EP0804293B1 - Multi-color patterned cookware - Google Patents
Multi-color patterned cookware Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0804293B1 EP0804293B1 EP95944604A EP95944604A EP0804293B1 EP 0804293 B1 EP0804293 B1 EP 0804293B1 EP 95944604 A EP95944604 A EP 95944604A EP 95944604 A EP95944604 A EP 95944604A EP 0804293 B1 EP0804293 B1 EP 0804293B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- topcoat
- application
- primer
- color
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
- B05D5/083—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface involving the use of fluoropolymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
- B05D5/061—Special surface effect
Definitions
- This invention concerns non-stick coated cookware, with a decorative pattern visible through a light transmitting topcoat. More specifically, it concerns such cookware with a pattern formed by discontinuous globules..
- U.S. Patent 4,259,375 - Vassiliou (1981) discloses an article of cookware with a 3-layer coating having a discontinuous speckled or spattered pattern in a partial layer directly beneath the topcoat.
- the spattered coating is deliberately sprayed directly on the layer under it while the under layer is still wet and soft so that the spattered layer sinks into the under layer and does not provide roughness that could telegraph through the surface. It was said that roughness would provide a place for a fork or other utensil to catch in the coating and tear the coating.
- the spattered layer dots were also sprayed on directly, such as at 90 degrees from the substrate, so as to form more or less round dots.
- U.S. Patent 3,961,993 - Palisin (1976) discloses spraying multilayer polymer coatings on a substrate, one layer being sprayed on top of the layer under it after the under layer has become tacky.
- a tacky underlayer permits the successive layer to adhere better without completely merging indistinguishably with the underlayer. Still, any roughness in the upper layer would tend to smooth out as the two layers interact.
- the present invention provides an article of cookware and a method of making it, having a cooking surface which comprises a multi-layer, non-stick coating on a substrate which coating minimizes sticking by food residues and which is heat resisting by being stable at temperatures above 300° C, wherein the coating comprises a primer adhered to the substrate, a non-stick, heat-resisting, light-transmitting topcoat, and optionally one or more intermediate coats, with the topcoat adhered to any such intermediate coats which are adhered to the primer or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the topcoat being adhered directly to the primer, with the intermediate coat under the topcoat having a first color or darkness or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the primer having a first color or darkness, characterised by spraying at least two applications of globules to form a discontinuous layer on or in and covering no more than 80% of the area of the intermediate coat under the topcoat or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the primer, said globules having at least one color or darkness which is
- Included in the invention are a method of making an article in which the coatings are applied by spraying coating compositions successively on the substrate and ultimately heating the article to cure the coating, wherein the coating under the discontinuous coating is dried enough before applying the discontinuous coating so that substantial portions of the spattered coating remains on top of said under coating to create the roughness telegraphing through the topcoat.
- the undercoat is not dried before applying the discontinuous coat which then sinks into the undercoat, resulting in a substantially smooth topcoat.
- One embodiment of the process for obtaining the present invention is the drying or "flashing" the primer or intermediate coat before applying the discontinuous coat, adequately so the spattered dots do not sink into the primer or the intermediate coat.
- air flow for 30 seconds or longer, or preheating the substrate or the air with a shorter time of air flow, will suffice.
- the globules can be applied wet-on-wet and permitted to sink into the underlayer so long as they do not merge and lose their distinctiveness.
- wetting is generally not a problem with most heat resistant materials useful for cookware coatings, especially perfluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and (PTFE) and copolymers of TFE and fluorovinyl ethers (PFA).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene and
- PFA fluorovinyl ethers
- the coatings contain oxide-coated mica, and preferably the oxide in Ti0 2 , as described in U.S. Patents 3,087,827 - Klenke et al., 3,087,828 and 3,087,829 - both to Linton, and granted 1963.
- a primer having the composition of Table 1 is sprayed on a clean, lightly etched aluminum substrate to a dry film thickness (DFT) of 7.5 to 10 microns, the primer is dried at 66°C for 3 minutes and a black midcoat of Table 2 is applied to a DFT of 17.5 to 20 microns.
- the midcoat is allowed to dry at ambient temperature for 45 seconds and three separate inks or spatter coatings are applied using a DeVilbiss spatter gun to provide a discontinuous coating.
