EP0709865A1 - Method and device for coupling magnetic material with electric windings - Google Patents

Abstract

A current transformer with a high loops transformation ratio has a number of current conductor loops (3) located radially around a rotating central conductor (37). An electrical winding packet (36) is formed as a toroidal ring that passes through the centre of the conductor loops. When energised a magnetic flux is produced (30,M). The bridge elements used (31,32) in the conductor loops are produced of laminated ferrite plates. A number of variations are possible for forming the ring core.

Description

The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for coupling magnetically conductive material with at least one electrical winding, in particular for use in electrical current and voltage converters.

On the one hand, converters are used to transform AC or three-phase current to high voltages, to avoid high losses when transporting electrical energy over long distances, or to generate high currents that are mainly used in technology in the aluminum industry and in welding technology, where The control and monitoring of high energy consumption is an essential requirement.

On the other hand, they are used as current and voltage converters for traction in high-speed trains, whereby both the power consumption of the corresponding measuring systems and the reproduction of the signals place great demands on the structural dimensions and quality.

The greatest importance is the current and / or voltage converter as a connecting element between electronics and power circuits when measuring and controlling the magnetic flux. It is mostly about the isolated measurement (without interrupting the electrical circuit) of all types of voltages and currents . In addition, electronic control circuits are supplied with precise signals via the power circuits, with electrical isolation.

Usually, a ring or core transformers or converters generate a magnetic flux over a first winding which induces a higher or lower voltage or current in a second winding depending on the number of turns ratio of the first to the second winding. So if you want to achieve a large gear ratio, you can do this by using large numbers of turns.

It has therefore proven to be disadvantageous that such converters have considerable ohmic losses which are hardly avoidable simply because of the high number of turns.

Attempts have also already been made to replace the soft magnetic material which conducts the magnetic flux with anisotropic material in order to minimize losses.

• mit weniger elektrischer Leistung ein hoher magnetischer Fluss erzeugbar ist,
• mit weniger hohem elektrischem Strom ein höherer magnetischer Fluss erreichbar ist und
• eine geringere kapazitive Kopplung vorliegt,
• eine einfachere Herstellung der elektrischen Wicklung möglich ist.

It is the object of the invention to improve a method and an arrangement for coupling magnetic material with electrical windings in such a way that

• a high magnetic flux can be generated with less electrical power,
• a higher magnetic flux can be achieved with less high electrical current and
• there is less capacitive coupling,
• easier manufacture of the electrical winding is possible.

The basic idea for solving the problem is to deform a magnetically conductive material in such a way that the flux lines guided by this material span a surface whose edge has wing-like bulges. These 'wings' are then arranged so that several such wings (magnetic windings) can be penetrated on a simple path, i.e. line segment, circle or pitch circle.

In order to obtain practical surfaces with such 'wings' (magnetic windings), the magnetically conductive material must be guided in a spiral or have anisotropic properties that bring the flux lines into a spiral path.

Vorteile der erfindungsgemässen Lösung sind folgende:

• Mit einfach herzustellenden elektrischen Wicklungen kann ein hoher Magnetfluss im magnetischen Material erzeugt werden.
• Die elektrischen Wicklungen können niederohmiger ausgelegt werden und grösseren Drahtquerschnitt aufweisen.
• Mit einer kleinen Flussänderung kann in der entsprechenden elektrischen Wicklung eine hohe Spannung erzeugt werden. (Dies wirkt sich insbesondere bei derart ausgestalteten allen Arten von Sensoren, bei denen der Magnetfluss bzw. eine Magnetflussänderung in ein elektrisches Signal gewandelt werden muss, vorteilhaft aus.)
• Dieses Verfahren lässt symmetrische Konstruktionen zu, bei denen das Risiko von lokalen Kernsättigungen minimalisiert werden kann.

