EP0945882B1 - Low noise relay - Google Patents

Low noise relay Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0945882B1
EP0945882B1 EP99105690A EP99105690A EP0945882B1 EP 0945882 B1 EP0945882 B1 EP 0945882B1 EP 99105690 A EP99105690 A EP 99105690A EP 99105690 A EP99105690 A EP 99105690A EP 0945882 B1 EP0945882 B1 EP 0945882B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
relay according
connecting conductors
housing
terminals
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99105690A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0945882A2 (en
EP0945882A3 (en
Inventor
Peter Ritter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TE Connectivity Solutions GmbH
Original Assignee
Tyco Electronics Logistics AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tyco Electronics Logistics AG filed Critical Tyco Electronics Logistics AG
Publication of EP0945882A2 publication Critical patent/EP0945882A2/en
Publication of EP0945882A3 publication Critical patent/EP0945882A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0945882B1 publication Critical patent/EP0945882B1/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
    • H01H50/18—Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature
    • H01H50/30—Mechanical arrangements for preventing or damping vibration or shock, e.g. by balancing of armature
    • H01H50/305—Mechanical arrangements for preventing or damping vibration or shock, e.g. by balancing of armature damping vibration due to functional movement of armature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/02—Bases, casings, or covers
    • H01H2009/0278—Casings containing special noise reduction means, e.g. elastic foam between inner and outer casing

Definitions

  • connection conductors are made of very soft material, their own noise transmission is reduced, but in this case the connection conductors can not stably hold the inner housing at a distance from the outer housing. There is therefore the danger that the inner housing, for example, after external shocks at least on one side rests on the outer housing and transmits the switching noise directly to the outer housing.
  • EP 0 838 829 A2 which is an earlier filed application with respect to a noise reduced relay, a gap between an inner casing and an outer casing of the relay is filled with an amorphous insulating insulating material having a high internal friction, wherein the Insulating material is powdered or made of permanently elastic material.
  • a pulverulent insulating material is introduced into the intermediate space through an inner opening via a nozzle.
  • the aim of the present invention is to develop a relay with a double-walled housing structure according to the type mentioned so that the noise transmission to the outside is further reduced and that this noise reduction is also reliably maintained.
  • insulating material is thus arranged in the intermediate space between the inner housing and the outer housing in the form of an intermediate cap, so that the inner housing can not come into contact with the outer housing on either side.
  • the connecting conductors which are preferably designed as strands, can be so soft that they also do not transmit vibrations.
  • the intermediate cap itself is preferably made of elastomer.
  • the end sections of the connecting conductors are preferably held in passages of a damping frame.
  • a damping plate which is also made of elastomer or a similar material, ensure the distance between the inner housing and the outer housing.
  • the outer housing preferably consists of an outer cap and a base.
  • the base own external connections, for example in the form of tabs, which are anchored in the material of the base by embedding or insertion.
  • these external terminals are then connected to the ends of the connecting conductors, which can be done with conventional joining techniques, preferably by welding. Further embodiments are specified in the subclaims.
  • the tabs 7, which are injected in the present example in the material of the base 5, are connected via flexible connecting conductors in the form of strands 8 with the inner terminals 3, which extend substantially along the outside of the inner housing 1. They are each bent at one end 8a in the region of the inner terminal side 2 at right angles to the inner terminals 3 and connected thereto, for example soldered. With their opposite ends 8b, which are compressed like the first-mentioned ends 8a, the strands 8 are guided by a damping frame 9, bent at the bottom and connected with angled connecting tabs 7a of the tabs 7, preferably welded.
  • the damping frame 9 is also made of elastic plastic, preferably an elastomer. This damper frame 9 holds during mounting the strands 8 in the desired position and also prevents the transmission of vibrations to the outer housing, ie on the Sokkel.
  • an intermediate cap 10 is placed, which consists of elastic plastic, preferably elastomer, and ensures a predetermined distance and a sound decoupling between the inner housing 1 and the outer cap 4.
  • the intermediate cap 10 has recesses 11 in the region of the inner connections 3, so that no vibrations are transmitted in this area as well.
  • it has in the region between the inner terminals 3 each to the inner housing projecting lugs 12 which press on the connection side 2 of the inner housing.
  • These lugs 12 opposite also a damping plate 13 is provided in the area between the external terminals or within the damping frame 9, which also consists of elastomer or other elastic plastic.
  • the inner housing of the relay is clamped after the engagement of the outer cap 4 to the base 5 between the elastic lugs 12 and the elastic damping plate 13; it is held in this way on all sides at a distance from the outer housing, but decoupled with respect to the transmission of sound vibrations.
  • the intermediate cap 10 has on its inner side projecting reinforcing ribs 14 which each extend between the individual connecting conductor 8. They prevent the strands or individual stranded fibers touching each other and could cause a short circuit.
  • resistors 15 are shown, which can be connected in parallel with the relay coils.
  • upstanding ribs 16 are formed on the base, which have slots 17 for receiving the resistor terminals 15a.
  • the terminals 15a are welded in a known manner on tabs 7a of the tabs 7.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein schallreduziertes Relais

