EP0716993B1 - Method for destacking non ferromagnetical plates and installation for carrying out the method - Google Patents

Method for destacking non ferromagnetical plates and installation for carrying out the method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0716993B1
EP0716993B1 EP19950119278 EP95119278A EP0716993B1 EP 0716993 B1 EP0716993 B1 EP 0716993B1 EP 19950119278 EP19950119278 EP 19950119278 EP 95119278 A EP95119278 A EP 95119278A EP 0716993 B1 EP0716993 B1 EP 0716993B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blank
compressed air
stack
nozzles
upwards
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19950119278
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0716993A1 (en
Inventor
Berthold Keller
Karl-Heinz Worm
Armin Böttcher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Umformtechnik Erfurt GmbH
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Umformtechnik Erfurt GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Umformtechnik Erfurt GmbH filed Critical Umformtechnik Erfurt GmbH
Publication of EP0716993A1 publication Critical patent/EP0716993A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0716993B1 publication Critical patent/EP0716993B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65HHANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H3/00Separating articles from piles
    • B65H3/08Separating articles from piles using pneumatic force
    • B65H3/0808Suction grippers
    • B65H3/0816Suction grippers separating from the top of pile
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65HHANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H3/00Separating articles from piles
    • B65H3/46Supplementary devices or measures to assist separation or prevent double feed
    • B65H3/48Air blast acting on edges of, or under, articles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for unstacking non-ferromagnetic boards by means of vertical and horizontal movably arranged suction pads according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device for Execution of the procedure.
  • the invention is based on the problem of specifying a method and a device for carrying out the method according to which a functionally reliable, low-noise and inexpensive unstacking of boards made of non-ferromagnetic materials by means of compressed air is possible without mechanical influences on the boards, a high back pressure being generated and the direction of the air jet should also act on the board to be lifted during the lifting stroke of the suction pad.
  • the method can be implemented by the method steps mentioned in the characterizing part of patent claim 1. Further advantageous embodiments of the method are described in claims 2 to 6.
  • a device for performing the method can be implemented by the features described in the characterizing part of claim 7.
  • the features of claims 8 and 9 relate to further detailed configurations of the device.
  • the compressed air nozzle can also be automated for the respective board stack change.
  • the unstacking device (FIG. 1) consists of a simple one Execution from a frame-shaped frame 1 with in Transport direction extending guide rails 2, which a carriage 3 is slidably mounted. Of the The carriage 3 is driven by mechanical Coupling with the drive of the transfer device Press 9 or by means of a separate drive motor in known way. In the carriage 3 is one with suction cups 4 equipped traverse 5 by means of a separate drive and lowered. Below the suction pad 4 is at least one loaded with a stack of boards 20 Stacking trolley or stacking table 7 with a lifting device 8 intended. The stanchions 6 are firmly on the frame of the Stacking table 7. The lifting device 8 lifts the Circuit board stack 20 and leads it continuously during processing so that the tap level is as constant as possible is held. The stanchions 6 have at their upper end preferably each a pivotable compressed air nozzle 10.
  • the lever 12 has a pneumatic pivot bearing 13 in its bearing point.
  • the nozzle mouthpiece 14 is specially designed and is displaceably mounted on the lever 12.
  • a compression spring 15 pushes it to the left to the stack of blanks 20.
  • the cross pin 16 holds the nozzle mouthpiece 14 in its end position facing the stack of blanks 20 and serves the compression spring 15 as an abutment.
  • An elongated hole is made for the cross pin 16 within the nozzle mouthpiece 14 in order to realize the displaceability of the nozzle mouthpiece 14.
  • the nozzle contour 14 is designed in its outer contours so that the sealing surface 17 runs parallel to the outer edge of the stack of boards 20 and the bearing surface 18 comes to rest on the board stack 20, as shown in position I in Figure 3.
  • the suction gripper 4 lifts the circuit board or several circuit boards into the control position (display of the control position with switch 11) and thus the compressed air nozzle 10 in position II. With a further upward stroke, the compressed air nozzle 10 arrives in position III, in which the circuit board bypasses it and from which pivots out of the compressed air nozzle 10 again by its own weight.
  • the sloping surface 19 of the nozzle mouthpiece 14 slides onto the stack edge and pushes the nozzle mouthpiece 14 back until the sealing surface 17 abuts the outer surface of the stack.
  • the compressed air nozzle 10 pivots further down until the support surface 18 rests on the stack surface.
  • the outlet opening for the air jet in the nozzle mouthpiece 14 is preferably elongated, so that a Air jet vane is created.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Entstapeln von nichtferromagnetischen Platinen mittels vertikal und horizontal bewegbar angeordneten Sauggreifern gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 sowie eine Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens. The invention relates to a method for unstacking non-ferromagnetic boards by means of vertical and horizontal movably arranged suction pads according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device for Execution of the procedure.