Through this spiral (meandering) path for the magnetic flux, a multiple coupling of each individual turn can be achieved, which can be described with the simple formula: $$\text{No. Couplings = no. electr. X number of magn. Coils}$$

Advantages of the solution according to the invention are as follows:

• A high magnetic flux can be generated in the magnetic material with electrical windings that are easy to manufacture.
• The electrical windings can be designed with a lower resistance and have a larger wire cross-section.
• With a small change in flux, a high voltage can be generated in the corresponding electrical winding. (This has an advantageous effect, in particular, in all types of sensors designed in this way, in which the magnetic flux or a change in magnetic flux has to be converted into an electrical signal.)
• This method allows for symmetrical constructions in which the risk of local core saturation can be minimized.

Fig. 1a

Ein erste Ringkern-Anordnung mit einer Wicklung nach dem Stand der Technik;

Fig. 1b

eine erste Modell-Vorstellung mit Hilfe einer Ringkern-Anordnung;

Fig. 1c

eine zweite Modell-Vorstellung mit Hilfe einer Ringkern-Anordnung;

Fig. 2a

eine zweite Ringkern-Anordnung nach dem Stand der Technik;

Fig. 2b

die zweite Ringkern-Anordnung mit einer dritten Modell-Vorstellung;

Fig. 2c

die zweite Ringkern-Anordnung mit einer Modell-Vorstellung analog Fig. 1b;

Fig. 2d

die zweite Ringkern-Anordnung mit einer Modell-Vorstellung analog Fig. 1c;

Fig. 2e

die zweite Ringkern-Anordnung mit einer verdrillten Wicklung und erfindungsgemässer Lösung;

Fig. 2f

die zweite Ringkern-Anordnung mit einer regelmässigen 2-Windungs-Wicklung gemäss erfindungsgemässer Lösung;

Fig. 3

ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel eine praktischen Anordnung;

Fig. 4a

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Rechteck-Kerns mit zwei Wicklungen nach dem Stand der Technik;

Fig. 4b

die Prinzipdarstellung aus Fig. 4a mit der dritten Modell-Vorstellung analog Fig. 2b;

Fig. 4c

die Prinzipdarstellung aus Fig. 4a geformt nach der erfindungsgemässen Lehre;

Fig. 4d

die Prinzipdarstellung aus Fig. 4a geformt nach der erfindungsgemässen Lehre mit regelmässiger 2-Draht-Wicklung;

Fig. 5

die Prinzipdarstellung aus Fig. 4d mit inhomogener Rechteck-Kern-Ausbildung;

Fig. 6

die Prinzipdarstellung aus Fig. 4d mit zwei getrennten magnetischen Wicklungszügen;

Fig. 7

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Drei-Steg-Kernwandlers mit Anwendung der erfindungsgemässen Lehre auf dem Mittelsteg;

Fig. 8

ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel einer praktischen Anordnung;

Fig. 9

die Verifikation der praktischen Anordnung aus Fig. 8 mit Modell-Annahmen;

Fig. 10

ein drittes Ausführungsbeispiel einer praktischen Anordnung;

Fig. 11

eine Prizipdarstellung einer Variante der Anwendung der erfindungsgemässen Lehre;

Fig. 12

eine Variante des in Fig. 8 gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiels;

Fig. 13

die Verifikation der praktischen Anordnung aus Fig. 12 mit Modell-Annahmen.

The invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of several basic representations and a number of exemplary embodiments. Show it:

Fig. 1a

A first toroidal arrangement with a winding according to the prior art;

Fig. 1b

a first model presentation using a toroidal arrangement;

Fig. 1c

a second model presentation using a toroidal arrangement;

Fig. 2a

a second toroidal arrangement according to the prior art;

Fig. 2b

the second toroidal arrangement with a third model concept;

Fig. 2c

the second toroidal core arrangement with a model presentation analogous to FIG. 1b ;

Fig. 2d

the second toroidal arrangement with a model presentation analogous to FIG. 1c ;

