EP0892078A1 - Grating for a recuperator - Google Patents
Grating for a recuperator Download PDFInfo
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- EP0892078A1 EP0892078A1 EP97112351A EP97112351A EP0892078A1 EP 0892078 A1 EP0892078 A1 EP 0892078A1 EP 97112351 A EP97112351 A EP 97112351A EP 97112351 A EP97112351 A EP 97112351A EP 0892078 A1 EP0892078 A1 EP 0892078A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cast
- materials
- grating
- mpa
- weight
- Prior art date
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000009021 linear effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000036542 oxidative stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010421 standard material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B9/00—Stoves for heating the blast in blast furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
- C22C37/08—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium with nickel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D17/00—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles
- F28D17/02—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles using rigid bodies, e.g. of porous material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
- F27D17/004—Systems for reclaiming waste heat
- F27D2017/007—Systems for reclaiming waste heat including regenerators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a grate for a hot water heater, which consists of a easily machinable cast material, which is a long-term use with increased Exhaust gas temperatures on the grating up to 600 ° C allowed without permanent operation There is a risk of material failure over a period of 20 years.
- Gratings made of cast materials are used in hot air heaters in the grate shafts as Support structure for the trimmings, i.e. for those that use regenerative heat storage inserted storage stones in systems with internal or external Burning shaft.
- a gray cast iron with lamellar graphite which were previously used for the production of gratings and a chemical composition of about 3.3 weight percent carbon, about 0.6 weight percent manganese, 1.8 to 2 weight percent silicon, and more a chromium content of about 0.7 percent by weight in long-term use.
- the task therefore was to close a grate for a hot water heater develop, which consists of an inexpensive to produce casting material, the allows long-term use at elevated exhaust gas temperatures of up to 600 ° C, without fear of material failure.
- a casting material that meets these requirements is one of bainitic ones Structure components of free material with the basic composition of a GGG50 ferritic-pearlitic matrix and vermicular graphite, i.e. one Transitional form between lamellar and spheroidal graphite.
- a cast material with Vermicular graphite combines the good strength properties of the lamellar Graphite cast iron with the better toughness properties and the higher Temperature resistance of a GGG material.
- the casting materials mentioned above were on the one hand with a conventional, chrome-alloyed GG25, showing a lamellar graphite structure, a standard material for gratings (V1), but also with Trial bars of gratings from the blast furnace systems of blast furnace 6 Thyssen Stahl AG (V5) and with samples from the grate of the hot water heater A1 des Blast furnace A of Preussag Stahl AG (V6) compared.
- the grating of the Blast heater system of blast furnace 6 of Thyssen Stahl AG has been around for about 30 years in operation.
- the casting materials mentioned above were also included a material of the basic composition of a GGG60 with pearlitic-bainitic Basic matrix (V3) compared.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of the temperature profiles of the gratings of the
- the cyclical change of the is shown different maximum exhaust gas temperature.
- Fig. 1 The temperature profile shown in Fig. 1 shows the constant extreme Temperature changes, which those made from the cast materials V5 and V6 Gratings have been exposed for many years. To the thermal load enormous static, mechanical and oxidative stresses come when one assumes 8 to 10 temperature cycles per day, about 3,000 Temperature cycles per year are the same as those required by a grating Lifespan of 20 to 30 years, a low-frequency continuous load of far result in over 60,000 temperature cycles.
- Fig. 2 shows the course of the hot tensile strength (R m ) as a function of the test temperature.
- the casting materials V2 and V4 according to the invention show higher hot tensile strengths at all temperatures than the casting material V1 (GG25) corresponding to the prior art.
- the particularly high hot tensile strength of the cast material V3 cannot be used for a certain reason, which can be clearly seen from the diagram in FIG. 3.
- the temperature-dependent change in length shown in Fig. 3 shows for the Material V3 in the range between 400 and 500 ° C an inconsistency caused by a Bainite transformation is to be explained.
- the caused by the bainite transformation Discontinuity in the change in length has the consequence that cast materials with bainitic structure parts not used for the production of gratings because this could lead to tension in the hot air heater would question its stability. Therefore, for the production of Gratings for hot water systems used only cast materials that have a linear Show expansion behavior, i.e. a linear expansion coefficient and have no significant structural changes in the range between 20 and show 600 ° C.
- the conventional casting material V1 is inferior to the casting materials V2 and V4 according to the invention, because - as FIG. 2 shows - its hot tensile strength, measured according to DIN 1691, is significantly below the strength values of V2 and V4. It is noteworthy that a significant decrease in strength occurs at 500 ° C for material V1, while a comparable decrease in strength can only be observed with material V2 from 600 ° C.
