Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/575—Hormones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/26—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against hormones ; against hormone releasing or inhibiting factors
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
  • C07K2319/02—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a signal sequence
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2799/00—Uses of viruses
  • C12N2799/02—Uses of viruses as vector
  • C12N2799/021—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid
  • C12N2799/026—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid where the vector is derived from a baculovirus

Definitions

• This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides, the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, as well as the production of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. More particularly, the polypeptide of the present invention has putatively been identified as human stanniocalcin-alpha. The invention also relates to inhibiting the action of such polypeptides.
• Stanniocalcin (formerly known as both teleocalcin and hypocalcin) is an anti-hypercalcemic, glycoprotein hormone that is produced by the corpuscles of stannius, endocrine glands of the bony fishes. Humans also produce a stanniocalcin glycoprotein.
• Stanniocalcin-alpha has similar reported biological activities to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and both of these proteins exhibit dual functions in mammals. They exert hypercalcemic activity possibly due to stimulation of bone resorption (Endocrinology 119:2249-2255 (1986)) and hypocalcaemic activity in fish. The hypocalcaemic activity is possibly due to inhibition of gill calcium influx (J. Exp. Biol., 140:199-208 (1988)). Further, PTH has a biphasic action on bone metabolism, i.e., at low doses it increases bone formation, while at high doses it increases bone
• both the polypeptide itself and an antagonist may be used to treat osteoporosis.
• the Corpuscles of Stannius protein of non-humans has been studied extensively. Recently, a Corpuscles of Stannius protein has been purified and cloned from Ancruilla australis. The kidneys of teleost fish have been found to contain secretory granules, the Corpuscles of Stannius. Electron microscopy indicates that the granules are of a proteinaceous nature and may represent hormones or enzymes of unrecognized physiological and biochemical function (Butkus, A. et al. Mol. Cell Endocrinol, 54:123-33 (1987)).
• hypocalcin the major hypocalcemic hormone of fish.
• This product is present in relatively large amounts in the Corpuscles of Stannius of several species (i.e., European eel, tilapia goldfish, and carp) .
• Hypocalcin is typically released from the Corpuscles of Stannius in response to an experimentally induced increase of the blood calcium concentration.
• Ultrastructural observations show that after this treatment the hypocalcin-producing cell type of the corpuscles of stannius are almost completely degranulated.
• the isolated glycoprotein has an apparent molecular weight of 54 kDa. (Lafeber F. P. et al., Gen Comp. Endocrinol, 69:19-30 (1988)) .
• polypeptide of the present invention has been putatively identified as human stanniocalcin-alpha. This identification has been made as a result of amino acid sequence homology.
• a novel putative mature polypeptide which is human stanniocalcin-alpha, as well as biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof.
• isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding human stanniocalcin-alpha, including mRNAs, DNAs, cDNAs, genomic DNA as well as antisense analogs thereof and biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments thereof.
• a process for producing such polypeptide by recombinant techniques comprising culturing recombinant prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic host cells, containing a human stanniocalcin-alpha nucleic acid sequence, under conditions promoting expression of said protein and subsequent recovery of said protein.
• antagonists to such polypeptides which may be used to inhibit the action of such polypeptides, for example, in the treatment of osteoporosis and hypocalcemia.
• Hypocalcemia can arise from a number of different causes including renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, severe infections, pancreatic insufficiency or burns which trap calcium from the inter ⁇ cellular fluid. Hypocalcemia results in tetany, convulsions and other related disorders.
• nucleic acid probes comprising nucleic acid molecules of sufficient length to specifically hybridize to human stanniocalcin-alpha sequences.
• Figure 1 displays the cDNA sequence and corresponding deduced amino acid sequence of the human stanniocalcin-alpha protein.
• the standard three-letter abbreviations for amino acids are used.
• Figure 2 is an amino acid comparison of stanniocalcin from Anguilla Australis (lower line) and human stanniocalcin- alpha (upper line) . There are 35% identical amino acid residues in a 170 amino acid overlap and a total similarity of 55%.
• Figure 3 is an amino acid sequence comparison of human stanniocalcin (upper line) and human stanniocalcin-alpha (lower line) .
• Figure 4 is a photograph of a gel depicting human Stanniocalcin-alpha after bacterial expression and purification.
• Lane 1 is standard molecular weight markers and lanes 2 and 3 are both the human stanniocalcin-alpha protein but lane 3 has a greater concentration of protein.
• Figure 5 is a gel which displays the results of baculovirus expression of human stanniocalcin-alpha.
• nucleic acid which encodes for the mature polypeptide having the deduced amino acid sequence of Figure 1 or for the mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the clone deposited as ATCC Deposit No. 75831 on July 15, 1994.
• the polynucleotide of this invention was discovered in a cDNA library derived from lung fibroblast cells. It is structurally related to the human stanniocalcin family. It contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of about 251 amino acid residues of which approximately the first 40 amino acids residues are the putative leader sequence such that the mature protein comprises 211 amino acids. The protein exhibits the highest degree of homology to human stanniocalcin with 28 % identity and 64 % similarity over the entire amino acid stretch.