  • mit einem Innengehäuse, aus welchem Innenanschlüsse durch eine Innen-Anschlußseite austreten,
  • mit einem Außengehäuse, aus welchem Außenanschlüsse durch eine zur Innen-Anschlußseite entgegengesetzte Außen-Anschlußseite austreten, und
  • mit flexiblen Verbindungsleitern, welche sich zwischen den jeweiligen Seitenwänden des Innengehäuse und des Außengehäuses erstrecken und die Innenanschlüsse mit jeweils zugehörigen Außenanschlüssen verbinden.
The invention relates to a sound-reduced relay
  • with an inner housing from which internal connections exit through an inner connection side,
  • with an outer case from which external terminals exit through an inner terminal side opposite outer terminal side, and
  • flexible connection conductors extending between the respective sidewalls of the inner housing and the outer housing, and connecting the inner terminals to their respective outer terminals.

Zur Dämpfung der Schaltgeräusche eines Relais ist bereits verschiedentlich vorgeschlagen worden, ein in einem Innengehäuse gekapseltes Relais in ein zusätzliches Außengehäuse einzusetzen und die elektrischen Anschlüsse zwischen Innengehäuse und Außengehäuse über mehr oder weniger flexible Leitungen zu verbinden. Derartige Ausführungsformen sind beispielsweise aus der JP-03-127 424 A bekannt. Dabei besteht allerdings das Problem, daß die Geräuschübertragung vom Innengehäuse zum Außengehäuse nur unzureichend verhindert werden kann. Wenn nämlich die flexiblen Verbindungsleiter als verhältnismäßig stabile Blechbänder ausgeführt sind, können sie zwar das Innengehäuse allseitig mit Abstand zum Außengehäuse festhalten, doch übertragen sie selbst einen relativ hohen Anteil des Geräusches. Werden diese Verbindungsleiter jedoch aus sehr weichem Material hergestellt, so reduziert sich zwar ihre eigene Geräuschübertragung, doch können die Verbindungsleiter in diesem Fall das Innengehäuse nicht stabil im Abstand von dem Außengehäuse festhalten. Es besteht deshalb die Gefahr, daß das Innengehäuse, beispielsweise nach äußeren Stößen zumindest an einer Seite am Außengehäuse anliegt und das Schaltgeräusch direkt auf das Außengehäuse überträgt.To dampen the switching noise of a relay has already been variously proposed to use encapsulated in an inner housing relay in an additional outer housing and to connect the electrical connections between the inner housing and outer housing over more or less flexible lines. Such embodiments are known, for example, from JP-03-127 424 A. However, there is the problem that the noise transmission from the inner housing to the outer housing can be prevented only insufficient. In fact, if the flexible connecting conductors are designed as relatively stable metal bands, they can indeed hold the inner housing on all sides with a distance to the outer housing, but they themselves transmit a relatively high proportion of the noise. However, if these connection conductors are made of very soft material, their own noise transmission is reduced, but in this case the connection conductors can not stably hold the inner housing at a distance from the outer housing. There is therefore the danger that the inner housing, for example, after external shocks at least on one side rests on the outer housing and transmits the switching noise directly to the outer housing.

