EP0909320A1 - CHEMOKINE beta-15 - Google Patents

CHEMOKINE beta-15

Info

Publication number
EP0909320A1
EP0909320A1 EP96922504A EP96922504A EP0909320A1 EP 0909320 A1 EP0909320 A1 EP 0909320A1 EP 96922504 A EP96922504 A EP 96922504A EP 96922504 A EP96922504 A EP 96922504A EP 0909320 A1 EP0909320 A1 EP 0909320A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polypeptide
amino acid
chemokine
ckβ
protein
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96922504A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0909320A4 (fr
Inventor
Ying-Fei Wei
Brent L. Kreider
Craig A. Rosen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Human Genome Sciences Inc
Original Assignee
Human Genome Sciences Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Human Genome Sciences Inc filed Critical Human Genome Sciences Inc
Publication of EP0909320A1 publication Critical patent/EP0909320A1/fr
Publication of EP0909320A4 publication Critical patent/EP0909320A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • C07K14/521—Chemokines
    • C07K14/523—Beta-chemokines, e.g. RANTES, I-309/TCA-3, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta/ACT-2/LD78/SCIF, MCP-1/MCAF, MCP-2, MCP-3, LDCF-1, LDCF-2
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2799/00—Uses of viruses
    • C12N2799/02—Uses of viruses as vector
    • C12N2799/021—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid
    • C12N2799/026—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid where the vector is derived from a baculovirus

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a human CC chemokine protein (i.e., a cytokine having the first two of its four cysteine residues adjacent as indicated by "CC”) and to polynucleotides encoding this protein.
  • CC CC chemokine protein
  • IL-8 The discovery of IL-8, in 1987, revealed the existence of a novel class of small cytokines, now called chemokines, that are widely studied because of their ability to activate leukocytes and their potential role as mediators of inflammations.
  • chemokines A number of different human chemokines have been identified after IL-8, by cloning or biochemical purification and amino acid sequencing. All have four conserved cysteines that form characteristic disulfide bonds, a short amino- terminal and a longer carboxy-terminal sequence. Two subfamilies are distinguished by the arrangement of the first two cysteines, which are either separated by one amino acid (CXC chemokines) or are adjacent (CC chemokines ).
  • Chemokine cDNAs typically encode proteins of 92-99 amino acids in length that are secreted after cleavage of a leader sequence of 20-25 amino acids. Modeling on the basis of the NMR-derived structure of IL-8 suggests that CXC and CC chemokines are folded in a similar manner.
  • the first human CC chemokine was identified by differential hybridization cloning and was termed LD78 (Obaru, K. Fukuda, M., Maeda, S. and Shimada, K. (1986) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 99, 885-894.)
  • LD78 Olet al.
  • MCP-l ⁇ macrophage inflammatory protein l ⁇
  • MU ⁇ macrophage inflammatory protein l ⁇
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • MlP-l ⁇ and MlP-l ⁇ are commonly used instead of LD78 and Act-2.
  • MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1
  • MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1
  • MCP-2 was also isolated from osteosarcoma cell cultures (Van Damme, J. Proost, P., Lenaerts, J-P. and Opdenakker, G. (1992) J. Exp. Med. 176, 59-65), along with a novel CC chemokine, MCP-3, which was subsequently cloned and expressed (Minty, A. Chalon, P. Guillemot, J. C. et al.
  • monocytes respond to all CC chemokines, as judged from stimulus-dependent [Ca 2+ ]i changes (Miller, M. D. and Krangel, M. S. (1992) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 12, 17-46; Bioschoff, S.C., Krieger, M. Brunner, T. et al. (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 761-767; McColl, S.
  • MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP- 3 induce monocyte infiltration on intradermal injection into rats and rabbits (Van Damme, J. Proost, P., Lenaerts, J-P. and Opdenakker, G. (1992) J. Exp. Med. 176, 59-65; Zacha, C. O. C, Anderson, A. O., Thompson, H. L. et al. (1990) J. Exp. Med.
  • MCP-1 also elicits in monocytes a respiratory burst (Miller, M. D. and Krangel, M. S. (1992) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 12, 17-46) and the expression of 62 integrins (Jiang, Y., Beller, D. I., Frendl, G. and Graves, D. T. (1992) J. Immunol. 148, 2423-2428).
  • CXC chemokines act on neutrophils and CC chemokines act on monocytes apparently remains valid, recent studies have revealed that CC chemokines have a much wider range of biological activities since they can also activate some lymphocytes and, in particular, basophil and eosinophil leukocytes. Thus, there is a continuing need in the art for isolating novel CC chemokines.
  • the present invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide encoding a human chemokine ⁇ -15 (CK ⁇ -15) polypeptide having the amino acid sequence in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO:2] or the amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone deposited in a bacterial host as ATCC Deposit Number 97519 on April 25, 1996.
  • the nucleotide sequence determined by sequencing the deposited CK ⁇ -15 cDNA clone, which is shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NOT], contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 149 amino acid residues including an initiation codon at positions 1-3, a leader sequence of about 20 amino acid residues and a deduced molecular weight of about 16 kDa.
  • the 129 amino acid sequence of the predicted mature CK ⁇ -15 protein is shown in Figure 1 (last 129 residues) and in SEQ ID NO: 2 (from amino acid residue 1 to residue 129).
  • one aspect of the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding the chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the complete amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:2; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the mature chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence at positions 1-129 in SEQ ID NO:2; (c) a nucleotide y sequence encoding the chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the complete amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone contained in ATCC Deposit No.
  • nucleic acid molecule will encode the mature polypeptide in SEQ ED:2 or encoded by the above-described deposited cDNA.
  • nucleotide sequences in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) above or a polynucleotide which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence identical to a nucleotide sequence in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e), above.
  • the polynucleotide which hybrizes does not hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions to a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence consisting of only A residues or of only T residues.
  • An additonal nucleic acid embodiment of the invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide which encodes the amino acid sequence of an epitope-bearing portion of a chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in (a), (b), (c) or (d), above.
  • the present invention also relates to recombinant vectors which include the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention and to host cells containing the recombinant vectors, as well as to methods of making such vectors and host cells and for using them for production of CK ⁇ -15 polypeptides or peptides by recombinant techniques.
  • the invention further provides an isolated chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid sequence of the chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the complete 149 amino acid sequence including the leader sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO:2]; (b) the amino acid sequence of the mature chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide (without the leader) having the amino acid sequence at positions 1-129 in SEQ ID NO:2; (c) the amino acid sequence of the chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the complete amino acid sequence including the leader encoded by the cDNA clone contained in ATCC Deposit No.
  • polypeptides of the present invention also include polypeptides having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% similarity, more preferably at least 95% similarity to those described in (a), (b), (c) or (d) above, as well as polypeptides having an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical, more preferably at least 90% identical, and still more preferably 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to those above.
  • An additional embodiment of this aspect of the invention relates to a peptide or polypeptide which has the amino acid sequence of an epitope-bearing portion of a chemokine ⁇ - 5 polypeptide having an amino acid sequence described in (a), (b), (c) or (d), above.
  • Peptides or polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of an epitope-bearing portion of a chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide of the invention include portions of such polypeptides with at least six or seven, preferably at least nine, and more preferably at least about 30 amino acids to about 50 amino acids, although epitope-bearing polypeptides of any length up to and including the entire amino acid sequence of a polypeptide of the invention described above also are included in the invention.
  • the invention provides an isolated antibody that binds specifically to a chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having an amino acid sequence described in (a), (b), (c) or (d) above.
  • CK ⁇ -15 is expressed only in tissue of the thymus.
  • Figure 3 For a number of thymus disorders, significantly higher or lower levels of CK ⁇ -15 gene expression can be detected in thymus tissue or bodily fluids (e.g., serum, plasma, urine, synovia! fluid or spinal fluid) taken from an individual having such a disorder, relative to a "standard" CK ⁇ -15 gene expression level, i.e., the CK ⁇ -15 expression level in thymus tissue or bodily fluids from an individual not having the thymus disorder.
  • thymus tissue or bodily fluids e.g., serum, plasma, urine, synovia! fluid or spinal fluid
  • the invention provides a diagnostic method useful during diagnosis of a thymus disorder, which involves (a) assaying chemokine ⁇ -15 gene expression level in cells or body fluid of that individual; (b) comparing that chemokine ⁇ -15 gene expression level with a standard chemokine ⁇ -15 gene expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed chemokine ⁇ -15 gene expression level compared to the standard expression level is indicative of a thymus disorder.
  • An additional aspect of the invention is related to a method for treatment of an individual in need of an increased level of chemokine ⁇ -15 activity in the body comprising administering to such an indivdual a composition comprising an isolated chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide of the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows the nucleotide [SEQ ID NO: 1] and deduced amino acid [SEQ ID NO:2] sequences of the complete chemokine ⁇ -15 protein determined by sequencing of the DNA clone contained in ATCC Deposit No. 97519.
  • the protein has a leader sequence of about 20 amino acid residues (underlined) and a deduced molecular weight of about 16 kDa.
  • the amino acid sequence of the predicted mature CK ⁇ -15 protein is shown in Figure 1 (last 129 amino acids) and in SEQ ID NO:2 (from amino acid residue 1 to residue 129).
  • Figure 2 shows the regions of similarity between the amino acid sequences of the CK ⁇ -15 protein and the mouse macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein 2 (MMRP-2) [SEQ ID NO:3].
  • Figure 3 shows a Northern blot assay for expression of mRNA from the CK ⁇ -15 gene in various human tissues.
  • the panel labeled "HTSEX82” shows hybridization to the CK ⁇ -15 cDNA probe which that labeled "ACTIN” shows hybridization of a cDNA encoding actin which serves as a positive control indicating the presence of intact RNA in each sample.
  • ACTIN shows hybridization of a cDNA encoding actin which serves as a positive control indicating the presence of intact RNA in each sample.
  • the present invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide encoding the chemokine ⁇ -15 (CK ⁇ -15) protein having the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 2] which was determined by sequencing a cloned cDNA.