• the polynucleotide of the present invention may be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA, which DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA.
• the DNA may be double- stranded or single-stranded, and if single stranded may be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand.
• the coding sequence which encodes the mature polypeptide may be identical to the coding sequence shown in Figure 1 or that of the deposited clone or may be a different coding sequence which coding sequence, as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes the same mature polypeptide as the DNA of Figure 1 or the deposited cDNA.
• the polynucleotide which encodes for the mature polypeptide of Figure 1 or for the mature polypeptide encoded by the deposited cDNA may include: only the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide; the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide and additional coding sequence such as a leader or secretory sequence or a proprotein sequence,- the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide (and optionally additional coding sequence) and non-coding sequence, such as introns or non-coding sequence 5' and/or 3' of the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide.
• polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequence for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and/or non-coding sequence.
• the present invention further relates to variants of the hereinabove described polynucleotides which encode for fragments, analogs and derivatives of the polypeptide having the deduced amino acid sequence of Figure 1 or the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone.
• the variant of the polynucleotide may be a naturally occurring allelic variant of the polynucleotide or a non-naturally occurring variant of the polynucleotide.
• the present invention includes polynucleotides encoding the same mature polypeptide as shown in Figure l or the same mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone as well as variants of such polynucleotides which variants encode for a fragment, derivative or analog of the polypeptide of Figure 1 or the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone.
• Such nucleotide variants include deletion variants, substitution variants and addition or insertion variants.
• the polynucleotide may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring allelic variant of the coding sequence shown in Figure l or of the coding sequence of the deposited clone.
• an allelic variant is an alternate form of a polynucleotide sequence which may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides, which does not substantially alter the function of the encoded polypeptide.
• the present invention also includes polynucleotides, wherein the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide may be fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide sequence which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell, for example, a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide from the cell.
• the polypeptide having a leader sequence is a preprotein and may have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form the mature form of the polypeptide.
• the polynucleotides may also encode for a proprotein which is the mature protein plus additional 5' amino acid residues.
• a mature protein having a prosequence is a proprotein and is an inactive form of the protein. Once the prosequence is cleaved an active mature protein remains.
• the polynucleotide of the present invention may encode for a mature protein, or for a protein having a prosequence or for a protein having both a prosequence and a presequence (leader sequence) .
• the polynucleotides of the present invention may also have the coding sequence fused in frame to a marker sequence which allows for purification of the polypeptide of the present invention.
• the marker sequence is preferably a hexa- histidine tag supplied by a vector, for example a pQE-9 or pQE-60 vector, to provide for purification of the mature polypeptide fused to the marker in the case of a bacterial host, or, for example, the marker sequence may be a hemagglutinin (HA) tag when a mammalian host, e.g. COS-7 cells, is used.
• the HA tag corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson, I., et al., Cell, 37:767 (1984)) .
• the present invention further relates to polynucleotides which hybridize to the hereinabove-described sequences if there is at least 50% and preferably 70% identity between the sequences.
• the present invention particularly relates to polynucleotides which hybridize under stringent conditions to the hereinabove-described polynucleotides.
• stringent conditions means hybridization will occur only if there is at least 95% and preferably at least 97% identity between the sequences.
• polynucleotides which hybridize to the hereinabove described polynucleotides in a preferred embodiment encode polypeptides which retain-substantially the same biological function or activity as the mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of Figure 1 or the deposited cDNA.
• the present invention further relates to a human stanniocalcin-alpha polypeptide which has the deduced amino acid sequence of Figure 1 or which has the amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA, as well as fragments, analogs and derivatives of such polypeptide.
• fragment when referring to the polypeptide of Figure 1 or that encoded by the deposited cDNA, means a polypeptide which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as such polypeptide.
• an analog includes a proprotein which can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein portion to produce an active mature polypeptide.
• the polypeptide of the present invention may be a recombinant polypeptide, a natural polypeptide or a synthetic polypeptide, preferably a recombinant polypeptide.
• the fragment, derivative or analog of the polypeptide of Figure 1 or that encoded by the deposited cDNA may be (i) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues include a substituent group, or (iii) one in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol) , or (iv) one in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which is employed for purification of the mature polypeptide or a proprotein sequence.
• a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue preferably a conserved amino acid residue
• substituted amino acid residue may or may not be
• polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably provided in an isolated form, and preferably are purified to homogeneity.
• isolated means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring) .
• a naturally- occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated.
• Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.
• the present invention also relates to vectors which include polynucleotides of the present invention, host cells which are genetically engineered with vectors of the invention and the production of polypeptides of the invention by recombinant techniques.
• Host cells are genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention which may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector.
• the vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc.
• the engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the human stanniocalcin-alpha genes.
• the culture conditions such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
• the polynucleotides of the present invention may be employed for producing polypeptides by recombinant techniques.
• the polynucleotide may be included in any one of a variety of expression vectors for expressing a polypeptide.
• Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, e.g., derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids,- phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast plasmids; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies.
• any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host.
• the appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures.
• the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease ⁇ ite(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.
