EP0832987B1 - Lance for blowing oxygen onto liquid metal - Google Patents

Lance for blowing oxygen onto liquid metal Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0832987B1
EP0832987B1 EP97115765A EP97115765A EP0832987B1 EP 0832987 B1 EP0832987 B1 EP 0832987B1 EP 97115765 A EP97115765 A EP 97115765A EP 97115765 A EP97115765 A EP 97115765A EP 0832987 B1 EP0832987 B1 EP 0832987B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oxygen
converter
inert gas
lance
blowing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP97115765A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0832987A1 (en
Inventor
Karl Dipl.-Ing. Fasshauer
Andreas Dipl.-Ing. Kulkies
Wilfried Dipl.-Ing. Lissack
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Linde Gas AG
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Linde Gas AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
    • C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
    • C22B15/0028—Smelting or converting
    • C22B15/003—Bath smelting or converting
    • C22B15/0041—Bath smelting or converting in converters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
    • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
    • C21C5/4606—Lances or injectors
    • C21C2005/4626—Means for cooling, e.g. by gases, fluids or liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
    • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
    • C21C5/4606—Lances or injectors
    • C21C5/4613—Refractory coated lances; Immersion lances

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an oxygen lance for blowing a liquid metal into a converter with two concentric tubes, which have an inner supply line for a Form oxygen-containing gas and an outer supply line for an inert gas. Further The invention relates to a method for blowing a liquid metal into a converter by means of such an oxygen lance, an oxygen-containing one Gas and an inert gas are introduced into the converter.
  • Raw copper is extracted in several steps using the standard process.
  • copper mostly occurs in connection with iron in the form of sulfur-containing ores, such as copper gravel.
  • sulfur-containing ores such as copper gravel.
  • the correct quantitative ratio between copper, iron and sulfur is set by partial oxidation of the sulfur in the ores, so that the subsequent melting of the ores produces a copper stone of the desired composition.
  • the copper stone which essentially consists of CuS 2 and FeS, is separated from the slag produced.
  • the copper stone is further processed by blowing in a converter.
  • the sulfur iron is first oxidized by blowing air into or onto the liquid copper stone and converted into a slag by adding quartz.
  • the slag formed is drawn off from the bath surface and so-called trace stone CuS 2 is obtained .
  • trace stone CuS 2 is obtained .
  • the liquid raw copper separates from the trace stone melt.
  • iron is similarly extracted from the nickel stone Blown away in a converter.
  • WO 95/09250 proposes to increase the performance of a converter air enriched with more than 30 volume percent oxygen in the melt blow in.
  • the lances for supplying the oxygen-containing gas are two concentric tubes formed, the inner tube containing the oxygen Gas and an inert gas is passed through the outer tube.
  • the inert gas is said to be between 5% and 25% of the exothermic reaction of oxygen with the copper stone absorb the heat generated, causing the lances to burn too quickly should be prevented.
  • the oxygen content of the injected Gases are between 40 vol .-% and 60 vol .-%.
  • EP-A-0 053 848 describes a process for blowing in high-oxygen content Gases in a weld pool containing non-ferrous metals by means of the Known reactor wall in the melt double tube nozzles.
  • a protective fluid is blown into the nozzle of each double tube nozzle as a coolant.
  • the amount of protective fluid is adjusted so that approaches on the one hand on the nozzles are formed, on the other hand the approaches do not have a desired thickness exceed.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide an oxygen lance Blowing an oxygen-containing gas into a converter that the blowing time is shortened and the blowing of highly enriched air or pure Oxygen is enabled.
  • the service life of both the lances and the Converter wall in which the lances are built should also be used highly enriched air or pure oxygen must not be shorter than that previous air blowing.
  • the invention is also intended to provide a method make, which for blowing molten metal, the at least one contains oxidizable component, in particular for blowing copper or Nickel stone, is suitable.
  • this object is achieved according to the invention by an oxygen lance solved the type mentioned, the distance between the inner and the outer tube at least 1.5 mm and the wall thickness of the outer tube is at least 2.5 mm.
  • the oxygen lances can also consist of pipe sections which interchangeable nozzles with the above dimensions are attached. It is essential that at least the part of the projecting into the converter Oxygen lance has the dimensions according to the invention.
  • the oxygen lance according to the invention is used to blow in oxygen-containing gases with significantly increased compared to the prior art Oxygen content up to the use of essentially only oxygen existing gas allows. Due to the large wall thickness of the outer tube, the Thermal conductivity of the outer tube significantly increased. Part of the reaction between the oxygen and the melt released thermal energy thereby derived through the outer tube without being damaged. The Inert gas flowing out between the inner and outer tubes compensates for one part of the heat energy, so that the lance burns off as a whole is slowed down considerably when using pure oxygen.
  • pipes should not only be those with a round one Cross section can be understood, but also tube profiles with a square or generally polygonal cross section.
  • the lance burns back, as is the case with the previous one Use of air does not occur completely.
  • There is a risk that can connect the inner and outer tubes during the burn-back which on the one hand increases the heat transfer from the outer to the inner tube, which can damage the inner tube.
  • the inert gas flow carried in the space hindered or even interrupted which reduces its cooling effect. Both effects lead to damage or even failure of the Oxygen lance.
  • the annular gap between the both pipes have a width of at least 1.5 mm. It has been found that thereby the connection of the inner and outer tubes can be avoided, so that the disadvantages described above do not occur.
  • the inner tube is already cooled by the inert gas flow, to a certain extent But heat is still from the melt by heat conduction through this Pipe removed. It is therefore advantageous to use an inner tube with a Wall thickness of at least 2 mm. This wall thickness ensures that Inner tube withstands the thermal load that occurs.
  • the concentric arrangement of the outer tube and inner tube is advantageous ensured that the inner and outer tube by punctiform Spacers are connected.
  • Puniform in this context meant that the spacers have the smallest possible expansion on the Pipe surface. The size of this expansion depends on the Material and type of spacers.