- the inks of Table 3 or 4 are colored to be significantly different than the black midcoat background and are sprayed at a 45° angle (or at an angle of from 30 to 75°) to provide irregular shapes on the spinning substrate. The effect is to provide an appearance of natural stone.
- the inks are not limited to solid color pigments but also include color achieved by reflectance with coated mica.
- a topcoat of Table 5 is then applied wet-on-wet over the spattered particles.
- the topcoat in this example, contains mica particles in a 1-15 micron particle size range so as not to interfere with the aesthetics of the spatter coat.
- the entire system is sintered at 427 to 435°C for 5 minutes with the measured temperatures being that of the substrate metal.
- Primer Coating Composition (Wt.
- first discontinuous coat of a relatively darker color or optical density than the second as well as each successive globule coat being of a progressively lighter color or darkness.
- One preferred combination is to have a black base coat (the intermediate on which the discontinuous globule coats are to be sprayed) with the first globule coat in a dark brown, the second globule coat in a lighter gray, and an optional third globule coat in white.
- the spray is preferably done from a spatter gun, resulting in random coverage and more or less overlap of the globules of one application by those of the next application.
Description
- This invention concerns non-stick coated cookware, with a decorative pattern visible through a light transmitting topcoat. More specifically, it concerns such cookware with a pattern formed by discontinuous globules..
- U.S. Patent 4,259,375 - Vassiliou (1981) discloses an article of cookware with a 3-layer coating having a discontinuous speckled or spattered pattern in a partial layer directly beneath the topcoat. The spattered coating is deliberately sprayed directly on the layer under it while the under layer is still wet and soft so that the spattered layer sinks into the under layer and does not provide roughness that could telegraph through the surface. It was said that roughness would provide a place for a fork or other utensil to catch in the coating and tear the coating. The spattered layer dots were also sprayed on directly, such as at 90 degrees from the substrate, so as to form more or less round dots. This patent is incorporated by reference herein for its disclosure of materials, processes and equivalents suitable for the present invention.
- U.S. Patent 3,961,993 - Palisin (1976) discloses spraying multilayer polymer coatings on a substrate, one layer being sprayed on top of the layer under it after the under layer has become tacky. A tacky underlayer permits the successive layer to adhere better without completely merging indistinguishably with the underlayer. Still, any roughness in the upper layer would tend to smooth out as the two layers interact.
- U.S. Patent 3,655,421 - Long (1972) describes means of keeping globules of an intermittent coating from flowing out to make a uniform layer, by controlling surface tension relations.
- It is desirable to have a superior non-stick, decorative coating for cookware optionally with a raised or textured surface and with greater flexibility for aesthetic design than just to make smooth round dots.
- The present invention provides an article of cookware and a method of making it, having a cooking surface which comprises a multi-layer, non-stick coating on a substrate which coating minimizes sticking by food residues and which is heat resisting by being stable at temperatures above 300° C, wherein the coating comprises a primer adhered to the substrate, a non-stick, heat-resisting, light-transmitting topcoat, and optionally one or more intermediate coats, with the topcoat adhered to any such intermediate coats which are adhered to the primer or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the topcoat being adhered directly to the primer, with the intermediate coat under the topcoat having a first color or darkness or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the primer having a first color or darkness, characterised by spraying at least two applications of globules to form a discontinuous layer on or in and covering no more than 80% of the area of the intermediate coat under the topcoat or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the primer, said globules having at least one color or darkness which is visibly different from said first color or darkness as seen through said topcoat, with the first application covering 30-80% of the area and the second application covering 20-45% of the area, with the second application covering at least 5% less area than the first.
- Included in the invention are a method of making an article in which the coatings are applied by spraying coating compositions successively on the substrate and ultimately heating the article to cure the coating, wherein the coating under the discontinuous coating is dried enough before applying the discontinuous coating so that substantial portions of the spattered coating remains on top of said under coating to create the roughness telegraphing through the topcoat. In another alternative the undercoat is not dried before applying the discontinuous coat which then sinks into the undercoat, resulting in a substantially smooth topcoat.