Fig. 2e

the second toroidal core arrangement with a twisted winding and solution according to the invention;

Fig. 2f

the second toroidal core arrangement with a regular 2-turn winding according to the solution according to the invention;

Fig. 3

a first embodiment a practical arrangement;

Fig. 4a

a schematic diagram of a rectangular core with two windings according to the prior art;

Fig. 4b

the basic illustration from FIG. 4a with the third model presentation analogous to FIG. 2b ;

Fig. 4c

the schematic diagram of Figure 4a shaped according to the teaching of the invention;

Fig. 4d

the schematic representation of Figure 4a shaped according to the teaching of the invention with regular 2-wire winding;

Fig. 5

the basic representation of Figure 4d with inhomogeneous rectangular core design.

Fig. 6

the schematic diagram of Figure 4d with two separate magnetic winding cables.

Fig. 7

a schematic diagram of a three-bridge core converter using the teaching according to the invention on the central bridge;

Fig. 8

a second embodiment of a practical arrangement;

Fig. 9

the verification of the practical arrangement from FIG. 8 with model assumptions;

Fig. 10

a third embodiment of a practical arrangement;

Fig. 11

a schematic representation of a variant of the application of the teaching according to the invention;

Fig. 12

a variant of the embodiment shown in Fig. 8 ;

Fig. 13

the verification of the practical arrangement from FIG. 12 with model assumptions.

1a shows an arrangement from the prior art with a so-called first toroid 1 made of soft magnetic material (for example ferrite or iron, that is to say material with a permeability 1), on which a winding 2 (electrical conductor) is made, in the transducer technology electrically conductive material (eg copper) with winding start 3 and winding end 4 is provided.

In this arrangement, the winding has 8 (eight) turns, that is, the wire of the winding 2 has been passed eight times through the opening of the toroidal core 1 .

Soft magnetic material acts like a conductor for the magnetic flux lines, roughly speaking by the value u better than air or vacuum. The flux line density corresponds to the magnetic induction B with the SI unit * Tesla * (Vsm) and the area integral of the flux line density corresponds to a flux or magnetic flux with the SI unit * Weber * (Vs). River lines are always closed curves. If you let the cross section of the toroid shrink to zero without the number of river lines (or to influence the magnetic flux), then finally all flux lines concentrate on the center line of the toroid (flux lines and center line are not shown in the figures for the sake of clarity). In the present arrangement, this center line is a circular line that spans a circular area. The number of penetrations of the electrical conductor through this area corresponds to the number of turns. Although this circular area has no physical meaning, it is an illustrative method to determine how often the magnetic flux is detected by an electrical conductor or how many turns a winding has in the classic sense. The electrical signal at the wire ends behaves as if the actual magnetic flux were multiplied by the number of turns (or by the penetrations).

In a further model arrangement, as shown in FIG. 1b , one has to imagine that a second toroidal core 1 * made of soft magnetic material is plastically deformable. If one tightens an electrical conductor 2 * more and more, then this plastically deformable second toroidal core 1 * would deform so that the second toroidal core 1 * and electrical conductor 2 * would initially wrap around each other. The center line of the second toroid 1 * would no longer be a flat curve, but a spiral. The area that would be spanned by this center line would have an eight-fold deformed, wavy edge. Nevertheless, the electrical winding penetrates this spanned area eight times, ie still the same as in Fig. 1a .

In the continuation of the model presentation, the electrical wire is now shortened further and further - as shown in Fig. 1c - that is, the plastically deformable third toroidal core 1 ** has to give way more and more until it finally wraps around the electrical wire in the form of a spiral and thus one represents the first embodiment of the teaching according to the invention.
The center line of the third ring core 1 ** now spans a surface with eight wings. In practice, such a surface resembles the surface of a fan or a propeller. The eight wings are penetrated by the electrical conductor, which has now become a turn. The original winding 'with eight turns' is now reduced to a simple circular line, which still electrically generates eight times the magnetic flux of the deformed third toroid.