- the tensile strengths determined for the materials examined are summarized in Table 2 below:
- the examined casting materials show in metallographic examinations The following properties: While the structure of materials V1 and V2 by the usual lamellar graphite arrangement and the pearlitic-ledeburitic Structure is determined, the material V4 is a vermicular Formation of graphite before. The mechanical properties of materials this microstructure formation must be located between gray cast iron and nodular cast iron. The Examination of the cast material V4 has a 30% spherulitic formation surrender. Its matrix is ferritic-pearlitic and contains no ledeburitic Shares more. In contrast, spheroidal graphite cast iron GGG60 (V3) has a bainitic-pearlitic Structure on, for the reasons already mentioned to be less favorable mechanical properties. In addition, the high strength values at a pearlitic-bainitic structure to problems in machining lead, so that this material for the production of gratings in hot air heaters must also be considered unsuitable for this reason.
- the chrome-alloyed material V6 obtained from Preussag Stahl AG shows up to the maximum operating temperature of 420 ° C strength values between 175 MPa and 145 MPa.
- V5 and V6 it could be demonstrated that none despite decades of use in the temperature range under consideration significant losses in strength. This can be explained by that these cast materials do not exist in the temperature range examined Experienced structural changes and a linear expansion coefficient demonstrate.
- the cast materials V2 and V4 can be predicted that the new invention Cast materials even after an operating time of 20 years in the hot air heater Temperatures up to 600 ° C will still show strength values that 240 MPa will not fall below. That means the required security criteria too after an operating time of 20 years.
- Both the cast material V2 and the cast material V4 show strength values at temperatures of 600 ° C, which are comparable to the strength value of the cast material V1 at 400 ° C. Based on the permissible voltages with a safety factor of around 8, the following permissible voltages result at an operating temperature of 600 ° C:
- the specified allowable stresses of 30 MPa from the conventional Cast iron grating V1 represent a safety value that has proven itself in recent decades. If one also takes into account that the Design against pressure and bending takes place with the values of the tensile tests, see above there is an additional safety factor. This is a factor of pressure 4 and when bent by a factor of 2 above that of the tensile strength. With these Design values ensure that even in the event of malfunctions caused heating of the grate to temperatures around 650 ° C none there is an immediate risk of mechanical failure.
- the materials according to the invention thus allow, in the conventional Temperature range up to 400 ° C weight savings of the gratings. she Above all, they also enable hot air heaters in a temperature range up to 600 ° C to operate, reducing the size by saving energy achieve a higher efficiency and thus a higher one Offer environmental sustainability. This is associated with material savings of up to 30% without compromising the high standard of security criteria.
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Gitterrost für einen Winderhitzer, der aus einem gut bearbeitbaren Gußwerkstoff besteht, welcher einen Langzeiteinsatz bei erhöhten Abgastemperaturen am Gitterrost bis zu 600°C erlaubt, ohne daß beim Dauerbetrieb über einen Zeitraum von 20 Jahren ein Werkstoffversagen zu befürchten ist.The invention relates to a grate for a hot water heater, which consists of a easily machinable cast material, which is a long-term use with increased Exhaust gas temperatures on the grating up to 600 ° C allowed without permanent operation There is a risk of material failure over a period of 20 years.
Gitterroste aus Gußwerkstoffen dienen in Winderhitzern in den Gitterschächten als Tragekonstruktion für den Besatz, also für die zur regenerativen Wärmespeicherung eingebrachten Speichersteine in Anlagen mit innenstehendem oder außenliegendem Brennschacht.Gratings made of cast materials are used in hot air heaters in the grate shafts as Support structure for the trimmings, i.e. for those that use regenerative heat storage inserted storage stones in systems with internal or external Burning shaft.
Es ist bekannt, daß in modernen Anlagen mit Gas- und Luftvorwarmung die
Gitterroste Temperaturen bis zu 450°C ausgesetzt sind. Noch höhere
Anwendungstemperaturen von bis zu 600°C würden es ermöglichen, die
Besatzvolumina zu verringern, die Vorwarmanlagen besser zu nutzen und somit den
Gesamtwirkungsgrad einer Winderhitzeranlage unter gleichzeitiger Verringerung der
Baugröße um bis zu 20% zu erhöhen. Anwendungstemperaturen von bis zu 600°C
werden aber von den bisher zur Herstellung von Gitterrosten verwendeten
Gußwerkstoffen der Grundzusammensetzung eines GG25, also eines Graugusses
mit lamellarem Graphit
und einer chemischen Zusammensetzung von etwa 3,3 Gewichtsprozent
Kohlenstoff, ca. 0,6 Gewichtsprozent Mangan, 1,8 bis 2 Gewichtsprozent Silicium
und außerdem
einem Chromgehalt von etwa 0,7 Gewichtsprozent im Langzeiteinsatz nicht
ausgehalten.It is known that in modern systems with gas and air preheating the gratings are exposed to temperatures up to 450 ° C. Even higher application temperatures of up to 600 ° C would make it possible to reduce the stocking volume, to make better use of the preheating systems and thus to increase the overall efficiency of a hot water system while reducing the size by up to 20%. However, application temperatures of up to 600 ° C are dependent on the casting materials of the basic composition of a GG25, i.e. a gray cast iron with lamellar graphite, which were previously used for the production of gratings
and a chemical composition of about 3.3 weight percent carbon, about 0.6 weight percent manganese, 1.8 to 2 weight percent silicon, and more
a chromium content of about 0.7 percent by weight in long-term use.