  • CK ⁇ -15 is a novel member of the ⁇ - chemokine subfamily (CC) whose genes are on human chromosome 17 and on mouse chromosome 11 (Wilson, S.D., et al., J. Exp. Med. 777. 1301(1990) and Modi, W.S., et al., Hum. Genet. 84:1*5 (1990)).
  • the CK ⁇ -15 protein of the present invention shares sequence homology with the mouse macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein 2 (MMRP-2) ( Figure 2) [SEQ ID NO:3].
  • MMRP-2 mouse macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein 2
  • Figure 2 Figure 2 [SEQ ID NO:3].
  • the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO:l] was obtained by sequencing the HTSEX82 cDNA clone encoding a CK ⁇ -15 polypeptide, which was deposited on April 25, 1996 at the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Park Lawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, and given accession number 97519.
  • the deposited clone is contained in the pBluescript SK(-) plasmid (Stratagene, LaJolla, CA).
  • nucleotide sequences determined by sequencing a DNA molecule herein were determined using an automated DNA sequencer (such as the Model 373 from Applied Biosystems, Inc.), and all amino acid sequences of polypeptides encoded by DNA molecules determined herein were predicted by translation of a DNA sequence determined as above. Therefore, as is known in the art for any DNA sequence determined by this automated approach, any nucleotide sequence determined herein may contain a some errors. Nucleotide sequeneces determined by automation are typically at least about 90% identical, more typically at least about 95% to at least about 99.9% identical to the actual nucleotide sequence of the sequenced DNA molecule. The actual sequence can be more precisely determined by other approaches including manual DNA sequencing methods well known in the art.
  • a single insertion or deletion in a determined nucleotide sequence compared to the actual sequence will cause a frame shift in translation of the nucleotide sequence such that the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by a determined nucleotide sequence will be completely different from the amino acid sequence actually encoded by the sequenced DNA molecule, beginning at the point of such an insertion or deletion.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth herein is presented as a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides (abbreviated A, G , C and T).
  • nucleic acid molecule or polynucleotide a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides
  • RNA molecule or polynucleotide the corresponding sequence of ribonucleotides (A, G, C and U) where each thymidine deoxynucleotide (T) in the specified deoxynucleotide sequence in is replaced by the ribonucleotide uridine (U).
  • RNA molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID NOT set forth using deoxyribonucleotide abbreviations is intended to indicate an RNA molecule having a sequence in which each deoxynucleotide A, G or C of SEQ ID NO:l has been replaced by the corresponding ribonucleotide A, G or C, and each deoxynucleotide T has been replaced by a ribonucleotide U.
  • nucleic acid molecule of the present invention encoding a CK ⁇ -15 polypeptide may be obtained using standard cloning and screening procedures, such as those for cloning cDNAs using mRNA as starting material.
  • nucleic acid molecule described in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1] was discovered in a cDNA library derived from human thymus tissue.
  • the determined nucleotide sequence of the CK ⁇ -15 cDNA of Figure 1 contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 149 amino acid residues with an initiation codon at positions 1-3 of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO.
  • the amino acid sequence of the predicted mature CK ⁇ -15 protein is shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO:l] from amino acid residue 21 to residue 149.
  • the CK ⁇ -15 protein shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO:2] is about 34% identical and about 53% similar to MMRP2 ( Figure 2).
  • the actual CK ⁇ -15 polypeptide encoded by the deposited cDNA comprises about 149 amino acids, but may be anywhere in the range of 142-154 amino acids; and the actual leader sequence of this protein is about 20 amino acids, but may be anywhere in the range of about 15 to about 25 amino acids
  • nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, or in the form of DNA, including, for instance, cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced synthetically.
  • the DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded.
  • Single-stranded DNA or RNA may be the coding strand, also known as the sense strand, or it may be the non- coding strand, also referred to as the anti-sense strand.
  • isolated nucleic acid molecule(s) is intended a nucleic acid molecule, DNA or RNA, which has been removed from its native environment
  • recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector are considered isolated for the purposes of the present invention.
  • Further examples of isolated DNA molecules include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in solution.
  • Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of the DNA molecules of the present invention.
  • Isolated Nucliec acid molecules according to the present invention further include such molecules produced synthetically.
  • Isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include DNA molecules comprising an open reading frame (ORF) with an initiation codon at positions 1-3 of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1]; DNA molecules comprising the coding sequence for the mature CK ⁇ -15 protein shown in Figure 1 (last 129 amino acids) and SEQ ID NO:2 (residues 1-129); and DNA molecules which comprise a sequence substantially different from those described above but which, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, still encode the CK ⁇ - 15 protein.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 DNA molecules comprising the coding sequence for the mature CK ⁇ -15 protein shown in Figure 1 (last 129 amino acids) and SEQ ID NO:2 (residues 1-129)
  • the genetic code is well known in the art. Thus, it would be
  • the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding the CK ⁇ -15 polypeptide having an amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone contained in the plasmid deposited as ATCC Deposit No. 97519 on April 25, 1996.
  • this nucleic acid molecule will encode the mature polypeptide encoded by the above-described deposited cDNA clone.
  • the invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO.T] or the nucleotide sequence of the CK ⁇ -15 cDNA contained in the above-described deposited clone, or nucleic acid molecule having a sequence complementary to one of the above sequences.
  • Such isolated molecules are useful as probes for gene mapping by in situ hybridization with chromosomes and for detecting expression of the CK ⁇ -15 gene in human tissue, for instance, by Northern blot analysis. As described in detail below below, detecting altered CK ⁇ -15 gene expression in certain tissues or bodily fluids is indicative of thymus disorders.
  • the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a portion of the polynucleotide in a nucleic acid molecule of the invention described above, for instance, the cDNA clone contained / in ATCC Deposit 97519.
  • stringent hybridization conditions is intended overnight incubation at 42°C in a solution comprising: 50% formamide, 5x SSC
  • a polynucleotide which hybridizes to a "portion" of a polynucleotide is intended a polynucleotide (either DNA or RNA) hybridizing to at least about 15 nucleotides
  • polynucleotides hybridizing to a larger portion of the reference polynucleotide e.g., the deposited cDNA clone
  • a portion 50-750 nt in length, or even to the entire length of the reference polynucleotide also useful as probes according to the present invention, as are polynucleotides corresponding to most, if not all, of the nucleotide sequence of the deposited cDNA or the nucleotide sequence as shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1].
  • such portions are useful diagnostically either as a probe according to conventional DNA hybridization techniques or as primers for amplification of a target sequence by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as desribed, for instance, in Molecular Clonmg, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd. edition, edited by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • CK ⁇ -15 cDNA shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1]), or to a complementary stretch of T (or U) resides, would not be included in a polynucleotide of the invention used to hybridize to a portion of a nucleic acid of the invention, since such a polynucleotide would hybridize to any nucleic acid molecule contain a poly (A) stretch or the complement thereof (e.g., practially any double-standed cDNA clone).
  • nucleic acid molecules of the present invention which encode the CK ⁇ -15 protein polypeptide may include, but are not limited to those encoding the amino acid sequence of the mature polypeptide, by itself; the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide and additional sequences, such as those encoding the about 20 amino acid leader or secretory sequence, such as a pre-, or pro- or prepro- protein sequence; the coding sequence of the mature polypeptide, with or without the aforementioned additional coding sequences, together with additional, non-coding sequences, including for example, but not limited to introns and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences, such as the transcribed, non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing - including splicing and polyadenylation signals, for example - ribosome binding and stability of mRNA; an additional coding sequence which codes for additional amino acids, such as those which provide additional functionalities.
  • the sequence encoding the polypeptide may be fused to a marker sequence, such as a sequence encoding a peptide which facilitates purification of the fused polypeptide.
  • the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE vector (Qiagen, Inc.), among others, many of which are commercially available.
  • hexa-histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein.
  • the "HA" tag is another peptide useful for purification which corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein, which has been described by Wilson et al., Cell 37: 767 (1984).
  • the present invention further relates to variants of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, which encode portions, analogs or derivatives of the CK ⁇ -15 protein.
  • Variants may occur naturally, such as a natural allelic variant.
  • allelic variant By an "allelic variant" is intented one of several alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome of an orgnanism. Genes II, Lewin, ed.
  • Non-naturally occurring variants may be produced using art-known mutagenesis techniques. Such variants include those produced by nucleotide substitutions, deletions or additions. The substitutions, deletions or additions may involve one or more nucleotides.
  • the variants may be altered in coding or non-coding regions or both.
  • Alterations in the coding regions may produce conservative or non- conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions. Especially preferred among these are silent substitutions, additions and deletions, which do not alter the properties and activities of the CK ⁇ -15 protein or portions thereof. Also especially preferred in this regard are conservative substitutions. Most highly preferred are nucleic acid molecules encoding the mature CK ⁇ -15 protein having the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 2] or the mature CK ⁇ -15 amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA clone.
  • nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical, and more preferably at least 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the complete amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:2 including the predicted leader sequence; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the mature chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide (full-length polypeptide with the leader removed) having the amino acid sequence at positions 1-129 in SEQ ED NO: 2; (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide having the complete amino acid sequence including the leader encoded by the cDNA clone contained in ATCC Deposit No.
  • polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least, for example,
  • nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to the reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence may include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence encoding the chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide.
  • a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to a reference nucleotide sequence up to 5% of the nucleotides in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.
  • These mutations of the reference sequence may occur at the 5' or 3' terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
  • nucleic acid molecule is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for instance, the nucletide sequence shown in Figure 1 or to the nucleotides sequence of the deposited cDNA clone can be determined conventionally using known computer programs such as the Bestfit program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711. Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Advances in Applied Mathematics : 482-489, 1981 ) to find the best segment of homology between two sequences.
  • Bestfit program Wiconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711. Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Advances in Applied Mathematics : 482-489, 1981 ) to find the best segment of homology between two sequences.
  • the parameters are set, of course, such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference nucleotide sequence and that gaps in homology of up to 5% of the total number of nucleotides in the reference sequence are allowed.
  • the present application is directed to nucleic acid molecules at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1] or to the nucleic acid sequence of the deposited cDNA, irrespective of whether they encode a polypeptide having CK ⁇ -15 activity.