A further arrangement, as shown in FIG. 2a , explains a basic configuration with two winding layers in the model procedure similar to that of FIGS. 1a , 1b and 1c . Around a first toroidal core 1 , two, a first winding 2a , with a winding start 3a and a winding end 4a , and a second winding 2b with a winding beginning 3b and a winding end 4b , windings 2a and 2b are arranged. (For the sake of clarity, the second winding 2b is designed along the first toroid with a white center line)

2b , the winding end 4a of the first winding 2a is electrically connected to the winding start 3b by a junction 5 . Both windings 2a and 2b thus fuse into a single winding with a total of 16 (sixteen) turns.

As assumed in Fig. 1b as a model, one has to imagine again that the soft magnetic second ring core 1 * is plastically deformable - as shown in Fig. 2c . By tightening the electrical wire or the winding, the toroid also evolves into a spiral shape this time. This tensioning can be imagined in such a way that one turn of the first winding 2a and one turn of the second winding 2b are always close together. The plastically conceived second toroid 1 * thus deforms into a spiral with eight turns, although the total number of electrical windings is sixteen (16).

In Fig. 2d the third toroid 1 ** is completely deformed, however the first and second windings 2a and 2b are still twisted. It turns out, however, that no matter whether the first and second windings 2a and 2b are twisted, as shown in this figure, or whether the two windings run smoothly next to each other, as shown in Fig. 2e , the surface spanned by the toroidal core penetrated 16 (sixteen) times by the electrical conductor and thus has the property of a winding with 16 turns.

According to FIG. 2f , the actual end result of the model presentation is shown: it is therefore no longer necessary to have two separate windings 2a and 2b , but the arrangement can in principle consist of a double loop which is inserted into the third toroidal core 1 ** .

FIG. 3 shows a first practical example, which is particularly well suited as a current transformer with a high transmission ratio on the one hand and as a DC measuring device on the other.

The arrangement shown spans an area F delimited by an edge of a magnetic path 30 , M , formed by twenty (20) so-called bridge elements 31 , each meanderingly connected to one another by corresponding web elements 32 in such a way that they cage-like a winding package 36 provided in the interior (what one or more windings with one or more turns each) can surround). Each winding package 36 can comprise one or more windings, each with a winding start 33 and a winding end 34 , each individual turn thus penetrating the spanned area F twenty times. A current conductor 37 running in the center of the surface F , perpendicular to this (of which only a short section is shown for the sake of clarity) penetrates the surface F only once.

This results in a high transmission ratio for a current transformer between the current conductor 37 and the winding package 36 . Used for the direct current measurement, the current is fed into the winding package 36 and the magnetic flux M in the magnetic path 30 is regulated to zero (compensation principle).

The meandering cage is constructed from bridge elements 31 and web elements 32 from ferrite rods or from iron sheet packages, which are designed to be assembled.

As a variant of this constructive design for the manufacture of such winding cages, the winding or wrapping around the electrical winding package 36 with soft magnetic wire (wires) or one or more strips or the formation of packages of soft magnetic wires (strips) is provided to form a spiral.

Another variant of this structural design for the manufacture of such winding cages is the use of an anisotropic material from which the cage is manufactured as a hollow torus, the anisotropic material being produced in such a way that a spiral course of the magnetic flux is ensured.

It is also important to note that the core for guiding the magnetic flux does not have to have rotational symmetry. FIG. 4a shows a core 48 made of magnetically conductive material, which spans a rectangular area and on whose one web a double winding 42 with three turns, the corresponding winding starts 43 and the corresponding winding ends 44 , is wound. Again, it is assumed that the model concept sketched in FIGS . 1a, 1b and 1c is achieved by step-wise deformation of the core, the edge 46 of which has the shape of a spiral - see FIGS . 4c and 4d - and the interior 47 of which is the cage-like wrap one of two turns connected by a connection point 45 as shown in Fig. 4b .

