minimum criteria.
  • the matrix material has a compressive strength of at least 100 MPa, preferably at least 150 MPa, more preferably at least 200 MPa, more preferably at least 250 MPa and most preferably at least 300 MPa.
  • the modulus of elasticity of the matrix material is preferably at least 60 GPa, more preferably at least 80 GPa, and still more preferably at least 100 GPa.
  • the fracture energy of the matrix material is in particular at least 1 kN/m, preferably at least 2 kN/m, more preferably at least 5 kN/m, more preferably at least 10 kN/m, more preferably at least 20 kN/m, and more preferably at least 30 kN/m.
  • the reinforcing bodies combined with the strong, stiff and fracture-resistant matrix are characterized by a combination of a high tensile strength and sufficiently high ultimate strain, and are present in a high volume in the matrix in any particular direction of the matrix, which means that in any cross section layer in any direction taken within the matrix domain, the volume concentration fulfils the criteria stated. It is most advantageous that the strength and strain parameters are higher than the minimum stated above.
  • the reinforcing bodies have a tensile strength of at least 700 MPa, preferably at least 1000 MPa, more preferably at least 1500 MPa, more preferably at least 2000 MPa, more preferably at least 2500 MPa, and more preferably at least 3000 MPa.
  • the ultimate strain of the reinforcing body or bodies is preferably at least 4%, more preferably at least 6%, more preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 15%, more preferably at least 20%, and more preferably at 30%.
  • These strong reinforcing bodies or components are preferably present in a high volume concentration in the reinforced composite structure domain, e.g. typically at least 6% by volume as mentioned above, with a genuine three-dimensionality expressed by a volume concentration of at least 1% in any specific direction of the domain.
  • the volume proportion of the reinforcing bodies in the domain which has the reinforced composite structure is at least 8%, preferably at least 10%, such as at least 15%, e.g. at least 20%, such as at least 25%, e.g.
  • the volume proportion of the reinforcing body or bodies in any specific direction of the domain is at least 2%, e.g. at least 5%, e.g. at least 10%, such as at least 15%.
  • the volume concentration of the reinforcement should, of course, not be concentrated in a single reinforcement component.
  • the number of reinforcing body components in the reinforced composite structure domain is at least 8, such as at least 15, e.g. at least 20, in any of the first, second and third dimensions of an arbitrary rectangular reference coordinate system in the reinforced composite domain.
  • the matrix material of the shaped articles of the invention may be prepared by methods known as such in the art; for some of the matrix materials, more detailed descriptions of their preparation are given herein.
  • Important examples of matrices which are useful for the purpose of the invention are matrices comprising particles and fibres held together by a binder, in particular ceramics-based materials, cement-based materials, plastics-based and glass-based materials.
  • Particularly interesting materials are metal-based materials and cement-based materials. The latter types of materials comprise the materials disclosed in the above-mentioned patent references.
  • the content of matrix particles and fibres in the matrix should be at least 50% by volume, e.g. at least 60% by volume, e.g. at least 70% by volume, e.g. at least 80% by volume, such as at least 85% or 90% by volume, and the content of fibres in the matrix should be at least 1% by volume, e.g. at least 2% by volume, e.g. at least 3% by volume, such as at least 5% or 10% by volume.
  • the matrix when the matrix is prepared from a submatrix comprising fine particles having a size of 0.5-100 mm (e.g. cement particles), ultrafine particles having a size of from 50 ⁇ to less than 0.5 ⁇ m (e.g. microsilica particles), a dispersing agent (e.g. a concrete superplasticizer) and water, the content of fine particles and ultrafine particles in the submatrix should be at least 50% by volume, e.g. at least 60% by volume, e.g. at least 65% by volume, e.g. at least 70% by volume, such as at least 75% or 80% by volume, and the content of matrix particles and fibres in the matrix should be at least 30% by volume, e.g. at least 40% by volume, e.g. at least 50% by volume, e.g. at least 55% by volume, e.g. at least 60% by volume, e.g. at least 65% by volume, such as at least 70% or 75% by volume.
  • the combination of the matrix material with the main reinforcement should be performed under conditions which ensure maximum density and homogeneity of the matrix material tightly fixed to the reinforcement.
  • the matrix material is introduced by casting in a mould in which the reinforcing system has been pre-arranged, the homogeneous distribution of the matrix material in all interstices in the reinforcement and in excellent contact with the reinforcement preferably being aided by vibration or combined vibration and pressure, such as described in the above-mentioned WO 87/07597.
  • Articles according to the present invention can be made in sizes from small articles such as machine parts through sizes of the order of a meter or meters length and breadth up to even very large sizes with very thick walls of more than 30 cm, such as more than 50 cm or at least 75 cm or at least one meter or even more.
  • Such very large, thick-walled structures are suitable, e.g., for encapsulation of nuclear power stations.
  • the shaped articles of the present invention are typically in the form of e.g. plates, sheets, walls or portions thereof, etc., the surfaces of which can, as indicated above, be planar or irregular, e.g. curved or angled in one or more dimensions.
