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  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
  • C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
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  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
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  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
  • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
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  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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  • C10L1/233—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
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  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of certain compounds to improve the lubricating properties of low sulfur-content fuels and to fuels and additive concentrates comprising the compounds.
• Sulfur contained in fuel for example middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuel and jet fuel, is said to constitute a serious environmental hazard.
• middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuel and jet fuel
• strict regulations limiting the amount of sulfur which may be present in such fuels have been introduced.
• fuels having a suitably low sulfur content exhibit very poor inherent lubricity and this can lead to problems when the fuel is used.
• the use of low sulfur fuel in diesel engines frequently results in damage to the fuel injector pump which relies on the natural lubricating properties of the fuel to prevent component failure. There is therefore a need to improve the lubricating properties of low sulphur fuels.
• low sulfur-content fuel is intended to mean fuels typically having a sulfur content of 0.2% by weight or less, for example 0.05% by weight or less and, more especially, 0.005% by weight or less.
• fuels in which the additive compounds may be used include low sulfur middle distillate fuels such as diesel and jet fuels and bio-diesel fuel. The latter is derived from a petroleum or vegetable source or mixture thereof and typically contains vegetable oils or their derivatives, such as esters produced by saponification and re-esterification or trans-esterification.
• Middle distillate fuels are usually characterised as having a boiling range of 100 to 500°C, more typically from 150 to 400°C.
• the additive compound used to improve the lubricity of low sulfur-content fuel is a carboxylic acid which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group, or a derivative of this hydroxy-substituted acid.
• the derivative may be an ester formed by reaction of the acid with a polyhydric alcohol or alkanolamine, or an amide.
• the hydroxy-substituted carboxylic acid or acid derivative may be used alone or in combination with any other hydroxy-substituted acid and/or acid derivative.
• the hydroxy-substituted acid used in the present invention typically contains up to 60 carbon atoms.
• the hydroxy-substituted acid may be a mono- or poly-carboxylic acid or a dimerized acid.
• the preferred acid of this type is the fatty acid, ricinoleic acid.
• hydroxy-substituted poly-carboxylic acids such as di- or tri-carboxylic acids, they typically contain 3 to 40 carbon atoms, more commonly 3 to 30 and especially 3 to 24 carbon atoms.
• examples of this kind of hydroxy-substituted poly-carboxylic acid include malic, tartaric and citric acids.
• dimerized acids it is also possible to use as the hydroxy-substituted acid.
• dimer and trimer acids When used the dimerized acid typically contains 10 to 60, preferably 20 to 60 and most preferably 30 to 60, carbon atoms.
• Such acids are prepared by dimerizing unsaturated acids and introducing a hydroxyl functionality.
• Such acids typically consist of a mixture of monomer, dimer and trimer acid.
• the acid is a hydroxy-substituted dimerized fatty acid, for example of oleic and linoleic acids.
• this dimer exists as a mixture of 2% by weight monomer, 83% by weight dimer and 15% by weight of trimer and possibly higher acids.
• the preferred dimer acid, as well as the other acids described above, are commercially available or may be prepared by the application or adaption of known techniques.
• the additive compound(s) used may be in the form of a carboxylic acid derivative.
• One kind of derivative which may be used is an ester of the acid with a polyhydric alcohol.
• the polyhydric alcohol from which the ester may be derived typically contains from 2 to 7 carbon atoms.
• suitable alcohols include alkylene glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol, glycerol, arabitol, sorbitol, mannitol, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, 1,2-butanediol, 2,3-hexanediol, 2,4-hexanediol, pinacol and 1,2-cyclohexanediol. These alcohols are readily available. Of the alcohols mentioned it is preferred to use glycerol or sorbitan.
• the ester has at least one free hydroxyl group in the moiety derived from the polyhydric alcohol, i.e. not all of the hydroxyl groups of the polyhydric alcohol are esterified.
• the use of glycerol monoricinoleate is particularly preferred.
• Another kind of fatty acid derivative which may be used is the ester of the hydroxy-substituted acid with an alkanolamine of formula: R 1 [N(R 1 ) (CH 2 ) p ] q Y in which p is 2 to 10, q is 0 to 10, Y is -N(R 1 ) 2 , 4-morpholinyl or 1-piperazinyl N-substituted by a group R 1 or a group -[(CH 2 ) p N(R 1 )] q R 1 in which p and q are as defined above and each substituent R 1 is independently selected from alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a group of formula: -(R 2 O) r R 3 in which r is 0 to 10, R 2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and R 3 is an hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, provided at least one group R 1 is -(R 2 O) r R 3
• the alkanolamine is one which does not contain any hydrogen-bearing nitrogen atoms.
• the presence of free hydrogen atoms would be expected to lead to the formation of an amide on reaction with the acid.
• the alkanolamines which may be used are commercially available or may be made by the application or adaptation of known methods.