  • the centering of the inner tube in the The outer tube can be achieved, for example, by means of pins or welding spots. Such a centering has the advantage that on the one hand by the Gap between the two tubes formed feed for the inert gas has a constant cross-section over the entire length of the tube, resulting in a uniform inert gas flow, and thus a constant cooling effect. On the other hand, the heat transfer occurs due to the only punctiform spacers minimized from the outer to the inner tube.
  • the number of spacers is also appropriate kept as low as possible, but care should be taken that even after Burning off part of the oxygen lance is always a stable and constant Arrangement of inner and outer tube remains guaranteed.
  • an arrangement of the spacers is sufficient in the the mutual angular distance of the spacers is at least 90 ° by one to achieve concentric arrangement of the tubes and this also after a Maintain partial burning of the lance.
  • the oxygen lance can be made of steel or copper, for example be made.
  • the lance is preferably made of steel.
  • the invention also relates to a method for blowing a liquid metal in a converter using the oxygen lance according to the invention.
  • the procedure is especially for blowing copper or nickel stone, but also generally for Refining metal melts that contain at least one oxidizable component included, usable.
  • the high oxygen content makes one special efficient reaction between the melt and the oxygen-containing gas achieved.
  • the lances according to the invention are special for carrying out this method well suited.
  • the heat generated during the reaction of the oxygen with the molten metal is partially compensated for by the inert gas supplied.
  • the inert gas forms a cooling gas protective jacket around the outlet area of the oxygen-containing gas, in which the greatest heating takes place.
  • the use of nitrogen or argon as a coolant has proven to be advantageous.
  • the use of air can also prove to be favorable for reasons of cost, but its cooling effect is less than that of nitrogen or argon due to the oxygen content. There may also be cases where the use of CO 2 as a cooling gas is cheap. Any mixture of the gases mentioned, in particular the mixture of nitrogen and air, is also suitable for cooling according to the invention.
  • the blowing of the oxygen-containing gas and the inert gas into the converter is preferably done laterally or from above.
  • copper stone is in one blow out side blowing converter or an inflation converter, because with one Blow the raw copper collecting at the bottom of the converter would cool down a lot.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is preferably at a pressure of at least 2 bar, particularly advantageously at least 5 bar, in the molten metal is initiated, as a particularly favorable flow profile of the introduced gas trains.
  • the life of the oxygen lances is advantageously extended by the fact that oxygen-containing gas and / or the inert gas even after blowing the liquid Metal are blown into the converter. By blowing in such a way oxygen and / or inert gas for a certain time the lance cooled gently and washed free of impurities.
  • the converter is preferably used only with the oxygen lances according to the invention equipped. But it is also possible to use only part of the lances in the to provide execution according to the invention.
  • the invention has significant advantages over the prior art.
  • the Oxygen lances according to the invention allow an increase in Oxygen content of the introduced oxygen-containing gas up to the supply pure oxygen.
  • the speed of the desired reaction between the This can significantly increase oxygen and the metal.
  • Due to the achieved with the lance of the invention higher implementation The total number of lances in a converter are lower, which means costs can be saved.
  • the large tube wall thicknesses ensure a good one Heat dissipation without damaging the lance. Due to the effective cooling, on the one hand through the tube walls, on the other hand through the nitrogen supply, the Lance durability even when pure oxygen is supplied from the inside Pipe significantly increased.
  • the process developed is suitable for blowing Metal melting, especially for blowing copper and nickel stone.
  • a lying drum converter 1 in which the liquid Copper stone 2 is located.
  • the sulfur-containing iron oxidized and converted into a slag by adding silica Bath surface can be peeled off. From the remaining so-called The smelting of the stone settles on the further blowing, the liquid raw copper in the lower part of the converter 1.
  • the length of the oxygen lances 3 is about Adjusted wall thickness of the converter 1 and is about 80 cm.
  • the lance 3 consists of an inner tube 4, which has a wall thickness of 3 mm.
  • This Tube 4 is closed at one end 5 and points in the vicinity of this tube end 5 a side supply line 6 for supplying oxygen.
  • An outer tube 7 is arranged concentrically with the inner tube 4 and also has a side Supply line 8. This allows nitrogen to enter the annular gap 11 between the two Pipes 4 and 7 are introduced.
  • the outer tube 7 is on that of the feed line 8 closer pipe end 9 gas-tightly connected to the inner tube 4.
  • the wall thickness of the Outer tube 7 is 4 mm. Between the two pipes are on the Inner tube 4 applied welding spots 10, which are the concentric position of the two Ensure pipes 4, 7.
  • the welding spots 10 are at a distance of 5 cm in Direction of the pipe longitudinal axes applied. Are located above the pipe circumference 4 welding spots 10 each.
  • the gap 11 formed between the tubes 4, 7 has a width of 1.7 mm.
  • the diameter of the tubes 4 and 7, the gap width 11 and the oxygen and nitrogen pressures are related to the size and loading of the Converter adjusted.
  • the amount of oxygen introduced is about 1.6 times as large like the nitrogen supply.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)

Abstract

The lance for blowing gases into liquid metal in a converter consists of two concentric pipes (4, 7). The inner pipe (4) serves for delivery of a gas containing oxygen, while an inert gas is delivered through the outer pipe (7). The lance is characterized by the fact that the distance between the inner and outer pipes is at least 1.5 mm, while the thickness of the outer pipe is at least 2.5 mm. The claim covering a method for blowing gases into liquid metal is summarized below.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Sauerstofflanze zum Verblasen eines flüssigen Metalls in einem Konverter mit zwei konzentrischen Rohren, welche eine innere Zuleitung für ein sauerstoffhaltiges Gas und eine äußere Zuleitung für ein Inertgas bilden. Ferner bezieht sich die Erfindung auf ein Verfahren zum Verblasen eines flüssigen Metalls in einem Konverter mittels einer derartigen Sauerstofflanze, wobei ein sauerstoffhaltiges Gas und ein Inertgas in den Konverter eingeleitet werden.The invention relates to an oxygen lance for blowing a liquid metal into a converter with two concentric tubes, which have an inner supply line for a Form oxygen-containing gas and an outer supply line for an inert gas. Further The invention relates to a method for blowing a liquid metal into a converter by means of such an oxygen lance, an oxygen-containing one Gas and an inert gas are introduced into the converter.