- One embodiment of the process for obtaining the present invention is the drying or "flashing" the primer or intermediate coat before applying the discontinuous coat, adequately so the spattered dots do not sink into the primer or the intermediate coat. In normal application, air flow for 30 seconds or longer, or preheating the substrate or the air with a shorter time of air flow, will suffice.
- In another embodiment, the globules can be applied wet-on-wet and permitted to sink into the underlayer so long as they do not merge and lose their distinctiveness.
- Those skilled in the art know how to select the ingredients of each coating to avoid wetting which might cause the globules to run together. Wetting is generally not a problem with most heat resistant materials useful for cookware coatings, especially perfluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and (PTFE) and copolymers of TFE and fluorovinyl ethers (PFA).
- Preferably the coatings contain oxide-coated mica, and preferably the oxide in Ti02, as described in U.S. Patents 3,087,827 - Klenke et al., 3,087,828 and 3,087,829 - both to Linton, and granted 1963.
- In the examples which follow, parts, percentages and proportions are given by weight except where stated otherwise.
- A primer having the composition of Table 1 is sprayed on a clean, lightly etched aluminum substrate to a dry film thickness (DFT) of 7.5 to 10 microns, the primer is dried at 66°C for 3 minutes and a black midcoat of Table 2 is applied to a DFT of 17.5 to 20 microns. The midcoat is allowed to dry at ambient temperature for 45 seconds and three separate inks or spatter coatings are applied using a DeVilbiss spatter gun to provide a discontinuous coating. The inks of Table 3 or 4 are colored to be significantly different than the black midcoat background and are sprayed at a 45° angle (or at an angle of from 30 to 75°) to provide irregular shapes on the spinning substrate. The effect is to provide an appearance of natural stone. The inks are not limited to solid color pigments but also include color achieved by reflectance with coated mica. A topcoat of Table 5 is then applied wet-on-wet over the spattered particles. The topcoat, in this example, contains mica particles in a 1-15 micron particle size range so as not to interfere with the aesthetics of the spatter coat. The entire system is sintered at 427 to 435°C for 5 minutes with the measured temperatures being that of the substrate metal.
Primer Coating Composition (Wt. %) Solids Content in Finished Article (Wt%) Furfuryl Alcohol 1.82 - Polyamic acid salt in N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 18.10 24.48 Water 48.33 - Mica coated with TiO2 0.05 0.24 PTFE Dispersion 7.93 22.19 FEP Dispersion 5.88 15.08 Colloidal Silica Dispersion 3.58 5.00 Ultramarine blue dispersion 13.74 32.06 Aluminum silicate dispersion 0.58 0.94 Intermediate Coating Composition (Wt. %) Solids Content in Finished Article (Wt%) PTFE Dispersion 56.34 77.43 PFA Dispersion 10.21 14.22 Water 4.62 - Carbon black dispersion 2.71 3.79 Ultramarine blue dispersion 0.49 3.22 Mica coated with TiO2 0.75 1.73 Surfactant catalyst soln. 12.63 - Acrylic dispersion 12.23 - Typical spatter ink formulation compositions (parts by weight) A (white) B (gray) C (brown) PTFE Dispersion 542.0 542.0 542.0 PFA Dispersion 96.0 96.0 96.0 Ceramic Dispersion 50.0 50.0 - TiO2 Dispersion 100.0 100.0 20.0 Iron Oxide Dispersion - - 80.00 Channel Black Dispersion - 8.0 2.0 Solvent Surfactant Blend 110.00 110.00 110.00 Acrylic Dispersion 120.00 120.00 120.00 Solvent-Surfactant Blend 30.00 30.00 30.00 Hydroxyl propl cellulose soln. 30.00 15.00 20.00 Viscosity in centipoise as measured by Brookfield #2 spindle, @ 20 rpm 682 608 682 White Grey Spatter Coats Coating Composition (Wt. %) Solids Content in Finished Article (Wt. %) Coating Composition (Wt. %) Solids Content in Finishes Article (Wt. %) PTFE Dispersion 50.29 71.04 50.61 70.63 PFA Dispersion 8.91 12.58 8.96 12.52 Al2O3 Ceramic Dispersion 4.64 5.46 4.67 5.43 TiO2 Dispersion 9.28 10.92 9.34 10.86 Carbon black Dispersion - - 0.75 0.52 Surfactant-Catalyst Solution 12.99 - 13.07 - Acrylic Dispersion 11.13 - 11.20 - Hydroxyl propyl cellulose solution 2.78 - 1.40 - Viscosity in centipoise as measured by Brookfield #2 spindle, @ 20 rpm 682 608 Topcoat Coating Composition (Wt. %) Solids Content in Finished Article (Wt%) PTFE Dispersion 66.73 94.04 PFA Dispersion 3.51 4.95 Water 3.77 - Mica coated with TiO2 0.43 1.01 Surfactant catalyst soln. 12.52 - Acrylic dispersion 13.04 - - In order to achieve a stone-like appearance, we prefer to spray a first discontinuous coat of a relatively darker color or optical density than the second as well as each successive globule coat being of a progressively lighter color or darkness. One preferred combination is to have a black base coat (the intermediate on which the discontinuous globule coats are to be sprayed) with the first globule coat in a dark brown, the second globule coat in a lighter gray, and an optional third globule coat in white.