  • the main reinforcement will typically follow substantially, i.e. more or less parallel with, the surfaces, while the transverse reinforcement typically will extend more or less perpendicular to the surfaces.
  • Fig. 1 shows an article according to the invention with main reinforcement comprising three layers of reinforcing bars 4,5 extending in a first dimension X (perpendicular to the plane of the paper) and two layers of reinforcing bars 2 extending in a second dimension Y.
  • Reinforcing bars 4 in the two outer layers of bars in the X dimension are tension interlocked by means of transverse reinforcing bars 6 which extend in a third dimension Z substantially perpendicular to the planes defined by the reinforcing bars 2 and the reinforcing bars 4,5, respectively, and which wind around reinforcing bars 4 in the upper and lower layers.
  • the article shown in Fig. 1 can e.g. have a total thickness of 200 mm, reinforced with main reinforcing bars 2,4,5 of deformed steel 25 mm in diameter and with a transverse reinforcing bar 6 located at 100 mm intervals in the X dimension to tension interlock reinforcing bars 4.
  • the reinforcement structure may in addition comprise further reinforcing bars (not shown) between the reinforcing bars 6 but offset 50 mm in the Y dimension, thereby providing tension interlocking of those reinforcing bars 5 which are not shown in this figure as being interlocked with the transverse reinforcing bars 6.
  • Fig. 2 shows another reinforcing structure similar to that shown in Fig. 1, although in Fig. 2 the structure contains multiple layers of reinforcing bars 2 extending in the first dimension and multiple layers of reinforcing bars 4 extending in the second dimension, with transverse reinforcing bars 6 extending in the third dimension and winding around the outer layers of reinforcing bars 4 to provide tension interlocking of the reinforcing structure.
  • Fig. 3 shows another reinforcing structure with multiple layers of reinforcing bars extending in a first dimension (not shown) and multiple layers of reinforcing bars extending in a second dimension (8, 10, 12, 14; other layers not shown).
  • the transverse reinforcement consists of 3 different layers of transverse reinforcing bars which together cooperate to interlock the outer layers of reinforcing bars 8 and 14.
  • transverse reinforcing bar 16 interlocks reinforcing bar layers 8 and 10 (together with the bars, not shown, extending in the first and second dimensions and lying between bar layers 8 and 10)
  • transverse reinforcing bar 18 interlocks reinforcing bar layers 10 and 12 (together with the bars, not shown, extending in the first and second dimensions and lying between bar layers 10 and 12)
  • transverse reinforcing bar 20 interlocks reinforcing bar layers 12 and 14 (together with the bars, not shown, extending in the first and second dimensions and lying between bar layers 12 and 14).
  • Figs. 4 and 5 show examples of reinforcing structures e.g. as described with reference to Fig. 1 or 2 from above.
  • the two figures show different examples of the placement of the transverse reinforcing bars 6 which wrap around and interlock the reinforcing bars 4.
  • Figs. 6 and 7 shows examples of different types of transverse reinforcement suitable for interlocking reinforcing bars.
  • the transverse reinforcement has a substantially round cross-section and is in the form of a thick circular wire/bar or a substantially circular cable formed from a multiplicity of wires.
  • the transverse reinforcement has a rectangular cross-section and is in the form of a solid rectangular bar or a rectangular bar comprising a multiplicity of wires.
  • Figs. 8 and 9 show examples of perforated plates designed to provide tension interlocking to a series of bars extending through the holes in the plates.
  • the plate contains a multiplicity of circular holes, each of which is adapted to have a single bar extend through the hole.
  • the plate contains a multiplicity of oblong holes, each of which is adapted to have two or more bars extend through the hole.
  • Fig. 10 shows an example of the transverse reinforcement in the form of a single bent plate or sheet containing a multiplicity of series of aligned holes, each series of aligned holes being designed to accommodate a single reinforcing bar.
  • the bent plate or sheet further defines a series of upper and lower bays 22, 24, each of which is adapted to hold a reinforcing bar.
  • the transverse reinforcement thus holds a single layer of reinforcing bars extending in a first dimension through the aligned holes and two layers of reinforcing bars extending in a second dimension through the upper and lower bays 22, 24.
  • the matrix in the shaped articles of the present invention may be prepared from a number of different types of materials, including cement-based materials and metallic materials.
  • Metallic matrices in shaped articles according to the invention may be based on metal such as aluminium, copper, tin, lead, etc. or alloys such as aluminium alloys.
  • the reinforcement will typically be of a material with a substantially higher strength than the strength of the matrix metal or alloy, e.g. steel with a tensile strength of at least 700 MPa and preferably as high as e.g. 3000 MPa.
  • the reinforcement in the case of a metal or alloy matrix should also have a substantially higher melting point and recrystallisation temperature than that of the matrix material.
  • a preferred metal for the matrix of the present invention will often be aluminium or an alloy thereof, aluminium being preferred because it has a number of advantageous properties.
  • aluminium and alloys thereof are used by way of example to illustrate metal matrix based composites according to the invention, with high-quality alloy steel as an example of a suitable reinforcing material.