Die Rohkupfergewinnung erfolgt nach dem Standardverfahren in mehreren Schritten. Kupfer kommt in der Natur meist in Verbindung mit Eisen in Form von schwefelhaltigen Erzen, wie beispielsweise Kupferkies, vor. Mittels einer Teilabröstung der vom Bergbau geförderten Kupfererze wird durch eine partielle Oxidation des Schwefels in den Erzen das richtige Mengenverhältnis zwischen Kupfer, Eisen und Schwefel eingestellt, so daß beim nachfolgenden Schmelzen der Erze ein Kupferstein der gewünschten Zusammensetzung entsteht. Beim Schmelzen wird der im wesentlichen aus CuS2 und FeS bestehende Kupferstein von der dabei entstehenden Schlacke getrennt.Raw copper is extracted in several steps using the standard process. In nature, copper mostly occurs in connection with iron in the form of sulfur-containing ores, such as copper gravel. By means of a partial roasting of the copper ores promoted by the mining, the correct quantitative ratio between copper, iron and sulfur is set by partial oxidation of the sulfur in the ores, so that the subsequent melting of the ores produces a copper stone of the desired composition. During the melting process, the copper stone, which essentially consists of CuS 2 and FeS, is separated from the slag produced.

Die Weiterverarbeitung des Kupfersteins erfolgt durch Verblasen in einem Konverter. Hierbei wird nach dem Stand der Technik durch Einblasen von Luft in oder auf den flüssigen Kupferstein zuerst das Schwefeleisen oxidiert und durch Quarzzugaben in eine Schlacke überführt. Die gebildete Schlacke wird von der Badoberfläche abgezogen und man erhält sogenannten Spurstein CuS2. Beim weiteren Verblasen scheidet sich aus der Spursteinschmelze das flüssige Rohkupfer ab.The copper stone is further processed by blowing in a converter. According to the prior art, the sulfur iron is first oxidized by blowing air into or onto the liquid copper stone and converted into a slag by adding quartz. The slag formed is drawn off from the bath surface and so-called trace stone CuS 2 is obtained . With further blowing, the liquid raw copper separates from the trace stone melt.

In der Nickelmetallurgie wird in ähnlicher Weise Eisen aus dem Nickelstein durch Verblasen in einem Konverter entfernt.In nickel metallurgy, iron is similarly extracted from the nickel stone Blown away in a converter.

Durch das Anreichern der eingeblasenen Luft mit Sauerstoff läßt sich eine beträchtliche Leistungssteigerung und Verkürzung der Blasezeit erreichen. Von Nachteil ist jedoch, daß die Lanzen, durch die mit Sauerstoff hochangereicherte Luft eingeblasen wird, sehr schnell abbrennen.By enriching the blown air with oxygen, one can achieve a significant increase in performance and shortening of the blowing time. Of The disadvantage, however, is that the lances, due to the air highly enriched with oxygen is blown, burn very quickly.

In der WO 95/09250 wird vorgeschlagen, zur Leistungssteigerung eines Konverters auf mehr als 30 Volumenprozent Sauerstoff angereicherte Luft in die Schmelze einzublasen. Die Lanzen zur Zuführung des sauerstoffhaltigen Gases sind als zwei konzentrische Rohre ausgebildet, wobei durch das innere Rohr das sauerstoffhaltige Gas und durch das äußere Rohr ein Inertgas geleitet wird. Das Inertgas soll zwischen 5 % und 25 % der bei der exothermen Reaktion vom Sauerstoff mit dem Kupferstein entstehenden Wärme aufnehmen, wodurch ein zu schnelles Abbrennen der Lanzen verhindert werden soll. Vorzugsweise soll der Sauerstoffgehalt des eingeblasenen Gases zwischen 40 Vol.-% und 60 Vol.-% liegen.WO 95/09250 proposes to increase the performance of a converter air enriched with more than 30 volume percent oxygen in the melt blow in. The lances for supplying the oxygen-containing gas are two concentric tubes formed, the inner tube containing the oxygen Gas and an inert gas is passed through the outer tube. The inert gas is said to be between 5% and 25% of the exothermic reaction of oxygen with the copper stone absorb the heat generated, causing the lances to burn too quickly should be prevented. Preferably, the oxygen content of the injected Gases are between 40 vol .-% and 60 vol .-%.

Aus der EP-A-0 053 848 ist ein Verfahren zum Einblasen von hochsauerstoffhaltigen Gasen in ein Nichteisen-Metalle enthaltendes Schmelzbad mittels durch die Reaktorwand in die Schmelze eingetauchten Doppelrohrdüsen bekannt. Durch eine Düse jeder Doppelrohrdüse wird hierbei ein Schutzfluid als Kühlmittel eingeblasen. Die Menge des Schutzfluids wird so eingestellt, daß einerseits auf den Düsen Ansätze gebildet werden, andererseits die Ansätze eine gewünschte Dicke nicht überschreiten.EP-A-0 053 848 describes a process for blowing in high-oxygen content Gases in a weld pool containing non-ferrous metals by means of the Known reactor wall in the melt double tube nozzles. By a A protective fluid is blown into the nozzle of each double tube nozzle as a coolant. The amount of protective fluid is adjusted so that approaches on the one hand on the nozzles are formed, on the other hand the approaches do not have a desired thickness exceed.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Sauerstofflanze zum Einblasen eines Sauerstoff enthaltendes Gases in einen Konverter zu entwickeln, so daß die Verblasezeit verkürzt und das Einblasen hochangereicherter Luft oder reinen Sauerstoffs ermöglicht wird. Die Standzeit sowohl der Lanzen als auch der Konverterwand, in die die Lanzen eingebaut sind, soll auch bei Verwendung hochangereichterter Luft oder reinen Sauerstoffs nicht kürzer sein als bei dem bisherigen Einblasen von Luft. Ferner soll die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Verfügung stellen, welches zum Verblasen von schmelzflüssigem Metall, das mindestens einen oxidierbaren Bestandteil enthält, insbesondere zum Verblasen von Kupfer- oder Nickelstein, geeignet ist.The present invention has for its object to provide an oxygen lance Blowing an oxygen-containing gas into a converter that the blowing time is shortened and the blowing of highly enriched air or pure Oxygen is enabled. The service life of both the lances and the Converter wall in which the lances are built should also be used highly enriched air or pure oxygen must not be shorter than that previous air blowing. The invention is also intended to provide a method make, which for blowing molten metal, the at least one contains oxidizable component, in particular for blowing copper or Nickel stone, is suitable.

