EP0842124A1 - Procede et dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau domestique - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau domestique

Info

Publication number
EP0842124A1
EP0842124A1 EP96925708A EP96925708A EP0842124A1 EP 0842124 A1 EP0842124 A1 EP 0842124A1 EP 96925708 A EP96925708 A EP 96925708A EP 96925708 A EP96925708 A EP 96925708A EP 0842124 A1 EP0842124 A1 EP 0842124A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
water
thermal section
thermal
section
decalcified
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP96925708A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Klaus Eckert
Georg Eckert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gruenbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH
Original Assignee
Gruenbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19527252A external-priority patent/DE19527252A1/de
Application filed by Gruenbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH filed Critical Gruenbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH
Publication of EP0842124A1 publication Critical patent/EP0842124A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
    • C02F1/484—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields using electromagnets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/02—Softening water by precipitation of the hardness
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/083—Mineral agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/22—Eliminating or preventing deposits, scale removal, scale prevention

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for decalcifying domestic water and a device for performing the method.
  • Chemical water treatment devices are probably the most known for decalcifying domestic water. Disadvantages of these devices are the periodic replenishment of the chemicals, frequent checks, calcium and magnesium deprivation, and an additional sodium load in the water.
  • Devices with a device for physical water treatment on a magnetic, electromagnetic or electrophysical basis are intended to prevent limescale deposits in the water supply system (scale).
  • the water is passed through a magnetic or electromagnetic field, which causes the separation of the finest crystals, which are rinsed on, but are so fine that they cannot be separated with conventional water-dirt filters (passage width> 80 ⁇ m).
  • the excreted calcium or magnesium carbonate particles remain in the water, which is therefore not noticeably descaled (KJ Kronenberg "Advantages of magical water treatment", SBZ 21/89, p. 1534; D. Frahne "What is physically verifiable", SBZ 11/1991, p. 30).
  • the water hardness cannot be influenced, but the lime in the tap water is only converted into a form that does not accumulate on the pipeline walls with the formation of scale.
  • a method known from DE-A-25 26 674 is used for the treatment of industrial wastewater and mineral water to be processed thermally, and, since domestic water is not thermally processed, it is not intended for decalcifying domestic water.
  • the water is first passed through a magnetic field and then heated to 80 ° C to 180 ° C.
  • the failing Some of the substances are deposited in the heating device, and in some cases they are separated from the water in a settling tank.
  • the deposits on the inner surface of the heating device are conveyed mechanically into the settling tank by means of a stripping device.
  • US-A-5 149 438 describes a closed-circuit water to be softened process intended for the treatment of hard water in boilers and the like.
  • the cycle of water is essential in this process. In this way, large crystals with an amorphous character are obtained in a colloidal suspension in the water cycle.
  • the water to be softened flows through a filter arranged upstream of the magnetic device, through which particles which have arisen in a previous cycle are filtered out.
  • a service water heater of a domestic water supply is known from an assembly and operating instruction "Sanicube” from Rotex, DE, “Installation and Connection or Warm Water Connection", pp. 4 and 5, which includes a heat exchanger with a PE Contains X-tube.
  • the assembly and operating instructions contain a reference to the apparently occasional and undesirable phenomenon of limescale deposits in the system, which can lead to clogging of the tapping points and to malfunctions and are therefore appropriately retained in a filter to prevent damage .
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method of the type mentioned and an apparatus for performing the method, in which the monitoring and refilling of any consumer materials is no longer necessary, and in which the water is actually decalcified by Lime can be extracted from the water cycle and the hardness of the water can thus also be influenced, the aforementioned health risks being avoided, ie in which house water can be effectively decalcified without the use of chemicals and with structurally simple means.
  • readily soluble bicarbonate is continuously converted to sparingly soluble carbonate and the carbonates are brought together in the thermal section to form crystal aggregates on the crystallization nuclei.
  • the crystal aggregates are then separated by filters or another separation system. In the case of certain types of water with a sufficient content of crystal nuclei, no additional measures are necessary to provide the sufficient number of crystal nuclei.
  • the residence time, the temperature and, if appropriate, the volume flow of the water in the thermal section are selected so that the crystal aggregates are produced with a certain size, and since the surface roughness and the material selection of the inner wall of the thermal section prevent the crystal aggregates from adhering the actually disadvantageous precipitation of the lime is used profitably for permanent decalcification of the house water.
  • Descaling is a desirable reduction in the hardness of the Domestic water and heated, decalcified service water can be removed.
  • the crystallization nuclei are provided in the form of lime particles, for example lime sand.
  • lime particles can be provided permanently during operation.
  • the lime particles can be supplied before or in an inlet section of the thermal section or also within the thermal section because they cause the crystal aggregates to form within the thermal section.
