EP0930804A2 - Heating cable - Google Patents

Heating cable Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0930804A2
EP0930804A2 EP98403315A EP98403315A EP0930804A2 EP 0930804 A2 EP0930804 A2 EP 0930804A2 EP 98403315 A EP98403315 A EP 98403315A EP 98403315 A EP98403315 A EP 98403315A EP 0930804 A2 EP0930804 A2 EP 0930804A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
conductor
earthing
extruded
conductors
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP98403315A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0930804A3 (en
EP0930804B1 (en
Inventor
Kristin Fagerhaug Sommerfelt
Ivar Granheim
Kare Asper
Tom Harald Birkeland
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nexans SA
Original Assignee
Alcatel CIT SA
Alcatel SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel CIT SA, Alcatel SA filed Critical Alcatel CIT SA
Publication of EP0930804A2 publication Critical patent/EP0930804A2/en
Publication of EP0930804A3 publication Critical patent/EP0930804A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0930804B1 publication Critical patent/EP0930804B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
    • H05B3/56—Heating cables

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrical cables and in particular to heating cables having at least one insulated wire conductor - such as a resistance wire terminated with 'cold' wire ends - and at least one earthing conductor arranged within at least one common outer layer.
  • at least one insulated wire conductor - such as a resistance wire terminated with 'cold' wire ends - and at least one earthing conductor arranged within at least one common outer layer.
  • EP 0 098 253 describes a heating cable having at least two conductors extending longitudinally of each other in spaced relation. Each of the conductors has an insulating coating which completely covers the respective conductors except for apertures in the conductors which are spaced longitudinally thereof. The apertures are arranged alternately in the conductors which are surrounded by a continuous layer of relatively low and substantially temperature-independent resistivity. The plastic layer is in contact with the conductors through the apertures and an electrically insulation outer layer covers the plastic layer completely.
  • EP 0 609 771 describes an electrical heating cable where a resistance wire is covered with heat resistive polymer insulation and outer mechanically resistive layers.
  • EP 0 312 204 relates to a heater conduit having a hollow tube comprising a conductive polymeric material that exhibits PTC behaviour, and two electrodes positioned in electrical contact with the tube, preferably in a helical configuration.
  • the conduit can be heated by the passage of electrical current therethrough, and is preferably used to heat a fluid passing through the tube.
  • US 4,309,597 relates to a heating element for use in an electric blanket or the like including conductors spaced apart in a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) material which serves as a self-limiting heater.
  • the conductors are separated by a spacer which prevents the conductors from engaging each other when the PTC material softens or melts during annealing thereof.
  • a coating of material having a higher melting point than the PTC material is placed over the PTC material to maintain its shape during the annealing process.
  • a constant objective with heating cables is reduction of production cost and improvement of the product design.
  • the main features of the invention are defined in the claims.
  • the basic idea is to combine the metallic sheath/screen and outer sheath in one semiconductive layer.
  • the solution in connection with a heating cable comprising an insulated conductor and an earthing conductor arranged within an outer layer, is that the earthing conductor is arranged within or in contact with a semiconductive layer.
  • the semiconductive material should have a conductivity/resistivity corresponding to that of conventional shields, i e with a volume resistivity ⁇ 100 ohmcm at 20°C and ⁇ 1000 ohncm at 90°C taken together with an earthing conductor having a conductivity corresponding to at least 1 mm 2 Cu..
  • the material need not have any particular PTC or NTC properties. Advantages are cost reduction, process simplification, design improvement (thinner) and handling improvement (lighter).
  • All embodiments have at least one conventional wire conductor such as a resistance wire which is terminated with 'cold' leads i e copper wire installation ends. Each conductor is covered by a layer of insulation material.
  • Figures 1-7 illustrate crossections of single-conductor cables, - whereas Figures 8 to 13 illustrate crossections of two-conductor cables.
  • the semiconductive, polymer material may as base polymer material consist of:
  • the insulation polymer material (compound) may as base polymer material consist of:
  • the outer, protective layer polymer material may as base polymer material consist of:
  • the layers may consist of one single layer or two or more layers based on the same polymer, or a combination of the different polymers.
  • the compounds not being flame retardant may be made flame retardant by either halogenated or by so called halogen-free additives/systems.
  • Different colours may be achieved by adding necessary amount of colour masterbatch to the compound in the extruder process. There may be one single colour or different colours, as two or several stripes longitudinally.