Vorrichtungsseitig wird diese Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß durch eine Sauerstofflanze der eingangs genannten Art gelöst, wobei der Abstand zwischen dem inneren und dem äußeren Rohr mindestens 1,5 mm und die Wandstärke des äußeren Rohres mindestens 2,5 mm beträgt.On the device side, this object is achieved according to the invention by an oxygen lance solved the type mentioned, the distance between the inner and the outer tube at least 1.5 mm and the wall thickness of the outer tube is at least 2.5 mm.

Selbstverständlich können die Sauerstofflanzen auch aus Rohrstücken bestehen, an denen auswechselbare Düsen mit den obigen Dimensionierungen befestigt sind. Wesentlich ist, daß zumindest der in den Konverter hineinragende Teil der Sauerstofflanze die erfindungsgemäßen Maße aufweist. Of course, the oxygen lances can also consist of pipe sections which interchangeable nozzles with the above dimensions are attached. It is essential that at least the part of the projecting into the converter Oxygen lance has the dimensions according to the invention.

Durch die erfindungsgemäße Sauerstofflanze wird das Einblasen von sauerstoffhaltigen Gasen mit gegenüber dem Stand der Technik deutlich erhöhtem Sauerstoffanteil bis hin zur Verwendung von im wesentlichen nur aus Sauerstoff bestehendem Gas ermöglicht. Durch die große Wandstärke des Außenrohres wird die Wärmeleitkapazität des Außenrohres deutlich erhöht. Ein Teil der bei der Reaktion zwischen dem Sauerstoff und der Schmelze frei werdenden thermischen Energie wird dadurch über das Außenrohr abgeleitet, ohne daß dieses beschädigt wird. Das zwischen dem Innen- und dem Außenrohr ausströmende Inertgas kompensiert einen weiteren Teil der Wärmeenergie, so daß insgesamt das Abbrennen der Lanze auch bei der Verwendung von reinem Sauerstoff stark verlangsamt wird.The oxygen lance according to the invention is used to blow in oxygen-containing gases with significantly increased compared to the prior art Oxygen content up to the use of essentially only oxygen existing gas allows. Due to the large wall thickness of the outer tube, the Thermal conductivity of the outer tube significantly increased. Part of the reaction between the oxygen and the melt released thermal energy thereby derived through the outer tube without being damaged. The Inert gas flowing out between the inner and outer tubes compensates for one part of the heat energy, so that the lance burns off as a whole is slowed down considerably when using pure oxygen.

Unter Rohren sollen in diesem Zusammenhang nicht nur solche mit einem runden Querschnitt verstanden werden, sondern ebenso Rohrprofile mit einem viereckigen oder allgemein vieleckigen Querschnitt.In this context, pipes should not only be those with a round one Cross section can be understood, but also tube profiles with a square or generally polygonal cross section.

Dennoch ist ein Zurückbrennen der Lanze, wie dies auch bei der bisherigen Verwendung von Luft auftritt, nicht völlig zu verhindern. Dabei besteht die Gefahr, daß sich während des Zurückbrennens das Innen- und das Außenrohr verbinden können, wodurch zum einen der Wärmeübergang vom Außen- zum Innenrohr verstärkt wird, was eine Beschädigung des Innenrohres zur Folge haben kann. Zum anderen wird durch die Verbindung der beiden Rohre der im Zwischenraum geführte Inertgasstrom behindert oder sogar unterbrochen, wodurch dessen Kühlwirkung verringert wird. Beide Effekte führen zu einer Beschädigung oder sogar einem Ausfall der Sauerstofflanze. Gemäß der Erfindung besitzt daher der Ringspalt zwischen den beiden Rohren eine Breite von mindestens 1,5 mm. Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß dadurch die Verbindung von Innen- und Außenrohr vermieden werden kann, so daß die oben beschriebenen Nachteile nicht auftreten.Nevertheless, the lance burns back, as is the case with the previous one Use of air does not occur completely. There is a risk that can connect the inner and outer tubes during the burn-back, which on the one hand increases the heat transfer from the outer to the inner tube, which can damage the inner tube. On the other hand by connecting the two pipes, the inert gas flow carried in the space hindered or even interrupted, which reduces its cooling effect. Both effects lead to damage or even failure of the Oxygen lance. According to the invention, therefore, the annular gap between the both pipes have a width of at least 1.5 mm. It has been found that thereby the connection of the inner and outer tubes can be avoided, so that the disadvantages described above do not occur.

Durch den Inertgasstrom wird zwar das Innenrohr bereits gekühlt, eine gewisse Wärmemenge wird aber dennoch aus der Schmelze durch Wärmeleitung über dieses Rohr abgeführt. Von Vorteil ist daher die Verwendung eines Innenrohres mit einer Wandstärke von mindestens 2 mm. Diese Wanddicke gewährleistet, daß das Innenrohr der auftretenden thermischen Belastung standhält.The inner tube is already cooled by the inert gas flow, to a certain extent But heat is still from the melt by heat conduction through this Pipe removed. It is therefore advantageous to use an inner tube with a Wall thickness of at least 2 mm. This wall thickness ensures that Inner tube withstands the thermal load that occurs.

