EP0711001B1 - Dispositifs à surface sélective en fréquence - Google Patents

Dispositifs à surface sélective en fréquence Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0711001B1
EP0711001B1 EP95306717A EP95306717A EP0711001B1 EP 0711001 B1 EP0711001 B1 EP 0711001B1 EP 95306717 A EP95306717 A EP 95306717A EP 95306717 A EP95306717 A EP 95306717A EP 0711001 B1 EP0711001 B1 EP 0711001B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frequency selective
band
selective surface
reflection
resonant
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95306717A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0711001A3 (fr
EP0711001A2 (fr
Inventor
Robert Cahill
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Matra Marconi Space UK Ltd
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Matra Marconi Space UK Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H01Q15/0026—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices having a stacked geometry or having multiple layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H01Q15/0033—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective used for beam splitting or combining, e.g. acting as a quasi-optical multiplexer

Definitions

  • This invention relates to frequency selective surface devices for separating or combining two channels of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Each channel so separated or combined may in turn be sub-divided or sub-combined using another frequency selective surface device of the kind to which the invention relates, or using another type of separator or combiner.
  • FIG. 1 One example of a frequency selective surface is shown in Figure 1.
  • Incoming energy having spot frequencies f 1 and f 2 is separated at the frequency selective surface 1 into a reflected beam f 2 and a transmitted beam f 1 .
  • the frequency selective surface in Figure 1 separates the two frequencies f 1 and f 2 .
  • the device is reciprocal and can be used for combining frequencies f 1 and f 2 if the directions of incidence are reversed.
  • a possible frequency response for such a frequency selective surface 1 is shown in Figure 2.
  • the transmission band is defined as the band of frequencies over which in excess of 90% of the incident energy is transmitted
  • the reflection band is defined as the band over which in excess of 90% of the incident energy is reflected.
  • transmission and reflection bands are referred to in this text as for a 10% percentage loss in energy, it is possible to define the bands for other percentage transmission or reflection losses.
  • the transmission band extends from a lower limit T L to an upper limit T U and the reflection band extends from a lower limit R L to an upper limit R U .
  • frequency selective surface devices are for increasing channel capacity of reflector antennas, particularly in satellite communications, although also in terrestrial use.
  • a single transmit reflector may be fed by two or more feed horns, or a single receive reflector may direct radiation into two or more feed horns.
  • the frequency selective surface device transmits a large percentage of the energy incident on it in one frequency band and reflects a large percentage of the energy incident on it in another frequency band, and the physical separation or combination of the beams permits the use of one reflector with two feed horns.
  • Each feed horn can then be optimised to the reflector for its particular frequency band.
  • the frequency selective surface device may be mounted in a waveguide assembly to filter energy as a waveguide beamsplitter.
  • frequency selective surface devices are also used as quasi-optical beamsplitters in multi-band radiometers (devices for detecting radiation, usually low-level and usually natural radiation). They are particularly applicable to high frequencies such as wavelengths in the region of centimetres, millimetres and in the sub-millimetre range and beyond into the infra-red region, but are of course generally applicable across the whole electromagnetic spectrum.
  • Frequency selective surfaces may be used singly or in cascade. Each such frequency selective surface has a conductive pattern on a substrate.
  • frequency selective surface consists of an array of conductive rings 5 which are printed onto a dielectric substrate 6.
  • the individual rings are an integral multiple of the wavelength of the incident radiation in circumference and are therefore resonant, as well as being coupled to each other.
  • the result of this is a sharper transition between transmission and reflection bands, as shown in full line in Figure 6. Nevertheless, the ratio between the lower edge of the reflection band and the upper edge of the transmission band is typically 2.5:1 to 3.01:1.
  • double resonant elements on the substrate such as 7 or 8. While these are shown in cutaway regions, in practice the entire array would be uniformly made of each of these elements in place of the rings.
  • the rings 5 are single resonant in the sense that they can resonate at only one series of related frequencies (which will be harmonically related in the case of normal incidence and assuming that the electrical properties of the dielectric do not vary with frequency, but in which the higher order resonances in particular shift with frequency for inclined angles of incidence on the frequency selective device).
  • the double resonant elements have smaller additional sections which are separately resonant.
  • the double ring 7 is resonant at integral multiples of the circumference of the outer ring and integral multiples of the circumference of the inner ring (for normal incidence).
  • the Maltese cross (also called a Jerusalem cross) 8 is resonant at integral multiples of the length of its dipoles as well as the integral multiples of the length of its endcaps (again, for normal incidence).
  • the effect of these additional resonances is to produce an additional reflection band, as shown by the broken line in Figure 6, so that the upper transmission band is pushed closer to the lower transmission band, and this reduces the ratio of the edge of the upper transmission band to the edge of the reflection band to around 1.3:1.
  • the device is a high pass device.
  • the printed resonant element array of Figure 5 is usually used singly, but proposals have been made to use an array of squares in cascade (R. Cahill, I.M. Sturland, J.W. Bowen, E.A.
  • a tunable filter has been proposed (Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol 47 No. 1, 1976), in which the filter is tunable by varying the spacing of two lattice grids which form a Fabry-Perot interferometer.
  • the paper by J.A.Arnand and F.A.Pelow referred to above also mentions the use of two or more lattice grids in a fixed spacing forming a Fabry-Perot resonator.
  • the transmission characteristics of the filters are influenced by the fact that inter-grid reflections may be reinforced on emergence.
  • radiometers which are designed to survey emissions over the sub-millimetre band in the earth's upper atmosphere.
  • certain species which are of interest to atmospheric chemists emit energy over frequency bands which are very closely spaced, with edge band ratios of 1.03:1 or less.
  • Such radiometers are normally fed by a single reflector antenna.
  • the invention provides a frequency selective surface device for separating or combining two channels, which comprises at least two frequency selective surfaces, each defining a transmission band and a reflection band of frequencies, each comprising an array of coupled resonant elements which elements are resonant at only one series of related frequencies, so that the transmission and reflection bands defined are relatively broad, characterised in that the spacing of the surfaces creates a Fabry-Perot resonator such that multiple reflections between the surfaces results in the reinforcement of these reflections on emergence, thereby creating a transmission band or a reflection band in the vicinity of the transition between the transmission band and the reflection band defined by the frequency selective surfaces whereby the transmission and reflection bands of the frequency selective surface device have a relatively sharp transition, permitting combination or separation of closely spaced channels.