Beim Abheben der Platinen von einem Stapel besteht das Problem, daß gleichzeitig mehrere aneinanderhaftende Platinen - sogenannte Doppelplatinen - durch die Sauggreifer erfaßt, vom Stapel abgehoben und der Presse zugeführt werden. Um das Abnehmen von Doppelplatinen zu vermeiden, ist es erforderlich, die Adhäsionskräfte zwischen den aneinanderhaftenden Platinen wesentlich zu reduzieren bzw. aufzuheben und ggf. bei der Trennung der Platinen zu erreichen, daß zwischen den Platinen Luft einströmen kann. Mechanische Verhakungen durch den Schnittgrat sind ebenfalls aufzuheben.
Zum Entstapeln ferromagnetischer Platinen ist es bekannt (DE-A-42 02 379), im oberen Bereich der Platinenstapel als Elektromagnete oder Permanentmagnete ausgeführte Spreizmagnete anzuordnen, die durch den Aufbau von sich gegenseitig abstoßenden Magnetfeldern ein zuverlässiges Trennen der jeweils oberen Platinen vom Stapel gewährleisten. Derartige Lösungen sind für das Entstapeln von nichtferromagnetischen Platinen nicht anwendbar.
Das Vereinzeln und Entstapeln von nichtferromagnetischen Platinen erfolgt bei bekannten Lösungen der vorstehend genannten Art (DE-C-12 33 330, DE-A-28 00 381, EP-A-0 190 754) durch die Übertragung von Schwingungen (bzw. einer Rüttelbewegung) über die Sauggreifer auf die Platinen, ggf. unterstützt durch ein zeitweises Anblasen der Stapelkante mittels eines Druckluftstrahles.
Bei der letztgenannten Lösung (EP-A-0 190 754) wird auch vorgeschlagen, durch Umbiegen eines Kantenabschnittes der obersten Platine und Richten eines Luftstromes auf den umgebogenen Abschnitt während des Zurückführens in die Ebene eine Trennung von Doppelplatinen zu erreichen.
Nachteilig wirkt es sich bei diesen Lösungen aus, daß die durch die Schwingungen erreichbaren geringen Lösekräfte bei fest aneinander haftenden Platinen nicht in jedem Fall ausreichen, um eine zuverlässige Trennung zu erreichen. Das gleiche trifft auch für das zusätzliche Anblasen der Stapelkante mittels eines Druckluftstrahles zu, so daß trotz eines hohen Aufwandes ein kontinuierliches Arbeiten derartiger Einrichtungen nicht gewährleistet ist. Das zeitweise Umbiegen eines Kantenabschnittes der obersten Platine ist aufgrund der Federeigenschaften nur bei sehr dünnen Platinen anwendbar.
Der Erfindung liegt das Problem zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens anzugeben, nach dem ein funktionssicheres, lärmarmes und kostengünstiges Entstapeln von Platinen aus nichtferromagnetischen Werkstoffen mittels Druckluft ohne mechanische Einwirkungen auf die Platinen möglich ist, wobei ein hoher Staudruck erzeugt werden und der Luftstrahl richtungsveränderlich auch während des Hebehubes des Sauggreifers auf die zu hebende Platine wirken soll.
When lifting the blanks from a stack, there is the problem that a plurality of blended blanks - so-called double blanks - are gripped by the suction pads, lifted off the stack and fed to the press. In order to avoid the removal of double boards, it is necessary to substantially reduce or eliminate the adhesive forces between the boards adhering to one another and, if necessary, to achieve that when the boards are separated, air can flow in between the boards. Mechanical entanglement through the cutting ridge must also be removed.
For unstacking ferromagnetic boards, it is known (DE-A-42 02 379) to arrange spreading magnets designed as electromagnets or permanent magnets in the upper area of the board stack, which ensure reliable separation of the respective top boards from the stack by the construction of mutually repelling magnetic fields. Such solutions cannot be used for unstacking nonferromagnetic boards.
In known solutions of the aforementioned type (DE-C-12 33 330, DE-A-28 00 381, EP-A-0 190 754), the separation and de-stacking of nonferromagnetic boards takes place by the transmission of vibrations (or a shaking movement) ) via the suction pads on the boards, if necessary supported by temporarily blowing the edge of the stack with a compressed air jet.
In the latter solution (EP-A-0 190 754) it is also proposed to achieve a separation of double boards by bending an edge section of the uppermost board and directing an air stream onto the bent section while returning to the plane.
A disadvantage of these solutions is that the low release forces that can be achieved by the vibrations are not sufficient in all cases in the case of boards adhering firmly to one another in order to achieve a reliable separation. The same also applies to the additional blowing on the stack edge by means of a compressed air jet, so that despite such a high outlay, continuous operation of such devices is not guaranteed. The temporary bending of an edge section of the top board can only be used with very thin boards due to the spring properties.
The invention is based on the problem of specifying a method and a device for carrying out the method according to which a functionally reliable, low-noise and inexpensive unstacking of boards made of non-ferromagnetic materials by means of compressed air is possible without mechanical influences on the boards, a high back pressure being generated and the direction of the air jet should also act on the board to be lifted during the lifting stroke of the suction pad.