  • nucleic acid molecule does not encode a polypeptide having CK ⁇ -15 activity
  • one of skill in the art would still know how to use the nucleic acid molecule, for instance, as a hybridization probe or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • nucleic acid molecules of the present invention that do not encode a polypeptde having CK ⁇ -15 activity include, inter alia, (1) isolating the CK ⁇ -15 gene or allelic variants thereof in a cDNA library; (2) in situ hybridization (e.g., "FISH") to metaphase chromosomal spreads to provide precise chromosomal location of the CK ⁇ -15 gene as described in Verma et al, Human Chromosomes: a Manual of Basic Techniques, Pergamon Press, New York (1988); and Northern Blot analysis for detecting CK ⁇ -15 mRNA expression in specific tissues (e.g., thymus tissue).
  • FISH in situ hybridization
  • nucleic acid molecules having sequences at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1] or to the nucleic acid sequence of the deposited cDNA which do, in fact, encode a polypeptide having CK ⁇ -15 protein activity.
  • a polypeptide having CK ⁇ -15 activity is intended polypeptides exhibiting activity similar, but not necessarily identical, to an activity of the CK ⁇ -15 protein of the invention (either the full-lenght protein or, preferably, the mature protein) as measured in a particular biological assay.
  • CK ⁇ -15 exhibits activity on monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils.
  • CK ⁇ -15 has been shown to be expressed only in the thymus. Therefore, CK ⁇ -15 is particularly active in modulating activities of cells in the thymus, particularly early thymocytes. For example, stimulation of early thymocyte proliferation by CK ⁇ -15 is assayed in a standard proliferation assay (see, for instance, Spits et al. (1987) J. Immunol. 139: 1142; Dalloul et al. (1989) Eur. J. Immunol. 19:1985; Murphy et al., (1992) Ped. Res. 32:269; Ruggiero et al, (1996) J. Immunol. 156:3737).
  • the assay invovles purification of thymocytes from human thymus, plating them in media with or without CK ⁇ -15, and determining the change with elapsed time in the rate of proliferation or the number of cells compared to control cultures, by conventional means. Representative cell lines could also be imployed in such assays.
  • CK ⁇ -15 also mediates the differentiation of intrathymic T cell precursors into mature T-lymphocytes which are either ⁇ / ⁇ + or ⁇ / ⁇ + T cell receptor lymphocytes (as defined in Barcena et al. (1990) J. Exp. Med. 172:439). This effect is mediated by modulating (either inducing or inhibiting) the apoptosis of specific subsets of thymocytes within the thymus or by directly inducing the differentiation of a specific subset. In addition CK ⁇ -15 also directs the homing of the immature lymphocyte precursor to the thyumus for proper maturation.
  • CK ⁇ -15 also mediates proper T-lymphocyte maturation via the thymic epithelial cells, for example, by providing a co- stimulatory signal for proliferation or differentiation, as shown by various in vitro assays for human thymocyte proliferation or differentiation (Ruggiero et al. (1996) J. Immunol. 156:3737; Barcena et al. (1990) J. Exp. Med. 172:439; Singer et al. (1990) J. Immunol. 144:2931).
  • the CK ⁇ - 15 protein of the present invention also modulates colony formation of bone marrow progenitor cells, as does the macrophage inflammatory protein related protein-2 (MMRP-2).
  • MMRP-2 macrophage inflammatory protein related protein-2
  • the assay involves collecting human or mouse bone marrow cells and plating the same on agar, adding one or more growth factors and either (1) transfected host cell- supernatant containing CK ⁇ - 15 protein (or a candidate polypeptide) or (2) nontransfected host cell-supernatant control, and measuring the effect on colony formation by murine and human CFU-granulocyte-macrophages (CFU-GM), by human burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), or by human CFU granulocyte- erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM).
  • CFU-GM murine and human CFU-granulocyte-macrophages
  • BFU-E human burst-forming unit-erythroid
  • CFU-GEMM human CFU granulocyte- erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte
  • a polypeptide having CK ⁇ - 15 protein activity includes polypeptides that also exhibit any of the same thymcoyte modulating activities in the above-described assays in a dose-dependent manner.
  • the degree of dose- dependent activity need not be identical to that of the CK ⁇ - 15 protein, preferably, "a polypeptide having CK ⁇ - 15 protein activity” will exhibit substantially similar dose- dependence in a given activity as compared to the CK ⁇ - 15 protein (i.e., the candidate polypeptide will exhibit greater activity or not more than about tenfold less and, preferably, not more than about twofold less activity relative to the reference CK ⁇ - 15 protein).
  • nucleic acid molecules having a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of the deposited cDNA or the nucleic acid sequence shown in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NOT] will encode a polypeptide "having CKB-15 protein activity.”
  • degenerate variants of these nucleotide sequences all encode the same polypeptide, this will be clear to the skilled artisan even without performing the above described comparison assay.
  • nucleic acid molecules that are not degenerate variants, a reasonable number will also encode a polypeptide having CK ⁇ - 15 protein activity. This is because the skilled artisan is fully aware of amino acid substitutions that are either less likely or not likely to significantly effect protein function (e.g., replacing one aliphatic amino acid with a second aliphatic amino acid).
  • the present invention also relates to vectors which include the isolated
  • DNA molecules of the present invention are vectors which are genetically engineered with the recombinant vectors, and the production of CK ⁇ - 15 polypeptides or portions thereof by recombinant techniques.
  • Recombinant constructs may be introduced into host cells using well known techniques such as infection, transduction, transfection, transvection, electroporation and transformation.
  • the vector may be, for example, a phage, plasmid, viral or retroviral vector. Retroviral vectors may be replication competent or replication defective. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing host cells.
  • the polynucleotides may be joined to a vector containing a selectable marker for propagation in a host.
  • a plasmid vector is introduced in a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid.
  • the vector is a virus, it may be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line and then transduced into host cells.
  • Appropriate trans-acting factors may be supplied by the host, supplied by a complementing vector or supplied by the vector itself upon introduction into the host.
  • the vectors provide for specific expression, which may be inducible and/or cell type-specific. Particularly preferred among such vectors are those inducible by environmental factors that are easy to manipulate, such as temperature and nutrient additives.
  • Expression vectors useful in the present invention include chromosomal-
  • episomal- and virus-derived vectors e.g., vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, bacteriophage, yeast episomes, yeast chromosomal elements, viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof, such as cosmids and phagemids.
  • the DNA insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter, such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few.
  • an appropriate promoter such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few.
  • Other suitable promoters will be known to the skilled artisan.
  • the expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation,termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation.
  • the coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs will include a translation initiating AUG at the beginning and a termination codon appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
  • the expression vectors will preferably include at least one selectable marker.
  • markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampiciliin resistance genes for culturing in K coli and other bacteria.
  • Representative examples of appropriate hosts include bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS and Bowes melanoma cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture media and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the art.
  • vectors preferred for use in bacteria include pA2, pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNHl ⁇ a, ⁇ NH18A, ⁇ NH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia.
  • preferred eukaryotic vectors are pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTl and pSG available from Stratagene; and ⁇ SVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia.
  • Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
  • bacterial promoters suitable for use in the present invention include the E. coli lad and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter.
  • Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the
  • HSV thymidine kinase promoter the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
  • retroviral LTRs such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)
  • metallothionein promoters such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
  • Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, (1986).
  • Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type.
  • enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at bp 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
  • secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide.
  • the signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
  • the polypeptide may be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions.
  • a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage.
  • peptide moieties a / may be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification.
  • the CK ⁇ - 15 protein can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography ("HPLC") is employed for purification.
  • Polypeptides of the present invention include naturally purified products, products of chemical synthetic procedures, and products produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, including, for example, bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells.
  • polypeptides of the present invention may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated.
  • polypeptides of the invention may also include an initial modified methionine residue, in some cases as a result of host-mediated processes.
  • the invention further provides an isolated CK ⁇ - 15 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA, or the amino acid sequence in Figure 1 [SEQ ID NO: 2], or a peptide or polypeptide comprising a portion of the above polypeptides.
  • peptide and oligopeptide are considered synonymous (as is commonly recognized) and each term can be used interchangeably as the context requires to indicate a chain of at least to amino acids coupled by peptidyl linkages.
  • polypeptide is used herein for chains containing more than ten amino acid residues. All oligopeptide and polypeptide formulas or sequences herein are written from left to right and in the direction from amino terminus to carboxy terminus. It will be recognized in the art that some amino acid sequence of the
  • CK ⁇ - 15 polypeptide can be varied without significant effect of the structure or function of the protein. If such differences in sequence are contemplated, it should ⁇ > SL be remembered that there will be critical areas on the protein which determine activity. In general, it is possible to replace residues which form the tertiary structure, provided that residues performing a similar function are used. In other instances, the type of residue may be completely unimportant if the alteration occurs at a non-critical region of the protein.
  • the invention further includes variations of the CK ⁇ - 15 polypeptide which show substantial CK/3-15 polypeptide activity or which include regions of CK ⁇ - 15 protein such as the protein portions discussed below.
  • Such mutants include deletions, insertions, inversions, repeats, and type substitutions (for example, substituting one hydrophilic residue for another, but not strongly hydrophilic for strongly hydrophobic as a rule). Small changes or such "neutral" amino acid substitutions will generally have little effect on activity.
  • conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu and He; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr, exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu, substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gin, exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr.
  • polypeptides of the present invention are preferably provided in an isolated form, and preferably are substantially purified.
  • a recombinantly produced version of the CK ⁇ -15 polypeptide can be substantially purified by the one-step method described in Smith and Johnson, Gene 67:31-40 (1988).
  • polypeptides of the present invention include the polypeptide encoded by the deposited cDNA including the leader, the mature polypeptide encoded by the deposited the cDNA minus the leader (i.e., the mature protein), the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 including the leader, the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 minus the leader, as well as polypeptides which have at least 90% similarity, more preferably at least 95% similarity, and still more preferably at least 97%, 98% or 99% similarity to those described above.
  • polypeptides of the present invention include polypeptides at least 80% identical, more preferably at least 90% or 95% identical, still more preferably at least 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the polypeptide encoded by the deposited cDNA, to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, and also include portions of such polypeptides with at least 30 amino acids and more preferably at least 50 amino acids.
