EP0856133B1 - Method and arrangement for producing cooling power - Google Patents

Method and arrangement for producing cooling power Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0856133B1
EP0856133B1 EP96934835A EP96934835A EP0856133B1 EP 0856133 B1 EP0856133 B1 EP 0856133B1 EP 96934835 A EP96934835 A EP 96934835A EP 96934835 A EP96934835 A EP 96934835A EP 0856133 B1 EP0856133 B1 EP 0856133B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
aggregate
cooling
conducted
heat
air
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96934835A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0856133A1 (en
Inventor
Seppo Leskinen
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ABB Oy
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ABB Oy
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
    • F25B29/006—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously of the sorption type system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2203/00—Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
    • F24F2203/02—System or Device comprising a heat pump as a subsystem, e.g. combined with humidification/dehumidification, heating, natural energy or with hybrid system
    • F24F2203/026—Absorption - desorption cycle

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing cooling power for one or more buildings and for distributing the power to the buildings by means of liquid circulating in a pipe system, the cooling power being produced by an absorption aggregate or some other aggregate that produces heat to be condensed, and the cooling power being transferred to the supply air of the buildings by an air-conditioning unit or some other apparatus that consumes cooling energy.
  • the invention also relates to an arrangement for producing cooling power for one or more buildings.
  • Cooling power could also be produced by waste heat produced in the production of electricity in so-called absorption aggregates, the best known of which are lithiumbromide/water and ammonia/water aggregates.
  • absorption aggregates the best known of which are lithiumbromide/water and ammonia/water aggregates.
  • the consumption of electricity and thus e.g. emissions of CO 2 could be reduced with these aggregates, and the waste heat, which is now completely wasted, could be utilized.
  • the preferred way of generating chill is a so-called district cooling system, in which cooling power is generated concentratedly in power plants and supplied to users via a pipe system in the same way as district heat. This has an advantageous effect e.g. on servicing costs, which in the present, dispersed systems are high, and on reliability, on levelling down of random load peaks, etc.
  • District cooling systems have not become common, however, due to high investment costs. Although the kWh price of the chill generated in this way is low as compared with the price of electricity, the number of hours of use is so small in those climatic zones where district heating systems are worth building that the investment costs will not be covered. In Finland, for example, such systems have thus not been built. The majority of them exist in Japan, Korea and the U.S.A.
  • Finnish Patent Application 940,342 (EP 0740761, WO-A-9520134) teaches a 3-pipe system by which the costs of the distribution system can be reduced significantly.
  • Finnish Patent Application 940,343 (EP 077275, WO-A-9520135) teaches a system in which the operations of the heat exchangers are combined, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the investment costs in individual buildings.
  • Finnish Patent Application 940,344 (EP 0740760, WO-A-9520133) teaches a system in which the return water of the district heating/cooling system is used as condensation water, which is needed by the absorption aggregate, whereby no cooling tower or other condenser is needed in the power plant. This reduces the investment costs and the costs of use in the production of district chill.
  • a similar problem has been encountered when district heating systems have been built.
  • the problem has been solved by movable heating stations in which heat has been produced only for a limited area, whereby the costs of a distribution system have remained small and can have been covered immediately.
  • a main network is built, and the areas are connected to the power plant via the network.
  • the movable heating stations are shifted to new areas or maintained in the area as heating stations that are used during maximum heat demand.
  • the idea cannot be applied to building a district cooling system without difficulty. It is true that the costs of building a main network are eliminated, but the use of return water as condensation water is here not possible. Because of this, cooling towers, ground water, etc. should be used. But, for example, it is often impossible to place cooling towers in urban areas for architectural reasons, lack of space, etc.
  • the evaporative cooling and especially the tank naturally cause additional costs, which, however, are much smaller than the savings achieved by making the absorption heat pump, spray tower, pipe system, etc. smaller. They do, however, impair the competitiveness of the system as compared with compressor cooling.
  • the investments on the production and distribution of heat are determined by peak consumption, which is primarily dependent on the outdoor temperature.
  • the design outdoor temperature prevails relatively seldom.
  • the design temperature of Helsinki, for example, is -26°C. This temperature, however, prevails on the average during fewer than 18 hours per year.