• the DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis.
• promoter for example, LTR or SV40 promoter, the E. coli. lac or trp. the phage lambda P L promoter and other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses.
• the expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator.
• the vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.
• the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the vector containing the appropriate DNA sequence as hereinabove described, as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, may be employed to transform an appropriate host to permit the host to express the protein.
• appropriate hosts there may be mentioned: bacterial cells, such as E. coli. Streptomvces. Salmonella tvphimurium.- fungal cells, such as yeast; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Sf9; animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma; adenoviruses; plant cells, etc.
• bacterial cells such as E. coli. Streptomvces. Salmonella tvphimurium.
• - fungal cells such as yeast
• insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Sf9
• animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma
• adenoviruses adenoviruses
• plant cells etc.
• the selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the
• the present invention also includes recombinant constructs comprising one or more of the sequences as broadly described above.
• the constructs comprise a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which a sequence of the invention has been inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation.
• the construct further comprises regulatory sequences, including, for example, a promoter, operably linked to the sequence.
• a promoter operably linked to the sequence.
• Bacterial pQE70, pQE6 ⁇ , pQE-9 (Qiagen) , pBS, pDIO, phagescript, psiX174, pbluescript SK, pBSKS, pNH ⁇ A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A (Stratagene) ; ptrc99a, pKK223- 3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 (Pharmacia) .
• Eukaryotic pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTl, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVL (Pharmacia) .
• any other plasmid or vector may be used as long as they are replicable and viable in the host.
• Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers.
• Two appropriate vectors are PKK232-8 and PCM7.
• Particular named bacterial promoters include lad, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda P R , P L and trp.
• Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kinase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothionein-I. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
• the present invention relates to host cells containing the above-described constructs.
• the host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell.
• Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE- Dextran mediated transfection, or electroporation. (Davis, L., Dibner, M., Battey, I., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, (1986) ) .
• constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence.
• the polypeptides of the invention can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers.
• Mature proteins can be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present invention. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. , (1989), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples including the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin bp 100 to 270, a cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
• recombinant expression vectors will include origins of replication and selectable markers permitting transformation of the host cell, e.g., the ampicillin resistance gene of E. coli and S. cerevisiae TRPl gene, and a promoter derived from a highly-expressed gene to direct transcription of a downstream structural sequence.
• promoters can be derived from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) , ⁇ -factor, acid phosphatase, or heat shock proteins, among others.
• the heterologous structural sequence is assembled in appropriate phase with translation initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium.
• the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product.
• Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter.
• the vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and to, if desirable, provide amplification within the host.
• Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli. Bacillus subtilis. Salmonella tvphimurium and various species within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus, although others may also be employed as a matter of choice.
• useful expression vectors for bacterial use can comprise a selectable marker and bacterial origin of replication derived from commercially available plasmids comprising genetic elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017) .
• cloning vector pBR322 ATCC 37017
• Such commercial vectors include, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEMi (Promega Biotec, Madison, WI, USA) .
• pBR322 "backbone" sections are combined with an appropriate promoter and the structural sequence to be expressed.
• the selected promoter is induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and cells are cultured for an additional period.
• Cells are typically harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification.
• Microbial cells employed in expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents, such methods are well know to those skilled in the art.
• mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein.
• mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts, described by Gluzman, Cell, 23:175 (1981) , and other cell lines capable of expressing a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell lines.
• Mammalian expression vectors will comprise an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, and also any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5' flanking nontranscribed sequences.
• DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice, and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.
• the human stanniocalcin-alpha polypeptides can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the mature protein. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.
• HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
• polypeptides of the present invention may be a naturally purified product, or a product of chemical synthetic procedures, or produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host (for example, by bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells in culture) .
• a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host for example, by bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells in culture
• the polypeptides of the present invention may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated.
• Polypeptides of the invention may also include an initial methionine amino acid residue.
• Human stanniocalcin-alpha administration may be used for therapeutic treatment of numerous electrolyte-based diseases.
• One cause of arterial hypertension is abnormal Na + transport across the cell wall of the vascular smooth muscle cells due to a defect in or inhibition of the Na + -K+ pump, another is increased permeability to Na + as has been described in some forms of human hypertension.
• the net result is an increase in intra-cellular Na + , which makes the cell more sensitive to vasoconstrictive agents.
• Ca ++ follows Na + , it is postulated that it is the accumulation of intra-cellular Ca ++ and not Na + per se that is responsible for increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. Accordingly, since human stanniocalcin-alpha can function as a hypocalcemic agent, it can help to offset this increased intra-cellular Ca ++ and reduce or prevent hypertension.
• human stanniocalcin-alpha may have therapeutic value for the treatment of these disorders by lowering the concentration of free Ca ++ .
• Hypertension is also directly related to renal disorders. Accordingly, a higher or lower than normal concentration of electrolytes can cause renal malfunction and directly lead to other disorders.
• Ca ++ - phosphorous imbalance can cause muscle and bone pain, demineralization of the bones and calcification in various organs including the brain, eyes, myocardia and blood vessels.
