EP0773357B1 - Fuel pump system with a solenoid - Google Patents
Fuel pump system with a solenoid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0773357B1 EP0773357B1 EP96117672A EP96117672A EP0773357B1 EP 0773357 B1 EP0773357 B1 EP 0773357B1 EP 96117672 A EP96117672 A EP 96117672A EP 96117672 A EP96117672 A EP 96117672A EP 0773357 B1 EP0773357 B1 EP 0773357B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- thermistor
- coil
- solenoid
- relay
- switch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D17/00—Controlling engines by cutting out individual cylinders; Rendering engines inoperative or idling
- F02D17/04—Controlling engines by cutting out individual cylinders; Rendering engines inoperative or idling rendering engines inoperative or idling, e.g. caused by abnormal conditions
Definitions
- the invention relates to a fuel pump system for an internal combustion engine with a connectable to a power source Solenoid, which has a coil, during the starting process to activate the fuel supply.
- solenoids are often used to shut off the Fuel supply from the injection pump used when the Engine is issued.
- Such solenoids have two coils, namely a so-called feed spool and a holding spool.
- the feed spool for one activated for a short time, which requires up to 50 amps.
- Solenoid on the feed coil opened the fuel supply has the holding coil, whose power consumption is essential is less, the job of the feed spool and keeps the fuel supply open.
- the feed spool is then no longer live, to avoid overheating.
- the starter circuit is the pull-in coil with the starter terminal of the ignition lock, d. H. the clamp that is in the start position of the Key connects to the battery, wired.
- the object to be achieved with the invention is seen in overheating of the fuel supply solenoid by simple and reliable means to prevent that in particular, do not depend on the operating state of the engine.
- This object has been achieved in that a thermistor heats up in the current-carrying state, with the coil is wired, being with the thermistor and with the coil Switch is connected to the flow of current through the thermistor can interrupt.
- a thermistor or semiconductor resistor heated with temperature controlled resistance itself within seconds, and with progressive warming the passage of current through the coil to which it is connected is finally reduced to zero. This way, in overheating or burning easily and safely of the solenoid avoided.
- the invention further provides that the switch a first terminal connected to the coil and a second one the thermistor has connected terminal and depending from the heating of the thermistor opens.
- the switch part is a relay whose coil is connected to the first terminal of the switch is connected, the thermistor between the second terminal of the switch and the ground is provided and the coil of the relay being connected in parallel with the thermistor is. This way the thermistor turns off when the coil live when the key is in its starting position is to warm up immediately, the one flowing through the coil Current is not sufficient to excite the relay in such a way that his switch opens immediately. This takes place only with a short Time Delay. After opening the thermistor, it can cool down immediately.
- the thermistor connected coil of the solenoid is formed as a pull-in coil is, the solenoid is also provided with a holding coil.
- a diesel engine is designated 10. This is with a control circuit 12 (RUN CONTROL) for Operation provided with a terminal of a battery 14 or connected to another suitable power source.
- a fuel injection system 20 for the motor 10 is with a solenoid 22 to selectively shut off the fuel supply to the engine provided when the engine start switch is in its off position is adjusted.
- the solenoid 22 has a holding coil 26 and equipped with a feed spool 28. Here is the coil 26 to an input line 32 and the coil 28 to an input line 34 connected. Both input lines are in turn connected to an output line of the control circuit 12.
- the output lines 36 and 38 of the coils 26 and 28 are one connected to ground and the other to a circuit 40, which has a current limiting effect for the feed coil.
- the holding coil 26 has a relatively small static current draw while the feed coil 28 has a relatively high current draw in the Order of magnitude up to 50 amps.
- the circuit 40 is connected to the feed coil 28 in series and has a relay 44 which is connected to an activation coil 48 is provided.
- This coil 48 is connected to the output line 38 connected and thus in series with the feed spool 28.
- a pair switchable lines 52 and 54 are at 56 with their outputs with each other and with the first lead of a thermistor 60 with a positive temperature coefficient.