  • % similarity for two polypeptides is intended a similarity score produced by comparing the amino acid sequences of the two polypeptides using the Bestfit program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711) and the default settings for determining similarity. Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Advances in Applied Mathematics 2: 482-489, 1981) to find the best segment of similarity between two sequences.
  • Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Advances in Applied Mathematics 2: 482-489, 1981) to find the best segment of similarity between two sequences.
  • a reference amino acid sequence of a chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide is intended that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is identical to the reference sequence except that the polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the reference amino acid of the chemokine ⁇ -15 polypeptide.
  • up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another amino acid, or a number of amino acids up to 5% of the total amino acid residues in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.
  • the parameters are set, of course, such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference amino acid sequence and that gaps in homology of up to 5% of the total number of amino acid residues in the reference sequence are allowed.
  • polypeptides of the present invention can be used to raise polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, which are useful in diagnostic assays for detecting CK ⁇ - 15 protein expression as described below or as agonists and antagonists capable of enhancing or inhibiting CK ⁇ - 15 protein function.
  • polypeptides can be used in the yeast two-hybrid system to "capture" CK ⁇ - 15 protein binding proteins which are also candidate agonist and antagonist according to the present invention.
  • yeast two hybrid system is described in Fields and Song, Nature 340:245-246 (1989).
  • the invention provides a peptide or polypeptide comprising an epitope-bearing portion of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • the epitope of this polypeptide portion is an immunogenic or antigenic epitope of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • An "immunogenic epitope" is defined as a part of a protein that elicits an antibody response when the whole protein is the immunogen. These immunogenic epitopes are believed to be confined to a few loci on the molecule.
  • a region of a protein molecule to which an antibody can bind is defined as an "antigenic epitope.”
  • the number of immunogenic epitopes of a protein generally is less than the number of antigenic epitopes.
  • peptides or polypeptides bearing an antigenic epitope i.e., that contain a region of a protein molecule to which an antibody can bind
  • relatively short synthetic peptides that mimic part of a protein sequence are routinely capable of eliciting an antiserum that reacts with the partially mimicked protein. See, for instance, Sutcliffe, J. G, Shinnick,
  • Peptides capable of eliciting protein-reactive sera are frequently represented in the primary sequence of a protein, can be characterized by a set of simple chemical rules, and are confined neither to immunodominant regions of intact proteins (i.e., immunogenic epitopes) nor to the amino or carboxyl terminals. Peptides that are extremely hydrophobic and those of six or fewer residues generally are ineffective at inducing antibodies that bind to the mimicked protein; longer, soluble peptides, especially those containing proline residues, usually are effective. Sutcliffe et al., supra, at 661.
  • 18 of 20 peptides designed according to these guidelines containing 8-39 residues covering 75% of the sequence of the influenza virus hemagglutinin HA1 polypeptide chain, induced antibodies that reacted with the HA1 protein or intact virus; and 12/12 peptides from the MuLV polymerase and 18/18 from the rabies glycoprotein induced antibodies that precipitated the respective proteins.
  • Antigenic epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides of the invention are therefore useful to raise antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies, that bind specifically to a polypeptide of the invention.
  • a high proportion of hybridomas obtained by fusion of spleen cells from donors immunized with an antigen epitope-bearing peptide generally secrete antibody reactive with the native protein.
  • the antibodies raised by antigenic epitope- bearing peptides or polypeptides are useful to detect the mimicked protein, and antibodies to different peptides may be used for tracking the fate of various regions of a protein precursor which undergoes posttranslation processing.
  • the peptides and anti-peptide antibodies may be used in a variety of qualitative or quantitative assays for the mimicked protein, for instance in competition assays since it has been shown that even short peptides (e.g., about 9 amino acids) can bind and displace the larger peptides in immunoprecipitation assays. See, for instance, Wilson, I. A., Niman, H. L., Houghten, R. A., Cherenson, A. R., Connolly, M. L. and Lerner, R. A. (1984) The structure of an antigenic determinant in a protein. Cell 37:767-778 at 777.
  • anti-peptide antibodies of the invention also are useful for purification of the mimicked protein, for instance, by adsorption chromatography using methods well known in the art.
  • Antigenic epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides of the invention designed according to the above guidelines preferably contain a sequence of at least seven, more preferably at least nine and most preferably between about 15 to about 30 amino acids contained within the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • peptides or polypeptides comprising a larger portion of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide of the invention, containing about 30 to about 50 amino acids, or any length up to and including the entire amino acid sequence of a polypeptide of the invention, also are considered epitope-bearing peptides or polypeptides of the invention and also are useful for inducing antibodies that react with the mimicked protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the epitope-bearing peptide is selected to provide substantial solubility in aqueous solvents (i.e., the sequence includes relatively hydrophilic residues and highly hydrophobic sequences are preferably avoided); and sequences containing proline residues are particularly preferred.
  • the epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides of the invention may be produced by any conventional means for making peptides or polypeptides including recombinant means using nucleic acid molecules of the invention. For instance, a short epitope-bearing amino acid sequence may be fused to a larger polypeptide which acts as a carrier during recombinant production and purification, as well as during immunization to produce anti-peptide antibodies. Epitope-bearing peptides also may be synthesized using known methods of chemical synthesis.
  • Houghten has described a simple method for synthesis of large numbers of peptides, such as 10-20 mg of 248 different 13 residue peptides representing single amino acid variants of a segment of the HA1 polypeptide which were prepared and characterized (by ELISA-type binding studies) in less than four weeks.
  • Houghten, R. A. (1985) General method for the rapid solid-phase synthesis of large numbers of peptides: specificity of antigen- antibody interaction at the level of individual amino acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5131-5135.
  • This "Simultaneous Multiple Peptide Synthesis (SMPS)" process is further described in U.S. Patent No. 4,631,211 to Houghten et al.
  • Epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides of the invention are used to induce antibodies according to methods well known in the art. See, for instance, Sutcliffe et al., supra; Wilson et al., supra; Chow, M., Yabrov, R., Bittle, J., Hogel, J. and Baltimore, D., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:910-914; and Bittle, F. J., Fry, C. M., Rowlands, D. J., Brown, F., Bittle, J. L., Houghten, R. A. and Lerner, R. A. (1985) J. gen. Virol. 66:2347-2354.
  • animals may be immunized with free peptide; however, anti-peptide antibody titer may be boosted by coupling of the peptide to a macromolecular carrier, such as keyhole limpet hemacyanin (KLH) or tetanus toxoid.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemacyanin
  • peptides containing cysteine may be coupled to carrier using a linker such as m-maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), while other peptides may be coupled to carrier using a more general linking agent such as glutaraldehyde.
  • Animals such as rabbits, rats and mice are immunized with either free or carrier-coupled peptides, for instance, by intraperitoneal and/or intradermal injection of emulsions containing about 100 ⁇ g peptide or carrier protein and Freund's adjuvant. Several booster injections may be needed, for instance, at intervals of about two weeks, to provide a useful titer of anti-peptide antibody which can be detected, for example, by ELIS A assay using free peptide adsorbed to a solid surface.
  • the titer of anti- peptide antibodies in serum from an immunized animal may be increased by selection of anti-peptide antibodies, for instance, by adsorption to the peptide on a solid support and elution of the selected antibodies according to methods well known in the art.
  • Immunogenic epitope-bearing peptides of the invention i.e., those parts of a protein that elicit an antibody response when the whole protein is the immunogen, are identified according to methods known in the art. For instance, Geysen et al., 1984, supra, discloses a procedure for rapid concurrent synthesis on solid supports of hundreds of peptides of sufficient purity to react in an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay.
  • a peptide bearing an immunogenic epitope of a desired protein may be identified routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the immunological.y important epitope in the coat protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus was located by Geysen et al. with a resolution of seven amino acids by synthesis of an overlapping set of all 208 possible hexapeptides covering the entire 213 amino acid sequence of the protein. Then, a complete replacement set of peptides in which all 20 amino acids were substituted in turn at every position within the epitope were synthesized, and the particular amino acids conferring specificity for the reaction with antibody were determined.
  • peptide analogs of the epitope- bearing peptides of the invention can be made routinely by this method.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,708,781 to Geysen (1987) further describes this method of identifying a peptide bearing an immunogenic epitope of a desired protein.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5, 194,392 to Geysen (1990) describes a general method of detecting or determining the sequence of monomers (amino acids or other compounds) which is a topological equivalent of the epitope (i.e., a "mimotope") which is complementary to a particular paratope (antigen binding site) of an antibody of interest. More generally, U.S. Patent No. 4,433,092 to Geysen (1989) describes a method of detecting or determining a sequence of monomers which is a topographical equivalent of a ligand which is complementary to the ligand binding site of a particular receptor of interest. Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 5,480,971 to Houghten, R. A.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 is expressed only in thymus tissue.
  • substantially altered (increased or decreased) levels of CK ⁇ - 15 gene expression can be detected in thymus tissue or other cells or bodily fluids (e.g., sera, plasma, urine, synovial fluid or spinal fluid) taken from an individual having such a disorder, relative to a "standard" CK ⁇ - 15 gene expression level, that is, the CK ⁇ - 15 expression level in thymus tissue or bodily fluids from an individual not having the thymus disorder.
  • the invention provides a diagnostic method useful during diagnosis of a thymus disorder, which involves measuring the expression level of the gene encoding the CK ⁇ -15 protein in thymus tissue or other cells or body fluid from an individual and comparing the measured gene expression level with a standard CK ⁇ - 15 gene expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the gene expression level compaed to the standard is indicative of a thymus disorder.
  • measuring the expression level of the gene encoding the CK ⁇ -15 protein is intended qualitatively or quantitatively measuring or estimating the level of the CK ⁇ - 15 protein or the level of the mRNA encoding the CK ⁇ - 15 protein in a first biological sample either directly (e.g., by determining or estimating absolute protein level or mRNA level) or relatively (e.g., by comparing to the CK ⁇ -15 protein level or mRNA level in a second biological sample).
  • the CK ⁇ - 15 protein level or mRNA level in the first biological sample is measured or estimated and compared to a standard CK ⁇ - 15 protein level or mRNA level, the standard being taken from a second biological sample obtained from an individual not having the disorder or being determined by averaging levels from a population of individuals not having a disorder of the thymus.