Landscapes

  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to electrical cables - such as heating cables - having at least one insulated wire conductor (1) - such as a resistance wire terminated with 'cold' wire ends - and at least one earthing conductor (3) arranged within at least one common outer layer. The at least one earthing conductor (3) is arranged within or in contact with a semiconductive layer (4).

Description

The present invention relates to electrical cables and in particular to heating cables having at least one insulated wire conductor - such as a resistance wire terminated with 'cold' wire ends - and at least one earthing conductor arranged within at least one common outer layer.
EP 0 098 253 describes a heating cable having at least two conductors extending longitudinally of each other in spaced relation. Each of the conductors has an insulating coating which completely covers the respective conductors except for apertures in the conductors which are spaced longitudinally thereof. The apertures are arranged alternately in the conductors which are surrounded by a continuous layer of relatively low and substantially temperature-independent resistivity. The plastic layer is in contact with the conductors through the apertures and an electrically insulation outer layer covers the plastic layer completely.
EP 0 609 771 describes an electrical heating cable where a resistance wire is covered with heat resistive polymer insulation and outer mechanically resistive layers.
EP 0 312 204 relates to a heater conduit having a hollow tube comprising a conductive polymeric material that exhibits PTC behaviour, and two electrodes positioned in electrical contact with the tube, preferably in a helical configuration. There is preferably an electrically insulating core inside and an outer jacket around the conductive polymeric tube. The conduit can be heated by the passage of electrical current therethrough, and is preferably used to heat a fluid passing through the tube.
US 4,309,597 relates to a heating element for use in an electric blanket or the like including conductors spaced apart in a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) material which serves as a self-limiting heater. The conductors are separated by a spacer which prevents the conductors from engaging each other when the PTC material softens or melts during annealing thereof. A coating of material having a higher melting point than the PTC material is placed over the PTC material to maintain its shape during the annealing process.
There are a number of prior art solutions designed for specific applications, using various types of metal sheaths/screens and various outer sheath materials. Most solutions are time consuming and expensive.
A constant objective with heating cables is reduction of production cost and improvement of the product design. The main features of the invention are defined in the claims. The basic idea is to combine the metallic sheath/screen and outer sheath in one semiconductive layer.
The solution in connection with a heating cable comprising an insulated conductor and an earthing conductor arranged within an outer layer, is that the earthing conductor is arranged within or in contact with a semiconductive layer. The semiconductive material should have a conductivity/resistivity corresponding to that of conventional shields, i e with a volume resistivity <100 ohmcm at 20°C and <1000 ohncm at 90°C taken together with an earthing conductor having a conductivity corresponding to at least 1 mm2 Cu.. The material need not have any particular PTC or NTC properties. Advantages are cost reduction, process simplification, design improvement (thinner) and handling improvement (lighter).
Above mentioned and other features and objects of the present invention will clearly appear from the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with Figures 1 to 13 which illustrate a number of innovative principles. All embodiments have at least one conventional wire conductor such as a resistance wire which is terminated with 'cold' leads i e copper wire installation ends. Each conductor is covered by a layer of insulation material.
Figures 1-7 illustrate crossections of single-conductor cables, - whereas Figures 8 to 13 illustrate crossections of two-conductor cables.