Erfindungsgemäß ist das Verfahren durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruchs 1 genannten Verfahrensschritte realisierbar. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen des Verfahrens sind in den Ansprüchen 2 bis 6 beschrieben. Eine Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ist durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 7 beschriebenen Merkmale realisierbar. Die Merkmale der Ansprüche 8 und 9 betreffen weitere detaillierte Ausgestaltungen der Einrichtung.
Für den jeweiligen Platinenstapelwechsel ist die Druckluftdüse auch automatisierbar.
According to the invention, the method can be implemented by the method steps mentioned in the characterizing part of patent claim 1. Further advantageous embodiments of the method are described in claims 2 to 6. A device for performing the method can be implemented by the features described in the characterizing part of claim 7. The features of claims 8 and 9 relate to further detailed configurations of the device.
The compressed air nozzle can also be automated for the respective board stack change.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend an einem Ausführungsbeispiel näher erläutert. Die zugehörigen Zeichnungen zeigen:

Fig. 1:
eine schematische Darstellung der Einrichtung in der Seitenansicht,
Fig. 2:
die Einrichtung nach Fig. 1 in der Draufsicht,
Fig. 3:
Schnittdarstellung der Druckluftdüse
The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. The associated drawings show:
Fig. 1:
a schematic representation of the device in side view,
Fig. 2:
1 in top view,
Fig. 3:
Sectional view of the compressed air nozzle