  • the resonant elements are resonant loops, such as rings (not necessarily circular), or squares.
  • tripoles consisting of three half-wavelength arms arranged at 120° to each other may be used as the resonant elements.
  • the array may be of such loops such as rings, squares, or tripoles, wherein the elements are slots in a continuous conductive surface. This would serve to provide a reciprocal of the characteristic provided by the elements themselves.
  • Two layers may be used, but preferably three layers are used and, in each case, adjacent layers should be spaced by a maximum separation of one half a wavelength in the medium between the surfaces, so that the emerging waves reinforce on emergence, after taking into account the phase change that will occur on reflection at each array of resonant elements.
  • the space-borne radiometer is illustrated in simplified form and is designed to survey emissions over the sub-millimetre band in the earth's upper atmosphere.
  • Incoming radiation impinges on the reflector 9, and the radiation is split into transmitted and reflected beams at the frequency selective surface device of the invention 10.
  • the frequency selective surface device can also be used to split beams propagating along waveguides, as shown in Figure 8, and the beam incident along the section of waveguide 11 is split into a transmitted frequency band propagating along section 12 and a reflected frequency band propagating along T-junction 13.
  • the frequency selective surface device is illustrated in Figures 9 and 10.
  • the device consists of rings 14 of conducting material e.g. copper photo-etched onto a dielectric substrate 15.
  • rings 14 of conducting material e.g. copper photo-etched onto a dielectric substrate 15.
  • the structure is manufactured by producing one screen with rings printed on both sides of the layer of dielectric and the other screen with the rings only on one side, and then sandwiching the two together.
  • the laminate may be glass reinforced PTFE such as that sold under the trade name Duroid, a typical thickness is 3.1 mm and typical permittivity 2.33. Typical dimensions for the outside diameter of the ring are 4.5 mm and for the inside diameter 3.6 mm, and a typical spacing is about 6.7 mm. A typical thickness of copper is 10 ⁇ m.
  • the spacing of adjacent layers of resonant rings is critical, and is chosen to be a maximum of one half of a wavelength in the substrate in the band for which the device is designed, typically a maximum of one half of the wavelength of the frequency at the upper edge of the transmission band. This typical value has been found to be a good compromise. Obviously, the reinforcement will be less than total for other wavelengths and differing angles of incidence, where the path length of the multiple reflections will be different. Referring to Figure 10a, the spacing is such that radiation incident on the top surface of the device and reflected back and forth between the first and second layer of rings, emerges from the second layer of rings in phase and therefore reinforces itself. Figure 10a does not show the second layer of dielectric and third layer of rings.
  • ray b has undergone a phase change firstly at the lower layer of resonant rings 14 and secondly at the upper layer of resonant rings 14, before it emerges.
  • the spacing between the layers is such that ray b emerges exactly one whole wavelength behind ray a.
  • Ray c is a whole wavelength behind ray b.
  • the thickness of substrate 15 must be less than one half of a wavelength in the substrate.
  • the invention is applicable to any integral number of wavelengths between rays a, b, c but one wavelength difference is preferred.
  • the reinforcement on emergence of course applies after the second layer 15 and rings 14 have been traversed.
  • the thickness of the dielectric is not exactly one half of one wavelength of the radiation in the dielectric, as explained, because a phase change occurs on reflection at each layer of rings. This is because, on reflection, currents are induced in the rings, and the induced currents then re-radiate energy. The re-radiated energy is generally not in phase with the incoming energy which generated the currents.
  • the phase difference between each successive multiple of reflection is one wavelength when these phase lags have been taken into account.
  • a typical actual thickness may be one quarter of a wavelength of the radiation in the substrate taking into account effects of angle of incidence and reflection phase effects.
  • the device may be manufactured by photolithographic etching of the pattern onto a thin conducting layer on both sides of a wafer and on a single side of a second wafer, so that the substrates may then be mated together and permanently fixed by applying a thin bonding layer between one of the conducting arrays and the blank face of the second substrate.
  • the rings could also be printed using other techniques such as laser cutting or ion milling to remove the unwanted conducting film.
  • the use of resonant elements permits design freedom in that the resonant frequency depends on the diameter of the ring, while the spacing can be varied independently.
  • the geometry can be designed using a rigorous Floquet modal analysis program. This is described for example in "Rings As Elements For Frequency Selective Surfaces" by E.A. Parker and S.M.A. Hamdy, Electron. Lett vol. 17 no. 17 pp 612-614.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates the trade-off between roll-off rate and transmission and reflection band widths for T.E. 15• incidence.
  • the widths of the transmission and reflection bands are defined as the frequencies at which the filter loss is less than 10% (-0.5dB).
  • the percentage band width is defined over the range of frequencies where the loss does not exceed 10% i.e. (F U - F L )/F C x 100%.
  • the resonant elements are illustrated as circular rings, but they could be rings of non-circular form such as squares or loops of any shape. Instead, they could be tripoles. As has been stated before the invention is also applicable to a double (as well as triple) layer of resonant elements.
  • the invention is also applicable to the conducting surfaces forming the rings etc being replaced by slots in a conducting layer.
  • a layer e.g. of resonant ring-shaped slots would give an inverse response to that of the respective conducting ring-shaped structure.
  • the lower transmission band would be a reflection band
  • the reflection band would be a transmission band
  • the device would be high pass instead of low pass.
  • the multiple internal reflections would be reinforced on emergence from the upper surface, instead of on being reinforced on emergence from the lower surface.
  • the invention is applicable to radiometers for terrestrial use, and over any frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, with or without a reflector antenna, and whether the frequency selective surface device is used in free space as in Figure 7, or is mounted in a waveguide as in Figure 8.
  • the invention is also applicable to radio receivers whether used for space-borne or terrestrial applications, whether employing a waveguide or not, whether employing a reflector or not.
  • the invention is applicable to the Cassegrain principle, where the feed horn which extends through the reflector antenna will reflect from the back of a convex frequency selective surface, and a feed horn at the focus of the antenna will transmit through the frequency selective surface, so that both frequency channels are combined in the output of the antenna or to dual offset reflector antennas.