  • the desired result can be improved by first passing the water to be decalcified through a magnetic or electromagnetic field in order to allow the formation of very fine crystals as crystallization nuclei, by means of which then larger and filterable in the thermal section Crystals or crystal aggregates are generated.
  • the crystallization nuclei provide a further, expedient process variant by recirculating part of the water already loaded with lime particles in the thermal zone into the inlet zone or the thermal zone.
  • the crystallization nuclei or the crystals formed on the basis of the crystallization nuclei are used repeatedly and, so to speak, the water to be decalcified is permanently enriched with crystallization materials or lime particles without external supply.
  • Process-loaded water can be recirculated from upstream of the filter or the separating system, or water that has already passed the filter or the separating system and then gets rid of the large and filterable crystal aggregates, and small crystals or crystal germs contains that could pass through the filter or the separating system and be used again or even several times for decalcifying.
  • the parameters, residence time and temperature of the water in the thermal section are expediently coordinated with one another and selected so that the carbonate crystal aggregates achieve an average size of at least 80 ⁇ m, which can be found in a conventional filter or can be separated particularly effectively in a structurally simple separation system.
  • the process it is advantageous according to the process to heat the water in the thermal section to a temperature of at least 40 ° C.
  • the temperature can also be higher and reach 80 ° C or more.
  • the residence time can be at least 2.5 minutes, preferably even about 30 minutes or more. Depending on the construction and the temperature, further deviations from these values are quite possible.
  • Decalcified hot water is produced with the aforementioned process variants. If, alternatively, cold decalcified water is required for certain applications, in a further process variant the heat supplied in the thermal section is removed from the treated water by a heat exchanger and returned to the thermal section in a circuit by means of a heat exchanger.
  • This process variant is environmentally friendly and avoids any significant waste of thermal energy.
  • the device which can be used according to the invention to carry out the method offers structurally simple requirements for an effective, permanent decalcification of running house water and thus for reducing the water hardness, without the need to intervene periodically from the outside, Frequent maintenance and permanent monitoring of the function.
  • the sufficient number of crystallization chambers either already contained in the water to be decalcified or provided in the source, lead to the carbonate crystal aggregates loading the water due to the heating in the thermal section, which in principle already have a low tendency to adhere to the Have pipelines and are additionally brought to the filter or to the stripping system in that the inner wall of the thermal section is made of a material with low chemical affinity and such a low surface roughness that no carbonate crystal aggregates adhere.
  • the structural concept of the device also makes it possible to set the dwell time and the volume flow in the device in such a way that a decalcifying effect adapted to the respective requirements is enforced without a boiler.
  • the source of the crystallization nuclei is the water connection itself.
  • the thermal section is tubular with a length of at least 2 m.
  • the upper limit is determined by economic factors and can be greater.
  • the optimal length of the thermal path depends, among other things, on the selected dwell time, the tube diameter and the temperature of the water, and the need to form larger crystals or crystal aggregates on the crystallization nuclei, in technical terms Regarding the desired degree of descaling is an essential factor and economic factors play an upper limiting role.
  • the thermal section is preferably designed such that the water to be decalcified is heated to at least 40 ° C.
  • the upper temperature limit in the thermal section is given by the boiling point of the water.
  • a preferred embodiment has at least one container with lime particles in the flow path and, if appropriate, a metering device, optionally with a time control.
  • the lime particles can be in the form of lime sand in the container and are added to the water to be descaled as required. As a rule, the addition is carried out to accelerate the start-up phase of the process until the equilibrium state is reached with a stable process sequence. Whether lime particles continue to be added depends on the composition of the water to be decalcified and / or the desired reduction in hardness.
  • the container can expediently be heated in order to heat the lime particles, preferably to approximately the temperature prevailing in the thermal section. This measure ensures an undisturbed and rapid process sequence because the water to be decalcified does not need to heat the added lime particles and these are immediately ready for the carbonate crystal aggregates to adhere or form as soon as they reach the water to be decalcified.
  • the filter used has a passage width between 5 and 500 ⁇ m, in particular between 25 and 200 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably a passage width between 80 ⁇ m and 110 ⁇ m.
  • the filter used in each case depends on the desired degree of decalcification or the desired reduction in water hardness.
  • the filter should be designed to be backwashed in order to be able to ensure constant decalcification with little construction effort.
  • a preferred embodiment has a filter with a drain for the separated lime, which can either be operated manually or automatically, in order to remove the separated lime from the device manually or automatically, depending on the occurrence.
  • a separation system proposed as an alternative or even additive to the filter can be a sediment separator or a suspended matter separator which works with gravity and has a settling zone for the flowing water.