Die konzentrische Anordnung von Außenrohr und Innenrohr wird vorteilhaft dadurch sichergestellt, daß das innere und das äußere Rohr durch punktförmige Abstandshalter verbunden sind. Unter punktförmig ist in diesem Zusammenhang gemeint, daß die Abstandshalter eine möglichst geringe Ausdehnung auf der Rohroberfläche besitzen. Die Größe dieser Ausdehnung richtet sich nach dem Material und der Art der Abstandshalter. Die Zentrierung des Innenrohres im Außenrohr kann beispielsweise durch Stifte oder Schweißpunkte erreicht werden. Eine derartige Zentrierung hat den Vorteil, daß einerseits die durch den Zwischenraum zwischen den beiden Rohren gebildete Zuführung für das Inertgas über die gesamte Rohrlänge einen konstanten Querschnitt besitzt, wodurch ein gleichmäßiger Inertgasstrom, und damit eine konstante Kühlwirkung, erzielt werden. Andererseits wird durch die nur punktförmigen Abstandshalter der Wärmeübergang vom Außen- auf das Innenrohr minimiert.The concentric arrangement of the outer tube and inner tube is advantageous ensured that the inner and outer tube by punctiform Spacers are connected. Under is punctiform in this context meant that the spacers have the smallest possible expansion on the Pipe surface. The size of this expansion depends on the Material and type of spacers. The centering of the inner tube in the The outer tube can be achieved, for example, by means of pins or welding spots. Such a centering has the advantage that on the one hand by the Gap between the two tubes formed feed for the inert gas has a constant cross-section over the entire length of the tube, resulting in a uniform inert gas flow, and thus a constant cooling effect. On the other hand, the heat transfer occurs due to the only punctiform spacers minimized from the outer to the inner tube.

Aus diesem Grund wird auch die Anzahl der Abstandshalter zweckmäßigerweise möglichst niedrig gehalten, wobei jedoch darauf zu achten ist, daß auch nach dem Abbrennen eines Teils der Sauerstofflanze stets eine stabile und gleichbleibende Anordnung von Innen- und Außenrohr gewährleistet bleibt.For this reason, the number of spacers is also appropriate kept as low as possible, but care should be taken that even after Burning off part of the oxygen lance is always a stable and constant Arrangement of inner and outer tube remains guaranteed.

Es hat sich gezeigt, daß eine Anordnung der Abstandshalter ausreichend ist, bei der der gegenseitige Winkelabstand der Abstandshalter mindestens 90° beträgt, um eine konzentrische Anordnung der Rohre zu erreichen und diese auch nach einem Teilabbrennen der Lanze beizubehalten. Vorzugsweise werden sogar nur 3 punktförmige Abstandshalter gleichmäßig auf dem Umfang des Innenrohres verteilt, d.h. der Winkelabstand zwischen den Abstandshaltern beträgt 120°, wodurch der Wärmeübergang zwischen den beiden Rohren besonders gering gehalten wird.It has been shown that an arrangement of the spacers is sufficient in the the mutual angular distance of the spacers is at least 90 ° by one to achieve concentric arrangement of the tubes and this also after a Maintain partial burning of the lance. Preferably only 3 punctiform spacers evenly distributed over the circumference of the inner tube, i.e. the angular distance between the spacers is 120 °, which makes the Heat transfer between the two tubes is kept particularly low.

Die Stabilität der Rohranordnung, unter Berücksichtigung des Zurückbrennens der Lanze, wird selbstverständlich durch eine möglichst große Zahl von Abstandshaltern in Rohrlängsrichtung erhöht. Andererseits wird dadurch wieder der Wärmeübergang zwischen den Rohren erhöht. Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß ein Abstand in Rohrlängsrichtung von einem Abstandshalter zum nächsten im Bereich von 3 cm bis 8 cm in dieser Hinsicht optimal ist.The stability of the pipe arrangement, taking into account the burning back of the Lance, of course, is made possible by the largest possible number of spacers increased in the longitudinal direction of the pipe. On the other hand, this again makes the heat transfer increased between the tubes. It has been found that a distance in Pipe longitudinal direction from one spacer to the next in the range of 3 cm to 8 cm is optimal in this regard.

Die Sauerstofflanze kann beispielsweise aus Stahl oder Kupfer gefertigt sein. Vorzugsweise besteht die Lanze aus Stahl.The oxygen lance can be made of steel or copper, for example be made. The lance is preferably made of steel.

Die Erfindung bezieht sich außerdem auf ein Verfahren zum Verblasen eines flüssigen Metalls in einem Konverter mittels der erfindungsgemäßen Sauerstofflanze.The invention also relates to a method for blowing a liquid metal in a converter using the oxygen lance according to the invention.

Dabei werden ein sauerstoffhaltiges Gas, welches mindestens 60 Volumenprozent Sauerstoff enthält, und ein Inertgas in den Konverter eingeleitet. Das Verfahren ist insbesondere zum Verblasen von Kupfer- oder Nickelstein, aber auch allgemein zum Raffinieren von Metallschmelzen, welche mindestens einen oxidierbaren Bestandteil enthalten, einsetzbar. Durch den hohen Sauerstoffgehalt wird eine besonders effiziente Reaktion zwischen der Schmelze und dem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas erzielt. Die erfindungsgemäßen Lanzen sind zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens besonders gut geeignet.It is an oxygen-containing gas, which is at least 60 percent by volume Contains oxygen, and an inert gas is introduced into the converter. The procedure is especially for blowing copper or nickel stone, but also generally for Refining metal melts that contain at least one oxidizable component included, usable. The high oxygen content makes one special efficient reaction between the melt and the oxygen-containing gas achieved. The lances according to the invention are special for carrying out this method well suited.