In EP 0 838 829 A2, bei der es sich um eine ältere, nachveröffentlichte Anmeldung mit Bezug auf ein geräuschreduziertes Relais handelt, wird ein Zwischenraum zwischen einem Innengehäuse und einem Außengehäuse des Relais mit einem amorphen, isolierenden Dämmwerkstoff mit hoher innerer Reibung gefüllt, wobei der Dämmwerkstoff pulverförmig oder aus dauerelastischem Material hergestellt ist. Insbesondere wird in den Zwischenraum durch eine Innenöffnung über eine Düse ein pulverförmiges Dämmmaterial eingefüllt.In EP 0 838 829 A2, which is an earlier filed application with respect to a noise reduced relay, a gap between an inner casing and an outer casing of the relay is filled with an amorphous insulating insulating material having a high internal friction, wherein the Insulating material is powdered or made of permanently elastic material. In particular, a pulverulent insulating material is introduced into the intermediate space through an inner opening via a nozzle.

Ziel der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Relais mit einem doppelwandigen Gehäuseaufbau entsprechend der eingangs genannten Art so weiterzubilden, daß die Geräuschübertragung nach außen weiter reduziert wird und daß diese Geräuschverminderung auch zuverlässig beibehalten wird.The aim of the present invention is to develop a relay with a double-walled housing structure according to the type mentioned so that the noise transmission to the outside is further reduced and that this noise reduction is also reliably maintained.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dieses Ziel gemäß den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 erreicht.According to the invention, this object is achieved according to the features of claim 1.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Konstruktion ist also in dem Zwischenraum zwischen dem Innengehäuse und dem Außengehäuse Dämm-Material in Form einer Zwischenkappe angeordnet, so daß das Innengehäuse an keiner Seite mit dem Außengehäuse in Berührung kommen kann. Die Verbindungsleiter, die vorzugsweise als Litzen ausgebildet sind, können dabei so weich sein, daß sie ebenfalls keine Schwingungen übertragen. Die Zwischenkappe selbst besteht vorzugsweise aus Elastomer. Im Bereich der offenen Seite der Zwischenkappe werden die Endabschnitte der Verbindungsleiter vorzugsweise in Durchführungen eines Dämpfungsrahmens gehalten. Vorzugsweise kann zusätzlich in dem Raum zwischen den Enden der Verbindungsleiter bzw. den Außenanschlüssen eine Dämpfungsplatte, die ebenfalls aus Elastomer oder einem ähnlichen Stoff besteht, den Abstand zwischen dem Innengehäuse und dem Außengehäuse sicherstellen.In the construction according to the invention, insulating material is thus arranged in the intermediate space between the inner housing and the outer housing in the form of an intermediate cap, so that the inner housing can not come into contact with the outer housing on either side. The connecting conductors, which are preferably designed as strands, can be so soft that they also do not transmit vibrations. The intermediate cap itself is preferably made of elastomer. In the region of the open side of the intermediate cap, the end sections of the connecting conductors are preferably held in passages of a damping frame. Preferably, in addition, in the space between the ends of the connecting conductors and the external terminals, a damping plate, which is also made of elastomer or a similar material, ensure the distance between the inner housing and the outer housing.