  • the separating system can also be provided with a manually or automatically operated drain in order to be able to remove the separated lime from the device.
  • the thermal section is a pipeline in the manner of a pipe coil with a heating device, and the course of the thermal section can be chosen to be spiral, meandering or loop-shaped.
  • the heating device should be designed electrically or as a heat exchanger, various primary energies being able to be used. Indirect heating of the pipe coil can also be advantageous.
  • the pipe coil In order to prevent the crystal aggregates from being deposited on the inner wall in the course of the thermal stretch, the pipe coil should be made of plastic with low chemical affinity and low surface roughness.
  • the specified types of plastic are particularly suitable for this purpose.
  • the roughness of the inner wall of the pipe coil should not exceed a value of 3 ⁇ m, in particular 1.5 ⁇ m.
  • An embodiment with a recirculation line for water loaded with lime particles or carbonate crystal aggregates, which has already passed the thermal section, is particularly expedient.
  • the recirculation line leads from a connection upstream or downstream of the filter or the separating system to a connection upstream or in the thermal section.
  • some of the lime particles or carbonate crystal aggregates are passed through the thermal section again in order to produce even larger and easily separable carbonate crystal aggregates.
  • the water is tapped downstream of the filter or the separating system, then smaller limescale particles or carbonate crystal aggregates that have not been separated are brought back into the thermal section in order to enrich the water to be decalcified.
  • a heat exchanger is provided as part of the heating device, which removes heat from the heated water downstream of the thermal section and returns the heat in the circuit to the thermal section. Cold decalcified water can be produced in this way. If the heat exchanger can be switched on, heated or cold decalcified water can be removed as required.
  • Decalcified water is to be understood as water from which part of the lime has been removed.
  • 1 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a device according to the invention
  • 2 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment
  • FIG. 2A shows a schematic diagram of a further embodiment, and also a detailed variant
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a further embodiment
  • FIG. 4 shows a sketch similar to a block diagram, which in principle shows the device according to the invention with its components as part of a domestic water system, and
  • FIG. 5 shows a sketch similar to FIG. 4 of a further embodiment.
  • a device is intended to serve as a compact unit for various applications, e.g. to protect devices in which lime has extremely disadvantageous effects, such as washing machines, dishwashers and the like, which can be arranged downstream of the device or equipped with the device.
  • the method and the device intended to carry out the method are also suitable for industrial use, for example for softening boiler feed water or as a first stage for producing deionized water.
  • the water to be descaled contains a sufficiently large number of crystallization nuclei to decalcify, if necessary, without additional generation of crystallization nuclei.
  • a source 29 of crystallization nuclei of symbolic importance It can be directly the connection of the water to be decalcified, which enters the device 1 through an inlet 5. Downstream of the source 29 are a thermal section 3 and behind this a filter 4 or another separation system is provided. The decalcified water leaves the device through an outlet 6, a line 7 running from the inlet 5 to the outlet 6.
  • the water from the source 29 containing the sufficient number of crystallization nuclei is heated in the thermal section 3. Easily soluble bicarbonate is converted to poorly soluble carbonate, the carbonates being brought together to form carbonate crystal aggregates on the crystallization nuclei due to a predetermined residence time, the temperature in the thermal zone 3 and the flow rate of the water in the thermal zone 3.
  • the carbonate crystal aggregates are of sufficient size to be separated by the filter 4 or the separating system.
  • the water heated in the thermal section 3 flows in a warm water outlet line 25 into the filter 4.
  • the source 29 is a device 2 for physical water treatment on a magnetic, electromagnetic or electrophysical basis.
  • the device 2 is connected via line 7 to the thermal section 3.
  • the separation of the finest calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, ie crystallization nuclei is effected in a known manner, for example by at least one magnetic or electromagnetic field.
  • the thermal section this is the separated crystals water containing onskeime heated to a temperature of at least 40 ° C, the actual optimal temperature depending on the dwell time, the flow length of the thermal section, the water hardness and the pipe diameter.
  • calcium carbonate and / with a preselected residence time are used on the finest crystals which are used as crystallization nuclei and which originate from the device 2, owing to the increased temperature and the prevailing flow conditions ' and or magnesium carbonate, so that particles with an average particle size ⁇ 80 ⁇ m are permanently produced.
  • These larger crystals or crystal aggregates, which tend not to separate in the pipes, are permanently separated in the filter 4 or in the separating system, so that they are no longer contained in the outflowing water and the lime content is reduced.
  • the length of a pipeline 15 should be at least 2 m, the actual optimal length depending on the dwell time, the pipe diameter and the desired temperature of the water.
  • Passages between the minimum of 5 ⁇ m and the maximum of approximately 500 ⁇ m are possible for the filter 4.
  • the appropriate passage width depends on the desired degree of decalcification and other system limits. Within these limits, a passage width between approximately 80 ⁇ m and 110 ⁇ m has proven to be practical, as is the case with commercially available filters.