Es stellte sich deshalb die Aufgabe, einen Gitterrost für einen Winderhitzer zu entwickeln, der aus einem kostengünstig herstellbaren Gußwerkstoff besteht, der einen Langzeiteinsatz bei erhöhten Abgaßtemperaturen von bis zu 600°C erlaubt, ohne daß ein Werkstoffversagen zu befürchten ist.The task therefore was to close a grate for a hot water heater develop, which consists of an inexpensive to produce casting material, the allows long-term use at elevated exhaust gas temperatures of up to 600 ° C, without fear of material failure.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch einen Gitterrost für einen Winderhitzer, der aus einem Gußwerkstoff besteht, der
- ein lineares Ausdehnungsverhalten und keine nennenswerten Gefügeveränderungen im Bereich zwischen 20 und 600°C zeigt;
- eine Festigkeit von mehr als 240 MPa (gemessen nach DIN 1691) bei einer Temperatur von 600°C und
- eine Zähigkeit mit einer Dehnrate von mehr als 10% aufweist.
- shows a linear expansion behavior and no significant structural changes in the range between 20 and 600 ° C;
- a strength of more than 240 MPa (measured according to DIN 1691) at a temperature of 600 ° C and
- has a toughness with an elongation rate of more than 10%.
Ein diesen Anforderungen entsprechender Gußwerkstoff ist ein von bainitischen Gefügeanteilen freier Werkstoff der Grundzusammensetzung eines GGG50 mit ferritisch-perlitischer Matrix und vermikular ausgebildetem Graphit, also einer Übergangsform zwischen Lamellen- und Kugelgraphit. Ein Gußwerkstoff mit Vermikulargraphit verbindet die guten Festigkeitseigenschaften des lamellaren Graphitgusses mit den besseren Zähigkeitseigenschaften und der höheren Temperaturbeständigkeit eines GGG-Werkstoffes. A casting material that meets these requirements is one of bainitic ones Structure components of free material with the basic composition of a GGG50 ferritic-pearlitic matrix and vermicular graphite, i.e. one Transitional form between lamellar and spheroidal graphite. A cast material with Vermicular graphite combines the good strength properties of the lamellar Graphite cast iron with the better toughness properties and the higher Temperature resistance of a GGG material.
Ein weiterer Gußwerkstoff, der für einen Gitterrost in einem Winderhitzer bei Temperaturen bis zu 600°C eingesetzt werden kann, besteht aus einem perlitisch-ledeburitischen Gußwerkstoff mit lamellarer Graphitstruktur und einem Gehalt von
- 0,6 bis 1,0 Gewichtsprozent Chrom,
- 0,8 bis 1,5 Gewichtsprozent Nickel und
- 0,4 bis 0,7 Gewichtsprozent Molybdän,
- 0.6 to 1.0 weight percent chromium,
- 0.8 to 1.5 weight percent nickel and
- 0.4 to 0.7 percent by weight molybdenum,
Die vorstehend genannten Gußwerkstoffe wurden einerseits mit einem
konventionellen, chromlegierten, eine lamellare Graphitstruktur zeigenden GG25,
also einem Standardwerkstoff für Gitterroste (V1), andererseits aber auch mit
Probestäben von Gitterrosten aus den Winderhitzeranlagen des Hochofens 6 der
Thyssen Stahl AG (V5) und mit Proben aus dem Gitterrost des Winderhitzers A1 des
Hochofens A der Preussag Stahl AG (V6) verglichen. Der Gitterrost der
Winderhitzeranlage des Hochofens 6 der Thyssen Stahl AG ist bereits seit ungefähr
30 Jahren in Betrieb. Der Hochofen A der Preussag Stahl AG wurde 1981 erbaut,
wobei der Winderhitzer zunächst ohne Luftvorwärmung in Betrieb genommen und
seit 1986 nach Installation einer Wärmerückgewinnungsanlage mit
Abgastemperaturen um 400°C betrieben wurde. Bei dem Gitterrost aus der
Winderhitzeranlage des Hochofens 6 der Thyssen Stahl AG (V5) handelt es sich um
einen unlegierten Grauguß, der der Zusammensetzung eines GG25 entspricht. Der
Gitterrost aus der Winderhitzeranlage des Hochofens A der Preussag Stahl AG (V6)
ist in seiner chemischen Zusammensetzung mit dem legierten GG25 (V1)
vergleichbar. The casting materials mentioned above were on the one hand with a
conventional, chrome-alloyed GG25, showing a lamellar graphite structure,
a standard material for gratings (V1), but also with
Trial bars of gratings from the blast furnace systems of
Die vorstehend genannten Gußwerkstoffe wurden darüber hinaus auch noch mit einem Werkstoff der Grundzusammensetzung eines GGG60 mit perlitisch-bainitscher Grundmatrix (V3) verglichen.The casting materials mentioned above were also included a material of the basic composition of a GGG60 with pearlitic-bainitic Basic matrix (V3) compared.