  • In Figure 1 is illustrated the crossection of a heating cable including a (resistance/copper) wire conductor 1 with an extruded layer of polymer insulation material 2, an earthing conductor 3 - such as a copper conductor - in parallel with or wound around the insulation layer 2 and an external extruded semiconductive layer 4 embedding the earthing conductor 3. The conductor 3 together with the layer 4 constitute a combined outer screen/layer having a minimum conductance in accordance with requirements which could be equivalent to at least one square millimeter of copper.
  • In Figure 2 is shown a heating cable having an insulated conductor 1,2 with a (full) layer of earthing conductors 5 - such as copper conductors - wound around the insulation layer 2 and an external extruded semiconductive layer 4 embedding the earthing conductors 5.
  • Figures 3 and 4 respectively illustrate the cables of Figures 1 and 2 and include an outer protective insulation layer 6.
  • In Figure 5 is illustrated a heating cable having an insulated conductor 1,2, a semiconductive layer 4 and an outer insulation layer 6 in which there is embedded an earthing conductor 3 - such as a copper conductor - wound around and in contact with the semiconductive layer 4.
  • In Figure 6 as compared to Figure 5, the single earthing conductor 3 is substituted with a number of conductors 5.
  • In Figure 7 is illustrated a heating cable having an insulated conductor 1,2 and an earthing conductor 10 - such as a copper conductor - with an extruded semiconductive layer 11 in parallel with or wound around the insulated conductor 1,2. A closed or open metal screen 12 is arranged around the insulated conductor 1,2 and the earthing layer 11 in electrical contact with the earthing layer. The space within the screen 12 may or may not be filled with insulation material. There is provided an outer protective insulation layer 13.
  • In Figures 8 to 13 there are illustrated crossections of heating cables having two parallel or stranded insulated conductors 20 and 21. Figures 8 and 9 are similar to the embodiments of Figures 1 and 2 with an earthing conductor 22 (or an earthing conductor layer 23) and a semiconductive layer 24. In Figures 10 and 11 there is added an outer insulation layer 25 as in the embodiments shown in Figures 3 and 4. And in Figures 12 and 13 the earthing conductors 22 and 23 are in parallel with or stranded around the semiconductive layer 24 and embedded within the outer layer 25.
    • The above detailed description of embodiments of this invention must be taken as examples only and should not be considered as limitations on the scope of protection.
    The semiconductive, polymer material (compound) may as base polymer material consist of:
    • Polyethylene/PE and its copolymers produced with different reactor and catalyst technology, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Polypropylene/PP produced with different reactor and catalyst technology, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Plastisized PVC-compound, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Thermoplastic Elastomer/TPE.
    The insulation polymer material (compound) may as base polymer material consist of:
    • Polyethylene/PE and its copolymers produced with different reactor and catalyst technology, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Polypropylene/PP produced with different reactor and catalyst technology, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Fluoropolymers as: PFA, FEP, ETFE, ECTFE or PVDF.
    • Thermoplastic Polyesters as: PET, PBT or equivalent.
    • Polyamides as: PA11 and PA12.
    The outer, protective layer polymer material (compound) may as base polymer material consist of:
    • Polyethylene/PE and its copolymers produced with different reactor and catalyst technology, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Polypropylene/PP produced with different reactor and catalyst technology, in thermoplastic or in cross-linked version.
    • Fluoropolymers as: PFA, FEP, ETFE, ECTFE or PVDF.
    • Thermoplastic Polyesters as: PET, PBT or equivalent
    • Polyamides as: PA11 and PA12.
    • Plastisized PVC compound
    • Thermoplastic Elastomer/TPE
    The layers may consist of one single layer or two or more layers based on the same polymer, or a combination of the different polymers.
    If two or more layers are used these may be applied both in an Extruder Tandem Process or by a common cross-head.
    The compounds not being flame retardant may be made flame retardant by either halogenated or by so called halogen-free additives/systems.
    Different colours may be achieved by adding necessary amount of colour masterbatch to the compound in the extruder process. There may be one single colour or different colours, as two or several stripes longitudinally.