  • a container 29 ' is provided as the source 29 for crystallization nuclei which contains lime particles, for example in the form of lime sand, which are added to the water to be decalcified, specifically in the continuous line 7 in an inlet section to the thermal section 3 or within the thermal section 3.
  • the lime particles can be added, for example, during a running-in phase of the process in order to accelerate the running-in phase until a stable process equilibrium is reached.
  • a metering device D for adding the lime particles can be provided, possibly in conjunction with a time control Z for actuating the metering device.
  • the container 29 ' is expediently provided with a heating device H in order to heat the crystallization chamber, expediently to approximately the temperature prevailing in the thermal section 3.
  • the container 29 'could also be arranged within the thermal section 3 (indicated by dashed lines) and is heated in the thermal section 3.
  • the warm water outlet line 25 of the thermal section 3 is assigned a heat exchanger 26 which is connected to the thermal section 3 by a heat exchanger circuit 27.
  • the heat exchanger 26 forms e.g. a part of the heating device of the thermal section 3.
  • the heat supplied to the water in the thermal section 3 is recirculated to the thermal section 3.
  • the heat exchanger 26 is connected to the filter 4 via a cold water outlet line 28.
  • the heat exchanger 26 (or the heat exchanger circuit 27) could be switched off if necessary in order to produce decalcified hot water in some cases.
  • the thermal section 3 shows the individual components of the device 1 according to the invention as part of a domestic water system.
  • the water to be treated comes from a cold water house connection 8 and passes through a counter 9 and a first cold water filter 10 (passage width of approximately 100 ⁇ m) to the source 29.
  • the device 29 for the physical water treatment or the container 29 '
  • the device 29 for the physical water treatment is arranged as the source 29 and leaves the water through the line 12 with the crystallization nuclei excreted therein.
  • the water either reaches the cold water consumers symbolized by the arrow 14, or through conventional valves and pumps (not explained in more detail) into the thermal section 3.
  • the thermal section 3 is equipped with a heated pipe coil 15 of a water heating device 16 educated.
  • the water heating device 16 is constructed according to the continuous system and has flow and return connections 18 to a heat source, not shown, from which the medium 19 contained in a container 20 of the water heating device 16 is heated, which serves as a heating device for the thermal section 3 .
  • the heated water passes through a line 21 into the filter 4, which for example has a passage width between 80 ⁇ m and 110 ⁇ m.
  • the filter 4 is expediently designed to be backwashed and has a lime drain 22 which can be operated either manually or automatically.
  • the decalcified hot water passes from the filter 4 via a line 24 to hot water consumers 23.
  • the pipe coil 15 forming the thermal section 3 is heated, for example, via a heat transfer medium.
  • the pipe coil can have an electrical direct heating or after the direct heat exchange heated principle, or indirectly via a secondary heat transfer medium.
  • thermal section Due to the minimum length of 2 m for the thermal section, it is in any case advantageous to design the thermal section as a pipeline in the manner of a pipe coil in a space-saving manner and d longer than 2 m.
  • Plastic materials with low chemical affinity and low surface roughness are preferably used for the thermal section 3 or the pipe coil 15.
  • the roughness of the inner wall of the tube coil 15 or the thermal section 3 should not exceed a value of 3 ⁇ m, in particular 1.5 ⁇ m.
  • Plastic materials are polyethylene, cross-linked polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyamide or polymeric fluorinated hydrocarbons, but also other materials with the aforementioned specifications or properties.
  • the plastic material used in each case could also be provided in an inner coating of metal pipes.
  • FIG. 5 is a simplified illustration of another embodiment similar to FIG. 4.
  • additional source for providing a sufficient number of crystallization nuclei or crystals for depositing for example the carbonates, here serves a recirculation device with a recirculation line 32, which returns part of the water that has already passed through the thermal section 3, for example by means of a pump 30 and a shut-off or throttle element 31.
  • the recirculation line 32 can be connected to a connection 34 downstream of the thermal section 2 and upstream of the filter 4 in order to return water contaminated with crystals of all sizes.
  • the recirculation line 32 can also be connected to a connection 34 * downstream of the filter 4, in order alternatively to return decalcified water which is only loaded with small crystals or particles. The size of the crystals or particles then depends on the passage width of the filter 4.
  • the recirculation line 32 can be connected upstream to a connection 33 of the line 7 in front of the thermal section 3. However, it is also conceivable to connect them to a connection 33 'in the inlet section of the thermal section or in the thermal section 3 itself or to a connection 33 "on the current provided device 2 or the source 29 or the container 29'
  • the throughput of the returned water can be controlled or regulated. It is conceivable to completely shut off the recirculation line 32 as soon as a stable process equilibrium has been established.
  • All components of the device e.g. 4 and 5, can be integrated in a partially or fully automated compact system.
  • a sufficient number of crystallization nuclei is initially provided or generated physically. Subsequently, the water is heated within the thermal section and lime contained in the water is separated on the crystallization nuclei until a certain particle size is reached which separates the larger crystals or crystal aggregates are subsequently made possible, the adhesion of the lime to the tube walls (scale) being suppressed by the selection of the material and the surfaces of the inner wall and their maximum roughness.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)