  • a temperature of or below 20°C prevails on the average during about 88 hours, whereas the entire heating period is about 5000 to 6500 hours in length, depending on the building. The situation is thus very similar to the summer.
  • the temperature duration curve comprises a high peak value of short duration.
  • a heat power plant and a distribution system should be designed in accordance with peak consumption, but their average degree of use would then be about 25% to 35%. In addition, the situation is growing worse and worse.
  • the power plant and distribution system which are expensive to build, are not designed in view of the peak load but of a much smaller output.
  • the peak output of heat consumption is generated in heating stations used during maximum heating demand, the heating stations being arranged in different parts of the distribution system and their proportion of the overall heating power optionally being large.
  • the degree of use of the maximum heating stations is low, at best only a few dozen hours a year.
  • the unit price of heat generated in them is very high because of the high investment costs.
  • the daily variation in heat consumption can be levelled such that the buildings connected to the system do not take any heat from the district heating network and in some cases may even be able to supply power to the district heating network when consumption in the other buildings is maximal. Correspondingly, they draw power from the network when consumption in the other buildings is small.
  • the basis of the system is that a tank for storing cooling power is used even for the storage of heating power at a temperature that is higher than the temperature of the heat consuming apparatuses of the building. The system makes it possible to level peak loads caused by the other buildings and to make uneconomic maximum heating stations smaller or even replace them.
  • district heat return water obtained from present networks cannot be used in removal of extra heat from an absorption aggregate.
  • a conventional temperature for return water in a design situation is about 40-50°C.
  • the temperature of the water to be condensed, as it returns from the absorber, is about 40-45°C, and it should be cooled to below 30°C, which is naturally impossible to accomplish with district heat return water.
  • cooling towers closed air-cooled condensers, brine condensers or the like, which cause extra costs, consume electricity, bring about servicing costs, etc.
  • a particular problem is the space they need, since extra space is very difficult to find in old buildings in a city centre.
  • the other problems include e.g. architectural problems and health hazards, the latter relating to cooling towers and air-cooled condensers where the temperature is ideal e.g. to the bacterium legionella.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method and an arrangement by which the drawbacks of the prior art can be eliminated.
  • the object is achieved by the invention.
  • the method of the invention is characterized in that after the condensation part, the return water coming from the air-conditioning unit or the other cooling energy consuming apparatus is conducted to a tank connected to the absorption aggregate or the other aggregate that generates heat which must be conducted away.
  • the arrangement of the invention is characterized in that After the condensation part, the return water coming from the air-conditioning unit or the other cooling energy consuming apparatus is arranged to be conducted to a tank connected to the absorption aggregate or the other aggregate that generates heat which must be conducted away.
  • the primary advantage of the invention is that either no condensers are needed at all in the system or their size and/or number can be significantly reduced from what it is in the previously known solutions.
  • the drawbacks of the above prior art are either eliminated altogether or at least they become essentially more easy to overcome.
  • the costs of the absorption aggregate are greatly reduced, which makes cooling energy produced by waste heat more competitive as compared with compressor cooling.
  • the idea of the invention is that the apparatuses for generating, storing and consuming cooling power are integrated into a single unit that is used differently at different times of the day.
  • the basic idea is that the temperature of the return water in an air-conditioning system that is often the sole or at least the most important user of cooling power is less than 20°C. It is thus particularly well-suited for use as condensation water in an absorption aggregate, and so the return water of the air-conditioning system is not supplied to a tank in the invention but the water is supplied to a condenser part of the absorption aggregate and from there to the tank at a temperature of about 45°C instead of 20°C.
  • the air-conditioning units for example, are thus usually turned off in the evening.
  • the air-conditioning units that usually stand idle at night are used in day-time for removing the condensation heat stored at night. This makes it possible to decisively reduce the size/number of separate condensers, or to eliminate condensers altogether.
  • Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Reference numbers 1-4 indicate a system of district heating pipes for supplying thermal energy to an absorption aggregate 5-12 that generates cooling power.
  • Numbers 13-16 indicate a drain pipe system of the absorption aggregate, and numbers 26-29 indicate a tank and its pipe system.
  • Apparatuses consuming cooling power are represented by an air-conditioning unit 18-25 to 35-39.
