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  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
  • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
  • A61K38/185—Nerve growth factor [NGF]; Brain derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]; Ciliary neurotrophic factor [CNTF]; Glial derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF]; Neurotrophins, e.g. NT-3
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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  • C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof

Definitions

• the present invention relates to recombinant vectors of viral origin and their use for the treatment and / or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. More particularly, it relates to recombinant adenoviruses comprising a DNA sequence coding for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, "brain-derived neurotrophic factor”).
• BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
• the invention also relates to the preparation of these vectors, the pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their therapeutic use, in particular in gene therapy.
• Neurodegenerative diseases account for a large share of health spending in Western countries, a share that continues to increase following the aging of the population. These diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.
• the pathological signs and etiology of these diseases are very varied, but all these diseases result from a progressive loss of neuronal cells in the central nervous system, sometimes within very localized structures like the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.
• the present invention describes a novel therapeutic approach, which is particularly advantageous for the treatment of these diseases. More particularly, the present invention describes vectors making it possible to directly promote the survival of the neuronal cells involved in these pathologies, by efficient and localized expression of certain trophic factors.
• Trophic factors are a class of molecules with properties that stimulate neuritic growth or the survival of nerve cells.
• the first factor with neurotrophic properties, NGF (“Nerve Gro th Factor”) was characterized some forty years ago (for review, see Levi- Montalcini and Angelleti, Physiol. Rev. 48 (1968) 534 ). It is only recently that other neurotrophic factors have been identified, and in particular the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Thoenen, Trends in NeuroSci. 14 (1991) 165).
• BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
• BDNF stimulates the formation of neurites and the survival in culture of ganglion neurons in the retina, motor neurons in the spinal cord, cholinergic neurons of the septum as well as dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain (reviewed by Lindsay in Neurotrophic Factors, Ed, (1993) 257, Académie Press).
• BDNF stimulates the formation of neurites and the survival in culture of ganglion neurons in the retina, motor neurons in the spinal cord, cholinergic neurons of the septum as well as dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain (reviewed by Lindsay in Neurotrophic Factors, Ed, (1993) 257, Académie Press).
• the therapeutic application of BDNF encounters various obstacles.
• the lack of bioavailability of BDNF limits any therapeutic use.
• the BDNF delivered is active and can exert a therapeutic activity in vivo.
• the present invention provides a particularly advantageous solution to these problems.
• the present invention resides in fact in the development of vectors which are particularly effective for delivering in vivo and in a localized manner, therapeutically active amounts of BDNF.
• adenoviruses can be used for the transfer of genes in vivo into the nervous system.
• the present invention relates to new constructions, which are particularly suitable and effective for the transfer of a specific gene into the nervous system.
• the present invention relates to a recombinant adenovirus comprising a DNA sequence coding for the neurotrophic factor derived from the brain (BDNF), its preparation, and its use for the treatment and / or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
• BDNF neurotrophic factor derived from the brain
• the Applicant has now shown that it is possible to construct recombinant adenoviruses containing a sequence coding for BDNF, to administer these recombinant adenoviruses in vivo, and that this administration allows stable and localized expression of therapeutically active amounts of BDNF in vivo. , and in particular in the nervous system, and without cytopathological effect.
• the particularly advantageous properties of the vectors of the invention derive in particular from the construction used (defective adenovirus, deleted from certain viral regions), from the promoter used for the expression of the sequence coding for BDNF (viral promoter or tissue-specific preferably ), and methods of administration of said vector, allowing efficient expression and in appropriate tissues of BDNF.
• the present invention thus provides viral vectors usable directly in gene therapy, particularly suitable and effective for directing the expression of BDNF in vivo.
• the present invention thus offers a particularly advantageous new approach for the treatment and / or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
• a first object of the invention therefore resides in a defective recombinant adenovirus comprising a DNA sequence coding for the neurotrophic factor derived from the brain (BDNF) or a derivative thereof.
• the invention also relates to the use of such a defective recombinant adenovirus for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
• the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) produced in the context of the present invention may be human BDNF or animal BDNF.
• the DNA sequence coding for human BDNF and for rat BDNF has been cloned and sequenced (Maisonpierre et al., Genomics 10 (1991) 558), as well as in particular the sequence coding for pig BDNF (Leibrock et al. ., Nature 341 (1989) 149).