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  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
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  • Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Dispositif à surfaces sélectives en fréquence pour séparer ou combiner deux voies, qui comprend au moins deux surfaces sélectives en fréquence (14), chacune définissant une bande de transmission et une bande de réflexion de fréquences, chacune comprenant un arrangement d'éléments résonnants couplés, ces éléments ne sont résonnants qu'à une série de fréquences proches, de sorte que les bandes de transmission et de réflexion définies soient relativement larges, caractérisé en ce que l'espacement des surfaces crée un résonateur de Fabry-Pérot de manière à ce que plusieurs réflexions entre les surfaces aboutissent au renforcement de ces réflexions en sortie, ce qui crée une bande de transmission ou une bande de réflexion au voisinage de la transition entre la bande de transmission et la bande de réflexion définies par les surfaces sélectives en fréquence ce qui fait que les bandes de transmission et de réflexion du dispositif à surfaces sélectives en fréquence ont une transition relativement brusque, permettant une combinaison ou une séparation de voies étroitement espacées
  2. Dispositif à surfaces sélectives en fréquence selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les éléments résonnants sont des boucles résonnantes.
  3. Dispositif à surfaces sélectives en fréquence selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel la séparation maximale entre les surfaces sélectives en fréquence est égale à la moitié d'une longueur d'onde dans le milieu entre les surfaces dans la gamme pour laquelle le dispositif est opérationnel.
  4. Dispositif à surfaces sélectives en fréquence selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel il y a trois surfaces sélectives en fréquence.
  5. Radiomètre incorporant un dispositif à surfaces sélectives en fréquence selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
EP95306717A 1994-11-04 1995-09-22 Dispositifs à surface sélective en fréquence Expired - Lifetime EP0711001B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9422278A GB2294813B (en) 1994-11-04 1994-11-04 Frequency selective surface devices
GB9422278 1994-11-04