    Claims (14)

    1. Electrical cable - such as a heating cable - having at least one insulated wire conductor (1) - such as a resistance wire terminated with 'cold' wire ends - and at least one earthing conductor (3) arranged within at least one common outer layer,
      characterized in that
      the at least one earthing conductor (3) is arranged within or in contact with a semiconductive layer (4)
    2. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      the conductivity/resistivity of the semiconductive layer is typically <100 ohmcm at 20°C and <1000 ohmcm at 90°C taken together with an earthing conductor having a conductivity corresponding to at least 1 mm2 Cu.
    3. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes a wire conductor (1, Fig 1) with an extruded insulation of polymer insulation material (2), an earthing conductor (3) - such as a copper conductor - wound around or in parallel with the insulation layer and an external extruded semiconductive layer (4) embedding the earthing conductor.
    4. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes a wire conductor (1, Fig 2) with an extruded insulation of polymer insulation material (2), a full layer of earthing conductors (5) - such as copper conductors - wound around or in parallel with the insulation layer and an external extruded semiconductive layer (4) embedding the earthing conductor.
    5. Cable according to claim 3 or 4,
      characterized in that
      it includes an outer protective insulation layer (6, Figs 3 and 4).
    6. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes a wire conductor (1, Fig 5) with an extruded layer (2) of polymer insulation material, an extruded layer (4) of semiconductive material over the insulation layer (2), an earthing conductor (3) - such as a copper conductor - wound around or in parallel with and in contact with the semiconductive layer (4) and an outer protective insulation layer (6) embedding the earthing conductor (3).
    7. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes a wire conductor (1,Fig 6) with an extruded layer (2) of polymer insulation material, an extruded layer (4) of semiconductive material over the insulation layer (2), a full layer of earthing conductors (5) - such as a copper conductor - wound around or in parallel with and in contact with the semiconductive layer (4) and an outer protective insulation layer (6) embedding the earthing conductor (5).
    8. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes two wire conductors (20, Fig 8) each with an individual extruded layer of polymer insulation material (21), an earthing conductor (22) - such as a copper conductor - arranged in parallel with the insulated wire conductors (20,21) and an extruded semiconductive layer (24) covering all three conductors.
    9. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes two wire conductors (20, Fig 9) each with an extruded layer of polymer insulation material (21), a full layer of earthing conductors (23) - such as copper conductors - arranged around or in parallel with the insulation layers (21) and an extruded semiconductive layer (24) covering the insulated conductors (20,21) and the earthing layer (23).
    10. Cable according to claims 8 or 9,
      characterized in that
      the conductors - and earthing arrangement - have a stranded/parallel configuration.
    11. Cable according to claim 8,9 or 10,
      characterized in that
      it includes an outer protective insulation layer (25, Figs 10 and 11).
    12. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes two wire conductors (20, Fig 12) each with an extruded layer (21) of polymer insulation material, an extruded layer (24) of semiconductive material over the two insulated conductors (20,21), an earthing conductor (22) - such as a copper conductor - wound around or in parallel with and in contact with the semiconductive layer (24) and an outer protective insulation layer (25) embedding the earthing conductor (22).
    13. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes two wire conductor (20, Fig 13) each with an extruded layer (21) of polymer insulation material, an extruded layer (24) of semiconductive material over the insulation layer (21), a full layer of earthing conductors (23) - such as copper conductors - wound around or in parallel with and in contact with the semiconductive layer (24) and an outer protective insulation layer (25) embedding the earthing conductor layer (23).
    14. Cable according to claim 1 or 2,
      characterized in that
      it includes a wire conductor (1, Fig 7) with an extruded layer of polymer insulation material (2), an earthing conductor (10) - such as a copper conductor - with an extruded semiconductive layer (11) in parallel with or wound around the insulated conductor (1,2), a metal screen (12) encompassing the insulated conductor (1,2) and the earthing layer (11) in electrical contact with the earthing layer and an outer protective insulation layer.
    EP98403315A 1998-01-16 1998-12-28 Heating cable Expired - Lifetime EP0930804B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    NO980202A NO307020B1 (en) 1998-01-16 1998-01-16 Heating cable
    NO980202 1998-01-16