• these sequences Prior to their incorporation into an adenovirus vector according to the invention, these sequences are advantageously modified, for example by site-directed mutagenesis, in particular for the insertion of appropriate restriction sites.
• a DNA sequence coding for the neurotrophic factor derived from the human brain hBDNF
• a construct coding for a derivative of BDNF in particular a derivative of human BDNF.
• Such a derivative includes for example any sequence obtained by mutation, deletion and / or addition with respect to the native sequence, and coding for a product retaining at least one of the biological properties of BDNF (trophic and / or differentiating effect).
• These derivatives are in particular molecules having a greater affinity for their binding sites, sequences allowing an improved expression in vivo, molecules having a greater resistance to proteases, molecules with greater therapeutic efficacy or less side effects, or possibly new biological properties.
• the sequence of the present invention codes for the BDNFpreceded from the pro native region (proBDNF).
• the sequence used also contains a secretion signal making it possible to direct the synthesized BDNF in the secretory pathways of the infected cells, so that the synthesized BDNF is released into the extracellular compartments and can activate its receptors.
• the secretion signal is advantageously the BDNF's own signal. But it can also be a heterologous or even artificial secretion signal.
• the DNA sequence coding for the neurotrophic factor derived from the brain used in the context of the present invention can be a cDNA, a genomic DNA (gDNA), or a hybrid construct consisting for example of a cDNA in which one or more would be inserted. introns. They can also be synthetic or semi-synthetic sequences. It should be noted that in the genomic sequence coding for BDNF, the introns are located in the non-coding regions. Particularly advantageously, a cDNA or a gDNA is used. In particular, the use of a gDNA can allow better expression in human cells.
• the adenovirus therefore comprises a cDNA sequence coding for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
• the adenovirus comprises a gDNA sequence encoding the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
• the DNA sequence codes for proBDNF and, preferably, preproBDNF.
• the sequence coding for BDNF is placed under the control of signals allowing its expression in nerve cells.
• these are heterologous expression signals, that is to say signals different from those naturally responsible for the expression of BDNF. They may in particular be sequences responsible for the expression of other proteins, or synthetic sequences. In particular, they may be promoter sequences of eukaryotic or viral genes.
• they may be promoter sequences originating from the genome of the cell which it is desired to infect.
• they may be promoter sequences originating from the genome of a virus, including the adenovirus used.
• these expression sequences can be modified by adding activation, regulation sequences or allowing tissue-specific expression. It may in fact be particularly advantageous to use expression signals which are active specifically or mainly in nerve cells, so that the DNA sequence is only expressed and produces its effect when the virus has actually infected a nerve cell.
• the invention relates to a defective recombinant adenovirus comprising a cDNA sequence coding for the neurotrophic factor derived from the human brain (hBDNF) under the control of the LTR-RSV promoter.
• the invention relates to a defective recombinant adenovirus comprising a gDNA sequence coding for the neurotrophic factor derived from the human brain (hBDNF) under the control of the LTR-RSV promoter.
• the Applicant has indeed shown that the LTR promoter of the russet sarcoma virus (RSV) allows a lasting and significant expression of BDNF in the cells of the nervous system, in particular central.
• RSV russet sarcoma virus
• the invention relates to a defective recombinant adenovirus comprising a DNA sequence coding for neurotrophic factor derived from the human brain (hBDNF) under the control of a promoter allowing a majority expression in the nervous system.
• hBDNF neurotrophic factor derived from the human brain
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention resides in a defective recombinant adenovirus comprising the ITR sequences, a sequence allowing the packaging, a DNA sequence coding for the factor neurotrophic derivative of the human brain (hBDNF) or a derivative thereof under the control of a promoter allowing predominant expression in the nervous system, and in which the El gene and at least one of the E2, E4, L1-L5 genes is non-functional.
• the defective adenoviruses according to the invention are adenoviruses incapable of replicating autonomously in the target cell.
• the genome of the defective adenoviruses used in the context of the present invention is therefore devoid of at least the sequences necessary for the replication of said virus in the infected cell. These regions can be either eliminated (in whole or in part), or made non-functional, or substituted by other sequences and in particular by the DNA sequence coding for BDNF.
• the defective virus of the invention conserves the sequences of its genome which are necessary for the packaging of the viral particles.