• the polypeptide of the present invention may be used to offset disorders that are due to a Ca ++ -phosphate imbalance. Renal failure itself leads to an abnormally high concentration of phosphate in the blood which can be reduced to normal concentrations by human stanniocalcin-alpha.
• Human stanniocalcin-alpha is also useful for the treatment of certain bone diseases, in that, it may have a biphasic action on bone metabolism, i.e., at low doses it may increase bone formation, while at high doses it increases bone resorption. Therefore, administration of low doses of human stanniocalcin-alpha may be employed to treat osteoporosis and administration of high doses may be employed to treat osteopetrosis, which is an overgrowth and sclerosis of bone with the marked thickening of the bony cortex and narrowing or filling of the marrow cavity.
• the causes of hypercalcemia may also be a number of different disorders including hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, tumors that raise the serum Ca" " * levels by destroying bone, sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, loss of serum albumin, secondary renal diseases, excessive gastrointestinal calcium absorption and elevated concentration of plasma proteins. Accordingly, human stanniocalcin-alpha is effective in reducing hypercalcemia and its related disorders.
• Human stanniocalcin-alpha may also be employed for the treatment of other disorders relating to unusual electrolyte concentrations and fluid imbalance, for example, migraine headaches.
• Fragments of the full length human stanniocalcin-alpha gene may be used as a hybridization probe for a cDNA library to isolate the full length gene and to isolate other genes which have a high sequence similarity to the gene or similar biological activity. Probes of this type can be, for example, between 20 and 2000 bases. Preferably, however, the probes have between 30 and 50 base pairs. The probe may also be used to identify a cDNA clone corresponding to a full length transcript and a genomic clone or clones that contain the complete human stanniocalcin-alpha gene including regulatory and promotor regions, exons, and introns.
• An example of a screen comprises isolating the coding region of the gene by using the known DNA sequence to synthesize an oligonucleotide probe.
• Labeled oligonucleotides having a sequence complementary to that of the gene of the present invention are used to screen a library of human cDNA, genomic DNA or mRNA to determine which members of the library the probe hybridizes to.
• This invention provides a method for identification of human stanniocalcin-alpha receptors.
• the gene encoding the receptor can be identified by numerous methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, ligand panning and FACS sorting (Coligan, et al., Current Protocols in Immun. , 1(2), Chapter 5, (1991)).
• expression cloning is employed wherein polyadenylated RNA is prepared from a cell responsive to human stanniocalcin-alpha, and a cDNA library created from this RNA is divided into pools and used to tran ⁇ fect COS cells or other cells that are not responsive to the human stanniocalcin-alpha protein.
• Transfected cells which are grown on glass slides are exposed to labeled human stanniocalcin-alpha.
• the stanniocalcin-alpha can be labeled by a variety of means including iodination or inclusion of a recognition site for a site-specific protein kinase.
• the slides are subjected to autoradiographic analysis. Positive pools are identified and sub-pools are prepared and retransfected using an iterative sub-pooling and rescreening process, eventually yielding a single clone that encodes the putative receptor.
• labeled human stanniocalcin-alpha can be photoaffinity linked with cell membrane or extract preparations that express the receptor molecule.
• Cross-linked material is resolved by PAGE and exposed to X-ray film.
• the labeled complex containing the ligand-receptor can be excised, resolved into peptide fragments, and subjected to protein microsequencing.
• the amino acid sequence obtained from microsequencing would be used to design a set of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a cDNA library to identify the gene encoding the putative receptor.
• This invention also provides a method of screening compounds to identify agonists and antagonists of human stanniocalcin-alpha.
• a bioassay may be performed wherein the assay components comprise a mammalian cell or membrane preparation expressing a human stanniocalcin-alpha receptor on the surface thereof, labeled calcium, for example 45 Ca ++ , and the compound to be screened. If the compound is an effective human stanniocalcin-alpha agonist it will mimic the human stanniocalcin-alpha receptor ligand such that there is 5 Ca ++ uptake by the cell or membrane in the absence of human stanniocalcin-alpha.
• the amount of 45 Ca ++ uptake can be determined by taking advantage of the radioactive label.
• human stanniocalcin-alpha is added to the bioassay and the ability of the compound to inhibit 45 Ca ++ uptake by interfering with the interaction of human stanniocalcin-alpha and its receptor can be determined in the same manner.
• second messenger systems include but are not limited to, cAMP guanylate cyclase, ion channels or phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
• human stanniocalcin-alpha antagonists include antibodies or in some cases, oligonucleotide ⁇ , which bind to huam stanniocalcin-alpha and eliminate its function.
• Antagonists also include polypeptides which bind to human stanniocalcin-alpha receptors and effectively block the receptor from human stanniocalcin-alpha. These polypeptides are proteins which are closely related to human stanniocalcin-alpha but have lost natural biological function, an example is a mutated form of human stanniocalcin-alpha.
• Human stanniocalcin-alpha antagonists also include anti- sense constructs.
• Antisense technology can be used to control gene expression through triple-helix formation or antisense DNA or RNA, both of which methods are based on binding of a polynucleotide to DNA or RNA.