Die chemischen Zusammensetzungen der untersuchten Gitterrostwerkstoffe sind der folgenden Tabelle 1 zu entnehmen: The chemical compositions of the grating materials examined are shown in Table 1 below:
Die Eigenschaften der untersuchten Gußwerkstoffe sind in den Diagrammen der beiliegenden Fig. 1 bis 3 dargestellt. Fig. 1 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung der Temperaturprofile der Gitterroste desThe properties of the cast materials examined are shown in the diagrams 1 to 3 enclosed. Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of the temperature profiles of the gratings of the
Winderhitzers A1 des Hochofens A der Preussag Stahl AG und der Winderhitzer
des Hochofens 6 der Thyssen Stahl AG. Dargestellt ist der zyklische Wechsel der
unterschiedlichen maximalen Abgastemperatur. Winder heater A1 of the blast furnace A of Preussag Stahl AG and the winder heater
of
Fig. 2 zeigt den Verlauf der Warmzugfestigkeit (Rm) in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur für die Gußwerkstoffe V1, V2, V3 und V4.2 shows the course of the hot tensile strength (R m ) as a function of the temperature for the cast materials V1, V2, V3 and V4.
Fig. 3 stellt die temperaturabhängige Längenänderung für die Werkstoffe V1, V2, V3 und V4 bei einem gleichgewichtsnahen Aufheizen mit 3°k/min bis zu einer Temperatur von etwa 650°C dar.3 shows the temperature-dependent change in length for the materials V1, V2, V3 and V4 for a near-equilibrium heating up to 3 ° k / min Temperature of about 650 ° C.
Das in Fig. 1 dargestellte Temperaturprofil zeigt den ständigen extremen Temperaturwechsel, denen die aus den Gußwerkstoffen V5 und V6 hergestellten Gitterroste über viele Jahre ausgesetzt waren. Zu der thermischen Belastung kommen enorme statische, mechanische und oxidative Beanspruchungen, die, wenn man 8 bis 10 Temperaturzyklen pro Tag zugrundelegt, sich auf etwa 3.000 Temperaturzyklen pro Jahr belaufen, die bei der von einem Gitterrost geforderten Lebensdauer von 20 bis 30 Jahren eine niederfrequente Dauerbelastung von weit über 60.000 Temperaturzyklen ergeben.The temperature profile shown in Fig. 1 shows the constant extreme Temperature changes, which those made from the cast materials V5 and V6 Gratings have been exposed for many years. To the thermal load enormous static, mechanical and oxidative stresses come when one assumes 8 to 10 temperature cycles per day, about 3,000 Temperature cycles per year are the same as those required by a grating Lifespan of 20 to 30 years, a low-frequency continuous load of far result in over 60,000 temperature cycles.
Fig. 2 zeigt den Verlauf der Warmzugfestigkeit (Rm) in Abhängigkeit von der Prüftemperatur. Dabei zeigen die erfindungsgemäßen Gußwerkstoffe V2 und V4 bei allen Temperaturen höhere Warmzugfestigkeiten als der dem Stand der Technik entsprechende Gußwerkstoff V1 (GG25). Die besonders hohe Warmzugfestigkeit des Gußwerkstoffes V3 kann jedoch aus einem bestimmten Grund nicht genutzt werden, der durch das Diagramm von Fig. 3 deutlich erkennbar wird.Fig. 2 shows the course of the hot tensile strength (R m ) as a function of the test temperature. The casting materials V2 and V4 according to the invention show higher hot tensile strengths at all temperatures than the casting material V1 (GG25) corresponding to the prior art. However, the particularly high hot tensile strength of the cast material V3 cannot be used for a certain reason, which can be clearly seen from the diagram in FIG. 3.
Die in Fig. 3 dargestellte temperaturabhängige Längenänderung zeigt für den Werkstoff V3 im Bereich zwischen 400 und 500°C eine Unstetigkeit, die durch eine Bainitumwandlung zu erklären ist. Die durch die Bainitumwandlung bewirkte Unstetigkeit in der Längenänderung hat zur Folge, daß Gußwerkstoffe mit bainitischen Gefügeanteilen nicht zur Herstellung von Gitterrosten verwendet werden können, weil diese zu Spannungen im Winderhitzer führen könnte, die dessen Stabilität in Frage stellen würde. Deshalb werden zur Herstellung von Gitterrosten für Winderhitzeranlagen nur Gußwerkstoffe verwendet, die ein lineares Ausdehnungsverhalten zeigen, also einen linearen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten haben, und keine nennenswerten Gefügeveränderungen im Bereich zwischen 20 und 600°C zeigen. Das geforderte lineare Ausdehnungsverhalten ist bei den Gußwerkstoffen V1, V2 und V4 vorhanden.The temperature-dependent change in length shown in Fig. 3 shows for the Material V3 in the range between 400 and 500 ° C an inconsistency caused by a Bainite transformation is to be explained. The caused by the bainite transformation Discontinuity in the change in length has the consequence that cast materials with bainitic structure parts not used for the production of gratings because this could lead to tension in the hot air heater would question its stability. Therefore, for the production of Gratings for hot water systems used only cast materials that have a linear Show expansion behavior, i.e. a linear expansion coefficient and have no significant structural changes in the range between 20 and show 600 ° C. The linear expansion behavior required for the Cast materials V1, V2 and V4 available.