• the genome of the defective recombinant virus according to the invention comprises the ITR sequences, a sequence allowing the packaging, the non-functional E1 gene and at least one of the E2, E4, L1-L5 genes. nonfunctional.
• adenoviruses of type 2 or 5 Ad 2 or Ad 5
• Ad 2 or Ad 5 adenoviruses of animal origin
• adenoviruses of animal origin mention may be made of adenoviruses of canine, bovine, murine origin (example: Mavl, Beard et al., Virology 75 (1990) 81), ovine, porcine , avian or even simian (example: after-sales service).
• the adenovirus of animal origin is a canine adenovirus, more preferably a CAV2 adenovirus [Manhattan strain or A26 / 61 (ATCC VR-800) for example].
• adenoviruses of human or canine or mixed origin are used.
• the defective recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention can be prepared by any technique known to those skilled in the art (Levrero et al., Gene 101 (1991) 195, EP 185 573; Graham, EMBO J. 3 (1984) 2917). In particular, they can be prepared by homologous recombination between an adenovirus and a plasmid carrying inter alia the DNA sequence coding for BDNF. Homologous recombination occurs after co-transfection of said adenovirus and plasmid in a cell line appropriate.
• the cell line used must preferably (i) be transformable by said elements, and (ii), contain the sequences capable of complementing the part of the genome of the defective adenovirus, preferably in integrated form to avoid the risks of recombination.
• a line mention may be made of the human embryonic kidney line 293 (Graham et al, J. Gen. Virol. 36 (1977) 59) which contains, in particular, integrated into its genome, the left part of the genome d '' an Ad5 adenovirus (12%).
• Strategies for constructing vectors derived from adenoviruses have also been described in applications No. FR 93 05954 and FR 93 08596 which are incorporated herein by reference. Then, the adenoviruses which have multiplied are recovered and purified according to conventional techniques of molecular biology, as illustrated in the examples.
• the present invention also relates to any use of an adenovirus as described above for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the treatment and / or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. More particularly, it relates to any use of these adenoviruses for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the treatment and / or prevention of Parkinson's disease, d ⁇ lzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), of the disease Huntington's, epilepsy and vascular dementia.
• Parkinson's disease d ⁇ lzheimer's disease
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more defective recombinant adenoviruses as described above.
• These pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated for topical, oral, parenteral, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraocular, transdermal, etc. administration.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for an injectable formulation, especially for direct injection into the nervous system of the patient. They may in particular be sterile, isotonic solutions, or dry compositions, in particular lyophilized, which, by addition as appropriate of sterilized water or physiological saline, allow the constitution of injectable solutes.
• Direct injection into the patient's nervous system is advantageous because it allows the therapeutic effect to be concentrated in the affected tissues.
• the direct injection into the central nervous system of the patient is advantageously carried out by means of a stereotaxic injection device.
• the use of such a device makes it possible to target with great precision the injection site.
• the invention also relates to a method of treatment of neurodegenerative diseases comprising the administration to a patient of a recombinant adenovirus as defined above. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of treatment of neurodegenerative diseases comprising the stereotaxic administration of a recombinant adenovirus as defined above.
• the doses of defective recombinant adenovirus used for the injection can be adapted according to different parameters, and in particular according to the mode of administration used, the pathology concerned or even the duration of the treatment sought.
• the recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention are formulated and administered in the form of doses of between 10 4 and 10 14 pfu / ml, and preferably 10 6 to 10 10 pfu / ml.
• the term pfu (“plaque forming unit”) corresponds to the infectious power of a virus solution, and is determined by infection of an appropriate cell culture, then measurement, generally after 48 hours, of the number of plaques of infected cells. The techniques for determining the pfu titer of a viral solution are well documented in the literature.
• Another subject of the invention relates to any mammalian cell infected with one or more defective recombinant adenoviruses as described above. More particularly, the invention relates to any population of human cells infected with these adenoviruses. They can in particular be fibroblasts, myoblasts, hepatocytes, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, glial cells, etc.
• the cells according to the invention can come from primary cultures. These can be removed by any technique known to those skilled in the art, then cultured under conditions allowing their proliferation. As regards more particularly fibroblasts, these can be easily obtained from biopsies, for example according to the technique described by Ham [Methods Cell.Biol. 21a (1980) 255]. These cells can be used directly for infection by adenoviruses, or stored, for example by freezing, for the establishment of autologous libraries, for later use. The cells according to the invention can also be secondary cultures, obtained for example from pre-established banks.