• the 5' coding portion of the polynucleotide sequence which encodes for the mature polypeptides of the present invention, is used to design an antisense RNA oligonucleotide of from about 10 to 40 base pairs in length.
• a DNA oligonucleotide is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple helix -see Lee et al., Nucl.
• the antisense RNA oligonucleotide hybridizes to the mRNA in vivo and blocks translation of the mRNA molecule into the human stanniocalcin-alpha polypeptide (Antisense - Okano, J. Neurochem., 56:560 (1991); Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1988)).
• the oligonucleotide ⁇ described above can also be delivered to cells such that the antisense RNA or DNA may be expressed in vivo to inhibit production of human stanniocalcin-alpha protein.
• Human stanniocalcin-alpha antagonists also include small molecules which bind to the active site of the polypeptide making it unable to impart biological function.
• small molecules include but are not limited to small peptides or peptide-like molecules.
• the antagonists may be employed to block the stimulation of bone resorption by a high concentration of human stanniocalcin-alpha and, accordingly, may be employed to treat osteoporosis.
• the human stanniocalcin-alpha antagonists may also be employed to treat hypocalcemia and Paget's disease among other disorders where an increase in calcium levels is desired.
• the antagonists may be employed in a composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., as hereinafter described.
• the human stanniocalcin-alpha polypeptides of the present invention, and agonist and antagonist compounds, may be employed in combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
• a suitable pharmaceutical carrier includes but is not limited to saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof.
• a carrier includes but is not limited to saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof.
• the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• Associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be employed in conjunction with other therapeutic compounds.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in a convenient manner such as by the oral, topical, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal or intradermal routes.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are administered in an amount which is effective for treating and/or prophylaxis of the specific indication.
• the pharmaceutical compositions will be ⁇ administered in an amount of at least about 10 ⁇ g/kg body weight and in most cases they will be administered in an amount not in excess of about 8 mg/Kg body weight per day. In most cases, the dosage is from about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about l mg/kg body weight daily, taking into account the routes of administration, symptoms, etc.
• human stanniocalcin-alpha polypeptides, and agonists and antagonists which are also polypeptides, may be employed in accordance with the present invention by expression of such polypeptides in vivo, which is often referred to as "gene therapy.”
• cells from a patient may be engineered with a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) encoding a polypeptide ex vivo, with the engineered cells then being provided to a patient to be treated with the polypeptide.
• a polynucleotide DNA or RNA
• cells may be engineered by procedures known in the art by use of a retroviral particle containing RNA encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.
• cells may be engineered in vivo for expression of a polypeptide in vivo by, for example, procedures known in the art.
• a producer cell for producing a retroviral particle containing RNA encoding the polypeptide of the present invention may be administered to a patient for engineering cells in vivo and expression of the polypeptide in vivo.
• the expression vehicle for engineering cells may be other than a retrovirus, for example, an adenovirus which may be used to engineer cells in vivo after combination with a suitable delivery vehicle.
• This invention is also related to the use of the stannicalcin-alpha gene as part of a diagnostic assay for detecting diseases or susceptibility to diseases related to the presence of mutated human stanniocalcin-alpha. Such diseases are related to an under-expression of human stanniocalcin-alpha, for example, hypertension.
• Nucleic acids for diagnosis may be obtained from a patient's cells, such as from blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy and autopsy material.
• the genomic DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymatically by using PCR (Saiki et al . , Nature, 324:163-166 (1986)) prior to analysis.
• RNA or cDNA may also be used for the same purpose.
• PCR primers complementary to the nucleic acid encoding human stanniocalcin-alpha can be used to identify and analyze human stanniocalcin-alpha mutations.
• deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product in comparison to the normal genotype.
• Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to radiolabeled human stanniocalcin-alpha RNA or alternatively, radiolabeled human stanniocalcin-alpha antisense DNA sequences. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase A digestion or by differences in melting temperatures.
• DNA sequence differences may be achieved by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized by high resolution gel electrophoresi ⁇ . DNA fragments of different sequences may be distinguished on denaturing formamidine gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions according to their specific melting or partial melting temperatures (see, e.g., Myers et al . , Science, 230:1242 (1985)).
• Sequence changes at specific location ⁇ may also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and SI protection or the chemical cleavage method (e.g., Cotton et al . , PNAS, USA, 85:4397-4401 (1985)) .
• nuclease protection assays such as RNase and SI protection or the chemical cleavage method (e.g., Cotton et al . , PNAS, USA, 85:4397-4401 (1985)) .
• the detection of a specific DNA sequence may be achieved by methods such as hybridization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencing or the use of restriction enzymes, (e.g., Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) ) and Southern blotting of genomic DNA.
• restriction enzymes e.g., Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
• mutations can also be detected by in si tu analysis.
• sequences of the present invention are also valuable for chromosome identification.
• the sequence is specifically targeted to and can hybridize with a particular location on an individual human chromosome.
• Few chromosome marking reagents based on actual sequence data (repeat polymorphisms) are presently available for marking chromosomal location.