- It is important, for achieving the desired aesthetic flexibility, to have more complete coverage with the first globule coat and progressively less complete coverage with each successive globule coat, in accordance with the following:
% of Area Globule Coat Range of Coverage Preferred Range First 30-80 45-65 Second 20-45 30-40 Optional Third 10-35 15-30 - There should be at least a 5% difference in area covered between each globule coat. Thus, if the first coat covers 40%, the second should cover no more than 35% and then the third no more than 30%.
- The spray is preferably done from a spatter gun, resulting in random coverage and more or less overlap of the globules of one application by those of the next application.
Claims (10)
- A method of making an article of cookware having a cooking surface which comprises a multi-layer, non-stick coating on a substrate which coating minimizes sticking by food residues and which is heat resisting by being stable at temperatures above 300°C, wherein the multi-layer coating comprises: (1) a primer adhered to the substrate, (2) a non-stick, heat-resisting, light-transmitting topcoat, and (3) optionally one or more intermediate coats, with the topcoat adhered to any such intermediate coats which are adhered to the primer or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the topcoat being adhered directly to the primer, with the intermediate coat under the topcoat having a first color or darkness or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the primer having a first color or darkness, characterised by spraying at least two applications of globules to form a discontinuous layer on or in and covering no more than 80% of the area of the intermediate coat under the topcoat or, in the absence of intermediate coats, the primer, said globules having at least one color or darkness which is visibly different from said first color or darkness as seen through said topcoat, with the first application covering 30-80% of the area and the second application covering 20-45% of the area, with the second application covering at least 5% less area than the first.
- The method of claim 1 wherein a third application is made to a coverage of 10-35%, with the third application covering at least 5% less area than the second.
- The method of claim 1 wherein the first application coverage is in the range of 45-65% and the second application coverage is in the range of 30-40%.
- The method of claim 3 wherein the third application coverage is in the range of 15-30%.
- A method according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the discontinuous layer is sprayed on the coating under it while said undercoating is partially dried prior to applying the discontinuous coating so as to create a texture of roughness in the topcoat.
- A method according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the discontinuous layer is sprayed on the coating under it while said under coating is still wet enough so that the globules sink into said undercoating and the final topcoat is substantially smooth.
- A method according to any of claims 1 to 6 wherein the discontinuous layer is sprayed onto the undercoating on the substrate at an angle of the center of the spray stream to the substrate in the range of 30 to 75 degrees creating a splattered coating of non-round dots.
- The method of claim 7 wherein the angle is in the range of 45 to 60 degrees.
- The method of claim 8 wherein each successive globule application is of a lighter color or darkness than the layer beneath it.