  • Metal matrices based on aluminium meet to a substantial degree the general material requirements for matrix materials of the invention, e.g. in terms of rigidity (about 70 GPa), modulus of elasticity, fracture energy (about 10-30 kN/m)and compressive strength (200 MPa or more). Aluminium also has a relatively high tensile ductility: 5-30% for aluminium alloys and 50% for pure aluminium.
  • Aluminium and alloys thereof also have other properties that make them desirable for use in articles according to the invention, for example a low density which is about 1/3 the density of steel.
  • the relatively low - but not excessively low - melting point of aluminium also makes aluminium and alloys thereof interesting for a number of applications. This allows e.g. processing by casting, possibly pressure casting, under conditions that allow the use of high quality reinforcement, e.g. high quality alloy steel, without or with only minimal thermal damage to the reinforcement during casting.
  • the melting point of aluminium is significantly lower than that of e.g. steel, it is nevertheless sufficiently high (660°C for pure aluminium) to ensure good performance over a broad temperature range.
  • Articles according to the invention with unique mechanical properties compared to articles of similar shape but made of monolithic high-quality steel, and with a density of only about 40-70% of that of steel, are suitable for use in e.g. cars, ships and planes to reinforce and protect against collision impact.
  • Metal matrices according to the invention may, however, also be based on materials having characteristics different from those of aluminium and aluminium alloys.
  • "soft" matrices based on tin, tin alloys, lead or lead alloys may be of interest for uses in which a large tensile ductility is desired.
  • the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength may be somewhat lower than that which is otherwise required for articles of the invention (e.g. as set forth in claim 1), as long as this is balanced by a very high tensile ductility.
  • Such materials may thus be characterised by a compressive strength of at least 15 MPa, preferably at least 25 MPa, more preferably at least 35 MPa, still more preferably at least 50 MPa, most preferably at least 80 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of at least 10 GPa, preferably at least 15 GPa, more preferably at least 25 GPa, most preferably at least 40 GPa, and a tensile ductility of at least 0.2 kN/m, preferably at least 0.3 (30%), more preferably at least 0.4, more preferably at least 0.5, more preferably at least 0.7, most preferably at least 0.8.
  • Another interesting aspect of the invention relates to shaped articles with metal- or alloy-based matrices in which the matrix materials provide the articles with specific nonmechanical properties such as high or low thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, etc.
  • a type of shaped article of particular interest is one whose matrix has a large resistance against radioactive radiation, e.g. a matrix based on lead.
  • any shaped article according to the invention including those with metal matrices as described above as well as cement-based matrices as described below, it is of particular interest to include in the matrix strong particles, fibres or whiskers, e.g. Al 2 O 3 particles, SiC whiskers or steel fibres.
  • materials of which such strong particles, fibres or whiskers may be composed are carbides, oxides, nitrides, silicides, borides, metals and graphite, including TiC, ZrC, WC, NbC, AIN, TiN, BN, Si 3 N 4 , MgO, SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , tungsten, molybdenum and carbon.
  • a metal matrix such as an aluminium or aluminium alloy based matrix
  • another presently preferred matrix is a cement-based matrix prepared from cement, typically Portland cement or refractory cement, ultrafine particles, in particular ultrafine silica dust particles (microsilica), fibres, a dispersing agent, in particular a concrete superplasticizer, and water.
  • EP 010777 discloses strong and dense cement-based composite materials containing a matrix of ultrafine silica particles (A) of a size of from 50 ⁇ to 0.5 ⁇ m homogeneously arranged to fill the voids between densely packed fine particles (B) of a size of 0.5-100 ⁇ m, at least 20% and typically at least 50% of the particles B being Portland cement particles.
  • the amount of ultrafine silica particles A in the matrix is quite large, i.e. in the range of 5-50% by volume, typically 10-30%, based on the total volume of particles A+B.
  • the material is further characterized by a very low water/powder ratio, i.e.
  • the fibres may e.g. be selected from metal fibres, including steel fibres, mineral fibres, including glass fibres, asbestos fibres and high temperature fibres, Kevlar fibres, carbon fibres, and organic fibres, including plastic fibres.
  • the fibres may also comprise e.g. fibres or whiskers of silicon carbide, boron, graphite or alumina.
  • metal fibres in particular steel fibres
  • other types of fibres in particular high strength fibres such as Kevlar fibres or silicon carbide fibres or whiskers, may also be used.
  • Kevlar fibres or silicon carbide fibres or whiskers may also be used.
  • the mixture of the various components normally appears unusually dry due to the relatively small amount of water which is used, and mixing must therefore be performed for an extended period of time compared to conventional concrete mixes in order to obtain a mix with a fluid to plastic consistency and with the desired dense packing of the particles B with the ultrafine silica particles A in the voids between the densely packed particles B.
  • the aggregate used in cement-based matrixes of this type is a strong aggregate as described in EP 042935.
  • the strong aggregate may be described as comprising particles having a size of 100 ⁇ m - 0.1 m and a strength corresponding to at least one of the following criteria:
  • strong aggregate particles examples include topaz, lawsonite, diamond, corundum, phenacite, spinel, beryl, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, granite, andalusite, staurolite, zircon, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, alumina and bauxite.