• the mapping of DNAs to chromosomes according to the present invention is an important first step in correlating those sequences with genes associated with disease.
• sequences can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp) from the cDNA. Computer analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the sequence is used to rapidly select primers that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thus complicating the amplification process. These primers are then used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene corresponding to the primer will yield an amplified fragment.
• PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure for assigning a particular DNA to a particular chromosome.
• sublocalization can be achieved with panels of fragments from specific chromosomes or pools of large genomic clones in an analogous manner.
• Other mapping strategies that can similarly be used to map to its chromosome include in si tu hybridization, prescreening with labeled flow-sorted chromosomes and preselection by hybridization to construct chromosome specif c-cDNA libraries.
• Fluorescence in si tu hybridization (FISH) of a cDNA clone to a metaphase chromosomal spread can be used to provide a precise chromosomal location in one step.
• This technique can be used with cDNA as short as 500 or 600 bases,- however, clones larger than 2,000 bp have a higher likelihood of binding to a unique chromosomal location with sufficient signal intensity for simple detection.
• FISH requires use of the clones from which an express sequence tag (EST) was derived, and the longer the better. For example, 2,000 bp is good, 4,000 is better, and more than 4,000 is probably not necessary to get good results a reasonable percentage of the time.
• EST express sequence tag
• a cDNA precisely localized to a chromosomal region associated with the disease could be one of between 50 and 500 potential causative genes. (This as ⁇ umes l megabase mapping resolution and one gene per 20 kb) .
• the polypeptides, their fragments or other derivatives, or analogs thereof, or cells expressing them can be used as an immunogen to produce antibodies thereto.
• These antibodies can be, for example, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
• the present invention also includes chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab fragments, or the product of an Fab expression library. Various procedures known in the art may be used for the production of such antibodies and fragments.
• Antibodies generated against the polypeptides corresponding to a sequence of the present invention can be obtained by direct injection of the polypeptides into an animal or by administering the polypeptides to an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the polypeptides itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the polypeptides can be used to generate antibodies binding the whole native polypeptides. Such antibodies can then be used to isolate the polypeptide from tissue expressing that polypeptide.
• any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature, 256:495-497) , the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72) , and the EBV- hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole, et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Lis ⁇ , Inc., pp. 77-96) .
• Plasmids are designated by a lower case p preceded and/or followed by capital letters and/or numbers.
• the starting plasmids herein are either commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids in accord with published procedures.
• equivalent plasmids to those described are known in the art and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
• “Digestion” of DNA refers to catalytic cleavage of the DNA with a restriction enzyme that acts only at certain sequences in the DNA.
• the various restriction enzymes used herein are commercially available and their reaction conditions, cofactors and other requirements were used as would be known to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
• For analytical purposes typically 1 ⁇ g of plasmid or DNA fragment is used with about 2 units of enzyme in about 20 ⁇ l of buffer solution.
• For the purpose of isolating DNA fragments for plasmid construction typically 5 to 50 ⁇ g of DNA are digested with 20 to 250 units of enzyme in a larger volume. Appropriate buffers and substrate amounts for particular restriction enzymes are specified by the manufacturer. Incubation times of about 1.hour at 37'C are ordinarily used, but may vary in accordance with the supplier's instructions. After digestion the reaction is electrophoresed directly on a polyacrylamide gel to isolate the desired fragment.
• Size separation of the cleaved fragments is performed using 8 percent polyacrylamide gel described by Goeddel, D. et al . , Nucleic Acids Res., 8:4057 (1980) .
• Oligonucleotides refers to either a single stranded polydeoxynucleotide or two complementary polydeoxynucleotide strands which may be chemically synthesized. Such synthetic oligonucleotides have no 5' phosphate and thus will not ligate to another oligonucleotide without adding a phosphate with an ATP in the presence of a kinase. A synthetic oligonucleotide will ligate to a fragment that has not been dephosphorylated. “Ligation” refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bonds between two double stranded nucleic acid fragments (Maniati ⁇ , T.
• ligation may be accomplished using known buffers and conditions with 10 units to T4 DNA ligase ("ligase") per 0.5 ⁇ g of approximately equimolar amounts of the DNA fragments to be ligated.
• ligase T4 DNA ligase
• the DNA sequence encoding human stanniocalcin-alpha ATCC # 75831, is initially amplified using PCR oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 5' and 3' sequences of the stanniocalcin-alpha coding sequences.
• the 5' oligonucleotide primer has the sequence 5' GACTACATGTGTGCCGAGCGGCTGGG 3' contains a Afl III restriction enzyme site and 20 nucleotides of stanniocalcin-alpha coding sequence starting from the presumed methionine start codon.
• the 3' sequence 5' GACTAG ⁇ TCTCTCCTGGGCTC ⁇ GGGAGGTG 3' contains complementary sequences to a Bgl II site and is followed by 20 nucleotides of stanniocalcin-alpha.
• a pQE-60 vector (Qiagen, Inc. 9259 Eton Avenue, Chats orth, CA, 91311) encodes antibiotic resistance (Amp r ) , a bacterial origin of replication (ori) , an IPTG-regulatable promoter operator (P/O) , a ribosome binding site (RBS) , a 6-His tag and restriction enzyme sites.