It must also be mentioned that, secondly, the core for guiding the magnetic path does not have to have a constant cross section along the entire path. 5 shows a rectangular U-core 50 made of magnetically conductive material with an air gap 52 , a partial air gap 53 and a local thickening 51 . All of these 'irregularities' can occur individually and in any combination in guiding such a magnetic path.

To reinforce the field, it can also be provided that partial zones 60a and 60b on the legs of a rectangular, U- or cut-band core 61 - see Fig. 6-, independently of one another in a spiral form and separate windings placed therein. In this embodiment, the transverse webs are not subjected to magnetic windings.

Another principal variant -As in Fig. 7, the use shown represents a core E-leg shape formed. In this case, two, fluxes generated on each a first portion of leg 70 and to a respective second part of leg 71 disposed first 73 and second 74 windings on the with Magnetic turns provided middle leg 72 , which in turn has a spiral shape, brought together. A further winding 75 is then arranged on the middle leg 72 .

In practice, in a further embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8 , it is sometimes necessary to adapt the turns of a winding constructively to the guidance of the magnetic flux. The spiral shape of the magnetic path can sometimes be so weak that the current conductors - if they were guided on perfect straight lines or arcs - can no longer penetrate the 'wings' of the spanned area, but this is only possible if the current conductors are so designed that the magnetic flux envelops them.

A construction with such wavy current conductors is shown in Fig. 8 . A magnetic flux generated by a primary winding 87 is transmitted via a first magnetically conductive element 84 and a plurality of Z-shaped core legs 80 , each of which is placed on top of the other in pairs with their outer legs 81 and 85 , and which form a grid-shaped magnetic path running in two planes, the central leg 82 is surrounded by an electrical winding 88 . The electrical winding 88 penetrates the area spanned by the magnetic path four times via two passages 89a and 89b and has a current-transformation ratio of one to eight (1: 8) with the primary winding 87 , which penetrates the area only once.

The wave-shaped configuration 86 , which the turns of the electrical winding 88 have on their way around the middle leg 82 , cannot be compared with the spiral turns customary in electrical windings.

Both the first magnetic element 84 and the Z-shaped core leg 80 with its two outer legs 81 and 85 are constructed from stamped and layered transformer sheets.

Of course, this construction can also advantageously be produced in different size ratios than previously discussed, based on the methods customary in semiconductor and microtechnology, namely etching, vapor deposition, diffusion and the use of photomasks. The particularly space-saving arrangement - compared to the previously customary methods of producing the transducers in these applications in the form of discrete components and then placing them as parts on printed circuit boards - is particularly advantageous here.

In Fig. 9 the principle set out on the basis of the constructive solution in Fig. 8 is outlined in a model representation. The surface that is magnetically spanned in FIG. 8 and taken over in FIG. 9 is surrounded in FIG. 9 as the active surface 91 by the dotted center line 99 . In the perspective view the 'ripple' is this area recognizable. In this exemplary embodiment, the surface has four so-called wings 92 . If one follows the electrical path of a winding 98 (in FIG. 8 / winding 88 ) by starting at the beginning of the winding 93b and following in the direction of the arrows, this path penetrates the active surface 91 eight times via the first penetrations 90a to 90h up to the winding end 94b . The order of the penetrations corresponds to that of the alphabetical ones.
The primary winding 97 (in FIG. 8/87 ) with the primary winding start 93a and the primary winding end 94a penetrates the active surface 91 only once via the second penetration 90i . Otherwise, the windings pass through all penetrations in such a way that the electrical path penetrates the active surface 91 from bottom to top.

By using magnetic material with anisotropic magnetic properties, it can be achieved that the flux lines loop around electrical conductors without this being apparent from the outer geometry of the magnetic material, as in the exemplary embodiments explained so far.