  • a pipe system for transferring cooling water is indicated by reference numbers 32, 33.
  • reference numbers 32, 33 For the sake of clarity, all parts that do not help to understand the invention have been excluded. For example, usually dozens or even hundreds of air-conditioning units 18-25 and 35-39 and even other cooling energy consuming apparatuses are connected to the transfer pipe system 32, 33.
  • the system of fig. 1 operates as described in the following. Hot water from a supply pipe 2 connected to a district heating network 1 is supplied through a control valve 7 to a boiler unit 5 of an absorption aggregate. In the boiler unit, the water heats a mixture of an absorbent and a refrigerant and returns, cooled, through a return pipe 4 of a pump 6 to a return pipe 3 of the district heating network.
  • the refrigerant is evaporated from the absorbent in the boiler unit 5 of the absorption aggregate and conducted to a condenser part 8, where it is re-liquefied by cooling.
  • the cooled liquid is conducted to an evaporator part 9 simultaneously reducing its pressure, whereby the liquid is evaporated and cooled.
  • Cooling water circulating in a transfer pipe system 32, 33 is cooled with cold steam.
  • the refrigerant is conducted from the evaporator 9 to an absorption part 10, to which is also conducted the absorbent reduced in the boiler 5.
  • the absorption part 10 the refrigerant is re-absorbed, whereby heat is released.
  • the mixture is pumped with a pump 12 through a heat exchanger 11 back to the boiler 5.
  • the heat released in the condenser part 8 and absorption part 10 of the absorption aggregate must be conducted away in order that the process would work. This has usually been done by supplying cooling water having a temperature of less than 30°C to the condenser part 8, where it absorbs the condensation heat of the refrigerant. The cooling water has then usually been conducted to the absorption part 10, where it absorbs the absorption heat and that part of the heat absorbed into the absorbent in the boiler 5 which cannot be transferred in heat exchanger 11. Subsequently, the heated cooling water has usually been conducted from the absorption part 10 to a condenser, which may be a cooling tower, brine condenser, closed air-cooled condenser, etc.
  • a condenser which may be a cooling tower, brine condenser, closed air-cooled condenser, etc.
  • the system of the invention employs water returning from the air-conditioning units 18-25 and 35-39 through return pipe 32 and having a temperature of about 20°C.
  • cooling power is supplied to the air-conditioning units both from a tank 26 and from the evaporator part 9 of the absorption aggregate through a pipe 33.
  • a control valve 14 then supplies equal flows of water to the evaporator part 9 for cooling and to the condenser part 8 for use as cooling water.
  • the cooled water is supplied through pipe 33 to the air-conditioning unit 18-25 and 35-39.
  • an equal flow of water is drawn from tank 26 through a pipe 28.
  • the water is supplied through pipe 16 to the absorption part 10 and further through pipe 14 to the tank 26.
  • a valve 27 is in a position where the flow path to pipe 27 is closed.
  • the flow of water flowing to and from the tank 26 are equal.
  • the system is also thermodynamically in balance if the design values are selected e.g. such that the temperatures of the cooling water in the air-conditioning system are 10/20°C and those of the cooling water in the absorption aggregate are 20/45°C and the power factor is 0.7.
  • Heat is supplied to the evaporator of the absorption aggregate in an amount that corresponds to the cooling power supplied to pipe 33, and to the boiler in an amount that is about 1.5-fold (produced power divided by power factor, i.e. 1/0.7).
  • valve 29 closes the flow path through pipe 38 to the evaporator part 9 and tank 26 and opens the flow path through pipe 27 to the tank 26.
  • a supply air fan 38 of the air-conditioning unit is stopped, and the flow path to a supply air radiator 19 is closed by a control valve 25.
  • flow path 36 for exhaust air is closed and flow path 37 for outdoor air is opened.
  • a pump 24 further circulates water through a heat exchanger 23 and an exhaust air radiator 22. Pump 20 is still in operation. Since the flow path through pipe 28 to the tank 26 and to the evaporator part of the absorption aggregate is closed, the pump draws hot 45-degree water partly from the tank 26, partly through pipe 13 from the absorption part 10 of the absorption aggregate.
  • the water is cooled in heat exchanger 23 to about 20°C and returned through pipe 32 to valve 14, which supplies half of the water flow to the evaporator part 9 for cooling and half to pipe 15 for use as condensation water in the absorption aggregate. Since valve 29 closes the flow path to pipe 33, the cooled water flows through pipe 28 to the tank 26, where cold water is thus stored for the next day.
  • the tank 26 is full, which can be checked by a thermostat arranged in the upper part of the tank or in pipe 27 or by some other way known per se, fan 39 and pumps 12, 20, 24 are stopped, and valve 29 and the closing means for air intakes 36 and 37 are set in a position corresponding to day-time use.
  • fig. 1 shows only the parts that help to clarify the invention.
  • the overall system is much more complicated.
  • the condensation circuit 13-16 of the absorption aggregate is usually provided with a pump; to make the absorption and condenser part adjustable, an adjustment means similar to control valve 7 of the boiler part 5 is needed; etc. All these solutions in which art known per se is applied are naturally encompassed by the invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows one example for utilizing heat exchanger 22 of an air-conditioning unit. Heat exchangers on the side of supply air can also be used.