  • a preferred strong aggregate material is refractory grade bauxite.
  • a preferred matrix for the shaped articles of the present invention is in particular one which makes use of the principles described in WO 87/07597.
  • this reference discloses a compact reinforced composite (CRC) material comprising a base matrix corresponding to the composite materials described in EP 010777 and EP 042935, this base matrix being reinforced with a high content of relatively fine fibres and further reinforced with a high content of main reinforcement in the form of e.g. steel bars, wires or cables.
  • CRC compact reinforced composite
  • the CRC structure may be described as a shaped article in which the article itself, the matrix comprising the main reinforcement or the base matrix has a high stiffness in any direction as defined by at least one of the following criteria:
  • the CRC structure When the CRC structure has a cement-based matrix, it provides a material with a strength like that of structural steel, while at the same time providing the advantages of a composite material. This allows the achievement of various desirable properties not available with materials such as steel, for example chemical resistance, and further allows the construction of large, massive structures for which conventional materials such as steel or conventional reinforced concrete are unsuitable.
  • the main principle upon which the CRC structure is based is thus the combination of a relatively large amount of heavy main reinforcement embedded in a fibre-reinforced matrix which is strong and very rigid, but also very ductile in spite of the fact that the cement-based base matrix material per se is hard and brittle.
  • the CRC materials thus function in a similar manner to conventional reinforced concrete, i.e.
  • the pressure load is predominantly carried by the fibre-reinforced matrix and the tensile load is predominantly carried by the main reinforcement, the fibre-reinforced matrix transferring forces between the components of the main reinforcement.
  • Such CRC materials with their unique combination of a strong base matrix and a high content of main reinforcement, are able to resist much greater loads than conventional steef-reinforced concrete and are therefore suitable for a wealth of applications for which conventional reinforced concrete is unsuitable.
  • the CRC materials described in WO 87/07597 show a unique combination of strength, rigidity and ductility and are well-suited for very large load-bearing structures. However, they do not include the tension interlocked main reinforcement which is a key feature of the hard impact resistant composites of the present invention.
  • transverse reinforcement in the form of short, straight bars is discussed at pages 67-70 of WO 87/07597 in connection with plates designed for resistance to explosion or impact with strongly concentrated loads, in order to obtain an even better performance under such conditions. It is worth noting, however, that the only type of transverse reinforcement that is suggested is in the form of very short (length 100 mm) straight bars placed perpendicular to main reinforcing bars (cf. Figs. 17b and 46 of this document).
  • the approximate compressive strength of a matrix material can be determined by surface penetration measurements in which a hard object is pressed into the material.
  • the approximate modulus of elasticity can for example be determined using acoustic measurements or oscillation measurements.
  • the conversion to standard values is performed taking into consideration the effect of the reinforcement as well as known or estimated relationships between the results of measurements performed in this manner and the results of measurements performed using standard test methods.
  • the tensile strength and ultimate strain of the reinforcing bodies can be determined using conventional tensile tests with a slowly increasing load, typically according to standard procedures for the reinforcement in question. Although it is possible to perform measurements on reinforcement that has been mechanically removed from a shaped article prepared according to the invention, determination of reinforcement properties will preferably be performed on separate reinforcing bodies of the same type as those used in the shaped article in question.
  • Measurements on shaped articles according to the invention, or on matrix materials or reinforcing bodies used for such shaped articles, will typically be performed at ambient temperature, i.e. typically at about 20°C.
  • This example describes articles according to the invention, namely 5 plates each having outer dimensions of 1500 x 1500 x 200 mm.
  • the example shows:
  • the reinforcement is as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the articles contain main reinforcement arranged in 2 dimensions in the plane of the plates in the form of straight bars of deformed steel ("kamstal") with a diameter of 25 mm with 3 layers of bars in the X direction and 2 in the Y direction.
  • the distance between the reinforcing bars in both the X and Y direction is 50 mm, referring to the distance between the centres of the bars (in other words 25 mm between the edges of the bars).
  • the main reinforcement is spatially bound together by transverse reinforcement which functions in the transverse direction of the plates.
  • the transverse reinforcement consists of long deformed steel bars with a diameter of 10 mm which are bent as shown in Fig. 1 with straight parts and curved parts, the curved parts having a curve radius of about 25 mm.
  • the transverse reinforcement at the top winds closely around the upper reinforcing bars and at the bottom around the lower bars ("top” and “bottom” here being with reference to the top and bottom planes of the plates during production thereof).
  • the curved transverse reinforcing bars hold each of the reinforcing bars in the 100 mm layer of main reinforcement (100 mm between the centre of the top and bottom bars) together.
  • This arrangement is obtained with the transverse reinforcing bars arranged so that every other transverse reinforcing bar is offset 50 mm in the Y direction. This ensures the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 where all of the top and bottom reinforcing bars are intimately connected.
  • the vertical parts of the transverse reinforcing bars between the top and bottom reinforcement are oriented substantially perpendicular to the plane of the plates, in other words substantially in the Z direction.