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0711001A2 EP0711001A2 (fr) 1996-05-08
EP0711001A3 EP0711001A3 (fr) 1997-07-16
EP0711001B1 true EP0711001B1 (fr) 2001-12-12

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DE (1) DE69524546T2 (fr)
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Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5949387A (en) * 1997-04-29 1999-09-07 Trw Inc. Frequency selective surface (FSS) filter for an antenna
GB2378820A (en) 2001-08-17 2003-02-19 Anafa Electromagnetic Solution Electromagnetic filter
US7794629B2 (en) 2003-11-25 2010-09-14 Qinetiq Limited Composite materials
GB2415093A (en) * 2004-06-07 2005-12-14 Qinetiq Nanomaterials Ltd Method of producing composite materials
GB2439975B (en) 2006-07-07 2010-02-24 Iti Scotland Ltd Antenna arrangement
CN102760964A (zh) * 2012-07-03 2012-10-31 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 透波超材料及其天线罩和天线系统
WO2017019948A1 (fr) * 2015-07-30 2017-02-02 Laird Technologies, Inc. Structures à sélectivité de fréquence pour l'atténuation des interférences électromagnétiques
CN109560374B (zh) * 2018-11-22 2021-01-05 西安电子科技大学 一种高增益低雷达截面的法布里-珀罗天线
US20230147406A1 (en) * 2020-03-30 2023-05-11 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) AU and RU having CWG Filters, and BS having the AU or RU

Family Cites Families (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4125841A (en) * 1977-05-17 1978-11-14 Ohio State University Research Foundation Space filter
US4476471A (en) * 1981-02-09 1984-10-09 Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. Antenna apparatus including frequency separator having wide band transmission or reflection characteristics
EP0096529A1 (fr) * 1982-06-01 1983-12-21 Kent Scientific and Industrial Projects Limited Panneau dichroique

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CAHILL ET AL: "Frequency selective surfaces for millimetre and submillimetre wave quasi optical demultiplexing", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES, vol. 14, no. 9, September 1993 (1993-09-01), NEW YORK US, pages 1769 - 1700 *
WANNIER ET AL: "Quasioptical band-rejection filter at 100 Ghz", REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, vol. 47, no. 1, January 1976 (1976-01-01), pages 56 - 58 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2294813A (en) 1996-05-08
GB2294813B (en) 1998-04-15
DE69524546T2 (de) 2002-05-08
EP0711001A3 (fr) 1997-07-16
EP0711001A2 (fr) 1996-05-08
GB9422278D0 (en) 1994-12-21
DE69524546D1 (de) 2002-01-24

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