  • the exemplary solution of fig. 2 can be used, for example, when the heat delivery surface of heat exchanger 22 is not adequate to sufficiently cool the water flowing to exchanger 33.
  • Heat exchanger 19 can then also be put to use by providing closable openings 39, 40 on the supply air side, air inlet 39 being open and outlet 40 - which leads out - being closed in day-time. At night, inlet 39 is closed and outlet 40 is open. Fan 38 will not be stopped and valve 25 is set in a position where the flow path to a bypass line 41 is closed and the flow paths to heat exchanger 19 are open. Liquid also flows through heat exchanger 19, which usually almost doubles the heat delivery surface.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show an air-conditioning unit in which heating, cooling and heat recovery are integrated into a single heat exchange circuit.
  • the principle of the invention can also be applied when the unit comprises separate heat exchangers for heating, cooling and/or heat recovery.
  • the principle can be applied to any heat exchanger whatsoever of the air-conditioning unit, or even an auxiliary heat exchanger can be arranged in the unit or the openings 36-40, if the heat exchangers of the unit do not have sufficient capacity. All these embodiments, and the connection of the exchangers e.g. in parallel or in series in a manner known per se are encompassed by the invention.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show a heat exchanger 23 serving an individual air-conditioning unit.
  • the heat exchangers of a plural number of air-conditioners in a zone or building can naturally be combined to form one large heat exchanger. Especially in small plants, heat exchanger 23 can also be eliminated altogether, and liquid can be supplied from pipe 33 directly to a flow circuit of the air-conditioning units.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show a single tank 26. It is often advantageous, for example with respect to the use of space, to use two or more smaller tanks, which can be connected in series or, for example, in parallel as groups intraconnected in series. Valves 35, 25, 29, 14 and 7 are shown as 3-way valves. It is naturally also possible to use 2-way valves. All solutions like this known per se are encompassed by the invention.
  • Temperature balance can be achieved, for example, by an arrangement shown in fig. 3, in which part of the liquid flowing in a pipe leading to the tank 26 is conducted by valve 42 to a condenser 43, which in fig. 3 is a spray tower.
  • the condenser 43 may naturally be any apparatus known per se.
  • the water is cooled in the condenser 43 and returned through pipe 44 by pump 47 to pipe 16. It is naturally also possible to draw water from pipe 16 and return it to pipe 15, draw it from pipe 13 and return to pipe 15.
  • part of the liquid can be returned, for example, from pipe 16 directly to the tank.
  • Fig. 4 shows an embodiment in which 45-degree water flowing in a pipe is used for pre-heating hot tap water. All or some of the liquid flowing in pipe 13 to the tank 26 is conducted by valve 42 to a tap water heat exchanger 45, in which water flowing in the tap water system 46 is heated.
  • the embodiment is cheap and simple, and it makes it possible both to recover a reasonable amount of condensation heat and to reduce the amount of condensation energy exhausted.
  • heat exchanger 45 is preferably designed and/or valve 42 controlled such that the water temperature in pipe 47 is 20°C, i.e. the return water temperature of the air-conditioning system, and pipe 47 is connected to pipe 15 rather than to pipe 13. A pump must then naturally be provided in the flow circuit.
  • heat exchanger 45 must have storage capacity. This can also be achieved by arranging a simple coil exchanger in the hot section of the tank 26.
  • an absorption aggregate will have to be used periodically e.g. in the spring or autumn when the cooling load of a building is light.
  • the problem is solved by using the aggregate only at night and storing cold water in a tank 26.
  • the absorption aggregate stands idle and cooling is effected by water stored in the tank.
  • Air-conditioning units 18-25 and 35-41 need then not be used, either, since the water stored has a temperature of 20°C.
  • auxiliary tank for the 20°C return water of the cooling systems of the building produced between operating periods and/or for the 50 to 55°C water produced during an operating period, or for both. They are connected with pipe and control arrangements known per se, and the arrangements can be varied in many ways depending on the selected strategy of use. All the above solutions known per se are encompassed by the invention.
  • the essential feature is that part or all of the condensation heat generated during the day is stored in the return water of an air-conditioning system or some other system that requires cooling power and is then released at night or some other time when no cooling is needed using a heat exchanger of the air-conditioning system.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
EP96934835A 1995-10-17 1996-10-16 Method and arrangement for producing cooling power Expired - Lifetime EP0856133B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI954951A FI100270B (fi) 1995-10-17 1995-10-17 Menetelmä ja sovitelma jäähdytystehon tuottamiseksi
FI954951 1995-10-17
PCT/FI1996/000546 WO1997014919A1 (en) 1995-10-17 1996-10-16 Method and arrangement for producing cooling power