    Publications (3)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0930804A2 true EP0930804A2 (en) 1999-07-21
    EP0930804A3 EP0930804A3 (en) 2000-03-01
    EP0930804B1 EP0930804B1 (en) 2007-02-14

    Family

    ID=19901561

    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP98403315A Expired - Lifetime EP0930804B1 (en) 1998-01-16 1998-12-28 Heating cable

    Country Status (4)

    Country Link
    EP (1) EP0930804B1 (en)
    DE (1) DE69837080T2 (en)
    DK (1) DK0930804T3 (en)
    NO (1) NO307020B1 (en)

    Cited By (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2001033908A1 (en) * 1999-11-03 2001-05-10 Tyco Electronics Corporation Electric cable having braidless polymeric ground plane providing fault detection
    DE10055141A1 (en) * 2000-11-07 2002-05-16 Bauerhin I G Elektro Tech Heating conductor, in particular, for heating elements of a motor vehicle seat consists of several single conductors forming a strand in which at least one such single conductor is insulated from all others
    US7388173B2 (en) * 2004-12-27 2008-06-17 Nexans Heating cable
    US10966290B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2021-03-30 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable

    Citations (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    GB2014784A (en) * 1978-01-30 1979-08-30 Raychem Corp Electrical device containing ptc elements
    EP0008235A2 (en) * 1978-08-10 1980-02-20 Eaton Corporation Semi-conductive polymeric compositions suitable for use in electrical heating devices; flexible heating cables made by using said compositions and method for making the like cables
    FR2519505A1 (en) * 1981-12-31 1983-07-08 Thomson Jeumont Cables Earthing screen for electrical resistance heating wire - being combination of conductive wire and annular strip
    US5558794A (en) * 1991-08-02 1996-09-24 Jansens; Peter J. Coaxial heating cable with ground shield

    Patent Citations (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    GB2014784A (en) * 1978-01-30 1979-08-30 Raychem Corp Electrical device containing ptc elements
    EP0008235A2 (en) * 1978-08-10 1980-02-20 Eaton Corporation Semi-conductive polymeric compositions suitable for use in electrical heating devices; flexible heating cables made by using said compositions and method for making the like cables
    FR2519505A1 (en) * 1981-12-31 1983-07-08 Thomson Jeumont Cables Earthing screen for electrical resistance heating wire - being combination of conductive wire and annular strip
    US5558794A (en) * 1991-08-02 1996-09-24 Jansens; Peter J. Coaxial heating cable with ground shield

    Cited By (9)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2001033908A1 (en) * 1999-11-03 2001-05-10 Tyco Electronics Corporation Electric cable having braidless polymeric ground plane providing fault detection
    US6288372B1 (en) 1999-11-03 2001-09-11 Tyco Electronics Corporation Electric cable having braidless polymeric ground plane providing fault detection
    DE10055141A1 (en) * 2000-11-07 2002-05-16 Bauerhin I G Elektro Tech Heating conductor, in particular, for heating elements of a motor vehicle seat consists of several single conductors forming a strand in which at least one such single conductor is insulated from all others
    DE10055141B4 (en) * 2000-11-07 2007-08-23 I.G. Bauerhin Gmbh Elektrotechnische Fabrik heating conductor
    DE10055141C5 (en) * 2000-11-07 2010-07-22 I.G. Bauerhin Gmbh Elektrotechnische Fabrik heating conductor
    US7388173B2 (en) * 2004-12-27 2008-06-17 Nexans Heating cable
    US10966290B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2021-03-30 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable
    US11871486B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2024-01-09 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable
    US11956865B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2024-04-09 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    DE69837080D1 (en) 2007-03-29
    NO307020B1 (en) 2000-01-24
    NO980202D0 (en) 1998-01-16
    NO980202L (en) 1999-07-19
    DK0930804T3 (en) 2007-06-11
    DE69837080T2 (en) 2007-10-31
    EP0930804A3 (en) 2000-03-01
    EP0930804B1 (en) 2007-02-14

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