  • the deformed steel reinforcing bars for both the main reinforcement (25 mm diameter) and the transverse reinforcement (10 mm diameter) has a stated yield value of above 410 MPa.
  • the yield stress is estimated to be 500-510 MPa, the rupture stress (tensile strength) 610 MPa, and the strain at rupture 25% in the rupture zone measured on a length 10 times the diameter and 14% outside the rupture zone.
  • the matrix material fills substantially the space limited by 1) the finished article's outer spatial dimensions, in other words corresponding to the internal dimension in boxes measuring 1500 x 1500 x 200 mm internally, and 2) the reinforcement described above, which substantially fills the space defined by these dimensions. (Estimated trapped air: at the most 1-2% by volume.)
  • the matrix is prepared from:
  • the volume proportions are: bauxite particles 51.6% steel fibres 4.0% binder 30% water 14.4%.
  • the binder is an extremely strong, hard and dense material formed by solidification of a material prepared from cement particles (median size about 10 ⁇ m) (the “fine particles”) and microsilica (median size 0.1-0.2 ⁇ m) (the “ultrafine particles”) arranged in a very homogeneous and very dense configuration with liquid (water containing dissolved dispersing agents) substantially filling the space between the densely packed fine and ultrafine particles.
  • the "submatrix" containing cement, microsilica and superplasticizer contains approximately 79% by weight of cement, 20% by weight of microsilica and 1% by weight of superplasticizer.
  • a part of the cement and some of the microsilica form a chemical compound with the liquid, thereby forming a strong, dense "glue” which binds the non-chemically reacting parts in a very dense and strong structure.
  • the "glue” which is formed (mainly calcium silicate hydrates) fills a substantially larger volume than the volume of the dry matter which has been reacted. This results in a very dense solid structure with a very small internal porosity, i.e. a porosity substantially less than the porosity of the material before the chemical reaction.
  • the matrix was prepared by mixing together INDUCAST 6000 GT from Densit A/S (Aalborg, Denmark), bauxite 5-8 mm, steel fibres and water.
  • the mix composition of the complete matrix was: INDUCAST 6000 GT, 1486.24 kg; bauxite, 1023.63 kg; water, 142.72 kg; steel fibres, 307.09 kg.
  • the mixing was performed in a large forced action mixer for 7-8 minutes for each of the 5 plates of 1500 x 1500 x 200 mm. Dry mixing without fibres was performed for about 2 min, followed by addition of water and mixing for about 10 min and then addition of fibres and additional mixing for about 5 min. Casting took place on a vibration table using vibration. Hardening of the plates took place in a "hot tent" covered with plastic, at a temperature of about 40°C for 7 days.
  • the hardened matrix material has the following properties (estimated values based on the inventor's previous experience with the same type of matrix material): compressive strength 225-250 MPa modulus of elasticity 60-80 GPa static 70-90 GPa dynamic fracture energy 15-30 kN/m density 2900 kg/m3
  • Shaped articles in the form of plates prepared as described above were subjected to a test to determine their ability to resist high velocity impact of a non-exploding armour-piercing shell with a steel tip.
  • the shell had a diameter of 152 mm, a weight of 47 kg and an impact speed of 482 m/sec. (It is interesting to note that although the shell was non-exploding, it did in fact contain 2.5 kg of explosive at the back of the shell, but no detonator, and it was found that the explosive upon impact was thrown backwards about 100 m).
  • the test arrangement is shown in Fig. 11.
  • This article was shot in the centre with the armour-piercing shell fired from a cannon at a distance of 100-200 m.
  • cement based plates with the same dimensions and placed in the same arrangement with 5 plates fastened together were tested in the same manner.
  • These control plates were prepared from a very strong and dense cement-based material corresponding to that which is described above with reference to EP 010777. They contained about 3-5% by volume of steel fibres, of which some had lengths of 6-12 mm and some had lengths of up to 40 mm, and 20-30% of aggregate comprising bauxite particles as well as larger (up to about 16 mm) particles of granite.
  • the control plates did not contain a steel bar reinforcement, but they were prepared using a square steel frame at the edges of the plates.
  • the control plates despite being of a material which is extremely strong and durable under normal, static conditions, showed "normal" behaviour with very extensive damage after being hit by the shell.
  • the first plate had a very large hole in it, and material from this plate was expelled backwards to the side and up.
  • the second plate was even more damaged than the first, with the sides being pushed out and the upper approximately 1/5 of the plate being blown away.
  • the steel frame surrounding the plates was blown to pieces.
  • the projectile stopped in the back of the third plate, which also suffered extensive damage.
  • Plate 4 was also damaged, although less so than the other plates.
  • Plate 5 had a partial hole, with a cone shaped piece pushed out and back a distance of about 20 cm, and with 4 large cracks extending from the centre towards the corners, the cracks having openings of about 5 cm.
  • the composite block composed of plates according to the invention suffered only a minimal amount of damage as a result of this high velocity impact.
  • the 47 kg shell which had a length of about 0.5 m, penetrated only the first 2 plates, where it ended being lodged with about 8 cm of the back end extending out of the first plate.