Abstract

Selon ce procédé d'adoucissement d'eau domestique, on crée premièrement dans l'eau à adoucir un nombre suffisant de germes cristallins avant de chauffer l'eau en écoulement à travers une section thermique, dans laquelle les carbonates ainsi générés sont amenés à s'agglomérer sur les germes cristallins, formant ainsi des agrégats cristallins qui sont ensuite retirés au moyen d'un filtre ou d'un autre système de séparation. Les germes cristallins sont générés par exemple par un traitement physique préalable ou ajoutés sous forme de particules de chaux lorsque l'eau à adoucir ne contient pas déjà un nombre suffisant de germes cristallins. L'invention concerne également un dispositif permettant la mise en oeuvre du procédé.
EP96925708A 1995-07-10 1996-07-10 Procede et dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau domestique Ceased EP0842124A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE29510964 1995-07-10
DE29510964U 1995-07-10
DE19527252 1995-07-26
DE19527252A DE19527252A1 (de) 1995-07-10 1995-07-26 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Entkalken von Wasser
PCT/EP1996/003022 WO1997003025A1 (fr) 1995-07-10 1996-07-10 Procede et dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau domestique

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0842124A1 true EP0842124A1 (fr) 1998-05-20

Family

ID=26017144

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96925708A Ceased EP0842124A1 (fr) 1995-07-10 1996-07-10 Procede et dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau domestique

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0842124A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997003025A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU2003281120B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2010-05-20 Puredepth Limited Improved multilayer video screen

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR791182A (fr) * 1934-04-25 1935-12-05 Procédé pour l'amélioration des eaux
US4518505A (en) * 1983-05-09 1985-05-21 Exxon Production Research Co. Thermal softening process
FR2644771A1 (fr) * 1989-03-23 1990-09-28 Beauchard Yves Adoucisseur d'eau electro-magnetique et thermique a filtration regenerable
US5152904A (en) * 1991-01-16 1992-10-06 Yeda Research And Development Co., Ltd. Water softening process
NL9202017A (nl) * 1992-11-19 1994-06-16 Tno Werkwijze en inrichting voor het uit een oplossing verwijderen van tenminste één bestanddeel.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9703025A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1997003025A1 (fr) 1997-01-30

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