An example of such a construction is shown in perspective in FIG . A cylindrical magnetic core 102 with anisotropic magnetic properties causes the corresponding flux lines in the material to assume a helical or spiral path, as indicated by the arrows 106 , since this path has the least magnetic resistance.

It is known that magnetic material can have anisotropic properties (Boll: Soft Magnetic Material, SIEMENS, 1979, page 27). Such anisotropic material can be produced by mechanical deformation or annealing in the magnetic field of special alloys as well as by structured incorporation of magnetic particles in a binder. The particles for this last variant can be microscopically small, but they can also have easily visible dimensions, for example in the case of layered sheets and / or wires.

The magnetic path is closed in FIG. 10 by a yoke 103 made of magnetic material. The secondary winding 104 penetrates the area spanned by the flux lines 106 as often as the flux lines in the cylindrical magnetic core 102 have spiral circumferences.
The transformation ratio between a primary winding 105 and the secondary winding 104 can be influenced by the anisotropy (slope) of the magnetic material.

11 shows a further exemplary embodiment for the basic structure of a magnetic path 106 of a transformer with a transmission ratio of two to one in a perspective representation.

In this embodiment, the spiral shape is not helical, but lies in one plane. The area spanned by this path thus has 'wings' that are nested within one another.
One turn of the one winding 117 penetrates the spanned area twice, but the one turn of the other winding 118 penetrates the surface only once.

The magnetic path laid in the plane can advantageously be used further. As shown in an exemplary embodiment in FIG. 12 , a corresponding secondary winding 128 , with a corresponding winding start 123b and a winding end 124b, is now even more wavy (meandering) than is provided in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 8 . Such wave-shaped bulges 126 , on the other hand, differ significantly from the windings customary in classic transformer technology.
As in FIG. 8 , a magnetic flux generated by a primary winding 127 , with a corresponding winding start 123a and a winding end 124a , runs via a magnetically conductive element 124 , which has a meandering lattice structure in the area of the coupling with the secondary winding 128 having.

Here, too, the basic representation of the arrangement as shown in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 12 is reproduced in a model representation. In this FIG. 13 , the active surface 131 surrounded by a center line 139 is flat, in contrast to the active surface 91 in FIG. 9. Otherwise, all other statements apply accordingly.

Arrangements as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 can advantageously be produced in accordance with the methods described above based on semiconductor and micro technology, such as etching, vapor deposition, diffusion and the use of photomasks.

For the sake of clarity, single-phase arrangements are shown in the exemplary embodiments without exception. However, the teaching according to the invention can be applied and / or implemented exactly the same in multi-phase arrangements, in particular in three-phase arrangements. (see also for example Fig. 7 )

Claims (23)