- An article of cookware made by any of the methods of claims 1 to 9.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98203949A EP0936001A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-12-06 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
Applications Claiming Priority (13)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US36207994A | 1994-12-22 | 1994-12-22 | |
| US36207894A | 1994-12-22 | 1994-12-22 | |
| US36209094A | 1994-12-22 | 1994-12-22 | |
| US362079 | 1994-12-22 | ||
| US362090 | 1994-12-22 | ||
| US362078 | 1994-12-22 | ||
| US482373 | 1995-06-07 | ||
| US08/482,373 US5707688A (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-06-07 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
| US08/476,929 US5728455A (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-06-07 | Randomly patterned cookware |
| US08/481,682 US5711995A (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-06-07 | Angle spraying of cookware |
| US476929 | 1995-06-07 | ||
| US481682 | 1995-06-07 | ||
| PCT/US1995/015793 WO1996019299A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-12-06 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98203949A Division EP0936001A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-12-06 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0804293A1 EP0804293A1 (en) | 1997-11-05 |
| EP0804293B1 true EP0804293B1 (en) | 1999-06-09 |
Family
ID=27559843
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98203949A Withdrawn EP0936001A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-12-06 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
| EP95944604A Expired - Lifetime EP0804293B1 (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-12-06 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98203949A Withdrawn EP0936001A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1995-12-06 | Multi-color patterned cookware |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP0936001A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH10510760A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100296070B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1090543C (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9510489A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69510234T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2135114T3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1004122A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1996019299A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5667891A (en) * | 1996-01-12 | 1997-09-16 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Randomly patterned cookware |
| US7147634B2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2006-12-12 | Orion Industries, Ltd. | Electrosurgical electrode and method of manufacturing same |
| US8814861B2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2014-08-26 | Innovatech, Llc | Electrosurgical electrode and method of manufacturing same |
| ITMI20091871A1 (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2011-04-29 | Marco Caviada | TOOL OR CONTAINER STRUCTURE FOR COOKING AND METHOD FOR ITS REALIZATION. |
| JP6362823B2 (en) * | 2012-10-01 | 2018-07-25 | 関西ペイント株式会社 | Grain-tone pattern coating film forming method and painted article coated in stone-tone |
| KR101587593B1 (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2016-01-22 | 김영 | Method for coating kitchen apparatus of pointillism |
| KR101490321B1 (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2015-02-11 | 김영 | Kitchen apparatus coated dot and preparing thereof |
| WO2019029710A1 (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2019-02-14 | 佛山市顺德区美的电热电器制造有限公司 | Heating device |
| CN114075405B (en) * | 2020-08-20 | 2023-01-24 | 佛山市顺德区美的电热电器制造有限公司 | Non-stick coating, non-stick paint set and cooking device |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3655421A (en) * | 1969-08-18 | 1972-04-11 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Method of forming patterns on substrate surfaces |
| US4248816A (en) * | 1979-01-04 | 1981-02-03 | Sheridan James C | Process for forming simulated marble and resulting product |
| US4259375A (en) * | 1979-05-31 | 1981-03-31 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Decorative process |
| CA1160518A (en) * | 1979-07-06 | 1984-01-17 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Coated cookware with fep topcoat |
| US4353950A (en) * | 1979-07-06 | 1982-10-12 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Stain-resistant cookware multi-layer coating system comprising pigments and a transluscent outer layer |
| US5240775A (en) * | 1991-09-23 | 1993-08-31 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Non-stick coating system with PTFE-PFA for concentration gradient |
| US5250356A (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1993-10-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Cookware coating system |
-
1995
- 1995-12-06 CN CN95196979A patent/CN1090543C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-06 EP EP98203949A patent/EP0936001A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-12-06 BR BR9510489A patent/BR9510489A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-06 DE DE69510234T patent/DE69510234T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-06 WO PCT/US1995/015793 patent/WO1996019299A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-12-06 ES ES95944604T patent/ES2135114T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-06 EP EP95944604A patent/EP0804293B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-06 JP JP8519833A patent/JPH10510760A/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-12-06 KR KR1019970704252A patent/KR100296070B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1998
- 1998-04-15 HK HK98103101A patent/HK1004122A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1090543C (en) | 2002-09-11 |
| ES2135114T3 (en) | 1999-10-16 |
| BR9510489A (en) | 1998-01-13 |
| CN1171064A (en) | 1998-01-21 |
| WO1996019299A1 (en) | 1996-06-27 |
| DE69510234T2 (en) | 1999-11-04 |
| JPH10510760A (en) | 1998-10-20 |
| DE69510234D1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
| EP0936001A1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
| HK1004122A1 (en) | 1998-11-20 |
| KR100296070B1 (en) | 2001-10-19 |
| EP0804293A1 (en) | 1997-11-05 |
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