• the cultured cells are then infected with recombinant adenoviruses, to give them the capacity to produce BDNF.
• the infection is carried out in vitro according to techniques known to those skilled in the art. In particular, according to the type of cells used and the number of copies of virus per cell desired, the person skilled in the art can adapt the multiplicity of infection and possibly the number of infection cycles performed. It is understood that these steps must be carried out under conditions of appropriate sterility when the cells are intended for administration in vivo.
• the doses of recombinant adenovirus used for the infection of the cells can be adapted by a person skilled in the art according to the aim sought.
• the conditions described above for administration in vivo can be applied to infection in vitro.
• Another subject of the invention relates to an implant comprising mammalian cells infected with one or more defective recombinant adenoviruses as described above, and an extracellular matrix.
• the implants according to the invention comprise 10 ⁇ to 10 * 0 cells. More preferably, they include 10 "at 10 °.
• the extracellular matrix comprises a gelling compound and optionally a support allowing the anchoring of the cells.
• gelling agents are used for the inclusion of cells in a matrix having the constitution of a gel, and to promote the anchoring of the cells on the support, if necessary.
• Different cell adhesion agents can therefore be used as gelling agents, such as in particular collagen, gelatin, glycosaminoglycans, fibronectin, lectins, etc.
• collagen is used. It can be collagen of human, bovine or murine origin. More preferably, type I collagen is used.
• compositions according to the invention advantageously comprise a support allowing the anchoring of the cells.
• anchoring designates any form of biological and / or chemical and / or physical interaction resulting in the adhesion and / or fixing of the cells on the support.
• the cells can either cover the support used, or penetrate inside this support, or both. It is preferred to use within the framework of the invention a solid, non-toxic and / or biocompatible support.
• PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
• the implants according to the invention can be implanted at different sites in the body.
• the implantation can be carried out in the peritoneal cavity, in the subcutaneous tissue (suprapubic region, iliac or inguinal fossa, etc.), in an organ, a muscle, a tumor, the central nervous system , or under a mucous membrane.
• the implants according to the invention are particularly advantageous in that they make it possible to control the release of the therapeutic product in the organism: This is first of all determined by the multiplicity of infection and by the number of cells implanted . Then, the release can be controlled either by the withdrawal of the implant, which definitively stops the treatment, or by the use of regulable expression systems, making it possible to induce or repress the expression of the therapeutic genes.
• the present invention thus provides a very effective means for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. It is particularly suitable for the treatment of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and ALS diseases.
• the adenoviral vectors according to the invention also have significant advantages, linked in particular to their very high efficiency of infection of nerve cells, making it possible to carry out infections from small volumes of viral suspension.
• infection with the adenoviruses of the invention is very localized at the injection site, which avoids the risks of dissemination to neighboring brain structures.
• this treatment can concern both humans and any animal such as sheep, cattle, domestic animals (dogs, cats, etc.), horses, fish, etc.
• sheep, cattle, domestic animals dogs, cats, etc.
• horses fish, etc.
• Figure 1 Representation of the vector pXL2244
• Figure 2 Representation of the vector pSh-Ad-BDNF
• the pBR322, pUC and phage plasmids of the M13 series are of commercial origin (Bethesda Research Laboratories).
• the DNA fragments can be separated according to their size by electrophoresis in agarose or acrylamide gels, extracted with phenol or with a phenol / chloroform mixture, precipitated with ethanol and then incubated in the presence of the DNA ligase from phage T4 (Biolabs) according to the supplier's recommendations.
• the filling of the protruding 5 ′ ends can be carried out by the Klenow fragment of DNA Polymerase I of E. coli (Biolabs) according to the supplier's specifications.
• the destruction of the protruding 3 ′ ends is carried out in the presence of the DNA polymerase of phage T4 (Biolabs) used according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
• the destruction of the protruding 5 ′ ends is carried out by gentle treatment with nuclease SI.
• Mutagenesis directed in vitro by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides can be carried out according to the method developed by Taylor et al. [Nucleic Acids Res. 23.
• Verification of the nucleotide sequences can be carried out by the method developed by Sanger et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74 (1977) 5463-5467] using the kit distributed by Amersham.
• Example 1 Construction of the vector pSh-Ad-BDNF.