  • the article was essentially undamaged despite the extremely large amount of energy carried by the shell upon impact.
  • the damage of the matrix in the immediate vicinity of the impact consisted of surface damage of matrix material lying outside the reinforcement, this damage extending to a depth of about 10-20 mm and having a diameter of about 30-40 cm.
  • the plates were not subjected to impact testing, but this example illustrates the possibility, in relation to Example 1, to upscale or downscale the size of the shaped articles prepared according to the invention.
  • Fig. 12 shows a very strong, tough and hard article made from an extremely strong and tough DSP material whose matrix includes Al 2 O 3 rich particles of a size of 1-4 mm and 4% by volume of steel fibres, the article being reinforced with about 25% by volume of strong steel bars (deformed steel) with a diameter of 25 mm, the distance between the centres of two adjacent bars in the same dimension being 50 mm.
  • the article is composed of 5 individual plates, each having a thickness of 200 mm. Such plates are extremely strong under static conditions, e.g.
  • Fig. 13 shows a cross section of an extremely strong and tough reinforced cement-based plate according to the prior art.
  • This plate is formed from a strong and tough DSP material with very strong aggregate particles (Al 2 O 3 rich sand) and a high volume concentration of strong fine fibres (6% by volume of steel fibres 0.15 x 6 mm with a tensile strength of 2900 MPa).
  • These plates contained about 20% by volume of main reinforcement (deformed steel bars, diameter 16 mm) in the plane of the plates.
  • the plates contained in addition transverse reinforcement in the form of 100 mm long deformed steel bars with a diameter of 10 mm in the Z (transverse) direction for each 40 mm in the X and Y directions, 7% by volume.
  • transverse reinforcing bars were connected to the main reinforcement above by welding and resulted in a significant positive effect in experiments under static conditions.
  • Figs. 14 and 15 show schematically two different reinforcing systems according to the present invention and how these systems react under high velocity impact
  • Figs. 16-18 show examples of prior art reinforcing systems and how these react under high velocity impact.
  • Figs. 14 and 15 show cross sections of reinforcement according to the invention with a top layer of main reinforcement 1 and a bottom layer of main reinforcement 2.
  • main reinforcement 1 shows a top layer of main reinforcement 1 and a bottom layer of main reinforcement 2.
  • main reinforcement 2 shows a top layer of main reinforcement 1 and a bottom layer of main reinforcement 2.
  • This example shows the effects of subjecting the various plates or plates shown to a momentary high velocity impact from above, e.g. by means of an explosive as described in Example 4.
  • the pressure impulse is reflected at the bottom side in a tension impulse which creates a lower zone 3 moving downward at a high speed.
  • the zone 3 would be flung away from the upper part in the absence of the transverse reinforcement 4 according to the invention, which ensures that the reinforcing system is mechanically interlocked, in this case with respect to influences perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
  • the upper reinforcing bars 1 are individually fixed to individual lower reinforcing bars 2 by the tension-based interlocking of the transverse reinforcement 4. This means that failure of the article only can take place after the transverse reinforcement 4 has been broken in tension.
  • a complete mechanical fixation of the intermediate reinforcing layers (not shown) is also obtained (e.g. as shown in Fig. 1).
  • Figs. 14a and 15a show the situation before the lower zone 3 has moved relative to the upper zone.
  • Figs. 14b and 15b show the situation shortly after the explosion, when the lower zone 3 has moved the maximum amount relative to the upper zone.
  • the matrix material has failed in Figs. 14b and 15b, resulting in the formation of cracks or openings 5, but the interlocking transverse reinforcement 4 prevents total failure of the article by holding the upper main reinforcement 1 and the lower main reinforcement 2 together in tension.
  • the transverse reinforcement 4 has thus become longer (and thinner) than was the case in Figs. 14a and 15a.
  • the prior art plates shown in Figs. 16-18 also contain upper and lower layers of main reinforcing bars together with transverse reinforcement 6,7,8, but the transverse reinforcement does not provide effective mechanical tension interlocking of the main reinforcing bars in the respective systems.
  • Figs. 16 and 17 the transverse reinforcement does not provide any mechanical interlocking of the main reinforcement.
  • the matrix fails in these systems (shown in Figs. 16b and 17b)
  • the transverse reinforcement provides no additional coherence for the article, and the result is total failure.
  • Fig. 17b where the transverse reinforcement is in the form of straight bars, there is even the risk that the transverse reinforcement can be dangerous, since these transverse bars 9 can be "shot out" of the article by the pressure impulse, as described in Example 4.
  • Fig. 18 the transverse reinforcement 8 provides a certain mechanical interlocking of the upper and lower main reinforcing bars, but this is not tension-based interlocking.
  • the transverse reinforcement fails upon bending, and this typically takes place at impact effects which are orders of magnitude smaller than that which can be tolerated by the tension-based interlocking reinforcement of the present invention.
  • Figs. 18a-18e show successively an increasing degree of failure of the transverse reinforcement by bending of the bottom part of the transverse reinforcement, which in the beginning is curved around the lower reinforcing bar, until the bottom part of the transverse reinforcement has essentially lost its curvature and thus lost its grip on the bottom reinforcing bar. At this point, Fig. 18e, the result is a total failure of the material.