- the other The thermistor 60 is connected to ground.
- the resistance of the Thermistors increase significantly as it heats up, and that Temperature rises rapidly when the current of the feed coil 28 flows through the thermistor.
- Relay 44 is in its non-activated and in the only figure shown, then the top ones Clamps or the lines 52 connected together and the Thermistor is connected in series with feed coil 28.
- Thermistor is a commercial one, for example a PCL from Midwest Components or the like from Thermodisc Inc. and has a low initial resistance to get enough pull-in current to enable when the connection to the coil 28 is made.
- the voltage on the relay coil 48 depends on the voltage on the Thermistor 60 and from its temperature. In the beginning is the Resistance of the thermistor low and its voltage drop and is not sufficient to activate relay 44. on the other hand The thermistor 60 heats up very quickly when a large one Intake current flows through it, and current flow through the Feed spool 28 decreases. Within a predetermined Period after power from control circuit 12 increases solenoid 22, preferably within three seconds or less, the thermistor resistance and voltage increases on the thermistor, whereby the relay 44 is activated.
- relay 44 When relay 44 is activated, then the circuit is simultaneously interrupted between the feed coil 28 and the thermistor 60, so that no current flows through the thermistor and the thermistor can cool down quickly.
- relay 44 When relay 44 is activated, the current flow through the feed spool 28 to a relatively small nominal Current draw of the activation coil 48 limited.
- Relay 44 remains in its activated state as long as the line 34 of the feed coil 28 is live. However, the current interrupted to the fuel solenoid for some reason, then the relay adjusts in its not activated State and connects the cooled thermistor 60 with the Feed spool 28 so that immediately after the lines 32 and 34 are energized again, the feed coil 28, the solenoid 22nd will activate.
- the relay 44 again active to interrupt the power connection to the thermistor 60, so that the thermistor can cool down.
- the current flow through the feed coil 28 on the small Current requirement of the activation coil 48 is reduced.
- the holding coil 26 holds the fuel solenoid 22 after the time delay in the position for fuel flow until the current flow to the solenoid 22 is interrupted.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
- Electromagnetic Pumps, Or The Like (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- High-Pressure Fuel Injection Pump Control (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Kraftstoffpumpsystem für einen Verbrennungsmotor mit einem an eine Stromquelle anschließbaren Solenoid, das eine Spule aufweist, um während des Anlaßvorgangs die Kraftstoffzufuhr zu aktivieren.The invention relates to a fuel pump system for an internal combustion engine with a connectable to a power source Solenoid, which has a coil, during the starting process to activate the fuel supply.
Bei Dieselmotoren werden häufig Solenoide zum Absperren der Kraftstoffzufuhr von der Einspritzpumpe eingesetzt, wenn der Motor ausgestellt wird. Derartige Solenoide haben zwei Spulen, und zwar eine sogenannte Einzugsspule und eine Haltespule. Bei dem Anlassen des Motors wird zunächst die Einzugsspule für eine kurze Zeit aktiviert, die bis zu 50 Ampere benötigt. Nachdem das Solenoid über die Einzugsspule die Brennstoffzufuhr geöffnet hat, übernimmt die Haltespule, deren Strombedarf wesentlich geringer ist, die Aufgabe der Einzugsspule und hält die Kraftstoffzufuhr offen. Die Einzugsspule ist dann nicht mehr stromführend, um eine Überhitzung zu vermeiden. Bei einem typischen Starterkreis ist die Einzugsspule mit der Startklemme des Zündschlosses, d. h. der Klemme, die in der Startstellung des Schlüssels die Verbindung mit der Batterie herstellt, verdrahtet. Springt nun der Motor aus irgendeinem Grund nicht sofort an, oder wird der Startschlüssel aus einem anderen Grund zu lange in der Startstellung gehalten, beispielsweise, weil er hängen bleibt, so tritt eine Überhitzung des Solenoids mit der Folge auf, daß das Solenoid durchbrennt. Um dies zu verhindern, sind bereits vielfältige Vorschläge gemacht worden. Einer dieser Vorschläge (US-A-5 379 733) sieht vor, daß die Stromzufuhr zu der Einzugsspule in Abhängigkeit vom Öldruck abgestellt wird. Dies ist an sich eine zufriedenstellende Lösung. Probleme können aber auftreten, wenn nach dem Anspringen des