• pQE-60 is digested with Afl III and Bgl II .
• the amplified sequences are ligated into pQE-60 after digestion with Afl III and Bgl II and are inserted in frame with the sequence encoding for the histidine tag and the RBS.
• the ligation mixture i ⁇ then used to transform the E. coli strain Ml5/rep 4 available from Qiagen by the procedure described in Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Laboratory Press, (1989) .
• Ml5/rep4 contains multiple copies of the plasmid pREP4, which expresses the lad repressor and also confers kanamycin resistance (Kan r ) .
• Transformants are identified by their ability to grow on LB plates and ampicillin/kanamycin resistant colonies are selected. Plasmid DNA is isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis. Clones containing the desired constructs are grown overnight (O/N) in liquid culture in LB media supplemented with both Amp (100 ug/ml) and Kan (25 ug/ml) . The O/N culture is used to inoculate a large culture at a ratio of 1:100 to 1:250. The cells are grown to an optical density 600 (O.D.* 00 ) of between 0.4 and 0.6. IPTG (“Isopropyl-B-D-thiogalacto pyranoside”) is then added to a final concentration of l mM.
• O.D.* 00 optical density 600
• IPTG induces by inactivating the la repressor, clearing the P/O leading to increased gene expression.
• Cells are grown an extra 3 to 4 hours. Cells are then harvested by centrifugation (20 mins at 6000Xg) .
• the cell pellet is solubilized in the chaotropic agent 6 Molar Guanidine HC1.
• solubilized stanniocalcin-alpha is purified from this solution by chromatography on a Nickel- Chelate column under conditions that allow for tight binding by proteins containing the 6-His tag (Hochuli, E. et al., Genetic Engineering, Principles & Methods, 12:87-98 (1990)). Protein renaturation out of GnHCl can be accomplished by several protocols (Jaenicke, R.
• step dialysis is utilized to remove the GnHCL.
• the purified protein isolated from the Ni-chelate column can be bound to a second column over which a decreasing linear GnHCL gradient is run.
• the protein is allowed to renature while bound to the column and is subsequently eluted with a buffer containing 250 mM Imidazole, 150 mM NaCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 and 10% Glycerol.
• soluble protein is dialyzed against a storage buffer containing 5 mM Ammonium Bicarbonate.
• the purified protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE ( Figure 4) .
• plasmid, stanniocalcin-alpha HA is derived from a vector pcDNAI/Amp (Invitrogen) containing: 1) SV40 origin of replication, 2) ampicillin resistance gene, 3) E.coli replication origin, 4) CMV promoter followed by a polylinker region, an SV40 intron and polyadenylation site.
• a DNA fragment encoding the entire stanniocalcin-alpha precursor and a HA tag fused in frame to its 3' end was cloned into the polylinker region of the vector, therefore, the recombinant protein expression is directed under the CMV promoter.
• the HA tag correspond to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein as previously described (I. Wilson, H. Niman, R. Heighten, A Cherenson, M. Connolly, and R. Lerner, 1984, Cell 37, 767) .
• the infusion of HA tag to the target protein allows easy detection of the recombinant protein with an antibody that recognizes the HA epitope.
• the plasmid construction strategy is described as follows:
• the DNA sequence encoding stanniocalcin-alpha was constructed by PCR on the original express sequence tag (EST) cloned using two primers: the 5' primer 5'GACTAAGCTTA TGTGTGCCGAGCGGCTGGGC 3' contains a Hind III site followed by 21 nucleotides of stanniocalcin-alpha coding sequence starting from the initiation codon,- the 3' sequence 5'
• the PCR product contains complementary sequences to an Xba I site, translation stop codon, HA tag and the last 20 nucleotides of the stanniocalcin-alpha coding sequence (not including the stop codon) . Therefore, the PCR product contains a Hind III site, stanniocalcin-alpha coding sequence followed by HA tag fused in frame, a translation termination stop codon next to the HA tag, and an Xba I site.
• the PCR amplified DNA fragment and the vector, pcDNAI/Amp were digested with Hind III and Xba I restriction enzyme and ligated. The ligation mixture was transformed into E.
• coli strain SURE available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
• the transformed culture was plated on ampicillin media plates and resistant colonies were selected. Plasmid DNA was isolated from transformants and examined by restriction analysis for the presence of the correct fragment.
• COS cells were transfected with the expression vector by DEAE-DEXTRAN method (J. Sambrook, E. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Laboratory Press, (1989)) .
• the expression of the stanniocalcin-alpha HA protein was detected by the radiolabelling and immunoprecipitation method (E.
• the DNA sequence encoding the full length stanniocalcin- alpha protein, ATCC # 75831, is amplified using PCR oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 5' and 3' sequences of the gene:
• the 5' primer has the sequence 5' GACTGGATCCGCCACCATCTGTGCCGAGCX ⁇ rSCTGGGC 3' and contains a BamHI restriction enzyme site (in bold) followed by 6 nucleotides resembling an efficient signal for the initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells (Kozak, M., J. Mol. Biol., 196:947-950 (1987) which is just behind the first 21 nucleotide ⁇ of the stanniocalcin-alpha gene (the initiation codon for translation "ATG" is underlined) .