Die gewünschten Reaktionen zwischen den Bestandteilen der Metallschmelze und dem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas werden durch die Verwendung von mindestens 90 Volumenprozent Sauerstoff aufweisendem Gas besonders vorteilhaft beschleunigt. Als zweckmäßig hat sich das Einleiten von im wesentlichen reinem Sauerstoff in den Konverter erwiesen.The desired reactions between the components of the molten metal and the oxygen-containing gas through the use of at least 90 Volume percent oxygen-containing gas accelerated particularly advantageous. The introduction of essentially pure oxygen into the Proven converter.

Die bei der Reaktion des Sauerstoffs mit dem schmelzflüssigen Metall entstehende Wärme wird zum Teil durch das zugeführte Inertgas kompensiert. Das Inertgas bildet um den Austrittsbereich des sauerstoffhaltigen Gases, in dem die größte Erwärmung stattfindet, einen kühlenden Gasschutzmantel. Von Vorteil hat sich der Einsatz von Stickstoff oder Argon als Kühlmittel herausgestellt. Auch die Verwendung von Luft kann sich aus Kostengründen als günstig erweisen, jedoch ist deren Kühlwirkung aufgrund des Sauerstoffanteils geringer als die von Stickstoff oder Argon. Es kann auch Fälle geben, in denen der Einsatz von CO2 als Kühlgas günstig ist. Auch jede Mischung der genannten Gase, insbesondere die Mischung von Stickstoff und Luft, ist erfindungsgemäß zur Kühlung geeignet.The heat generated during the reaction of the oxygen with the molten metal is partially compensated for by the inert gas supplied. The inert gas forms a cooling gas protective jacket around the outlet area of the oxygen-containing gas, in which the greatest heating takes place. The use of nitrogen or argon as a coolant has proven to be advantageous. The use of air can also prove to be favorable for reasons of cost, but its cooling effect is less than that of nitrogen or argon due to the oxygen content. There may also be cases where the use of CO 2 as a cooling gas is cheap. Any mixture of the gases mentioned, in particular the mixture of nitrogen and air, is also suitable for cooling according to the invention.

Das Einblasen des sauerstoffhaltigen Gases und des Inertgases in den Konverter erfolgt vorzugsweise seitlich oder von oben. Insbesondere Kupferstein wird in einem seitlich blasenden Konverter oder einem Aufblaskonverter verblasen, da bei einem Verblasen von unten das sich am Boden des Konverters sammelnde Rohkupfer zu stark abkühlen würde. Sollen jedoch Verunreinigungen in anderen Metallschmelzen oxidiert werden, so kann es auch sinnvoll sein, das sauerstoffhaltige Gas und das Inertgas von unten in die Schmelze einzublasen.The blowing of the oxygen-containing gas and the inert gas into the converter is preferably done laterally or from above. In particular copper stone is in one blow out side blowing converter or an inflation converter, because with one Blow the raw copper collecting at the bottom of the converter would cool down a lot. However, should contaminants in other metal melts are oxidized, it may also be useful to the oxygen-containing gas and Blow the inert gas into the melt from below.

Es hat sich gezeigt, daß das sauerstoffhaltige Gas vorzugsweise mit einem Druck von mindestens 2 bar, besonders vorteilhaft mindestens 5 bar, in die Metallschmelze eingeleitet wird, da sich dadurch ein besonders günstiges Strömungsprofil des eingeleiteten Gases ausbildet. It has been shown that the oxygen-containing gas is preferably at a pressure of at least 2 bar, particularly advantageously at least 5 bar, in the molten metal is initiated, as a particularly favorable flow profile of the introduced gas trains.

Ebenso hat sich herausgestellt, daß beim Einleiten des Inertgases mit einem Druck von mindestens 2 bar eine günstige Kühlwirkung erreicht wird.It has also been found that when the inert gas is introduced at a pressure A favorable cooling effect of at least 2 bar is achieved.

Die Lebensdauer der Sauerstofflanzen wird vorteilhaft dadurch verlängert, daß das sauerstoffhaltige Gas und/oder das Inertgas auch nach dem Verblasen des flüssigen Metalls in den Konverter geblasen werden. Durch ein derartiges Nachblasen von sauerstoffhaltigem Gas und/oder Inertgas für eine bestimmte Zeit wird die Lanze schonend abgekühlt und von Verunreinigungen freigespült.The life of the oxygen lances is advantageously extended by the fact that oxygen-containing gas and / or the inert gas even after blowing the liquid Metal are blown into the converter. By blowing in such a way oxygen and / or inert gas for a certain time the lance cooled gently and washed free of impurities.

Beim Einstellen der zuzuführenden Mengen von sauerstoffhaltigem Gas und Inertgas muß berücksichtigt werden, daß bei hoher Sauerstoffzufuhr und geringer Inertgaszufuhr zwar die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit zwischen dem Sauerstoff und der Schmelze groß, aber die Kühlwirkung nur gering ist. Im umgekehrten Fall, bei großen Mengen Inertgas und geringen Mengen Sauerstoff, ist dagegen die Kühlleistung ausreichend, aber die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit zu klein. Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß von Vorteil mehr sauerstoffhaltiges Gas als Inertgas in den Konverter geleitet wird. Besonders vorteilhaft beträgt die Menge des eingeleiteten sauerstoffhaltigen Gases mindestens das 1,5 fache der Menge des eingeleiteten Inertgases.When adjusting the quantities of oxygen-containing gas and inert gas to be supplied must be taken into account that with high oxygen supply and less Inert gas supply the reaction rate between the oxygen and the Melt big, but the cooling effect is only slight. In the opposite case, with large ones Amounts of inert gas and small amounts of oxygen, however, is the cooling capacity sufficient, but the reaction rate too slow. It turned out that advantageously more oxygen-containing gas than inert gas is passed into the converter becomes. The amount of oxygen-containing introduced is particularly advantageous Gas at least 1.5 times the amount of inert gas introduced.