Das Außengehäuse besteht vorzugsweise aus einer Außenkappe und einem Sockel. Dabei kann der Sockel eigene Außenanschlüsse, beispielsweise in Form von Flachsteckern, aufweisen, die in dem Material des Sockels durch Einbetten oder Einstecken verankert sind. An der Innenseite des Sockels werden diese Außenanschlüsse dann mit den Enden der Verbindungsleiter verbunden, was mit üblichen Verbindungstechniken, vorzugsweise durch Schweißen, erfolgen kann. Weitere Ausgestaltungen sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.The outer housing preferably consists of an outer cap and a base. In this case, the base own external connections, for example in the form of tabs, which are anchored in the material of the base by embedding or insertion. On the inside of the base, these external terminals are then connected to the ends of the connecting conductors, which can be done with conventional joining techniques, preferably by welding. Further embodiments are specified in the subclaims.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an einem Ausführungsbeispiel anhand der Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Es zeigt

  • Figur 1 ein erfindungsgemäß gestaltetes Relais mit den verschiedenen Gehäuseteilen in Explosionsdarstellung,
  • Figur 2 einen Schnitt durch ein fertig montiertes Relais gemäß Figur 1 und
  • Figur 3 eine perspektivische Darstellung mit Blick in das Innere einer Zwischenkappe gemäß Figuren 1 und 2.
The invention will be explained in more detail using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the drawings. It shows
  • 1 shows a relay designed according to the invention with the various housing parts in exploded view,
  • Figure 2 shows a section through a fully assembled relay according to Figure 1 and
  • 3 shows a perspective view with a view into the interior of an intermediate cap according to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Das in den Figuren 1 bis 3 dargestellte Relais besitzt ein Innengehäuse 1, in welchem das Relaissystem selbst mit einem nicht weiter dargestellten Aufbau angeordnet ist. Das Relaisgehäuse 1 besitzt eine Anschlußseite 2, aus der in herkömmlicher Weise Innenanschlüsse 3 austreten. Dieses Innengehäuse ist mit allseitigem Abstand in einem Außengehäuse angeordnet, welches im wesentlichen durch eine Außenkappe 4 und einen Sockel 5 gebildet ist. Dieser Sockel 5 liegt der Innen-Anschlußsseite 2 gegenüber und bildet eine Außen-Anschlußseite 6, aus der Außenanschlüsse in Form von Flachsteckern 7 austreten.The relay shown in Figures 1 to 3 has an inner housing 1, in which the relay system itself is arranged with a structure not shown. The relay housing 1 has a connection side 2 from which internal connections 3 exit in a conventional manner. This inner housing is arranged with allseitigem distance in an outer housing, which is essentially formed by an outer cap 4 and a base 5. This base 5 is opposite to the inner terminal side 2 and forms an outer terminal side 6, exit from the external terminals in the form of tabs 7.

Die Flachstecker 7, die im vorliegenden Beispiel in dem Material des Sockels 5 eingespritzt sind, sind über flexible Verbindungsleiter in Form von Litzen 8 mit den Innenanschlüssen 3 verbunden, welche sich im wesentlichen entlang der Außenseite des Innengehäuses 1 erstrecken. Sie sind jeweils mit einem Ende 8a im Bereich der Innen-Anschlußseite 2 rechtwinkelig zu den Innenanschlüssen 3 hin abgebogen und mit diesem verbunden, beispielsweise verlötet. Mit ihren entgegengesetzten Enden 8b, die wie die erstgenannten Enden 8a jeweils verdichtet sind, sind die Litzen 8 durch einen Dämpfungsrahmen 9 geführt, an dessen Unterseite abgebogen und mit abgewinkelten Anschlußlappen 7a der Flachstecker 7 verbunden, vorzugsweise verschweißt. Der Dämpfungsrahmen 9 besteht ebenfalls aus elastischem Kunststoff, vorzugsweise einem Elastomer. Dieser Dämpfungsrahmen 9 hält bei der Montage die Litzen 8 in der gewünschten Position und verhindert zusätzlich die Übertragung von Schwingungen auf das Außengehäuse, d.h. auf den Sokkel.The tabs 7, which are injected in the present example in the material of the base 5, are connected via flexible connecting conductors in the form of strands 8 with the inner terminals 3, which extend substantially along the outside of the inner housing 1. They are each bent at one end 8a in the region of the inner terminal side 2 at right angles to the inner terminals 3 and connected thereto, for example soldered. With their opposite ends 8b, which are compressed like the first-mentioned ends 8a, the strands 8 are guided by a damping frame 9, bent at the bottom and connected with angled connecting tabs 7a of the tabs 7, preferably welded. The damping frame 9 is also made of elastic plastic, preferably an elastomer. This damper frame 9 holds during mounting the strands 8 in the desired position and also prevents the transmission of vibrations to the outer housing, ie on the Sokkel.