Claims (22)

  1. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand, von dem zumindest ein Bereich zumindest eine dreidimensional bewehrte Verbundstruktur aufweist, die eine Grundmasse aus hochfestem Beton und ein Bewehrungssystem umfaßt, wobei das Bewehrungssystem eine Vielzahl von Körpern (2, 4, 5, 6) umfaßt, die in der Grundmasse eingelassen sind und sich in dieser dreidimensional in erste, zweite und dritte Dimensionen erstrecken, und das Bewehrungssystem in zumindest einer Dimension dadurch auf Zugspannung ineinandergehakt ist, dass sich in der ersten und/ oder der zweiten Dimension erstreckenden Bewehrungselemente (4) mit Bewehrungselementen (4), die sich in die (den) gleiche(n) Dimension(en) jedoch in querverlaufendem Abstand davon erstrecken, auf Zugspannung ineinandergehakt sind mittels querverlaufender Bewehrungselemente (6), die sich in einer Dimension quer zu einer Ebene oder Fläche, die durch die Bewehrung in der ersten und/ oder zweiten Dimension definiert ist, erstrecken,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Volumenverhältnis der verstärkenden Körper in der bewehrten Verbundstruktur mindestens 2%, das Volumenverhältnis in einer beliebigen speziellen Richtung mindestens 0,5% beträgt und die verstärkenden Körper eine Zugfestigkeit von mindestens 200 MPa, vorzugsweise mindestens 400 MPa aufweisen;
    und dadurch, dass die Grundmasse aus einer Ausgangsgrundmasse hergestellt ist, die feine Partikel mit einer Größe von 0,5 bis 100 µm, ultrafeine Partikel mit einer Größe von 50 Å bis weniger als 0,5 µm, ein Dispergierungsmittel und Wasser enthält, wobei die feinen Partikel Zementpartikel, die ultrafeinen Partikel hochdisperse Kieselsäure und das Dispergierungsmittel einen erstklassigen Betonverflüssiger umfassen, und die Grundmasse eine Druckfestigkeit von mindestens 80 MPa, einen Elastizitätsmodul von mindestens 40 GPa und eine Bruchenergie von mindestens 0,5 kN/m besitzt.
  2. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 1, bei dem das Volumenverhältnis der verstärkenden Körper in der bewehrten Verbundstruktur mindestens 4%, das Volumenverhältnis in einer beliebigen speziellen Richtung mindestens 0,75% beträgt.
  3. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 2, bei dem das Volumenverhältnis der verstärkenden Körper in der bewehrten Verbundstruktur mindestens 6%, das Volumenverhältnis in einer beliebigen speziellen Richtung mindestens 1% beträgt.
  4. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Anzahl der Bewehrungselemente im Bereich der bewehrten Verbundstruktur in einer beliebigen der ersten, zweiten und dritten Dimension eines willkürlichen rechtwinkligen Bezugskoordinatensystems im Bereich des bewehrten Verbundwerkstoffs mindestens 3, vorzugsweise mindestens 5 beträgt.
  5. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Bruchstauchung der verstärkenden Steifen mindestens 2% mit dem Vorbehalt beträgt, dass, wenn die verstärkenden Körper eine Zugfestigkeit zwischen 200 und 300 MPa besitzen, die Bruchstauchung dann mindestens 20% beträgt, und wenn die verstärkenden Körper eine Zugfestigkeit zwischen 301 und 400 MPa besitzen, die Bruchstauchung dann mindestens 15% beträgt.
  6. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die querverlaufenden Bewehrungselemente auf Zugspannung mit Bewehrungselementen von gegenüber liegenden, ganz außen oder im wesentlichen ganz außen liegenden Ebenen oder Flächen der Verstärkung ineinanderhaken, wobei jede der im wesentlichen ganz außen liegenden Verstärkungsebenen oder -flächen durch Bewehrungselemente gebildet ist, die sich in der ersten und/ oder zweiten Dimension erstrecken.
  7. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 6 mit Bewehrungselementen in der Form von Stäben, die sich in der ersten und der zweiten Dimension erstrecken, wobei zumindest Stäbe der ganz außen liegenden, entgegengesetzten Ebenen oder Flächen der Bewehrung durch querverlaufende Bewehrungselemente, die sich in der dritten Dimension erstrecken, auf Zugspannung ineinandergehakt sind, wobei die querverlaufenden Bewehrungselemente z.B. die Form von Stäben, Bändern, Kabeln oder Drähten aufweisen.
  8. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 6, umfassend Bewehrungselemente in der Form von Stäben, die sich in der ersten und oder zweiten Dimension erstrecken, wobei zumindest Stäbe der ganz außen liegenden Ebenen oder Flächen der Bewehrung in zumindest einer Richtung auf Zugspannung ineinandergehakt sind, indem sie in Perforierungen oder durchlöcherten Platten, die sich in der zweiten und dritten Dimension erstrecken, befestigt sind.