Method for coupling magnetically conductive material ( 1 ) with at least one electrical winding ( 2 ), in particular for use in electrical current and voltage converters,
characterized in that
Means or measures are provided for influencing the guidance of the magnetic flux in the magnetically conductive material ( 1, 1 *, 1 ** ), which allow more than one magnetic coupling with one turn of the electrical winding ( 2, 2 * ) to achieve ( Fig. 1c ). Method according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the means for influencing the guidance of the magnetic flux lie in the geometric design of the magnetically conductive material and the magnetic path is guided in such a way that magnetic windings ( 1 ** ) are generated. Method according to claim 2 ,
characterized in that
the magnetic windings are generated by spiraling and / or meandering guidance of the magnetic flux ( Fig. 1c; Fig. 2e + Fig. 2f; Fig. 3 ). Method according to claim 3 ,
characterized in that
the magnetic windings have a nested arrangement ( FIG. 11 ). Method according to claim 2 ,
characterized in that
the magnetic windings are generated by spiraling and / or meandering guidance of the magnetic flux in anisotropic material ( FIG. 10 ). Method according to one of the preceding claims 2-5 ,
characterized in that
the magnetic windings loop around the windings of the electrical windings ( Fig. 1c; Fig. 2e + Fig. 2f; Fig. 3 ). Method according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the magnetic windings are formed only in part of the magnetically conductive material ( FIGS. 4c + 4d; 5, 7 ). Method according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the magnetic windings and the electrical windings ( FIG. 13 ) are produced by etching, vapor deposition, diffusion technology, the use of photomasks and other methods customary in micro technology. Method for producing a current measuring transducer, in particular in high-current measuring systems, with a single rod-shaped turn ( 37 ) of a first (primary) winding and a second (secondary) winding ( 36 ) comprising one or more turns
characterized in that - The electrical windings of the second (secondary) winding (s) ( 36 ) arranged in a cylindrical shape around the rod-shaped winding ( 37 ) and - The electrical windings of the second (secondary) winding (s) ( 36 ) are wrapped cage-like by the magnetically conductive material. Method according to claim 9 ,
characterized in that
soft magnetic tapes or wires can be used as the magnetically conductive material. Arrangement for performing the method according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the magnetically conductive material ( 1 ) has zones in which the windings of at least one electrical winding ( 2 ) are wrapped several times by the magnetic material ( 1 ). Arrangement according to claim 11 ,
characterized in that
the magnetically conductive material ( 1 ) has zones in which spiral and / or meandering magnetic windings ( 1 **, 31 + 32, 46 + 47 ) are provided. Arrangement according to claim 12 ,
characterized in that - The magnetically conductive material ( 1 ) in the form of a hollow torus around the turns of a first electrical winding ( 36 ) - The turns of the first winding ( 36 ) in the region of the hollow torus run perpendicular to one (the) turn (s) of a second electrical winding ( 37 ). Arrangement according to claim 13 ,
characterized in that
the hollow torus is formed by bridge elements ( 31 ) which cross over the windings of the first winding ( 36 ) and are connected to one another by web elements ( 32 ). Arrangement according to claim 14 ,
characterized in that
the web elements ( 32 ) and bridge elements ( 31 ) forming the hollow torus are provided to be assembled from ferrite rods or from iron sheet packages. Arrangement according to claim 13 ,
characterized in that
the hollow torus is formed by soft magnetic tapes and / or wires encompassing the turns of the first winding ( 36 ) in a cage-like manner. Arrangement according to claim 13 ,
characterized in that
the hollow torus is formed by a tube of anisotropic material encompassing the turns of the first winding ( 36 ) in the shape of a hollow cylinder. Arrangement according to claim 17 ,
characterized in that
the slope of the spiral magnetic flux in the hollow torus is a measure of the number of magnetic windings. Arrangement according to claim 12 ,
characterized in that
the magnetically conductive material ( 1 ) is provided in a known core shape (ring, U, E shape) and has a plurality of zones ( 60a, 60b ) in which spiral and / or meandering magnetic windings are arranged. Arrangement according to claim 12 ,
characterized in that
the magnetically conductive material ( 124 ) and the turns of a first winding ( 128 ) can be produced directly on a flat surface. Arrangement according to claim 11 ,
characterized in that
the magnetically conductive material ( 84, 124 ) has zones in which U-shaped magnetic windings ( 85 ) are arranged, between which electrical windings of a first winding ( 82, 128 ) can be looped. Arrangement according to claim 21 ,
characterized in that
the U-lattice-shaped magnetic windings ( 85 ) can be produced from Z-shaped core legs ( 80 ) and, via their outer legs ( 81, 85 ), from stamped and / or layered transformer sheets, by connecting the outer legs ( 81, 85 ). Arrangement according to claim 11 ,
characterized in that
the magnetically conductive material ( 103 ) has zones in which the magnetic windings ( 102 ) are formed by anisotropic material arranged in the shape of a hollow cylinder, the electrical winding (s) of the first winding ( 104 ) being guided in the center of the hollow cylinder.

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