Über das Innengehäuse 1 selbst wird eine Zwischenkappe 10 gestülpt, die aus elastischem Kunststoff, vorzugsweise Elastomer, besteht und einen vorgegebenen Abstand sowie eine Schallentkopplung zwischen dem Innengehäuse 1 und der Außenkappe 4 sicherstellt. Die Zwischenkappe 10 weist im Bereich der Innenanschlüsse 3 jeweils Aussparungen 11 auf, so daß in diesem Bereich ebenfalls keine Schwingungen übertragen werden. Außerdem besitzt sie im Bereich zwischen den Innenanschlüssen 3 jeweils zum Innengehäuse hin vorspringende Nasen 12, die auf die Anschlußseite 2 des Innengehäuses drücken. Diesen Nasen 12 gegenüberliegend ist außerdem im Bereich zwischen den Außenanschlüssen bzw. innerhalb des Dämpfungsrahmens 9 eine Dämpfungsplatte 13 vorgesehen, die ebenfalls aus Elastomer oder einem sonstigen elastischen Kunststoff besteht. Somit wird das Innengehäuse des Relais nach dem Einrasten der Außenkappe 4 an dem Sockel 5 zwischen den elastischen Nasen 12 und der elastischen Dämpfungsplatte 13 eingeklemmt; sie wird auf diese Weise allseitig im Abstand zum Außengehäuse gehalten, jedoch bezüglich der Übertragung von Schallschwingungen entkoppelt. Wie aus den Figuren 2 und 3 zu entnehmen ist, besitzt die Zwischenkappe 10 an ihrer Innenseite vorspringende Verstärkungsrippen 14, welche sich jeweils zwischen die einzelnen Verbindungsleiter 8 erstrecken. Sie verhindern dabei, daß die Litzen bzw. einzelne Litzenfasern einander berühren und einen Kurzschluß verursachen könnten.About the inner housing 1 itself an intermediate cap 10 is placed, which consists of elastic plastic, preferably elastomer, and ensures a predetermined distance and a sound decoupling between the inner housing 1 and the outer cap 4. The intermediate cap 10 has recesses 11 in the region of the inner connections 3, so that no vibrations are transmitted in this area as well. In addition, it has in the region between the inner terminals 3 each to the inner housing projecting lugs 12 which press on the connection side 2 of the inner housing. These lugs 12 opposite also a damping plate 13 is provided in the area between the external terminals or within the damping frame 9, which also consists of elastomer or other elastic plastic. Thus, the inner housing of the relay is clamped after the engagement of the outer cap 4 to the base 5 between the elastic lugs 12 and the elastic damping plate 13; it is held in this way on all sides at a distance from the outer housing, but decoupled with respect to the transmission of sound vibrations. As can be seen from Figures 2 and 3, the intermediate cap 10 has on its inner side projecting reinforcing ribs 14 which each extend between the individual connecting conductor 8. They prevent the strands or individual stranded fibers touching each other and could cause a short circuit.

In dem Raum zwischen der Zwischenkappe 10 und der Außenkappe 4 können weitere Bauelemente untergebracht werden. Im vorliegenden Beispiel sind Widerstände 15 gezeigt, die parallel zu den Relaisspulen geschaltet werden können. Zur Halterung sind am Sockel 5 nach oben vorstehende Rippen 16 angeformt, die Schlitze 17 zur Aufnahme der Widerstandsanschlüsse 15a besitzen. Die Anschlüsse 15a werden in bekannter Weise auf Laschen 7a der Flachstecker 7 geschweißt.In the space between the intermediate cap 10 and the outer cap 4 further components can be accommodated. In the present example resistors 15 are shown, which can be connected in parallel with the relay coils. For holding 5 upstanding ribs 16 are formed on the base, which have slots 17 for receiving the resistor terminals 15a. The terminals 15a are welded in a known manner on tabs 7a of the tabs 7.