• Y is -N(R 1 ) 2 , p is 2 and q is 0 to 3. It is further preferred that each R 1 is a C 2-4 , hydroxyalkyl group, C 2 or C 3 hydroxyalkyl being particularly preferred.
• Specific examples of such compounds include triethanolamine, triisopropylamine and ethylene diamine and diethylene triamine in which each nitrogen atom is substituted by hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups.
• alkanolamine Y is 4-morpholinyl or substituted 1-piperazinyl, q is 0 or 1 and p is from 2 to 6.
• alkanolamines include aminoethylpiperazine, bis-(aminoethyl)piperazine and morpholine, N-substituted by an hydroxypropyl group.
• alkanolamines are commercially available or may be made by the application or adaptation of known techniques.
• an amide such as that formed by reaction of the substituted fatty acid with ammonia or a nitrogen-containing compound of formula: R 1 [N(R 1 ) (CH 2 ) p ] q Y in which p is 2 to 10, q is 0 to 10, Y is -N(R 1 ) 2 , 4-morpholinyl or 1-piperazinyl optionally N-substituted by a group R 1 or a group -[(CH 2 ) p N(R 1 )] q R 1 in which p and q are as defined above and each substituent R 1 is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a group of formula: -(R 2 O) r R 3 in which r is 0 to 10, R 2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and R 3 is an hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, provided that at least one
• nitrogen-containing compound Y is -N(R 1 ) 2
• p is 2 and q is 0 to 3.
• examples of such compounds include diethanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, triethylene tetramine or diethylene triamine optionally N-substituted by two hydroxypropyl groups.
• Y is 4-morpholinyl or optionally N-substituted 1-piperazinyl
• p is 2 to 6
• q is 0 or 1
• each R 1 is hydrogen.
• examples of such compounds include aminoethylpiperazine, bis-(aminoethyl)piperazine or morpholine.
• the compounds used to form the acid amides are commercially available or may be made by the application or adaptation of known techniques.
• alkanolamines and nitrogen-containing compounds of the above formulae in which r is 1 or more, i.e. those containing an ether or polyether linkage, can be prepared by reaction of a suitable amine, morpholine or piperazine compound with a molar excess of one or more alkylene oxides.
• R 2 and R 3 contain the same alkylene moiety.
• R 2 and R 3 may contain the same or different alkylene groups.
• R 1 is alkyl the moiety contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• R 2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• R 3 is an hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The hydroxyalkyl group typically contains 1 to 3 hydroxy groups.
• R 3 is typically a mono-hydroxyalkyl group, for example hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl.
• R 3 is typically a mono- or poly-hydroxyalkyl group having up to 4 hydroxyl groups, for example hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl or a 1-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl group.
• the values p, q and r take are selected independently. This means for example that when q is greater than zero, p may take different values in each repeat unit. Also, when r is greater than zero, R 2 may be the same or different in each ether repeat unit.
• each of the acid derivatives described are commercially available or may be made by the application or adaptation of known techniques.
• the derivative is one derived from ricinoleic acid.
• the lubricity enhancing additive compound is a derivative of the hydroxy-substituted acid and contains at least one free carboxylic group in the acid-derived moiety.
• This kind of compound may be formed using as the starting hydroxy-substituted acid a polycarboxylic acid, for example a dicarboxylic acid or a dimer or trimer acid.
• the number of moles of the acid and compound used to form the acid derivative which are reacted is controlled such that the resulting compound contains at least one free carboxylic functional group in the acid-derived moiety.
• an acid having two carboxylic functions such as a dicarboxylic or dimer acid, the mole ratio should be about 1:1.
• the acid derivative contains at least one free carboxylic group in the acid moiety, it may be used as is or it may be derivatised further to enhance its properties.
• the kind of compound used to do this usually depends upon the kind of acid used initially and the properties of the acid derivative it is desired to influence.
• it is possible to increase the fuel solubility of the acid derivative by introducing into its molecule a fuel-solubilizing species.
• long-chain alkyl or alkenyl may be mentioned.
• the acid derivative may be reacted with an alcohol, ROH or an amine, RNH 2 in which R is alkyl or alkenyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, for example 4 to 30 carbon atoms.
• the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl group may depend upon the number of carbon atoms in the acid derivative itself.
• These compounds react with the free carboxylic functional group(s) of the acid derivative to form a further ester linkage or an amide linkage.
• Examples of particular alcohols and amides which may be used include oleyl amine and oleyl alcohols.
• Examples of compounds which may be used to introduce one or more polar head groups include polyamines (e.g. ethylene diamine and diethylene triamine), and alkanolamines and polyhydric alcohols such as those described above.
• the fatty acid derivative is one derived from a dimer or trimer acid
• the derivative is further reacted to introduce fuel-solubilising species.