  9. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Werkstoff der Grundmasse eine Druckfestigkeit von mindestens 100 MPa, vorzugsweise mindestens 150 MPa, besser mindestens 200 MPa, besser mindestens 250 MPa und am besten mindestens 300 MPa aufweist.
  10. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Werkstoff der Grundmasse einen Elastizitätsmodul von mindestens 60 GPa, vorzugsweise mindestens 80 GPa und besser mindestens 100 GPa aufweist.
  11. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Werkstoff der Grundmasse eine Bruchenergie von mindestens 1 kN/m, vorzugsweise mindestens 2 kN/m, besser mindestens 5 kN/m, besser mindestens 10 kN/m, besser mindestens 20 kN/m und besser mindestens 30 kN/m aufweist.
  12. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die verstärkenden Körper eine Zugfestigkeit von mindestens 700 MPa, vorzugsweise mindestens 1 000 MPa, besser 1 500 MPa, besser mindestens 2 000 MPa, besser mindestens 2 500 MPa und besser mindestens 3 000 MPa aufweisen.
  13. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Bruchstauchung der verstärkenden Körper mindestens 4%, vorzugsweise mindestens 6%, besser mindestens 10%, besser mindestens 15%, besser mindestens 20% und besser mindestens 30% beträgt.
  14. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem das Volumenverhältnis der verstärkenden Körper in dem Bereich, der die bewehrte Verbundstruktur aufweist, mindestens 8%, vorzugsweise mindestens 10%, besser mindestens 15%, besser mindestens 20% sowie mindestens 25%, z.B. mindestens 30% beträgt, und das Volumenverhältnis der verstärkenden Körper in einer beliebigen speziellen Richtung des Bereichs mindestens 2%, vorzugsweise mindestens 5%, z.B. mindestens 10% sowie mindestens 15% beträgt.
  15. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Anzahl der Bewehrungselemente im Bereich der bewehrten Verbundstruktur mindestens 8 sowie mindestens 15, z.B. mindestens 20, in einer beliebigen der ersten, zweiten und dritten Dimension eines willkürlichen rechtwinkligen Bezugskoordinatensystems im Bereich des bewehrten Verbundwerkstoffs beträgt.
  16. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Grundmasse durch ein Bindemittel zusammengehaltene Grundmassepartikel und Fasern umfasst, wobei der Gehalt von Grundmassepartikeln und Fasern in der Grundmasse mindestens 50 Vol.%, z.B. mindestens 60 Vol.%, z.B. mindestens 70 Vol.%., z.B. mindestens 80 Vol.% sowie mindestens 85 oder 90 Vol.% beträgt, und der Gehalt von Fasern in der Grundmasse mindestens 1 Vol.%, z.B. mindestens 2 Vol.%, z.B. mindestens 3 Vol.% sowie mindestens 5 oder 10 Vol.% beträgt.
  17. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 16, bei dem die Grundmasse weiter eine starke Anhäufung enthält, die Partikel mit einer Größe von 100 µm - 0,1 m und eine Festigkeit aufweist, die zumindest einem der folgenden Kriterien entspricht:
    1) einem Verdichtungsdruck von
    über 30 MPa bei einem Verdichtungsgrad von 0,70;
    über 50 MPa bei einem Verdichtungsgrad von 0,75; und
    über 90 MPa bei einem Verdichtungsgrad von 0,80
    wie es bei einachsigem Warmpressen von anfänglich lose gepackten Partikeln des Werkstoffs mit einem im wesentlichen 4 nicht überschreitenden Größenverhältnis zwischen dem größten und dem kleinsten Partikel festgesetzt ist.
    2) eine 7 überschreitende Mohs'sche Härte (bezieht sich auf das die Partikel bildende Mineral), und
    3) eine 800 überschreitende Härte nach Knoop mit Eindringkörper (bezieht sich auf das die Partikel bildende Mineral).
  18. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 17, bei dem die Partikel der starken Anhäufung aus Topas, farblosem Lievrit, Diamant, Korund, Phenakit, Spinell, Beryll, Chrysoberyll, Turmalin, Granit, Hartspat, Staurolith, Zirkon, Borkarbid, Wolframkarbid, Siliziumkarbid, Tonerde und Bauxit ausgewählt sind.
  19. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 15, wobei die Grundmasse auf einem Metall oder einer Legierung basiert.
  20. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach Anspruch 19, bei dem die Grundmasse auf Aluminium oder einer Aluminiumlegierung basiert.
  21. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die verstärkenden Körper aus der Gruppe ausgewählt sind, die aus Stäben, Kabeln, Drähten und Platten besteht.
  22. Durchschlagfester Formgegenstand nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die verstärkenden Körper Stahlkörper umfassen.
EP98900276A 1997-01-13 1998-01-13 Gegen harte stösse widerstandsfähiges verbundmaterial Expired - Lifetime EP0954658B1 (de)

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CA2276285A1 (en) 1998-07-16
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ES2175654T3 (es) 2002-11-16
DE69804936D1 (de) 2002-05-23
AU5478698A (en) 1998-08-03
DK0954658T3 (da) 2002-08-12
CA2276285C (en) 2007-05-22

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