Claims (12)

  1. A reduced noise relay having
    an inner housing (1), from which inner terminals (3) exit through an inner terminal side (2),
    an outer housing (4, 5), from which outer terminals (7) exit through an outer terminal side (6) opposite to the inner terminal side (2), and
    having flexible connecting conductors (8), which extend between the respective side walls of the inner housing (1) and of the outer housing (4, 5) and connect the inner terminals (3) with in each case associated outer terminals (7),
    characterised in that
    an intermediate cap (10) of resilient plastics is positioned over the inner housing (1) and the connecting conductors (8), which cap, together with the connecting conductors (8), separates the inner housing (1) from the outer housing (4, 5), such that the inner housing does not come into contact with the outer housing on any side.
  2. A relay according to claim 1, characterised in that the intermediate cap (10) consists of elastomer.
  3. A relay according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the connecting conductors (8) take the form of flat strands, the end portions (8a, 8b) of which are compressed to form terminal elements.
  4. A relay according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the end portions (8b) of the connecting conductors (8) are held in the area of the open side of the intermediate cap (10) in ducts in a damping frame (9).
  5. A relay according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that, in the area of the inner terminal side (2), the connecting conductors (8) are stamped, bent inwards at right angles and connected with the inner terminals (3) of the relay. -
  6. A relay according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the intermediate cap (10) comprises inwardly projecting ribs (14), which extend between the connecting conductors (8).
  7. A relay according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the outer housing comprises an outer cap (4) and a base (5) and in that the outer terminals (7) are held in the base (5).
  8. A relay according to claim 7, characterised in that the outer terminals (7) are anchored in the base and connected with the free end portions (8b) of the connecting conductors (8).
  9. A relay according to claim 8, characterised in that, in the area of the base inner side, the outer terminals (7) comprise bent terminal lugs (7a), on which the bent end portions (8a) of the connecting conductors (8) lie flat and are fixed, preferably welded.
  10. A relay according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterised in that a damping plate (13) of resilient plastics, preferably an elastomer, is arranged between the inner housing (1) and the base (5) in the area enclosed by the end portions (8a) of the connecting conductors (8).
  11. A relay according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that further components (15) are arranged in the space between the outer housing (4, 5) and the intermediate cap (10).
  12. A relay according to claim 7 and claim 11, characterised in that the base (5) comprises ribs (16) projecting into the inside of the outer housing, which ribs (16) are provided with recesses (17) for mounting the additional components (15).
EP99105690A 1998-03-26 1999-03-19 Low noise relay Expired - Lifetime EP0945882B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19813530 1998-03-26
DE19813530A DE19813530A1 (en) 1998-03-26 1998-03-26 Sound-reduced relay

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0945882A2 EP0945882A2 (en) 1999-09-29
EP0945882A3 EP0945882A3 (en) 2000-10-25
EP0945882B1 true EP0945882B1 (en) 2006-12-27

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99105690A Expired - Lifetime EP0945882B1 (en) 1998-03-26 1999-03-19 Low noise relay

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US6236575B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0945882B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH11312450A (en)
DE (2) DE19813530A1 (en)

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CN114496658A (en) * 2022-03-17 2022-05-13 中创新航科技股份有限公司 Relay, battery distribution box and battery package

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH11312450A (en) 1999-11-09
EP0945882A2 (en) 1999-09-29
DE59914083D1 (en) 2007-02-08
US6236575B1 (en) 2001-05-22
DE19813530A1 (en) 1999-10-07
EP0945882A3 (en) 2000-10-25

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