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0856133A1 EP0856133A1 (en) 1998-08-05
EP0856133B1 true EP0856133B1 (en) 2002-08-14

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ID=8544213

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96934835A Expired - Lifetime EP0856133B1 (en) 1995-10-17 1996-10-16 Method and arrangement for producing cooling power

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0856133B1 (da)
AU (1) AU7299496A (da)
CZ (1) CZ116498A3 (da)
DE (1) DE69623029T2 (da)
DK (1) DK0856133T3 (da)
ES (1) ES2178716T3 (da)
FI (1) FI100270B (da)
PL (1) PL181765B1 (da)
WO (1) WO1997014919A1 (da)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009026181A1 (de) 2009-07-15 2011-01-27 Poguntke, Dietmar, Dipl.-Ing. Fernkältesystem

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP6494726B2 (ja) * 2017-11-13 2019-04-03 ヤフー株式会社 空調システム、建物及びデータセンター

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4272965A (en) * 1979-06-07 1981-06-16 Parklawn Associates, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling and conserving energy in an absorption refrigeration system
DE3008948C2 (de) * 1980-03-08 1985-03-14 Saarberg-Fernwärme GmbH, 6600 Saarbrücken Fernwärmenetz zur Versorgung von Wärmeverbrauchern mit Wärme mit zumindest einer Sorptionswärmepumpe
JPS57500661A (da) * 1980-04-24 1982-04-15
DE3360631D1 (en) * 1982-02-04 1985-10-03 Sanyo Electric Co Absorption heat pump system
CH659314A5 (de) * 1982-10-27 1987-01-15 Sulzer Ag Als direkt wirkender verdampfer ausgebildeter energiespeicher.
FI98858C (fi) * 1994-01-24 1997-08-25 Abb Installaatiot Oy Menetelmä termisen energian jakelujärjestelmän yhteydessä ja termisen energian jakelujärjestelmä

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009026181A1 (de) 2009-07-15 2011-01-27 Poguntke, Dietmar, Dipl.-Ing. Fernkältesystem

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69623029D1 (de) 2002-09-19
PL326317A1 (en) 1998-09-14
FI954951A0 (fi) 1995-10-17
AU7299496A (en) 1997-05-07
CZ116498A3 (cs) 1998-09-16
EP0856133A1 (en) 1998-08-05
DE69623029T2 (de) 2002-12-12
WO1997014919A1 (en) 1997-04-24
PL181765B1 (en) 2001-09-28
FI954951A (fi) 1997-04-18
FI100270B (fi) 1997-10-31
DK0856133T3 (da) 2002-12-02
ES2178716T3 (es) 2003-01-01

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