Motors der Öldruck aus irgendeinem Grund abfällt.In diesel engines, solenoids are often used to shut off the Fuel supply from the injection pump used when the Engine is issued. Such solenoids have two coils, namely a so-called feed spool and a holding spool. at When the engine is started, the feed spool for one activated for a short time, which requires up to 50 amps. After that Solenoid on the feed coil opened the fuel supply has the holding coil, whose power consumption is essential is less, the job of the feed spool and keeps the fuel supply open. The feed spool is then no longer live, to avoid overheating. In a typical The starter circuit is the pull-in coil with the starter terminal of the ignition lock, d. H. the clamp that is in the start position of the Key connects to the battery, wired. For some reason the engine does not start immediately on, or the start key becomes too for another reason held in the start position for a long time, for example because he gets stuck, the solenoid overheats with the As a result, the solenoid will blow. To prevent this, Various proposals have already been made. One of these Proposals (US-A-5 379 733) provide that the power supply to be the feed spool is turned off depending on the oil pressure. In itself, this is a satisfactory solution. Problems can but occur if after starting the engine the oil pressure falls off for some reason.
Die mit der Erfindung zu lösende Aufgabe wird darin gesehen, eine Überhitzung des für die Kraffstoffzufuhr zuständigen Solenoids durch einfache und zuverlässige Mittel zu verhindern, die insbesondere nicht von dem Betriebszustand des Motors abhängen. Diese Aufgabe ist dadurch gelöst worden, daß ein Thermistor, der sich im stromdurchflossenen Zustand erwärmt, mit der Spule verdrahtet ist, wobei mit dem Thermistor und mit der Spule ein Schalter verbunden ist, der den Stromdurchfluß durch den Thermistor unterbrechen kann. Ein solcher Thermistor oder Halbleiterwiderstand mit temperaturgesteuertem Widerstandswert erwärmt sich innerhalb von Sekunden, und mit fortschreitender Erwärmung wird der Stromdurchgang durch die Spule, an die er angeschlossen ist, schließlich bis auf null reduziert. Auf diese Weise wird in einfacher und sicherer Weise eine Überhitzung bzw. ein Durchbrennen des Solenoids vermieden. Wird allerdings nur ein Thermistor eingesetzt, so sind Restströme durch den Thermistor nicht ohne weiteres zu vermeiden. Restströme durch den Thermistor verhindern jedoch dessen Abkühlung, so daß ein erneutes Anlassen des Motors, sofern dieser aus irgendeinem Grund ausgegangen ist, nicht möglich ist, solange der Thermistor noch erwärmt ist. Ein erneutes Anlassen ist nur möglich, wenn der Thermistor abgekühlt ist. Dies erfordert unerfreuliche Wartezeiten. Nach der Erfindung werden auch diese ausgeschlossen, da die Restströme durch den Thermistor durch den Schalter vermieden werden, wenn dieser in seine Offenstellung geht. Auf diese Weise wird somit eine Überhitzung des Solenoids ausgeschlossen und seine ständige Einsatzbereitschaft sichergestellt.The object to be achieved with the invention is seen in overheating of the fuel supply solenoid by simple and reliable means to prevent that in particular, do not depend on the operating state of the engine. This object has been achieved in that a thermistor heats up in the current-carrying state, with the coil is wired, being with the thermistor and with the coil Switch is connected to the flow of current through the thermistor can interrupt. Such a thermistor or semiconductor resistor heated with temperature controlled resistance itself within seconds, and with progressive warming the passage of current through the coil to which it is connected is finally reduced to zero. This way, in overheating or burning easily and safely of the solenoid avoided. However, it only becomes a thermistor used, there are no residual currents through the thermistor to avoid without further ado. Residual currents through the thermistor however, prevent it from cooling, so that it cannot be restarted of the engine, if it went out for any reason, is not possible while the thermistor is still heated. On restarting is only possible when the thermistor has cooled down is. This requires unpleasant waiting times. According to the invention these are also excluded because the residual currents through the thermistor can be avoided by the switch if this goes into its open position. In this way it becomes a Overheating of the solenoid excluded and its constant operational readiness ensured.