  • a standard CK ⁇ - 15 protein level or mRNA level is known, it can be used repeatedly as a standard for comparison.
  • biological sample any biological sample obtained from an individual, body fluid, cell line, tissue culture, or other source which contains CK ⁇ - 15 protein or mRNA.
  • biological samples include body fluids (such as sera, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) which contain secreted mature CK ⁇ - 15 protein, thymus tissue, and other tissue sources found to express CK ⁇ - 15 or a CK ⁇ - 15 receptor. Methods for obtaining tissue biopsies and body fluids from mammals are well known in the art. Where the biological sample is to include mRNA, a tissue biopsy is the preferred source.
  • the present invention is useful for diagnosis or treatment of various thymus-related disorders in mammals, preferably humans.
  • Such disorders include the following tumors and cancers, hypoactivity, hyperactivity, atrophy, enlargement of the thymus, and the like.
  • Other disorders include disregulation of T-lymphocyte selection or activity and would include but not be limited to disorders involving autoimmunity, arthritis, leukemias, lymphomas, immunosuppression, sepsis, would healing, acute and chronic inflammation, cell mediated immunity, humor immunity, TH1/TH2 imbalance, and the like.
  • Total cellular RNA can be isolated from a biological sample using any suitable technique such as the single-step guanidinium-thiocyanate-phenol- chloroform method described in Chomczynski and Sacchi, Anal Biochem. 162:156-159 (1987). Levels of mRNA encoding the CK ⁇ - 15 protein are then assayed using any appropriate method. These include Northern blot analysis, S 1 nuclease mapping, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription in combination with the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and reverse transcription in combination with the ligase chain reaction (RT-LCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription in combination with the polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-LCR reverse transcription in combination with the ligase chain reaction
  • RNA is prepared from a biological sample as described above.
  • an appropriate buffer such as glyoxal/dimethyl sulfoxide/sodium phosphate buffer
  • the filter is prehybridized in a solution containing formamide, SSC, Denhardt's solution, denatured salmon sperm, SDS, and sodium phosphate buffer.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein cDNA labeled according to any appropriate method such as the 32 P-multiprimed DNA labeling 2/ system (Amersham) is used as probe. After hybridization overnight, the filter is washed and exposed to x-ray film.
  • cDNA for use as probe according to the present invention is described in the sections above and will preferably at least 15 bp in length. S 1 mapping can be performed as described in Fujita et al, Cell 49:351-
  • probe DNA for use in SI mapping, the sense strand of above-described cDNA is used as a template to synthesize labeled antisense DNA.
  • the antisense DNA can then be digested using an appropriate restriction endonuclease to generate further DNA probes of a desired length.
  • Such antisense probes are useful for visualizing protected bands corresponding to the target mRNA (i.e., mRNA encoding the CK ⁇ -15 protein).
  • Northern blot analysis can be performed as described above.
  • levels of mRNA encoding the CK ⁇ - 15 protein are assayed using the RT-PCR method described in Makino et al, Technique 2:295-301 (1990).
  • the radioactivities of the "amplicons" in the polyacrylamide gel bands are linearly related to the initial concentration of the target mRNA.
  • this method involves adding total RNA isolated from a biological sample in a reaction mixture containing a RT primer and appropriate buffer. After incubating for primer annealing, the mixture can be supplemented with a RT buffer, dNTPs, DTT, RNase inhibitor and reverse transcriptase.
  • the RT products are then subject to PCR using labeled primers.
  • a labeled dNTP can be included in the PCR reaction mixture.
  • PCR amplification can be performed in a DNA thermal cycler according to conventional techniques. After a suitable number of rounds to achieve amplification, the PCR reaction mixture is electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel. After drying the gel, the radioactivity of the appropriate bands (corresponding to the mRNA encoding the CK ⁇ - 15 protein) is quantified using an imaging analyzer.
  • RT and PCR reaction ingredients and conditions, reagent and gel concentrations, and labeling methods are well known in the art. Variations on the RT-PCR method will be apparent to the skilled artisan.
  • oligonucleotide primers which will amplify reverse 39- transcribed target mRNA can be used and can be designed as described in the sections above.
  • Assaying CK ⁇ - 15 protein levels in a biological sample can occur using any art-known method. Preferred for assaying CK ⁇ - 15 protein levels in a biological sample are antibody-based techniques. For example, CK ⁇ - 15 protein expression in tissues can be studied with classical immunohistological methods.
  • the specific recognition is provided by the primary antibody (polyclonal or monoclonal) but the secondary detection system can utilize fluorescent, enzyme, or other conjugated secondary antibodies.
  • an immunohistological staining of tissue section for pathological examination is obtained.
  • Tissues can also be extracted, e.g., with urea and neutral detergent, for the liberation of CK ⁇ - 15 protein for Western-blot or dot/slot assay (Jalkanen, M., et al, J. Cell Biol. 7(97:976-985 (1985)); Jalkanen, M., et al, J. Cell, Biol. 705:3087-3096 (1987)).
  • quantitation of CK ⁇ - 15 protein can be accomplished using isolated CK ⁇ - 15 protein as a standard. This technique can also be applied to body fluids. With these samples, a molar concentration of CK ⁇ - 15 protein will aid to set standard values of CK ⁇ - 15 protein content for different body fluids, like serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid, spinal fluid, etc. The normal appearance of CK ⁇ - 15 protein amounts can then be set using values from healthy individuals, which can be compared to those obtained from a test subject.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein-specific monoclonal antibodies can be used both as an immunoadsorbent and as an enzyme- labeled probe to detect and quantify the CK ⁇ - 15 protein.
  • the amount of CK ⁇ - 15 protein present in the sample can be calculated by reference to the amount present in a standard preparation using a linear regression computer algorithm.
  • ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein-specific monoclonal antibodies can be used both as an immunoadsorbent and as an enzyme- labeled probe to detect and quantify the CK ⁇ - 15 protein.
  • the amount of CK ⁇ - 15 protein present in the sample can be calculated by reference to the amount present in a standard preparation using a linear regression computer algorithm.
  • Such an ELISA for detecting a tumor antigen is described in Iacobelli et al, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 11: 19-30 (1988).
  • two distinct specific monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect CK ⁇ - 15 protein in a
  • the above techniques may be conducted essentially as a "one-step” or “two-step” assay.
  • the "one-step” assay involves contacting CK ⁇ - 15 protein with immobilized antibody and, without washing, contacting the mixture with the labeled antibody.
  • the "two-step” assay involves washing before contacting the mixture with the labeled antibody.
  • Other conventional methods may also be employed as suitable. It is usually desirable to immobilize one component of the assay system on a support, thereby allowing other components of the system to be brought into contact with the component and readily removed from the sample.
  • Suitable enzyme labels include, for example, those from the oxidase group, which catalyze the production of hydrogen peroxide by reacting with substrate.
  • Glucose oxidase is particularly preferred as it has good stability and its substrate (glucose) is readily available.
  • Activity of an oxidase label may be assayed by measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide formed by the enzyme- labeled antibody/substrate reaction.
  • suitable labels include radioisotopes, such as iodine ( 125 I, I21 I), carbon ( U C), sulfur ("S), tritium ⁇ H), indium ( ll2 In), and technetium (Tc), and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein can also be detected in vivo by imaging.
  • Antibody labels or markers for in vivo imaging of CK ⁇ - 15 protein include those detectable by X-radiography, NMR or ESR.
  • suitable labels include radioisotopes such as barium or cesium, which emit detectable radiation but are not overtly harmful to the subject.
  • Suitable markers for NMR and ESR include those with a detectable characteristic spin, such as deuterium, which may be incorporated into the antibody by labeling of nutrients for the relevant hybridoma.
  • a CK ⁇ - 15 protein-specific antibody or antibody portion which has been labeled with an appropriate detectable imaging moiety such as a radioisotope (for example, 131 I, ll2 In, Tc), a radio-opaque substance, or a material detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance, is introduced (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally) into the mammal to be examined for a thymus disorder.
  • a radioisotope for example, 131 I, ll2 In, Tc
  • a radio-opaque substance for example, a radio-opaque substance, or a material detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the size of the subject and the imaging system used will determine the quantity of imaging moieties needed to produce diagnostic images.
  • the quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from about 5 to 20 millicuries of "Tc.
  • the labeled antibody or antibody portion will then preferentially accumulate at the location of cells which contain CK ⁇ - 15 protein.
  • In vivo tumor imaging is described in S. W. Burchiel et al, "Immunopharmacokinetics of Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their Portions" (Chapter 13 in Tumor Imaging: The Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, eds., S. W. Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, Masson Publishing Inc. (1982)).
  • CK ⁇ -15-protein specific antibodies for use in the present invention can be raised against the intact CK ⁇ - 15 protein or an antigenic polypeptide portion thereo ⁇ which may presented together with a carrier protein, such as an albumin, to an animal system (such as rabbit or mouse) or, if it is long enough (at least about 25 amino acids), without a carrier.
  • a carrier protein such as an albumin
  • antibody As used herein, the term "antibody” (Ab) or “monoclonal antibody” (Mab) is meant to include intact molecules as well as antibody portions (such as, for example, Fab and F(ab') 2 portions) which are capable of specifically binding to CK ⁇ - 15 protein. Fab and F(ab') 2 portions lack the Fc portion of intact antibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation, and may have less non-specific tissue binding of an intact antibody (Wahl et al, J. Nucl Med 24:316-325 (1983)). Thus, these portions are preferred.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may be prepared by any of a variety of methods.
  • cells expressing the CK ⁇ - 15 protein or an antigenic portion thereof can be administered to an animal in order to induce the production of sera containing polyclonal antibodies.
  • a preparation of CK ⁇ - 15 protein is prepared and purified as described above to render it substantially free of natural contaminants. Such a preparation is then introduced into an animal in order to produce polyclonal antisera of greater specific activity.
  • the antibodies of the present invention are monoclonal antibodies (or CK ⁇ - 15 protein binding portions thereof).
  • Such monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using hybridoma technology (Kohler et al, Nature 256:495 (1975); Kohler et al, Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511 (1976); Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol 6:292 (1976); Hammerling etal., In: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas, Elsevier, N.Y., pp. 563-681 (1981)).