Vorzugsweise wird der Konverter nur mit den erfindungsgemäßen Sauerstofflanzen ausgerüstet. Es ist aber auch möglich, nur einen Teil der Lanzen in der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführung vorzusehen.The converter is preferably used only with the oxygen lances according to the invention equipped. But it is also possible to use only part of the lances in the to provide execution according to the invention.

Die Erfindung weist wesentliche Vorteile gegenüber dem Stand der Technik auf. Die erfindungsgemäßen Sauerstofflanzen erlauben eine Erhöhung des Sauerstoffgehaltes des eingeleiteten sauerstoffhaltigen Gases bis hin zur Zufuhr reinen Sauerstoffs. Die Geschwindigkeit der gewünschten Reaktion zwischen dem Sauerstoff und dem Metall kann dadurch beträchtlich gesteigert werden. Aufgrund der mit der erfindungsgemäßen Lanze erzielten höheren Umsetzung kann die Gesamtanzahl der Lanzen in einem Konverter geringer ausfallen, wodurch Kosten gespart werden können. Die großen Rohrwandstärken sichern eine gute Wärmeableitung ohne dabei die Lanze zu beschädigen. Durch die effektive Kühlung, einerseits durch die Rohrwandungen, andererseits durch die Stickstoffzufuhr, wird die Haltbarkeit der Lanzen auch bei der Zufuhr von reinem Sauerstoff durch das innere Rohr wesentlich erhöht. Das entwickelte Verfahren eignet sich zum Verblasen von Metallschmelzen, insbesondere zum Verblasen von Kupfer- und Nickelstein. The invention has significant advantages over the prior art. The Oxygen lances according to the invention allow an increase in Oxygen content of the introduced oxygen-containing gas up to the supply pure oxygen. The speed of the desired reaction between the This can significantly increase oxygen and the metal. Due to the achieved with the lance of the invention higher implementation The total number of lances in a converter are lower, which means costs can be saved. The large tube wall thicknesses ensure a good one Heat dissipation without damaging the lance. Due to the effective cooling, on the one hand through the tube walls, on the other hand through the nitrogen supply, the Lance durability even when pure oxygen is supplied from the inside Pipe significantly increased. The process developed is suitable for blowing Metal melting, especially for blowing copper and nickel stone.

Die Erfindung soll im folgenden anhand der schematischen Zeichnungen beispielhaft näher erläutert werden.The invention is intended to be exemplified in the following on the basis of the schematic drawings are explained in more detail.

Es zeigen dabei

Figur 1
einen seitlich blasenden Konverter, wie er beispielsweise beim Verblasen von Kupferstein eingesetzt wird, und
Figur 2
eine erfindungsgemäße Sauerstofflanze, die in der Wand des Konverters angeordnet ist.
Figur 3
zeigt einen Schnitt durch die in Figur 2 dargestellte Sauerstofflanze entlang der Linie A - A.
It show
Figure 1
a converter that blows to the side, as used, for example, for blowing copper stone, and
Figure 2
an oxygen lance according to the invention, which is arranged in the wall of the converter.
Figure 3
shows a section through the oxygen lance shown in Figure 2 along the line A - A.

In Figur 1 ist ein liegender Trommelkonverter 1 gezeigt, in dem sich der flüssige Kupferstein 2 befindet. In der Seitenwand sind mehrere Sauerstofflanzen 3 angebracht, durch die Sauerstoff und Stickstoff mit einem Druck von jeweils 6 bar in die Schmelze eingeblasen werden. Dabei wird zuerst das schwefelhaltige Eisen oxidiert und durch Zugabe von Kieselsäure in eine Schlacke überführt, die von der Badoberfläche abgezogen werden kann. Aus der verbleibenden sogenannten Spursteinschmelze setzt sich beim weiteren Verblasen das flüssige Rohkupfer im unteren Teil des Konverters 1 ab. Die Länge der Sauerstofflanzen 3 ist an die Wandstärke des Konverters 1 angepaßt und beträgt etwa 80 cm.In Figure 1, a lying drum converter 1 is shown, in which the liquid Copper stone 2 is located. There are several oxygen lances 3 in the side wall attached through which oxygen and nitrogen at a pressure of 6 bar each the melt is blown in. First, the sulfur-containing iron oxidized and converted into a slag by adding silica Bath surface can be peeled off. From the remaining so-called The smelting of the stone settles on the further blowing, the liquid raw copper in the lower part of the converter 1. The length of the oxygen lances 3 is about Adjusted wall thickness of the converter 1 and is about 80 cm.