Die Entstapeleinrichtung (Fig. 1) besteht in einer einfachen Ausführung aus einem rahmenförmigen Gestell 1 mit in Transportrichtung verlaufenden Führungsschienen 2, auf denen ein Schlitten 3 verschiebbar gelagert ist. Der Antrieb des Schlittens 3 erfolgt durch mechanische Koppelung mit dem Antrieb der Transfereinrichtung der Presse 9 oder mittels eines separaten Antriebsmotors in bekannter Weise. Im Schlitten 3 ist eine mit Sauggreifern 4 bestückte Traverse 5 mittels eines separaten Antriebes heb- und und senkbar gelagert. Unterhalb des Sauggreifers 4 ist mindestens ein mit einem Platinenstapel 20 beladener Stapelwagen bzw. Stapeltisch 7 mit einer Hubeinrichtung 8 vorgesehen. Die Rungen 6 stehen fest auf dem Rahmen des Stapeltisches 7. Die Hubeinrichtung 8 hebt den Platinenstapel 20 an und führt ihn bei Abarbeitung ständig nach, so daß ein möglichst konstantes Abgriffniveau gehalten wird. Die Rungen 6 besitzen an ihrem oberen Ende vorzugsweise je eine schwenkbare Druckluftdüse 10. The unstacking device (FIG. 1) consists of a simple one Execution from a frame-shaped frame 1 with in Transport direction extending guide rails 2, which a carriage 3 is slidably mounted. Of the The carriage 3 is driven by mechanical Coupling with the drive of the transfer device Press 9 or by means of a separate drive motor in known way. In the carriage 3 is one with suction cups 4 equipped traverse 5 by means of a separate drive and lowered. Below the suction pad 4 is at least one loaded with a stack of boards 20 Stacking trolley or stacking table 7 with a lifting device 8 intended. The stanchions 6 are firmly on the frame of the Stacking table 7. The lifting device 8 lifts the Circuit board stack 20 and leads it continuously during processing so that the tap level is as constant as possible is held. The stanchions 6 have at their upper end preferably each a pivotable compressed air nozzle 10.

In Fig. 3 sind die Einzelheiten der Druckluftdüse 10 dargestellt. Der Hebel 12 besitzt in seinem Lagerpunkt ein pneumatisches Schwenklager 13. Das Düsenmundstück 14 ist speziell gestaltet und auf dem Hebel 12 verschiebbar gelagert. Eine Druckfeder 15 schiebt es nach links zum Platinenstapel 20. Der Querstift 16 hält das Düsenmundstück 14 in seiner dem Platinenstapel 20 zugewandten Endlage und dient der Druckfeder 15 als Widerlager.
Innerhalb des Düsenmundstückes 14 ist für den Querstift 16 ein Langloch eingebracht, um die Verschiebbarkeit des Düsenmundstückes 14 zu realisieren. Das Düsenmundstück 14 ist in seinen äußeren Konturen so gestaltet, daß die Dichtfläche 17 parallel zur Außenkante des Platinenstapels 20 verläuft und die Auflagefläche 18 auf dem Platinenstapel 20 zur Auflage kommt, wie in der Stellung I in Figur 3 dargestellt. Der Sauggreifer 4 hebt die Platine bzw. mehrere Platinen in die Kontrollstellung (Anzeige der Kontrollstellung mit Schalter 11) und damit die Druckluftdüse 10 in Stellung II. Bei weiterem Aufwärtshub gelangt die Druckluftdüse 10 in Stellung III, in der die Platine an ihr vorbeigeleitet und von der aus die Druckluftdüse 10 durch Eigengewicht wieder nach unten schwenkt. Dabei gleitet die schräge Fläche 19 des Düsenmundstückes 14 auf die Stapelkante und schiebt das Düsenmundstück 14 so weit zurück bis die Dichtfläche 17 an der Stapelaußenfläche anliegt. Die Druckluftdüse 10 schwenkt weiter nach unten bis die Auflagefläche 18 erneut auf der Stapeloberfläche aufliegt.
3 shows the details of the compressed air nozzle 10. The lever 12 has a pneumatic pivot bearing 13 in its bearing point. The nozzle mouthpiece 14 is specially designed and is displaceably mounted on the lever 12. A compression spring 15 pushes it to the left to the stack of blanks 20. The cross pin 16 holds the nozzle mouthpiece 14 in its end position facing the stack of blanks 20 and serves the compression spring 15 as an abutment.
An elongated hole is made for the cross pin 16 within the nozzle mouthpiece 14 in order to realize the displaceability of the nozzle mouthpiece 14. The nozzle contour 14 is designed in its outer contours so that the sealing surface 17 runs parallel to the outer edge of the stack of boards 20 and the bearing surface 18 comes to rest on the board stack 20, as shown in position I in Figure 3. The suction gripper 4 lifts the circuit board or several circuit boards into the control position (display of the control position with switch 11) and thus the compressed air nozzle 10 in position II. With a further upward stroke, the compressed air nozzle 10 arrives in position III, in which the circuit board bypasses it and from which pivots out of the compressed air nozzle 10 again by its own weight. The sloping surface 19 of the nozzle mouthpiece 14 slides onto the stack edge and pushes the nozzle mouthpiece 14 back until the sealing surface 17 abuts the outer surface of the stack. The compressed air nozzle 10 pivots further down until the support surface 18 rests on the stack surface.