  • such procedures involve immunizing an animal (preferably a mouse) with a CK ⁇ - 15 protein antigen or, more preferably, with a CK ⁇ - 15 protein-expressing cell.
  • Suitable cells can be recognized by their capacity to bind anti-CK ⁇ -15 protein antibody.
  • Such cells may be cultured in any suitable tissue culture medium; however, it is preferable to culture cells in Earle's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (inactivated at about 56°C), and supplemented with about 10 ⁇ g/1 of nonessential amino acids, about 1,000 U/ml of penicillin, and about 100 ⁇ g/ml of streptomycin.
  • the splenocytes of such mice are extracted and fused with a suitable myeloma cell line.
  • any suitable myeloma cell line may be employed in accordance with the present invention; however, it is preferable to employ the parent myeloma cell line (SP 2 O), available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland.
  • SP 2 O myeloma cell line
  • the resulting hybridoma cells are selectively maintained in HAT medium, and then cloned by limiting dilution as described by Wands et al. (Gastroenterology 80:225- 232 (1981)).
  • the hybridoma cells obtained through such a selection are then assayed to identify clones which secrete antibodies capable of binding the CK ⁇ - 15 antigen.
  • additional antibodies capable of binding to the CK ⁇ - 15 protein antigen may be produced in a two-step procedure through the use of anti- idiotypic antibodies.
  • Such a method makes use of the fact that antibodies are themselves antigens, and therefore it is possible to obtain an antibody which binds to a second antibody.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein specific antibodies are used to immunize an animal, preferably a mouse.
  • the splenocytes of such an animal are then used to produce hybridoma cells, and the hybridoma cells are screened to identify clones which produce an antibody whose ability to bind to the CK ⁇ - 15 protein-specific antibody can be blocked by the CK ⁇ - 15 protein antigen.
  • Such antibodies comprise anti-idiotypic antibodies to the CK ⁇ -15 protein-specific antibody and can be used to immunize an animal to induce 3(o formation of further CK ⁇ - 15 protein-specific antibodies.
  • Fab and F(ab') 2 and other portions of the antibodies of the present invention may be used according to the methods disclosed herein. Such portions are typically produced by proteolytic cleavage, using enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab portions) or pepsin (to produce F(ab') 2 portions). Alternatively, CK ⁇ - 15 protein-binding portions can be produced through the application of recombinant DNA technology or through synthetic chemistry.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein for diagnosis in humans
  • "humanized" chimeric monoclonal antibodies Such antibodies can be produced using genetic constructs derived from hybridoma cells producing the monoclonal antibodies described above. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See, for review, Morrison, Science 229:1202 (1985); Oi et al, BioTechniques 4:214 (1 86); Cabilly et al, U.S. Patent No.
  • suitable labels for the CK ⁇ - 15 protein-specific antibodies of the present invention are provided below.
  • suitable enzyme labels include malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast- alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta- galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase, and acetylcholine esterase.
  • radioisotopic labels examples include 3 H, "'In, ,25 I, l3 '1, 32 P, 3S S, I C, s 'Cr, "To, 58 Co, 59 Fe, "Se, 152 Eu, '"Y, 67 Cu, 217 Ci, 211 At, 2,2 Pb, 47 Sc, ,09 Pd, etc.
  • "'In is a preferred isotope where in vivo imaging is used since its avoids the problem of dehalogenation of the 125 I or 131 I-IabeIed monoclonal antibody by the liver.
  • this radionucleotide has a more favorable gamma emission energy for imaging (Perkins et al, Eur. J. Nucl.
  • non-radioactive isotopic labels examples include 157 Gd, "Mn, 162 Dy, $2 Tr, and *Fe.
  • fluorescent labels examples include an 1S2 Eu label, a fluorescein label, an isothiocyanate label, a rhodamine label, a phycoerythrin label, a phycocyanin label, an allophycocyanin label, an o-phthaldehyde label, and a fluorescamine label.
  • suitable toxin labels include diphtheria toxin, ricin, and cholera toxin.
  • chemiluminescent labels include a luminal label, an isoluminal label, an aromatic acridinium ester label, an imidazole label, an acridinium salt label, an oxalate ester label, a luciferin label, a luciferase label, and an aequorin label.
  • nuclear magnetic resonance contrasting agents examples include heavy metal nuclei such as Gd, Mn, and Fe.
  • Typical techniques for binding the above-described labels to antibodies are provided by Kennedy et al (Clin. Chim. Acta 70:1-31 (1976)), and Schurs et al (Clin. Chim. Acta 81: 1-40 (1977)). Coupling techniques mentioned in the latter are the glutaraldehyde method, the periodate method, the dimaleimide method, the m-maleimidobenzyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester method, all of which methods are incorporated by reference herein.
  • the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are also valuable for chromosome identification.
  • the sequence is specifically targeted to and can hybridize with a particular location on an individual human chromosome.
  • chromosome marking reagents based on actual sequence data 3 ⁇ (repeat polymorphisms) are presently available for marking chromosomal location.
  • mapping of DNAs to chromosomes is an important first step in correlating those sequences with genes associated with disease.
  • the cDNA herein disclosed is used to clone genomic DNA of a CK ⁇ - 15 protein gene. This can be accomplished using a variety of well known techniques and libraries, which generally are available commercially.
  • the genomic DNA then is used for in situ chromosome mapping using well known techniques for this purpose. Typically, in accordance with routine procedures for chromosome mapping, some trial and error may be necessary to identify a genomic probe that gives a good in situ hybridization signal.
  • sequences can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp) from the cDNA. Computer analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the gene is used to rapidly select primers that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thus complicating the amplification process. These primers are then used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene corresponding to the primer will yield an amplified portion.
  • PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure for assigning a particular DNA to a particular chromosome.
  • sublocalization can be achieved with panels of portions from specific chromosomes or pools of large genomic clones in an analogous manner.
  • Other mapping strategies that can similarly be used to map to its chromosome include in situ hybridization, prescreening with labeled flow-sorted chromosomes and preselection by hybridization to construct chromosome specific- cDNA libraries.
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization of a cDNA clone to a metaphase chromosomal spread can be used to provide a precise chromosomal location in one step.
  • This technique can be used with probes from the cDNA as short as 50 or 60 bp.
  • Verma et al. HUMAN 1? CHROMOSOMES: A MANUAL OF BASIC TECHNIQUES, Pergamon Press,
  • a cDNA precisely localized to a chromosomal region associated with the disease could be one of between 50 and 500 potential causative genes. (This assumes 1 megabase mapping resolution and one gene per 20 kb).
  • CK ⁇ - 15 has been shown to be expressed only in the thymus. Therefore, CK ⁇ - 15 is particularly active in modulating activities of monocytes in the thymus, particularly those of early thymocytes, such as the activities described above in relation to the description of a "polypeptide having CK ⁇ - 15 activity.” Given the thymocyte activities modulated by CK ⁇ - 15, it is readily apparent that a substantially altered (increased or decreased) level of expression of CK ⁇ - 15 in an individual compared to the standard or "normal" level produces pathological conditions such as those described above in relation to diagnosis of thymus-related disorders.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein of the invention is translated with a leader peptide suitable for secretion of the mature protein from the cells which express CK ⁇ - 15, when CK ⁇ - 15 protein (particularly the mature form) is added from an exogenous source to cells, tissues or the body of an individual, the protein will exert its modulating activities on any of its target cells of that individual. Therefore, it will be appreciated that conditions caused by a decrease in the standard or normal level of CK ⁇ - 15 activity in an individual, particularly disorders of the thymus, can be treated be administration of CK ⁇ - 15 protein.
  • the invention also provides a method of treatment of an individual in need of an increased level of CK ⁇ - 15 activity comprising administering to such an individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an isolated CK ⁇ - 15 polypeptide of the invention, particularly a mature form of the CK ⁇ - 15 protein of the invention, effective to increase the CK ⁇ - 15 activity level in such an individual.
  • the invention provides methods for suppressing myeloid cell proliferation in an individual, which involve administering a myelosuppressive amount of CK ⁇ - 15 either alone or together with one or more chemokines selected from the group consisting of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein- l ⁇ (MlP-l ⁇ ), Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 ⁇ (MIP-2 ⁇ ), Platelet Factor 4 (PF4), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Macrophage Chemotactic and Activating Yf
  • the myelosuppressive compositions of the present invention thus provide myeloprotective effects and are useful in conjunction with therapies that have an adverse affect on myeloid cells. This is because the myelosuppressive compositions of the present invention place myeloid cells in a slow-cycling state thereby providing protection against cell damage caused by, for example, radiation therapy or chemotherapy using cell-cycle active drugs, such as cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea.
  • the myelosuppressive pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are also useful in the treatment of leukemia, which causes a hyperproliferative myeloid cell state.
  • the invention further provides methods for treating leukemia, which involve administering to a leukemia patient a myelosuppressive amount of CK ⁇ - 15 either alone or together with one or more chemokines selected from the group consisting of MlP-l ⁇ , MIP-2 ⁇ , PF4, IL-8, MCAF, and MRP-2.
  • the myelosuppressive compositions of the present invention are pretreated with ACN as described in Broxmeyer H. E., etal., Ann-Hematol 71 (5) :235-46(1995) and PCT Publication WO 94/13321, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • the myelosuppressive compositions of the present invention may be used in combination with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, ethylenimines, methylmelamines, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosuoureas, and triazenes; antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, in particular fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside, and purine analogs; natural products such as vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, antibiotics, enzymes and biological response modifiers; and miscellaneous products such as platinum coordination complexes, anthracenedione, substituted urea such as hydroxyurea, methyl hydrazine derivatives, and adrenocorticoid suppressant.
  • alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, ethylenimines, methylmelamines, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosuoureas,
  • Chemotherapeutic agents can be administered at known concentrations according to known techniques.
  • the myelosuppressive compositions of the present invention can be co-administered with a chemotherapeutic agent, or administered separately, either before or after chemotherapeutic administration.
  • chemokines such as MIP-l ⁇ , MIP-2 ⁇ and GRO- ⁇ , inhibit (at least partially block) the myeloid suppressive affects of the myelosuppresive compositions of the present invention.