Der konventionelle Gußwerkstoff V1 ist jedoch den erfindungsgemäßen Gußwerkstoffen V2 und V4 unterlegen, weil - wie Fig. 2 zeigt - seine Warmzugfestigkeit, gemessen nach DIN 1691, deutlich unter den Festigkeitswerten von V2 und V4 liegt. Bemerkenswert ist, daß für den Werkstoff V1 ein signifikanter Festigkeitsabfall bei 500°C eintritt, während ein vergleichbarer Festigkeitsabfall bei dem Werkstoff V2 erst ab 600°C zu beobachten ist. Die ermittelten Zugfestigkeiten für die untersuchten Werkstoffe sind in der nachfolgenden Tabelle 2 zusammengestellt: However, the conventional casting material V1 is inferior to the casting materials V2 and V4 according to the invention, because - as FIG. 2 shows - its hot tensile strength, measured according to DIN 1691, is significantly below the strength values of V2 and V4. It is noteworthy that a significant decrease in strength occurs at 500 ° C for material V1, while a comparable decrease in strength can only be observed with material V2 from 600 ° C. The tensile strengths determined for the materials examined are summarized in Table 2 below:
Das für die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Graugußwerkstoffe wichtige Umwandlungsverhalten wird durch die Dilatometerkurven von Fig. 3 dargestellt. Die für die untersuchten Legierungen festgestellten Umwandlungstemperaturen und Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten sind in Tabelle 3 zusammengefaßt: The conversion behavior that is important for the mechanical properties of the gray cast iron materials is represented by the dilatometer curves of FIG. 3. The transition temperatures and thermal expansion coefficients found for the alloys examined are summarized in Table 3:
Für die Werkstoffe V1 und V2 mit lamellarer Graphitausbildung wurde ein Audehnungskoeffizient von 10,8 µm/mK ermittelt. Da dem Gefüge ein bedeutender Einfluß auf den Ausdehnungskoeffizienten zukommt, weichen die gemessenen Werte des perlitisch-bainitischen V3 und auch die des Werkstoffes V4 mit Vermiculargraphit deutlich von diesem Wert ab. Wichtig ist, daß die Umwandlungstemperaturen Ac1 und Ac3 der untersuchten Gußwerkstoffe V1, V2 und V4 von der geforderten Einsatztemperatur von 600°C ausreichend weit entfernt liegen, so daß eine Gefügeumwandlung nicht zu erwarten ist. Demgegenüber ist das abweichende Verhalten des Werkstoffes V3 deutlich zu erkennen.An expansion coefficient of 10.8 µm / mK was determined for materials V1 and V2 with lamellar graphite formation. Since the structure has a significant influence on the expansion coefficient, the measured values of the pearlitic-bainitic V3 and also of the material V4 with vermicular graphite deviate significantly from this value. It is important that the transition temperatures A c1 and A c3 of the examined casting materials V1, V2 and V4 are sufficiently far away from the required operating temperature of 600 ° C so that a structural transformation is not to be expected. In contrast, the different behavior of the material V3 can be clearly seen.
Die untersuchten Gußwerkstoffe zeigen bei metallographischen Untersuchungen folgende Eigenschaften: Während die Gefügeausbildung bei den Werkstoffen V1 und V2 durch die übliche lamellare Graphitanordnung und das perlitisch-ledeburitische Gefüge bestimmt ist, liegt bei dem Werkstoff V4 eine vermiculare Ausbildung des Graphits vor. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Werkstoffen dieser Gefügeausbildung sind zwischen Grauguß und Sphäroguß anzusiedeln. Die Untersuchung des Gußwerkstoffes V4 hat eine 30%-ige sphärolitische Ausbildung ergeben. Seine Matrix ist ferritisch-perlitisch und enthält keine ledeburitischen Anteile mehr. Hingegen weist der Kugelgraphitguß GGG60 (V3) ein bainitisch-perlitisches Gefüge auf, das aus den bereits genannten Gründen zu ungünstigeren mechanischen Eigenschaften führt. Hinzukommt, daß die hohen Festigkeitswerte bei einem perlitisch-bainitischen Gefüge zu Problemen bei der spanenden Verarbeitung führen, so daß dieser Werkstoff für die Herstellung von Gitterrosten in Winderhitzern auch aus diesem Grund als ungeeignet angesehen werden muß.The examined casting materials show in metallographic examinations The following properties: While the structure of materials V1 and V2 by the usual lamellar graphite arrangement and the pearlitic-ledeburitic Structure is determined, the material V4 is a vermicular Formation of graphite before. The mechanical properties of materials this microstructure formation must be located between gray cast iron and nodular cast iron. The Examination of the cast material V4 has a 30% spherulitic formation surrender. Its matrix is ferritic-pearlitic and contains no ledeburitic Shares more. In contrast, spheroidal graphite cast iron GGG60 (V3) has a bainitic-pearlitic Structure on, for the reasons already mentioned to be less favorable mechanical properties. In addition, the high strength values at a pearlitic-bainitic structure to problems in machining lead, so that this material for the production of gratings in hot air heaters must also be considered unsuitable for this reason.