In Figur 2 und Figur 3 ist eine Sauerstofflanze 3 im Detail dargestellt. Die Lanze 3 besteht aus einem Innenrohr 4, welches eine Wandstärke von 3 mm besitzt. Dieses Rohr 4 ist an einem Ende 5 verschlossen und weist in der Nähe dieses Rohrendes 5 eine seitliche Zuleitung 6 zur Zuführung von Sauerstoff auf. Ein äußeres Rohr 7 ist konzentrisch mit dem Innenrohr 4 angeordnet und besitzt ebenfalls eine seitliche Zuleitung 8. Durch diese kann Stickstoff in den Ringspalt 11 zwischen den beiden Rohren 4 und 7 eingeleitet werden. Das äußere Rohr 7 ist an dem der Zuleitung 8 näheren Rohrende 9 gasdicht mit dem Innenrohr 4 verbunden. Die Wandstärke des Außenrohres 7 beträgt 4 mm. Zwischen den beiden Rohren befinden sich auf das Innenrohr 4 aufgebrachte Schweißpunkte 10, die die konzentrische Lage der beiden Rohre 4, 7 sicherstellen. Die Schweißpunkte 10 sind in einem Abstand von 5 cm in Richtung der Rohrlängsachsen aufgebracht. Über dem Rohrumfang befinden sich jeweils 4 Schweißpunkte 10. Der zwischen den Rohren 4, 7 gebildete Spalt 11 besitzt eine Breite von 1,7 mm. Die Durchmesser der Rohre 4 und 7, die Spaltbreite 11 sowie der Sauerstoff- und der Stickstoffdruck sind an die Größe und Beladung des Konverters angepaßt. Die Menge an eingeleitetem Sauerstoff ist etwa 1,6 mal so groß wie die Stickstoffzufuhr.In Figure 2 and Figure 3, an oxygen lance 3 is shown in detail. The lance 3 consists of an inner tube 4, which has a wall thickness of 3 mm. This Tube 4 is closed at one end 5 and points in the vicinity of this tube end 5 a side supply line 6 for supplying oxygen. An outer tube 7 is arranged concentrically with the inner tube 4 and also has a side Supply line 8. This allows nitrogen to enter the annular gap 11 between the two Pipes 4 and 7 are introduced. The outer tube 7 is on that of the feed line 8 closer pipe end 9 gas-tightly connected to the inner tube 4. The wall thickness of the Outer tube 7 is 4 mm. Between the two pipes are on the Inner tube 4 applied welding spots 10, which are the concentric position of the two Ensure pipes 4, 7. The welding spots 10 are at a distance of 5 cm in Direction of the pipe longitudinal axes applied. Are located above the pipe circumference 4 welding spots 10 each. The gap 11 formed between the tubes 4, 7 has a width of 1.7 mm. The diameter of the tubes 4 and 7, the gap width 11 and the oxygen and nitrogen pressures are related to the size and loading of the Converter adjusted. The amount of oxygen introduced is about 1.6 times as large like the nitrogen supply.

Claims (15)

  1. Oxygen lance for blowing a liquid metal in a converter, having two concentric tubes, which form an inner feed line for an oxygen-containing gas and an outer feed line for an inert gas, characterized in that the distance between the inner tube and the outer tube is at least 1.5 mm and the wall thickness of the outer tube is at least 2.5 mm.
  2. Oxygen lance according to Claim 1, characterized in that the wall thickness of the inner tube is at least 2 mm.
  3. Oxygen lance according to one of Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the inner and outer tubes are connected to one another by spacers.
  4. Oxygen lance according to Claim 3,
    characterized in that the angular interval between the spacers is at least 90º.
  5. Oxygen lance according to one of Claims 3 or 4, characterized in that the distance between the spacers in the longitudinal direction of the tubes is between 3 cm and 8 cm.
  6. Oxygen lance according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the inner tube and/or the outer tube consist of steel.
  7. Process for blowing a liquid metal in a converter by means of an oxygen lance according to one of Claims 1 to 6, in which an oxygen-containing gas, which contains at least 60% by volume oxygen, and an inert gas are introduced into the converter.
  8. Process according to Claim 7, characterized in that the oxygen-containing gas contains at least 90% by volume oxygen.
  9. Process according to one of Claims 7 or 8, characterized in that the inert gas includes nitrogen, argon and/or air as a component.
  10. Process according to one of Claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the metal at a pressure of at least 2 bar.
  11. Process according to Claim 10, characterized in that the oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the metal at a pressure of at least 5 bar.
  12. Process according to one of Claims 7 to 11, characterized in that the inert gas is introduced into the metal at a pressure of at least 2 bar.
  13. Process according to one of Claims 7 to 12, characterized in that the oxygen-containing gas and/or the inert gas continue to be blown into the converter even after the blowing of the liquid metal.
  14. Process according to one of Claims 7 to 13, characterized in that more oxygen-containing gas than inert gas is introduced into the converter.
  15. Process according to Claim 14, characterized in that the quantity of oxygen-containing gas introduced is at least 1.5 times the quantity of inert gas introduced.
EP97115765A 1996-09-18 1997-09-10 Lance for blowing oxygen onto liquid metal Expired - Lifetime EP0832987B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19638148 1996-09-18
DE19638148A DE19638148A1 (en) 1996-09-18 1996-09-18 Oxygen lance and method for blowing liquid metal

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0832987A1 EP0832987A1 (en) 1998-04-01
EP0832987B1 true EP0832987B1 (en) 2001-11-28

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EP (1) EP0832987B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE209703T1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ294660B6 (en)
DE (2) DE19638148A1 (en)
PL (1) PL187501B1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE516609C2 (en) * 2000-06-29 2002-02-05 Ola Lundqvist Lance, procedure for making a lance and using a lance
EP2302082B1 (en) * 2009-09-03 2013-04-17 Linde AG Method for operating of a converter and apparatus for carrying out the method
CN110567280B (en) * 2019-09-04 2024-03-15 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司 Redox rifle and have its oxidation-reduction furnace

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3990890A (en) * 1972-05-17 1976-11-09 Creusot-Loire Process for refining molten copper matte with an enriched oxygen blow
BE795117A (en) * 1973-02-07 1973-05-29 Centre Rech Metallurgique METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE CONVERTING OF COPPERY MATERIALS
US4036481A (en) * 1973-06-14 1977-07-19 Pennsylvania Engineering Corporation Steel converter vessel tuyere block construction
US4023676A (en) * 1976-09-20 1977-05-17 Armco Steel Corporation Lance structure and method for oxygen refining of molten metal
DE3045992A1 (en) * 1980-12-05 1982-07-22 Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt METHOD FOR INJECTING HIGH OXYGEN-CONTAINING GAS IN A MELTING BATH CONTAINING NON-METALS
US4657586A (en) * 1985-10-25 1987-04-14 Union Carbide Corporation Submerged combustion in molten materials
US5435833A (en) * 1993-09-30 1995-07-25 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Process to convert non-ferrous metal such as copper or nickel by oxygen enrichment

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DE19638148A1 (en) 1998-03-19
PL187501B1 (en) 2004-07-30
PL322128A1 (en) 1998-03-30
EP0832987A1 (en) 1998-04-01
CZ294660B6 (en) 2005-02-16
DE59705520D1 (en) 2002-01-10
ATE209703T1 (en) 2001-12-15
CZ293197A3 (en) 1998-07-15

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