Damit der Thermistor nach dem Abschalten der Spule schnell abkühlen kann, sieht die Erfindung weiter vor, daß der Schalter eine erste an die Spule angeschlossene Klemme und eine zweite an den Thermistor angeschlossene Klemme aufweist und in Abhängigkeit von der Erwärmung des Thermistors öffnet. In einfacher Weise kann dies dadurch erreicht werden, daß der Schalter Bestandteil eines Relais ist, dessen Spule mit der ersten Klemme des Schalters verbunden ist, wobei der Thermistor zwischen der zweiten Klemme des Schalters und der Masse vorgesehen ist und wobei die Spule des Relais zu dem Thermistor parallel geschaltet ist. Auf diese Weise wird der Thermistor sich, wenn die Spule bei sich in seiner Startstellung befindlichem Schlüssel stromführend ist, sofort erwärmen, wobei der durch die Spule fließende Strom noch nicht ausreicht, das Relais derart zu erregen, daß sein Schalter sofort öffnet. Dies erfolgt erst mit einer kurzen Zeitverzögerung. Nach dem Öffnen des Thermistors kann dieser sofort abkühlen. So that the thermistor quickly after switching off the coil can cool, the invention further provides that the switch a first terminal connected to the coil and a second one the thermistor has connected terminal and depending from the heating of the thermistor opens. In simple This can be achieved by making the switch part is a relay whose coil is connected to the first terminal of the switch is connected, the thermistor between the second terminal of the switch and the ground is provided and the coil of the relay being connected in parallel with the thermistor is. This way the thermistor turns off when the coil live when the key is in its starting position is to warm up immediately, the one flowing through the coil Current is not sufficient to excite the relay in such a way that his switch opens immediately. This takes place only with a short Time Delay. After opening the thermistor, it can cool down immediately.
Schließlich ist noch vorgesehen, daß die an dem Thermistor angeschlossene Spule des Solenoids als Einzugsspule ausgebildet ist, wobei das Solenoid noch mit einer Haltespule versehen ist.Finally, it is provided that the thermistor connected coil of the solenoid is formed as a pull-in coil is, the solenoid is also provided with a holding coil.
In der einzigen Figur ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung schematisch dargestellt.In the single figure is an embodiment of the invention shown schematically.
In dieser einzigen Figur ist ein Dieselmotor mit 10 bezeichnet.
Dieser ist mit einem Steuerstromkreis 12 (RUN CONTROL) für
Betrieb versehen, der mit einer Klemme einer Batterie 14 oder
einer anderen geeigneten Stromquelle verbunden ist. Ein Kraftstoffeinspritzsystem
20 für den Motor 10 ist mit einem Solenoid
22 zum wahlweisen Absperren der Kraftstoffzufuhr zum Motor
versehen, wenn der Motorstartschalter in seine Aus-Stellung
verstellt wird. Das Solenoid 22 ist mit einer Festhaltespule 26
und mit einer Einzugsspule 28 ausgerüstet. Hierbei ist die Spule
26 an eine Eingangsleitung 32 und die Spule 28 an eine Eingangsleitung
34 angeschlossen. Beide Eingangsleitungen wiederum sind
an eine Ausgangsleitung des Steuerstromkreises 12 angeschlossen.