Entscheidend für die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der neuen Gußwerkstoffe in Gitterrosten für Winderhitzer ist ihr Langzeitverhalten. Eine Untersuchung der im Winderhitzer langjährig eingesetzten Gußwerkstoffe V5 und V6 hat gezeigt, daß nach einer 30-jährigen Betriebszeit bei den in Fig. 1 dargestellten Abgastemperatur-Verläufen der unlegierte Werkstoff V5 im untersuchten Temperaturbereich bis 400°C Festigkeitswerte zwischen 140 MPa und 135 MPa aufweist. Bis 550°C fällt die Festigkeit dann allerdings auf einen Wert um etwa 70 MPa.Crucial for the possible uses of the new cast materials in gratings their long-term behavior is for gas heaters. An investigation of the in the hot air heater Cast materials V5 and V6 that have been used for many years have shown that after 30 years Operating time in the exhaust gas temperature curves shown in Fig. 1 unalloyed material V5 in the examined temperature range up to 400 ° C Strength values between 140 MPa and 135 MPa. It drops to 550 ° C Strength then, however, to a value of around 70 MPa.
Der von der Preussag Stahl AG bezogene chromlegierte Werkstoff V6 zeigt bis zu der maximalen Einsatztemperatur von 420°C Festigkeitswerte zwischen 175 MPa und 145 MPa. Für beide Werkstoffe V5 und V6 konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sich trotz jahrzehntelangen Einsatzes im betrachteten Temperaturbereich keine nennenswerten Festigkeitseinbußen feststellen ließen. Das ist dadurch zu erklären, daß diese Gußwerkstoffe in dem untersuchten Temperaturbereich keine Gefügeveränderungen erfahren und einen linearen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten zeigen. The chrome-alloyed material V6 obtained from Preussag Stahl AG shows up to the maximum operating temperature of 420 ° C strength values between 175 MPa and 145 MPa. For both materials V5 and V6 it could be demonstrated that none despite decades of use in the temperature range under consideration significant losses in strength. This can be explained by that these cast materials do not exist in the temperature range examined Experienced structural changes and a linear expansion coefficient demonstrate.
Da diese Eigenschaften auch die erfindungsgemäßen Gußwerkstoffe V2 und V4 aufweisen, kann vorhergesagt werden, daß die erfindungsgemäßen neuen Gußwerkstoffe auch nach einer Betriebszeit von 20 Jahren im Winderhitzer bei Temperaturen bis 600°C noch Festigkeitswerte zeigen werden, die 240 MPa nicht unterschreiten. Das bedeutet, daß die geforderten Sicherheitskriterien auch noch nach einer Betriebszeit von 20 Jahren vollkommen erfüllt werden.Since these properties also the cast materials V2 and V4 can be predicted that the new invention Cast materials even after an operating time of 20 years in the hot air heater Temperatures up to 600 ° C will still show strength values that 240 MPa will not fall below. That means the required security criteria too after an operating time of 20 years.
Gitterroste werden in der Praxis nicht auf Zug, wohl aber auf Biegung und Druck beansprucht. Trotzdem muß eine hohe Sicherheit gegen Zugbeanspruchung verlangt werden, um die Langzeitstabilität des Bauwerkes Winderhitzer nicht zu gefährden. Die gemessenen Ergebnisse für die Werkstoffe V1, V2 und V4 geben Gewißheit darüber, daß bei der derzeitigen maximalen Einsatztemperatur von 400°C und bei einem Sicherheitsfaktor von 8 in der Auslegung eines Gitterrostes folgende Gewichtseinsparungen gegenüber dem bisher verwendeten Gußwerkstoff GG25 (V1) erzielt werden:
- Bei einem Gitterrost aus dem Gußwerkstoff
V2 ist eine 5%-ige Gewichtseinsparung gegenüber dem Gußwerkstoff V1 zu erzielen; - Bei einem Gitterrost aus dem Gußwerkstoff V4 ist eine 20%-ige Gewichtseinsparung gegenüber dem Gußwerkstoff V1 zu erzielen.
- With a grating made of cast material V2, a 5% weight saving compared to cast material V1 can be achieved;
- With a grating made of the cast material V4, a 20% weight reduction compared to the cast material V1 can be achieved.
Vergleicht man die zulässigen Spannungen der untersuchten Werkstoffe, dann
ergeben sich bei einem Sichereitsfaktor von 8 folgende zulässige Spannungen:
Bezogen auf einen konkreten Winderhitzer mit einem Gitterschachtdurchmesser von 8,5 m, 1.900 t Besatzgewicht und einer Einsatztemperatur von 400°C würde sich beim Einsatz des Werkstoffes V4 verglichen mit dem Werkstoff V1 das Gitterrostgewicht von 89 t auf 71 t verringern. Den Gewichtsberechnungen liegen die festgelegten zulässigen Spannungen zugrunde. Das bedeutet, daß jedes Bauteil des Rostes so dimensioniert ist, daß eine Spannung von 34 MPa (V2) bzw. 53 MPa (V4) nicht überschritten wird.Relative to a specific hot water heater with a lattice shaft diameter of 8.5 m, 1,900 t stocking weight and an operating temperature of 400 ° C would when using material V4 compared to material V1 Reduce the grating weight from 89 t to 71 t. The weight calculations are the established allowable stresses. This means that every component of the The grate is dimensioned so that a tension of 34 MPa (V2) or 53 MPa (V4) is not exceeded.