• This example describes the construction of a vector comprising a DNA sequence coding for BDNF under the control of a promoter constituted by the LTR of the rous sarcoma virus (LTR-RSV).
• the plasmid pXL2244 contains the ApoAI cDNA under the control of the RSV virus LTR promoter, as well as sequences of the Ad5 adenovirus (FIG. 1). It was built by inserting a Clal-EcoRV fragment containing the cDNA encoding preproApoAI in the vector pLTR RSV- ⁇ gal
• Oligonucleotide 3 ' 5 -AATATAATCTAGACAACATAAATCC-3' (SEQ ID n ° 4)
• This example describes the construction of the vector pSh-Ad-BDNF containing the sequence coding for prepro-BDNF under the control of the RSV virus LTR, as well as sequences of the Ad5 adenovirus allowing recombination in vivo.
• the vector pCRII-BDNF was digested with the enzymes ClaI and Kpn1, and the resulting 0.85 kb fragment containing the coding sequence for prepro-BDNF was then isolated and purified by electrophoresis on an LMP agarose gel ( "Low Melting Point").
• the vector pXL2244 was digested with the same restriction enzymes Clal and Kpnl, then precipitated after inactivation of the latter.
• the resulting linear vector, previously isolated and purified by electrophoresis on an agarose gel, and the 0.85 kb fragment were then ligated to generate the vector pSh-Ad-BDNF (FIG. 2).
• Example 2 Construction of the vector pSh-Ad-BDNFtag.
• This example describes the construction of a second vector comprising a fusion DNA sequence coding for BDNF under the control of a promoter constituted by the LTR of the russet sarcoma virus (LTR-RSV).
• LTR-RSV the russet sarcoma virus
• Generation of the fusion DNA In this example, an alternative form of the DNA sequence coding for prepro-BDNF was constructed. This form was obtained by insertion, at the 3 'terminal end of the sequence described in Example 1.2., Of a sequence coding for an epitope of seven amino acids (tag) recognized by a commercially available antibody (IBI, Integra Biosciences, Eaubonne, France). The sequence of the region thus merged is as follows (SEQ ID No. 5):
• the sequence thus obtained was then subcloned into the plasmid pCRII (Invitrogen) to generate the plasmid pCRII-BDNFtag.
• This example describes the construction of the vector pSh-Ad-BDNFtag containing the fusion sequence coding for prepro-BDNF under the control of the RSV virus LTR, as well as sequences of the Ad5 adenovirus allowing recombination in vivo.
• the vector pCRII-BDNFtag was digested with the enzymes ClaI and Kpnl, and the resulting 0.87 kb fragment containing the coding sequence for the prepro-BDNFtag was then isolated and purified by electrophoresis on an LMP agarose gel ( "Low Melting Point").
• the vector pXL2244 (Example 1.1.) was digested with the same restriction enzymes Clal and Kpnl, then precipitated after inactivation of the latter.
• the resulting linear vector, previously isolated and purified by electrophoresis on an agarose gel, and the 0.87 kb fragment were then ligated to generate the vector pSh-Ad-BDNFtag.
• the capacity of the vectors pSh-Ad-BDNF and pSh-Ad-BDNFtag to express on cell culture a biologically active form of BDNF has been demonstrated by transient transfection of COS1 cells.
• the cells (2.10 ⁇ cells per dish 10 cm in diameter) were transfected (8 ⁇ g of vector) in the presence of Transfectam. After 48 hours, the cell culture supernatant was harvested. Serial dilutions (1/200 and 1/50) of this supernatant were then added to primary cultures of septal neurons (Hefti et al. In Dissection and Tissue cultures: Manual of the Nervous System (1989) 172, Alan R Liss, Inc).
• the trophic effect (cell survival and neuritic growth) on these cultures was observed after staining, and the differentiating effect by assaying the expression of the enzyme choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), according to the technique described by Fonnum (J Neurochem. 24 (1975) 407).
• ChAT choline acetyl transferase
• the vector pSh-Ad-BDNF was linearized and cotransfected with a deficient adenoviral vector, in helper cells (line 293) providing in trans the functions coded by the E1 (E1A and E1B) regions of adenovirus.