  • the invention provides methods for inhibiting myelosuppression, which involves administering an effective amount of a myelosuppressive inhibitor selected from the group consisting of MIP-l ⁇ , MIP-2 ⁇ and GRO- ⁇ to a mammal previously exposed to the myelosuppresive agent CK ⁇ - 15 either alone or together with one or more of MIP-1 ⁇ , MIP-2 ⁇ , PF4, IL-8, MCAF, and MRP-2.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 polypeptides for treating an individual in need of an increased level of CK ⁇ - 15 activity can be determined empirically for each condition where administration of CK ⁇ - 15 is indicated.
  • the polypeptide having CK ⁇ - 15 activity my be administered in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. It will be understood that, when administered to a human patient, the total daily usage of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the type and degree of the response to be achieved; the specific composition an other agent, if any, employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the composition; the duration of the treatment; drugs (such as a chemotherapeutic agent) used in combination or coincidental with the specific composition; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a polypeptide having CK ⁇ - 15 activity in dosages on the order of from 0.05 to 10 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.1 to 7.5 mg/kg/day, more preferably 0.1 to 2 mg/kg/day, administered once or, in divided doses, 2 to 4 times per day.
  • dosages on the order of from 0.01 to 5 mg kg/day, preferably 0.05 to 1.0 mg/kg/day and more preferably 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day can be used.
  • Suitable daily dosages for patients are thus on the order of from 2.5 to 500 mg p.o., preferably 5 to 250 mg p.o., more preferably 5 to 100 mg p.o., or on the order of from 0.5 to 250 mg i.v., preferably 2.5 to 125 mg i.v. and more preferably 2.5 to 50 mg i.v.
  • Dosaging may also be arranged in a patient specific manner to provide a predetermined concentration of an CK ⁇ - 15 activity in the blood, as determined by an RIA technique, for instance.
  • patient dosaging may be adjusted to achieve regular on-going trough blood levels, as measured by RIA, on the order of from 50 to 1000 ng/ml, preferably 150 to 500 ng/ml.
  • compositions of the invention may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intrayaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is meant a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • parenteral refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.
  • compositions of the present invention for parenteral injection can comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use.
  • suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), carboxymethylceuulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as W ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions of the present invention may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsuled matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.
  • the rate of drug release can be controlled.
  • biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides).
  • Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or rnicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active compounds are mixed with at least one item pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcerulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f)- absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and gly
  • compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubiiizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isoptopyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubiiizing agents and emulsifiers
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • the active polypeptide can also be administered in the form of liposomes.
  • liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi- lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium.
  • any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used.
  • the present compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to the agent or inhibitor, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and the like.
  • the preferred lipids are the phospholipids and the phosphatidyl cholates (lecithins), both natural and synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art. See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976), p. 33 et seq.
  • the DNA sequence encoding the mature CK ⁇ - 15 protein in the deposited cDNA clone was amplified using PCR oligonucleotide primers specific to the amino terminal sequences of the CK ⁇ - 15 protein and to vector sequences 3' to the gene. Additional nucleotides containing restriction sites to facilitate cloning were added to the 5' and 3' sequences respectively.
  • the 5' oligonucleotide primer had the sequence 5' GCC GTC GAC
  • the 3" primer had the sequence 5' GCC TCT AGA GGA GCC CAG AAA TGA GCC GGC 3* [SEQ ID NO:5] containing the underlined Xbal restriction site followed by 21 nucleotides complementary to the last 21 nucleotides immediately after the CK ⁇ - 15 protein coding sequence in Figure 1.
  • restriction sites were convenient to restriction enzyme sites in the bacterial expression vector pDIO (pQE9), which were used for bacterial expression in these examples.
  • pDIO bacterial expression vector
  • pQE9 encodes ampicillin antibiotic resistance ("Amp”') and contains a bacterial origin of replication ("ori"), an IPTG inducible promoter, a ribosome binding site ("RBS”), a 6-His tag and restriction enzyme sites.
  • the amplified CK ⁇ - 15 protein DNA and the vector pQE9 both were digested with Sail and Xbal and the digested DNAs were then ligated together. Insertion of the CK ⁇ - 15 protein DNA into the restricted pQE9 vector placed the CK ⁇ - 15 protein coding region downstream of and operably linked to the vector's IPTG-inducible promoter and in-frame with an initiating AUG appropriately positioned for translation of CK ⁇ - 15 protein.
  • the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli cells using standard procedures. Such procedures are described in Sambrook et al.,
  • Transformants were identified by their ability to grow on LB plates in v the presence of ampicillin and kanamycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from resistant colonies and the identity of the cloned DNA was confirmed by restriction analysis.
  • Clones containing the desired constructs were grown overnight ("O/N") in liquid culture in LB media supplemented with both ampicillin (100 ⁇ g/ml) and kanamycin (25 ⁇ g/ml).
  • the O N culture is used to inoculate a large culture, at a dilution of approximately 1:100 to 1:250.
  • the cells are grown to an optical density at 600nm ("OD600") of between 0.4 and 0.6.
  • Isopropyl-B-D-thiogalactopyranoside (“IPTG”) is then added to a final concentration of 1 mM to induce transcription from lac repressor sensitive promoters, by inactivating the lacl repressor.
  • Cells subsequently are incubated further for 3 to 4 hours.
  • Cells then are harvested by centrifugation and disrupted, by standard methods.
  • Inclusion bodies are purified from the disrupted cells using routine collection techniques, and protein is solubilized from the inclusion bodies into 8M urea.
  • the 8M urea solution containing the solubilized protein is passed over a PD-10 column in 2X phosphate- buffered saline ("PBS"), thereby removing the urea, exchanging the buffer and refolding the protein.
  • PBS 2X phosphate- buffered saline
  • the protein is purified by a further step of chromatography to remove endotoxin. Then, it is sterile filtered.
  • the sterile filtered protein preparation is stored in 2X PBS at a concentration of 95 ⁇ /ml.
  • Example 2 Cloning and Expression of CK ⁇ -15 protein in a Baculovirus Expression System
  • the cDNA sequence encoding the full length CK ⁇ - 15 protein in the deposited clone is amplified using PCR oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 5' and 3' sequences of the gene:
  • the 5' primer has the sequence 5' GCC TCT AGA GCC ATC ATG AAC CTG TGG CTC CTG GCC 3' [SEQ ID NO:6] containing the underlined Xbal restriction enzyme site followed by 21 bases of the sequence of CK ⁇ - 15 protein in Figure 1. Inserted into an expression vector, as described below, the 5' end of the amplified fragment encoding CK ⁇ -15 provides an efficient signal peptide. An efficient signal for initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells, as described by Kozak, M., J. Mol. Biol. 196: 947-950 (1987) is appropriately located in the vector portion of the construct.
  • the 3' primer has the sequence 5' GCC TCT AGA GGA GCC CAG AAA TGA CCC GGC 3' [SEQ ID NO.7] containing the underlined Xbal restriction site followed by nucleotides complementary to the last 21 nucleotides of the CK ⁇ - 15 coding sequence set out in Figure 1.
  • the amplified fragment is isolated from a 1% agarose gel using a commercially available kit ("Geneclean,” BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Ca.). The fragment then is digested with Xbal and again is purified on a 1% agarose gel. This fragment is designated herein F2.
  • the vector pA2-GP is used to express the CK ⁇ - 15 protein in the baculovirus expression system, using standard methods, as described in Summers et al, A MANUAL OF METHODS FOR BACULOVIRUS VECTORS AND INSECT CELL CULTURE PROCEDURES, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987).
  • This expression vector contains the strong polyhedrin promoter of the Autographa calif ornica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) followed by convenient restriction sites.
  • the signal peptide of AcMNPV gp67, including the N-terminal methionine, is located just upstream of a BamHI site.
  • the polyadenylation site of the simian virus 40 (“SV40") is used for efficient polyadenylation.
  • SV40 simian virus 40
  • the beta- galactosidase gene from E. coli is inserted in the same orientation as the polyhedrin promoter and is followed by the polyadenylation signal of the polyhedrin gene.
  • the polyhedrin sequences are flanked at both sides by viral sequences for cell-mediated homologous recombination with wild-type viral DNA to generate viable virus that express the cloned polynucleotide.
  • baculovirus vectors could be used in place of pA2-GP, such as pAc373, pVL941 and pAcEMl provided, as those of skill readily will Sb appreciate, that construction provides appropriately located signals for transcription, translation, trafficking and the like, such as an in-frame AUG and a signal peptide, as required.
  • Such vectors are described in Luckow et al., Virology 170: 31-39, among others.
  • the plasmid is digested with the restriction enzyme Xbal and then is dephosphorylated using calf intestinal phosphatase, using routine procedures known in the art.
  • V2 The DNA is then isolated from a 1% agarose gel using a commercially available kit ("Geneclean” BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Ca.). This vector DNA is designated herein "V2". Fragment F2 and the dephosphorylated plasmid V2 are ligated together with T4 DNA ligase. E. coli HB 101 cells are transformed with ligation mix and spread on culture plates. Bacteria are identified that contain the plasmid with the human CK ⁇ - 15 gene by digesting DNA from individual colonies using Xbal and then analyzing the digestion product by gel electrophoresis. The sequence of the cloned fragment is confirmed by DNA sequencing. This plasmid is designated herein pBacCK ⁇ -15.
  • 5 ⁇ g of the plasmid pBacCK ⁇ -15 is co-transfected with 1.0 ⁇ g of a commercially available linearized baculovirus DNA ("BaculoGoldTM baculovirus DNA", Pharmingen, San Diego, CA.), using the lipofection method described by Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7413-7417 (1987).
  • BaculoGoldTM virus DNA and 5 ⁇ g of the plasmid pBacCK ⁇ -15 are mixed in a sterile well of a microtiter plate containing 50 ⁇ l of serum-free Grace's medium (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, MD).
  • plaque assay After four days the supernatant is collected and a plaque assay is performed, as described by Summers and Smith, cited above. An agarose gel with "Blue Gal” (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg) is used to allow easy identification and isolation of gal-expressing clones, which produce blue-stained plaques. (A detailed description of a "plaque assay” of this type can also be found in the user's guide for insect cell culture and baculovirology distributed by Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, page 9-10).
  • V-CK ⁇ -15 A clone containing properly inserted hESSB I, II and III is identified by DNA analysis including restriction mapping and sequencing. This is designated herein as V-CK ⁇ -15.