Für die Auslegungskriterien eines für den Langzeitbetrieb von bis zu 600°C entwickelten Gitterrostes ergeben sich dabei folgende Werte:For the design criteria, one for long-term operation of up to 600 ° C developed grating, the following values result:
Sowohl der Gußwerkstoff V2 als auch der Gußwerkstoff V4 zeigen bei Temperaturen von 600°C Festigkeitswerte, die dem Festigkeitswert des Gußwerkstoffes V1 bei 400°C vergleichbar sind. Bezogen auf die zulässigen Spannungen bei einem Sicherheitsfaktor von etwa 8 ergeben sich bei einer Einsatztemperatur von 600°C folgende zulässige Spannungen: Both the cast material V2 and the cast material V4 show strength values at temperatures of 600 ° C, which are comparable to the strength value of the cast material V1 at 400 ° C. Based on the permissible voltages with a safety factor of around 8, the following permissible voltages result at an operating temperature of 600 ° C:
Da diese Spannungen im Bereich der bisher zugrundegelegten 30 MPa liegen, kann mit Sicherheit der Schluß gezogen werden, daß Gitterroste aus diesen Werkstoffen bei erhöhten Einsatztemperaturen in etwa die gleichen Gewichte haben werden, wie die bisherigen Gitterroste aus dem chromlegierten Gußwerkstoff V1.Since these stresses are in the range of the previously used 30 MPa, it can be safely concluded that gratings are made of these materials will have approximately the same weights at elevated operating temperatures as the previous gratings made of the chrome alloy cast material V1.
Die festgelegten zulässigen Spannungen von 30 MPa bei aus dem konventionellen
Gußwerkstoff V1 hergestellten Gitterrosten stellen einen Sicherheitswert dar, der
sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten bewährt hat. Berücksichtigt man zusätzlich, daß die
Auslegung gegen Druck und Biegung mit den Werten der Zugversuche erfolgt, so
ergibt sich ein zusätzlicher Sicherheitsfaktor. Dieser liegt bei Druck um einen Faktor
4 und bei Biegung um einen Faktor 2 über dem der Zugfestigkeit. Mit diesen
Auslegungswerten ist sichergestellt, daß selbst bei durch Betriebsstörungen
hervorgerufenen Erwärmungen des Rostes auf Temperaturen um 650°C keine
unmittelbare Gefahr eines mechanischen Versagens besteht.The specified allowable stresses of 30 MPa from the conventional
Cast iron grating V1 represent a safety value that
has proven itself in recent decades. If one also takes into account that the
Design against pressure and bending takes place with the values of the tensile tests, see above
there is an additional safety factor. This is a factor of
Die gleichen Sicherheitskriterien auf die erfindungsgemäßen Gußwerkstoffe V2 und V4 angewendet würden bedeuten, daß im Störfall bei Temperaturen von bis zu 750°C noch eine ausreichende mechanische Festigkeit vorhanden ist. The same safety criteria for the cast materials V2 and V4 applied would mean that in the event of a fault at temperatures of up to 750 ° C is still sufficient mechanical strength.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Werkstoffe erlauben somit, im konventionellen Temperaturbereich bis 400°C Gewichtseinsparungen der Gitterroste. Sie ermöglichen aber vor allem, auch Winderhitzer in einem Temperaturbereich bis 600°C zu betreiben, die unter Verringerung der Baugröße durch Energieeinsparung einen höheren Wirkungsgrad erreichen und damit auch eine höhere Umweltverträglichkeit bieten. Damit verbunden sind Werkstoffeinsparungen bis zu 30%, ohne daß der hohe Standard der Sicherheitskriterien beeinträchtigt wird.The materials according to the invention thus allow, in the conventional Temperature range up to 400 ° C weight savings of the gratings. she Above all, they also enable hot air heaters in a temperature range up to 600 ° C to operate, reducing the size by saving energy achieve a higher efficiency and thus a higher one Offer environmental sustainability. This is associated with material savings of up to 30% without compromising the high standard of security criteria.