• the adenovirus Ad-BDNF was obtained by homologous in vivo recombination between the mutant adenovirus Ad-dll324 (Thimmappaya et al., Cell 31 (1982) 543) and the vector pSh-Ad-BDNF, according to the protocol. following: the plasmid pSh-Ad-BDNF and the adenovirus Ad-dll324, linearized by the enzyme Clal, were co-transfected in line 293 in the presence of calcium phosphate, to allow homologous recombination. The recombinant adenoviruses thus generated were selected by plaque purification.
• the DNA of the recombinant adenovirus was amplified in the cell line 293, which leads to a culture supernatant containing the unpurified recombinant defective adenovirus having a titre of approximately 10 10 pfu / ml.
• the viral particles are then purified by centrifugation on a cesium chloride gradient according to known techniques (see in particular Graham et al., Virology 52 (1973) 456).
• the Ad-BDNF adenovirus can be stored at -80 ° C in 20% glycerol.
• Ad-BDNFtag adenovirus was constructed according to the same protocol as the Ad-BDNF adenovirus, but using the vector pSh-Ad-BDNFtag as a starting vector.
• Ad-BDNF adenovirus The capacity of the Ad-BDNF adenovirus to infect cells in culture and to express in the culture medium a biologically active form of BDNF has been demonstrated by infection of the human 293 and rat PC12 lines. The presence of active BDNF in the culture supernatant was then determined under the same conditions as in Example 3.
• This example describes the transfer of the BDNF gene in vivo using an adenoviral vector according to the invention. It shows on an animal model of the fimbria- fornix lesion, that the vectors of the invention make it possible to induce the expression in vivo of therapeutic quantities of BDNF.
• the septo-hippocampal pathway (fimbria- fornix) was cut in the left hemisphere. This mechanical injury was performed using a retractable surgical knife.
• the stereotaxic coordinates used for this purpose are, relative to the bregma: AP: -1.7; ML: +1.5; V: -5.5 to -0.5.
• the recombinant adenovirus BDNF was injected immediately after the lesion, in the median nucleus of the septum and in the dorsal part of the deafferated hippocampus (hippocampus on the side of the lesion). More particularly, the adenovirus injected is the adenovirus Ad-BDNF prepared in Example 4.1., Used in purified form
• the injections are carried out using a cannula (outside diameter 280 ⁇ m) connected to a pump.
• the injection speed is fixed at 0.5 ⁇ l / min, after which the cannula remains in place for an additional 4 minutes before being reassembled.
• the Injection volumes into the hippocampus and the septum are 3 ⁇ l and 2 ⁇ l respectively.
• the concentration of adenovirus injected is 3.5. 10 ⁇ pfu / ⁇ l.
• the cannula has an angle of 9 degrees relative to vertical (in the medio-lateral direction) in order to avoid the median venous sinus.
• the therapeutic effects of the administration of the adenovirus according to the invention have been demonstrated by three types of analysis: a histological and immunohistochemical analysis, a quantitative analysis and a behavioral analysis.
• the mechanical lesion of the fimbria-fornix induces a loss of cholinergic neurons (revealed in immunohistology by an anti-choline acetyl transferase antibody, ChAT) in the median septum, as well as cholinergic denervation in the hippocampus (detected in histochemistry by activity acetyl choline esterase, AChE).
• ChAT anti-choline acetyl transferase antibody
• AChE activity acetyl choline esterase
• the brain is cut in a cryomat according to the coronal plane: serial coronal cuts of 30 ⁇ m thickness are made over the entire length of the median septum and at the anterior, median and posterior levels of the seahorse.
• serial coronal cuts of 30 ⁇ m thickness are made over the entire length of the median septum and at the anterior, median and posterior levels of the seahorse.
• sections spaced 180 ⁇ m apart (1 section out of 6) are stained with cresyl violet (to assess neuronal density) and immunolabeled with an anti-ChAT antibody (Biochem) (to identify cholinergic neurons).
• the immunohistochemical method is that of streptavidin-biotin peroxidase revealed by DAB.
• For the hippocampus, sections spaced 180 ⁇ m apart are stained using the histochemical method for AChE (acetyl choline esterase) in order to detect cholinergic innervation. The sections are mounted on glass slides.
• the number of cholinergic neurons (ChAT positive) in the middle septum is the parameter used to assess the effects of the Ad-BDNF adenovirus.