• the 3' primer has the sequence 5' GACTGGTACCCTACTCCTrJrGGCTCTGrGGAGG 3' and contains the cleavage site for the restriction endonuclease Asp 718 and 21 nucleotides complementary to the 3' sequence of the stanniocalcin-alpha gene.
• the amplified sequences are isolated from a 1% agarose gel using a commercially available kit ("Geneclean, " BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Ca.). The fragment is then digested with the endonucleases BamHI and Asp 718 and then purified again on a 1% agarose gel. This fragment is designated F2.
• the vector pRGl (modification of pVL941 vector, discussed below) is used for the expression of the stanniocalcin-alpha protein using the baculovirus expression system (for review see: Summers, M.D. and Smith, G.E. 1987, A manual of methods for baculovirus vectors and insect cell culture procedures, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin No. 1555) .
• This expression vector contains the strong polyhedrin promoter of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosi ⁇ viru ⁇ (AcMNPV) followed by the recognition sites for the restriction endonucleases BamHI and Asp 718.
• the polyadenylation site of the simian virus (SV)40 is used for efficient polyadenylation.
• the beta-galactosidase gene from E.coli is inserted in the same orientation as the polyhedrin promoter followed by the polyadenylation signal of the polyhedrin gene.
• the polyhedrin sequences are flanked at both side ⁇ by viral sequences for the cell-mediated homologous recombination of cotransfected wild-type viral DNA.
• Many other baculovirus vectors could be used in place of pRGl such as pAc373, pVL941 and pAcIMl (Luckow, V.A. and Summers, M.D. , Virology, 170:31-39).
• the plasmid is digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and Asp 718 and then dephosphorylated using calf inte ⁇ tinal phosphatase by procedures known in the art.
• the DNA is then isolated from a 1% agarose gel using the commercially available kit ("Geneclean" BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Ca.) . This vector DNA is designated V2.
• Fragment F2 and the dephosphorylated plasmid V2 are ligated with T4 DNA ligase.
• E.coli HB101 cells are then transformed and bacteria identified that contained the plasmid (pBac-stanniocalcin-alpha) with the stanniocalcin- alpha gene using the enzymes BamHI and Asp 718.
• the sequence of the cloned fragment is confirmed by DNA sequencing.
• 5 ⁇ g of the plasmid pBac-stanniocalcin-alpha is cotransfected with 1.0 ⁇ g of a commercially available linearized baculovirus ("BaculoGoldTM baculovirus DNA", Pharmingen, San Diego, CA.) using the lipofection method (Feigner et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:7413-7417 (1987)) .
• the plate is then incubated for 5 hours at 27°C. After 5 hours the transfection solution is removed from the plate and 1 ml of Grace's insect medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum is added. The plate is put back into an incubator and cultivation continued at 27°C for four days.
• plaque assay After four days the supernatant is collected and a plaque assay performed similar as described by Summers and Smith (supra) . As a modification an agarose gel with "Blue Gal” (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg) is used which allows an easy isolation of blue stained plaques. (A detailed description of a "plaque assay” can also be found in the user's guide for insect cell culture and baculovirology distributed by Life Technologies Inc., Gaither ⁇ burg, page 9- 10) .
• the viruses are added to the cells, blue stained plaques are picked with the tip of an Eppendorf pipette.
• the agar containing the recombinant viruses is then resu ⁇ pended in an Eppendorf tube containing 200 ⁇ l of Grace's medium.
• the agar is removed by a brief centrifugation and the supernatant containing the recombinant baculoviruses is used to infect Sf9 cells seeded in 35 mm dishes.
• the supernatants of the ⁇ e culture dishes are harvested and then stored at 4°C.
• Sf9 cell ⁇ are grown in Grace's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS.
• the cells are infected with the recombinant baculovirus V-stanniocalcin-alpha at a multiplicity of infection (MOD of 2.
• MOD multiplicity of infection
• the medium is removed and replaced with SF900 II medium minus methionine and cysteine (Life Technologies Inc. , Gaithersburg) .
• the cells are further incubated for 16 hours before they are harvested by centrifugation and the labelled proteins visualized by SDS- PAGE and autoradiography (Figure 5) .
• the gel indicates that stanniocalcin-alpha exists as a homodimer.
• ADDRESSEE CARELLA, BYRNE, BAIN, GILFILLAN,
• CTCTCCAGGG CCCACCACGG GGGAAGAAGG ACATCACCTC CCAGAGCCCA GGAGTAGGGA 840
• Cys Thr Ser A ⁇ p lie Gin Ly ⁇ Pro Pro Thr Ala Pro Pro Pro Glu Arg
• MOLECULE TYPE oligonucleotide
• MOLECULE TYPE oligonucleotide
• Xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:
• MOLECULE TYPE oligonucleotide
• MOLECULE TYPE oligonucleotide
• MOLECULE TYPE oligonucleotide
• MOLECULE TYPE oligonucleotide

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