Claims (3)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß er aus einem Gußwerkstoff besteht, der
characterized by
that it consists of a cast material that
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Grundgefüge des Gußwerkstoffes frei von bainitischen Gefügeanteilen ist und gleichzeitig eine vermiculare Graphitstruktur aufweist. Grid according to claim 1,
characterized by
that the basic structure of the cast material is free of bainitic structure components and at the same time has a vermicular graphite structure.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Grundgefüge des Gußwerkstoffes perlitisch-ledeburitisch ist, gleichzeitig eine lamellare Graphitstruktur aufweist und
characterized by
that the basic structure of the cast material is pearlitic-ledeburitic, at the same time has a lamellar graphite structure and
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT97112351T ATE224463T1 (en) | 1997-07-18 | 1997-07-18 | GRID FOR A WINDOW HEATER |
EP97112351A EP0892078B1 (en) | 1997-07-18 | 1997-07-18 | Grating for a recuperator |
DE59708266T DE59708266D1 (en) | 1997-07-18 | 1997-07-18 | Grid for a hot water heater |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP97112351A EP0892078B1 (en) | 1997-07-18 | 1997-07-18 | Grating for a recuperator |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0892078A1 true EP0892078A1 (en) | 1999-01-20 |
EP0892078B1 EP0892078B1 (en) | 2002-09-18 |
Family
ID=8227086
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97112351A Expired - Lifetime EP0892078B1 (en) | 1997-07-18 | 1997-07-18 | Grating for a recuperator |
Country Status (3)
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---|---|
EP (1) | EP0892078B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE224463T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE59708266D1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006082056A2 (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2006-08-10 | Danieli Corus Bv | Support assembly for supporting heat regeneration checker work in a hot blast stove, hot blast stove provided with said support assembly, method of producing hot air using said hot blast stove |
CN109023025A (en) * | 2018-08-20 | 2018-12-18 | 江苏力源金河铸造有限公司 | A kind of preparation method with high-elongation vermicular cast iron |
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GB1461822A (en) * | 1973-03-19 | 1977-01-19 | Didier Werke Ag | Checkerwork-supporting grate for blast furnace stoves |
US4176656A (en) * | 1978-04-10 | 1979-12-04 | Komorowski Alexander F | Nitrogen-heat separator furnace |
DE3706516A1 (en) * | 1987-02-28 | 1988-09-08 | Kuepper August Gmbh & Co Kg | Process for producing heat-resistant iron-carbon alloy having good thermal conductivity, and iron-carbon alloy |
US5052918A (en) * | 1988-12-10 | 1991-10-01 | Klockner Cra Patent Gmbh | Method and a regenerator for heating gases |
EP0534850A1 (en) * | 1991-09-26 | 1993-03-31 | Centre Technique Des Industries De La Fonderie | Heat-resistant cast iron with spheroidal graphite or with vermicular graphite |
-
1997
- 1997-07-18 DE DE59708266T patent/DE59708266D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-18 AT AT97112351T patent/ATE224463T1/en active
- 1997-07-18 EP EP97112351A patent/EP0892078B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
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GB1461822A (en) * | 1973-03-19 | 1977-01-19 | Didier Werke Ag | Checkerwork-supporting grate for blast furnace stoves |
US4176656A (en) * | 1978-04-10 | 1979-12-04 | Komorowski Alexander F | Nitrogen-heat separator furnace |
DE3706516A1 (en) * | 1987-02-28 | 1988-09-08 | Kuepper August Gmbh & Co Kg | Process for producing heat-resistant iron-carbon alloy having good thermal conductivity, and iron-carbon alloy |
US5052918A (en) * | 1988-12-10 | 1991-10-01 | Klockner Cra Patent Gmbh | Method and a regenerator for heating gases |
EP0534850A1 (en) * | 1991-09-26 | 1993-03-31 | Centre Technique Des Industries De La Fonderie | Heat-resistant cast iron with spheroidal graphite or with vermicular graphite |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006082056A2 (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2006-08-10 | Danieli Corus Bv | Support assembly for supporting heat regeneration checker work in a hot blast stove, hot blast stove provided with said support assembly, method of producing hot air using said hot blast stove |
WO2006082056A3 (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2007-01-25 | Danieli Corus Bv | Support assembly for supporting heat regeneration checker work in a hot blast stove, hot blast stove provided with said support assembly, method of producing hot air using said hot blast stove |
JP2008528808A (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2008-07-31 | ダニエリ、コラス、ベスローテン、フェンノートシャップ | Support assembly for supporting a heat storage grid refractory brick in a hot stove, hot stove equipped with the support assembly, and method for generating hot air using the hot stove |
AU2006210102B2 (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2010-10-28 | Danieli Corus Bv | Support assembly for supporting heat regeneration checker work in a hot blast stove, hot blast stove provided with said support assembly, method of producing hot air using said hot blast stove |
CN101128606B (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2012-06-20 | 丹尼利克里斯有限公司 | Support assembly for supporting heat regeneration checker work in a hot blast stove, hot blast stove provided with said support assembly, method of producing hot air using said hot blast stove |
CN109023025A (en) * | 2018-08-20 | 2018-12-18 | 江苏力源金河铸造有限公司 | A kind of preparation method with high-elongation vermicular cast iron |
CN109023025B (en) * | 2018-08-20 | 2019-11-29 | 江苏力源金河铸造有限公司 | A kind of preparation method with high-elongation vermicular cast iron |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0892078B1 (en) | 2002-09-18 |
ATE224463T1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
DE59708266D1 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
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