  • Sf9 cells are grown in Grace's medium supplemented with 10% heat- inactivated FBS.
  • the cells are infected with the recombinant baculovirus V-CK ⁇ - 15 at a multiplicity of infection ("MOI") of about 2 (about 1 to about 3).
  • MOI multiplicity of infection
  • the medium is removed and is replaced with SF900 II medium minus methionine and cysteine (available from Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg). 42 hours later, 5 ⁇ Ci of 3S S-methionine and 5 ⁇ Ci 35 S-cysteine (available from Amersham) are added.
  • the cells are further incubated for 16 hours and then they are harvested by centrifugation, lysed and the labeled proteins are visualized by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography.
  • the expression plasmid, pCK ⁇ -15 HA is made by cloning a cDNA encoding CK ⁇ - 15 into the expression vector pcDNAI/Amp (which can be obtained from Invitrogen, Inc.).
  • the expression vector pcDNAI/amp contains: (1) an E.coli origin of replication effective for propagation in E.
  • coli and other prokaryotic cells (2) an ampicillin resistance gene for selection of plasmid-containing prokaryotic cells; (3) an S V40 origin of replication for propagation in eukaryotic cells; (4) a CMV promoter, a polylinker, an S V40 intron, and a polyadenylation signal arranged so that a cDNA conveniently can be placed under expression control of the CMV promoter and operably linked to the SV40 intron and the polyadenylation signal by means of restriction sites in the polylinker.
  • a DNA fragment encoding the entire CK ⁇ -15 precursor and an HA tag fused in frame to its 3' end is cloned into the polylinker region of the vector so that recombinant protein expression is directed by the CMV promoter.
  • the HA tag corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein described by Wilson et al., Cell 37: 767 (1984). The fusion of the HA tag to the target protein allows easy detection of the recombinant protein with an antibody that recognizes the HA epitope.
  • the plasmid construction strategy is as follows.
  • the CK ⁇ - 15 cDNA of the deposited clone is amplified using primers that contain convenient restriction sites, much as described above regarding the construction of expression vectors for expression of CK ⁇ - 15 in E. coli.
  • primers that contain convenient restriction sites, much as described above regarding the construction of expression vectors for expression of CK ⁇ - 15 in E. coli.
  • one of the primers contains a hemagglutinin tag ("HA tag") as described above.
  • Suitable primers include that following, which are used in this example.
  • the 5' primer, containing the underlined Hindlll site, an AUG start codon and 6 codons of the 5' coding region has the following sequence: 5' GCG AAG CTT ATG AAC CTG TGG CTC CTG GCC 3' [SEQ ID NO:8].
  • the 3' primer containing the underlined Xhol site, a stop codon, 9 codons thereafter forming the hemagglutinin HA tag, and 22 bp of 3' coding sequence (at the 3' end) has the following sequence:
  • the PCR amplified DNA fragment and the vector, pcDNAI/Amp, are 3 digested with HindHI and Xhol and then ligated.
  • the ligation mixture is transformed into K coli strain SURE (available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037) the transformed culture is plated on ampicillin media plates which then are incubated to allow growth of ampicillin resistant colonies. Plasmid DNA is isolated from resistant colonies and examined by restriction analysis and gel sizing for the presence of the CB ⁇ -15- encoding fragment.
  • COS cells are transfected with an expression vector, as described above, using DEAE-DEXTRAN, as described, for instance, in Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING : A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1989). Cells are incubated under conditions for expression of CK ⁇ - 15 by the vector.
  • CK ⁇ -15 HA fusion protein is detected by radiolabelling and immunoprecipitation, using methods described in, for example Harlow et al., ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd Ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1988).
  • the cells are labeled by incubation in media containing 3i S-cysteine for 8 hours.
  • the cells and the media are collected, and the cells are washed and the lysed with detergent-containing RIPA buffer: 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.1% SDS, 1% NP-40, 0.5% DOC, 50 mM TRIS, pH 7.5, as described by Wilson et al.
  • RNA was size resolved by electrophoresis through a 1% agarose gel under strongly denaturing conditions. RNA was blotted from the gel onto a nylon filter, and the filter then was prepared for hybridization to a detectably labeled polynucleotide probe.
  • the antisense strand of the coding region of the cDNA insert in the deposited clone was labeled to a high specific activity.
  • the cDNA was labeled by primer extension, using the Prime-It kit, available from Stratagene. The reaction was carried out using 50 ng of the cDNA, following the standard reaction protocol as recommended by the supplier.
  • the labeled polynucleotide was purified away from other labeled reaction components by column chromatography using a Select-G-50 column, obtained from 5-Prime - 3-Prime, Inc. of 5603 Arapahoe Road, Boulder, CO 80303.
  • the labeled probe was hybridized to the filter, at a concentration of
  • Fibroblasts are obtained from a subject by skin biopsy.
  • the resulting tissue is placed in tissue-culture medium and separated into small pieces. Small chunks of the tissue are placed on a wet surface of a tissue culture flask, approximately ten pieces are placed in each flask.
  • the flask is turned upside down, closed tight and left at room temperature overnight. After 24 hours at room temperature, the flask is inverted - the chunks of tissue remain fixed to the bottom of the flask - and fresh media is added (e.g., Ham's F12 media, with 10% FBS, penicillin and streptomycin).
  • the tissue is then incubated at 37°C for approximately one week. At this time, fresh media is added and subsequently changed every several days.
  • a vector for gene therapy is digested with restriction enzymes for cloning a portion to be expressed.
  • the digested vector is treated with calf intestinal phosphatase to prevent self-ligation.
  • the dephosphorylated, linear vector is fractionated on an agarose gel and purified.
  • CK ⁇ - 15 protein cDNA capable of expressing active CK ⁇ - 15 protein is isolated.
  • the ends of the portion are modified, if necessary, for cloning into the vector. For instance, 5" overhanging may be treated with DNA polymerase to create blunt ends. 3' overhanging ends may be removed using SI nuclease. Linkers may be ligated to blunt ends with T4 DNA ligase.
  • Equal quantities of the Moloney murine leukemia virus linear backbone and the CK ⁇ - 15 protein portion are mixed together and joined using T4 DNA ligase.
  • the ligation mixture is used to transform E. coli and the bacteria are then plated onto agar-containing kanamycin. Kanamycin phenotype and restriction analysis confirm that the vector has the properly inserted gene.
  • Packaging cells are grown in tissue culture to confluent density in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) with 10% calf serum (CS), penicillin and streptomycin.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium
  • CS calf serum
  • penicillin and streptomycin The vector containing the CK ⁇ - 15 protein gene is introduced into the packaging cells by standard techniques. Infectious viral particles containing the CK ⁇ - 15 protein gene are collected from the packaging cells, which now are called producer cells.
  • Fresh media is added to the producer cells, and after an appropriate incubation period media is harvested from the plates of confluent producer cells.
  • the media containing the infectious viral particles, is filtered through a Millipore filter to remove detached producer cells.
  • the filtered media then is used to infect fibroblast cells.
  • Media is removed from a sub-confluent plate of fibroblasts and quickly replaced with the filtered media.
  • Polybrene Aldrich
  • the media is removed and replaced with fresh media. If the titer of virus is high, then virtually all fibroblasts will be infected and no selection is required. If the titer is low, then it is necessary to use a retroviral vector that has a selectable marker, such as neo or his, to select out transduced cells for expansion.
  • Transformed fibroblasts then may be injected into rats, either alone or after having been grown to confluence on microcarrier beads, such as cytodex 3 beads.
  • the injected fibroblasts produce CK ⁇ - 15 protein product, and the biological actions of the protein are conveyed to the host.
  • ADDRESSEE STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX P.L.L.C.
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • Tyr Arg lie Gin Glu Val Ser Gly Ser Cys Asn Leu Pro Ala Ala lie 30 35 40
  • MOLECULE TYPE protein
  • Leu Glu lie Glu Met Phe Hxs Met Gly Phe Gin Asp Ser Ser Asp Cys 20 25 30
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)

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Abstract

Membre de la famille des protéines chemokines CC humaines, et plus particulièrement molécules isolées d'acide nucléique codant la protéine chemokine β-15. L'invention porte également sur des polypeptides chemokine β-15 et sur des méthodes diagnostiques pour détecter les dysfonctionnements du thymus et sur des méthodes thérapeutiques pour moduler la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules de la moelle osseuse.
EP96922504A 1996-06-17 1996-06-17 CHEMOKINE beta-15 Withdrawn EP0909320A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1996/010561 WO1997048807A1 (fr) 1996-06-17 1996-06-17 CHEMOKINE β-15
CA002258507A CA2258507A1 (fr) 1996-06-17 1996-06-17 Chemokine .beta.-15

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EP0909320A1 true EP0909320A1 (fr) 1999-04-21
EP0909320A4 EP0909320A4 (fr) 2004-12-01

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EP (1) EP0909320A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000515733A (fr)
AU (1) AU738116B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2258507A1 (fr)
HU (1) HUP9903711A3 (fr)
IL (1) IL127551A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997048807A1 (fr)

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US6329159B1 (en) 1999-03-11 2001-12-11 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Anti-GPR-9-6 antibodies and methods of identifying agents which modulate GPR-9-6 function

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE EMBL 23 March 1996 (1996-03-23), L. HILLIER ET AL: "za74f04.s1 Homo sapiens cDNA clone 298303 3'" XP002298772 retrieved from EBI, HINXTON; UK Database accession no. HS958307 *
See also references of WO9748807A1 *
YOUN BYUNG-S ET AL: "A Novel Chemokine, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-Related Protein-2, Inhibits Colony Formation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Progenitors" JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 155, no. 5, 1995, pages 2661-2667, XP002298771 ISSN: 0022-1767 *

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HUP9903711A3 (en) 2001-12-28
WO1997048807A1 (fr) 1997-12-24
CA2258507A1 (fr) 1997-12-24
IL127551A0 (en) 1999-10-28
EP0909320A4 (fr) 2004-12-01
AU6335896A (en) 1998-01-07
JP2000515733A (ja) 2000-11-28
AU738116B2 (en) 2001-09-06
HUP9903711A2 (hu) 2000-03-28

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