Die Ausgangsleitungen 36 und 38 der Spulen 26 und 28 sind einmal
an Masse und zum anderen an einen Stromkreis 40 angeschlossen,
der für die Einzugsspule strombegrenzend wirkt. Die Festhaltespule
26 hat eine relativ kleine statische Stromentnahme, während
die Einzugsspule 28 eine relativ hohe Stromentnahme in der
Größenordnung bis zu 50 Ampere hat.In this single figure, a diesel engine is designated 10.
This is with a control circuit 12 (RUN CONTROL) for
Operation provided with a terminal of a
Der Stromkreis 40 ist zu der Einzugsspule 28 in Reihe geschaltet
und weist ein Relais 44 auf, das mit einer Aktivierungsspule 48
versehen ist. Diese Spule 48 ist an die Ausgangsleitung 38
angeschlossen und damit in Reihe zur Einzugsspule 28. Ein Paar
umschaltbare Leitungen 52 und 54 sind mit ihren Ausgängen bei 56
miteinander und mit der ersten Leitung eines Thermistors 60 mit
einem positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten verbunden. Die andere
Leitung des Thermistors 60 liegt an Masse an. Der Widerstand des
Thermistors nimmt bei seiner Erwärmung beträchtlich zu, und die
Temperatur steigt schnell an, wenn der Strom der Einzugsspule 28
durch den Thermistor fließt. The
Befindet sich das Relais 44 in seinem nicht aktivierten und in
der einzigen Figur gezeigten Zustand, dann sind die oberen
Klemmen oder die Leitungen 52 miteinander verbunden und der
Thermistor ist zu der Einzugsspule 28 in Reihe geschaltet. Der
Thermistor ist ein handelsüblicher, beispielsweise ein PCL von
Midwest Components oder ein ähnlicher von Thermodisc Inc. und
hat einen geringen Anfangswiderstand, um genügend Einzugsstrom
zu ermöglichen, wenn die Verbindung mit der Spule 28 steht.
Bei nicht aktiviertem Relais 44 und stromführender Leitung 34
hängt die Spannung an der Relaisspule 48 von der Spannung an dem
Thermistor 60 und von dessen Temperatur ab. Zu Anfang ist der
Widerstand des Thermistors gering sowie sein Spannungsabfall und
reicht nicht aus, um das Relais 44 zu aktivieren. Andererseits
erwärmt sich der Thermistor 60 sehr schnell, wenn ein großer
Einzugsstrom durch ihn fließt, und der Stromfluß durch die
Einzugsspule 28 nimmt ab. Innerhalb eines vorherbestimmten
Zeitabschnittes, nachdem Strom von dem Steuerstromkreis 12 zu
dem Solenoid 22 gelangt, vorzugsweise innerhalb von drei Sekunden
oder weniger, steigt der Thermistor Widerstand und die Spannung
am Thermistor an, wodurch das Relais 44 aktiviert wird. Ist
das Relais 44 aktiviert, dann ist gleichzeitig der Stromkreis
zwischen der Einzugsspule 28 und dem Thermistor 60 unterbrochen,
so daß kein Strom durch den Thermistor fließt und der Thermistor
schnell abkühlen kann. Bei aktiviertem Relais 44 ist der Stromfluß
durch die Einzugsspule 28 auf einen relativ kleinen nominalen
Stromabzug der Aktivierungsspule 48 begrenzt. Das Relais 44
verbleibt in seinem aktivierten Zustand solange, wie die Leitung
34 der Einzugsspule 28 stromführend ist. Wird jedoch der Strom
zu dem Krafftstoff Solenoid aus irgendeinem Grund unterbrochen,
dann verstellt sich das Relais in seinen nicht aktivierten
Zustand und verbindet den abgekühlten Thermistor 60 mit der
Einzugsspule 28, so daß unmittelbar nachdem die Leitungen 32 und
34 wieder stromführend sind, die Einzugsspule 28 das Solenoid 22
aktivieren wird. Mit einer zeitlichen Verzögerung, die durch den
Stromkreis 40 hervorgerufen wird, wird das Relais 44 wieder
aktiv, um die Stromverbindung zu dem Thermistor 60 zu unterbrechen,
so daß der Thermistor abkühlen kann. Gleichzeitig wird
der Stromdurchfluß durch die Einzugsspule 28 auf den kleinen
Strombedarf der Aktivierungsspule 48 reduziert. Die Haltespule
26 hält das Kraftstoffsolenoid 22 nach der Zeitverzögerung
solange in der Stellung für Kraftstoffzufluß, bis der Stromfluß
zu dem Solenoid 22 unterbrochen wird.When
Claims (5)
- A fuel pump system for an internal combustion engine (10), with a solenoid (22) which can be connected to a current source (14) and which has a coil (28), for activating the fuel supply during the starting operation, characterized in that a thermistor (60) which heats up when carrying current is wired to the solenoid, wherein a switch is connected to the thermistor (60) and to the coil (28) and can interrupt the current flow through the thermistor (60).