Die Austrittsöffnung für den Luftstrahl im Düsenmundstück 14 ist vorzugsweise länglich gestaltet, so daß eine Luftstrahlfahne entsteht. The outlet opening for the air jet in the nozzle mouthpiece 14 is preferably elongated, so that a Air jet vane is created.

Claims (9)

  1. A method of destacking non-ferromagnetic blanks, in which the blanks are lifted off the blank stack (20) by means of vacuum grippers (4) arranged so as to be vertically and horizontally mobile and are optionally supplied by means of further intermediate conveyors to the tool area of a press (9) or other processing machine, characterised in that, prior to removal of the uppermost blank from the blank stack (20), a plurality of positionable nozzles (10) blast compressed air at the parting line between the uppermost blank and the one located therebelow and, after removal of the uppermost blank, during the upwards stroke of the vacuum gripper (4), effect an upwards swivelling movement, whereby the parting line is blasted from a different direction.
  2. A method according to claim 1, characterised in that vertically swivellable compressed air nozzles (10) are arranged on the uprights (6), the displaceable nozzle mouthpieces (14) of which nozzles (10) may be accurately positioned on the uppermost blank by means of a bearing surface (18), such that the compressed air jet is blasted between the uppermost and subsequent blank and, during the lifting process carried out by the vacuum grippers (4), the compressed air nozzles (10) are swivelled upwards by means of the bearing surface (18) until the respective bearing surface (18) brushes downwards past the outer edge of the blank and rests itself once again on the next blank, the respective nozzle mouthpiece (14) thereby positioning itself.
  3. A method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that, to increase the effect of the compressed air, lateral escape of the compressed air from the blank stack (20) is extensively prevented by positioning the compressed air nozzle (10) flat against the blank stack (20).
  4. A method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the upwards movement of the vacuum gripper (4) starts at low speed, such that sufficient time is available for penetration of the air between the uppermost and subsequent blank.
  5. A method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the separating process effected during the upwards stroke when the nozzles (10) are blasting compressed air from a different direction is concluded only when measurement of sheet thickness indicates that only a single blank is held by the vacuum gripper (4).
  6. A method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the vacuum gripper (4) effects its upwards stroke initially only as far as a check height indicated by an electrical or pneumatic signal, at which height the sheet thickness measurement is carried out and the compressed air nozzles (10) are still engaged and from which alternating stroke movements are effected if additional tenacious blanks have to blasted or shaken off, the vacuum gripper (4) then continuing its upwards stroke as far as the end position.
  7. An apparatus for carrying out the method according to claim 1, comprising at least one elevating device (8), which raises the blank stack (20) guided in uprights (6) and thus keeps the stack surface at pick-off level, with a tolerance of ca. ± 10 mm, and comprising a vacuum gripper (4), movable at least vertically, for lifting the blanks off the blank stack (20) and raising them towards a suction belt lying thereabove or conveying them to a transfer point, characterised in that vertically swivelling compressed air nozzles (10) are arranged on the uprights (6), which nozzles (10) have nozzle mouthpieces (14) arranged displaceably on a lever (12), wherein the nozzle mouthpieces (14) comprise, in addition to the vertically elongate air outlet opening, a bearing surface (18), a sealing surface (17) and an oblique surface (19) on the blank stack side.
  8. An apparatus according to claim 7, characterised in that the sealing surface (17) is pressed against the respective outer edge face of the blank stack (20) with low spring and compressed air force.
  9. An apparatus according to claim 7, characterised in that drive of the upwards movement of the vacuum gripper (4) is effected pneumatically or hydraulically by a controlled servo or flow control valve or electrically by a servomotor or a reversible-pole electric motor.
EP19950119278 1994-12-16 1995-12-07 Method for destacking non ferromagnetical plates and installation for carrying out the method Expired - Lifetime EP0716993B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19944444963 DE4444963C2 (en) 1994-12-16 1994-12-16 Process for unstacking non-ferromagnetic boards and device for carrying out the process
DE4444963 1994-12-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0716993A1 EP0716993A1 (en) 1996-06-19
EP0716993B1 true EP0716993B1 (en) 1998-05-06