• Dimer and trimer acid derivatives tend already to contain in the acid backbone long chain alkyl or alkenyl moieties sufficient to provide adequate fuel-solubility.
• the concentration of the lubricity enhancing additive in the fuel falls in the range 10 to 1000 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm, more preferably still from 100 to 400 ppm.
• the overall additive concentration falls within the typical range quoted.
• the present invention further provides a low sulfur fuel comprising a lubricity enhancing additive as hereinbefore described.
• a low sulfur fuel comprising a lubricity enhancing additive as hereinbefore described.
• Such fuel is formulated by simple mixing of the base fuel and the additive in the desired proportions.
• the base fuel may be a middle distillate fuel or a bio-diesel fuel as described above
• the additive may be provided as a concentrate for dilution with fuel.
• Such a concentrate forms part of the present invention and typically comprises from 99 to 1% by weight additive and from 1 to 99% by weight of solvent or diluent for the additive which solvent or diluent is miscible and/or capable of dissolving in the fuel in which the concentrate is to be used.
• the solvent or diluent may, of course, be the low sulfur fuel itself.
• examples of other solvents or diluents include white spirit, kerosene, alcohols (e.g. 2-ethyl hexanol, isopropanol and isodecanol), high boiling point aromatic solvents (e.g. toluene and xylene) and cetane improvers (e.g. 2-ethyl hexylnitrate).
• alcohols e.g. 2-ethyl hexanol, isopropanol and isodecanol
• high boiling point aromatic solvents e.g. toluene and xylene
• cetane improvers e.g. 2-ethyl hexylnitrate
• the concentrate or fuel may also contain other fuel additives in the appropriate proportions thereby providing a multifunctional fuel additive package.
• fuel additives which may be used include fuel stabilisers, dispersants, detergents, antifoams, cold flow improvers, cetane number improvers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic additives, biocides, dyes, smoke reducers, catalyst life enhancers and demulsifiers.
• the total treat rate for multifunctional formulations containing the lubricity enhancing additive compounds described is typically 200 to 2000 ppm, more usually 300 to 1200 ppm.
• the invention also provides a method of reducing fuel pump wear in an engine which operates on a low sulfur-content fuel by using the low sulfur-content fuel described herein.
• the fuel may be used to reduce wear in rotary and in-line fuel pumps, for example as found in diesel engines, or in fuel transfer pumps. The latter are positioned between the fuel tank and the high pressure pump.
• the fuel is particularly well suited for reducing wear in fuel injector pumps.
• the fuel may also be used in the latest unit injectors which combine pump and injector mechanisms.
• the invention is particularly well-suited to the operation of diesel and jet engines.
• the present invention is illustrated in the following Example.
• the efficacy of a number of diesel fuels was assessed using the Scuffing BOCLE (ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator) test.
• This test is a modification of the standard aviation BOCLE test (ASTM method D5001: "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)", ASTM Standards, Section 5, Vol 3, 1993) in which a load of 1 kg is applied to a fixed ball in contact with a rotating cylinder lubricated by the test fuel.
• fuel lubricity is assessed by measuring the size of the wear scar on the fixed ball resulting from the constant load contact with the cylinder.
• the standard BOCLE test suffers the disadvantage that the applied load is not high enough to model the type of severe wear failure that occurs in the field, for example in fuel injector pumps.
• the Scuffing BOCLE test offers the advantage over the standard test of allowing discrimination and ranking of fuels of differing lubricity.
• the Scuffing test also simulates more closely the severe modes of wear failure encountered in fuel pumps than other fuel lubricity tests which run under mild wear conditions.
• the Scuffing BOCLE test therefore provides results which are more representative of how the fuel would behave in service.
• the load at which wear failure occurs is referred to as the scuffing load and is a measure of the inherent lubricity of the fuel.
• the scuffing load is primarily identified by the size and appearance of the wear scar on the ball, which is considerably different in appearance to that found under milder non-scuffing conditions. Fuels giving a high scuffing load on failure have better lubricating prqperties than fuels giving a low scuffing load on failure.
• the base fuel used was a Class 2 Scandinavian diesel fuel. This is a diesel fuel having a sulfur content of 0.005% by weight.
• the composition and distillation profile of this fuel are shown below. Density at 15°C (IP 160), g/ml 0.8160 Paraffins, %vol 89.6 Olefins, %vol 0.7 Aromatics, %vol 9.7 Distillation Characteristics (IP 123)
• IP 160 Density at 15°C
• IP 160 g/ml 0.8160 Paraffins
• %vol 89.6 Olefins %vol 0.7 Aromatics
• %vol 9.7 Distillation Characteristics IP 123)
• Initial B.P. °C 184 5% 200 10% 204 20% 212 30% 217 40% 223 50% 228 60% 235 70% 243 80% 251 90% 263 95% 269

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• 1995
  • 1995-11-13 GB GB9523202A patent/GB2307247B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1996
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