• the counting is carried out on a sample (1 cut out of 6 over the entire length of the median septum). For each section, the positive CHAT neurons are counted separately from the 2 sides of the septum. The cumulative results for all sections are expressed by the ratio of the number of positive ChAT neurons on the injured side to the number of positive ChAT neurons on the uninjured side.
• This example describes the transfer of the BDNF gene in vivo using an adenoviral vector according to the invention. It shows on an animal model of the nigro-striated pathway lesion, that the vectors of the invention make it possible to induce the expression in vivo of therapeutic quantities of BDNF.
• the nigro-striated pathway was injured at the level of the median mesencephalic bundle (MFB) by injection of the toxin 6-hydroxy dopamine (6OH-DA).
• MFB median mesencephalic bundle
• 6OH-DA 6-hydroxy dopamine 6-hydroxy dopamine
• This chemical injury by injection was unilateral, according to the following stereotaxic coordinates: AP: 0 and -1; ML: +1.6; V: -8.6 and -9 (the AP and ML coordinates are determined relative to the bregma, the V coordinate relative to the dura mater).
• the incisor bar is fixed at the +5 mm level.
• the recombinant adenovirus BDNF was injected immediately after the lesion into the substantia nigra and the striatum on the side of the lesion. More particularly, the adenovirus injected is the adenovirus Ad-BDNF prepared in Example 4.1., Used in purified form (3.5 10 "pfu / ⁇ l), in a saline phosphate solution (PBS).
• PBS saline phosphate solution
• the injections were carried out using a cannula (outside diameter 280 ⁇ m) connected to a pump.
• the injection speed is fixed at 0.5 ⁇ l / min, after which the cannula remains in place for an additional 4 minutes before being reassembled.
• the injection volumes into the striatum and the substantia nigra are respectively 2x3 ⁇ l and
• the concentration of adenovirus injected is 3.5. 10 ° " pfu / ⁇ l.
• the therapeutic effects of the administration of the adenovirus according to the invention have been demonstrated by three types of analysis: a histological and immunohistochemical analysis, a quantitative analysis and a behavioral analysis. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis
• the chemical lesion of the nigro-striated pathway induces neuronal loss in the substantia nigra as well as dopaminergic denervation in the striatum (revealed in immunohistology by an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, TH antibody).
• the histological analysis of the injected brains is carried out 3 weeks after the intracerebral injection of the adenovirus Ad-BDNF under the conditions described in example 6.
• the serial coronal sections of 30 ⁇ m thickness are carried out in black matter and the striatum.
• the number of dopaminergic neurons (TH positive) in the substantia nigra is the parameter for evaluating the effects of the adenovirus Ad-BDNF.
• the counting is carried out on a sample (1 section out of 6 over the entire length of the black substance). For each section, TH positive neurons are counted separately from the 2 sides of the substantia nigra. The cumulative results for all sections are expressed in proportion: number of positive TH neurons on the injured side compared to the number of positive TH neurons on the uninjured side.
• Ad-BDNF on the lesion of the nigro-striated pathway the sensorimotor performances of the animals are analyzed during 2 behavioral tests: the rotation test induced by dopaminergic agonists (apomorphine, amphetamine and levodopa), and the test gripping ("paw-reaching").
• This example describes the transfer of the BDNF gene in vivo using an adenoviral vector according to the invention. It shows on an animal model of the perforating pathway lesion, that the vectors of the invention make it possible to induce the expression in vivo of therapeutic quantities of BDNF. On rats previously anesthetized, the entorhino-hippocampal route
• the recombinant BDNF adenovirus is injected immediately after the lesion, either at the level of the lesion, or at the level of the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. More particularly, the adenovirus injected is the adenovirus Ad-BDNF prepared in Example 4.1., Used in purified form (3.5 10 ⁇ pfu / ⁇ l), in a saline phosphate solution (PBS).
• PBS saline phosphate solution
• the injections were carried out using a cannula (outside diameter 280 ⁇ m) connected to a pump.
• the injection speed is fixed at 0.5 ⁇ l / min, after which the cannula remains in place for an additional 4 minutes before being reassembled.
• the injection volumes into the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex and the site of lesion of the perforating tract are 3 ⁇ l, 2 ⁇ l and 2 ⁇ l respectively.
• the concentration of adenovirus injected is 3.5. 10 ⁇ pfu / ⁇ l.
• NAME RHONE-POULENC RORER S.A.

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