Family

ID=6536055

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19950119278 Expired - Lifetime EP0716993B1 (en) 1994-12-16 1995-12-07 Method for destacking non ferromagnetical plates and installation for carrying out the method

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0716993B1 (en)
DE (1) DE4444963C2 (en)
ES (1) ES2116031T3 (en)

Families Citing this family (10)

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DE19950078A1 (en) * 1999-10-18 2001-04-26 Thyssenkrupp Ind Ag Preparing components used in the production of metal sheets by laser welding comprises using an apparatus that stacks components from different stacks
DE10162047C1 (en) * 2001-12-17 2003-04-03 Audi Ag Billet handling device for inserting steel sheet billet into a press comprises a manipulating crane having a vertical base pillar, an elbow arm, a manipulator and a vacuum gripper
DE102005020301B4 (en) * 2005-04-30 2015-10-29 Volkswagen Ag A destacking apparatus for separating boards from a stack of boards and method for operating a destacking device
DE102006014136C5 (en) * 2006-03-28 2017-01-12 Rena Gmbh Machine for destacking disc-shaped substrates
CN103879780A (en) * 2014-03-25 2014-06-25 宁波摩科机器人科技有限公司 Wafer loading device
CN104003193B (en) * 2014-06-12 2016-04-06 山东省科学院自动化研究所 A kind of based on swinging abrasive wheel forming movement circle punching press automatic charging device
JP2016011178A (en) * 2014-06-27 2016-01-21 三星ダイヤモンド工業株式会社 Method and device for conveying brittle material substrate
CN109433886A (en) * 2018-10-12 2019-03-08 苏州峦胜机械科技有限公司 Stamping device is used in a kind of processing of auto parts and components
DE102020209531A1 (en) 2020-07-29 2022-02-03 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Spreading device for separating sheets
DE102022105125A1 (en) * 2022-03-04 2023-09-07 TRUMPF Werkzeugmaschinen SE + Co. KG Process and device for separating workpieces

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US3627308A (en) * 1970-05-25 1971-12-14 Eastman Kodak Co Sheet separator
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2116031T3 (en) 1998-07-01
DE4444963A1 (en) 1996-06-20
DE4444963C2 (en) 1997-12-18
EP0716993A1 (en) 1996-06-19

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