- A system according to claim 1, characterized in that the switch has a first terminal connected to the coil (28) and a second terminal connected to the thermistor (60) and opens in dependence on the heating of the thermistor (60).
- A system according to claim 2, characterized in that the switch is a component of a relay (44), whose relay coil (48) is connected to the first terminal of the switch, while the thermistor (60) is provided between the second terminal of the switch and earth.
- A system according to claim 3, characterized in that the relay coil (48) of the relay (44) is connected in parallel with the thermistor (60).
- A system according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coil of the solenoid (22) connected to the thermistor (60) is in the form of a pull-in coil, while the solenoid (22) is further provided with a hold coil (26).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/557,750 US5549084A (en) | 1995-11-13 | 1995-11-13 | Fuel shut-off solenoid pull-in coil current limiter |
| US557750 | 1995-11-13 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0773357A2 EP0773357A2 (en) | 1997-05-14 |
| EP0773357A3 EP0773357A3 (en) | 1999-02-10 |
| EP0773357B1 true EP0773357B1 (en) | 2002-07-24 |
Family
ID=24226739
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96117672A Expired - Lifetime EP0773357B1 (en) | 1995-11-13 | 1996-11-05 | Fuel pump system with a solenoid |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5549084A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0773357B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2177102C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59609476D1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3919254B2 (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 2007-05-23 | 京三電機株式会社 | Solenoid for engine stop |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4132210A (en) * | 1976-10-01 | 1979-01-02 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Fuel injection system with switchable starting mode |
| US4147151A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1979-04-03 | Wright George L | Engine malfunction protection |
| US4577604A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-03-25 | Nissan Motor Company, Limited | Control system for fuel pump for internal combustion engine |
| JPH0610432B2 (en) * | 1985-05-10 | 1994-02-09 | 株式会社豊田自動織機製作所 | Fuel cutoff device for engine type vehicle |
| JP2878764B2 (en) * | 1990-03-15 | 1999-04-05 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Ignition energization time control device |
| JPH04112945A (en) * | 1990-09-03 | 1992-04-14 | Hitachi Ltd | Engine fuel cut-off device |
| US5379733A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1995-01-10 | Deere & Company | Fuel shut-off solenoid pull-in coil relay |
-
1995
- 1995-11-13 US US08/557,750 patent/US5549084A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-05-22 CA CA002177102A patent/CA2177102C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-11-05 DE DE59609476T patent/DE59609476D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-11-05 EP EP96117672A patent/EP0773357B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0773357A3 (en) | 1999-02-10 |
| CA2177102C (en) | 2000-02-22 |
| DE59609476D1 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
| US5549084A (en) | 1996-08-27 |
| CA2177102A1 (en) | 1997-05-14 |
| EP0773357A2 (en) | 1997-05-14 |
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