EP0701582A1

EP0701582A1 - Processing of polyesters

Info

Publication number: EP0701582A1
Application number: EP94917076A
Authority: EP
Inventors: John Jamieson Liggat; Gregory O'brien
Original assignee: Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co
Current assignee: Monsanto Co
Priority date: 1993-06-02
Filing date: 1994-06-01
Publication date: 1996-03-20
Also published as: AU6851594A; WO1994028049A1; GB9311400D0; CA2163553A1; JPH09501449A

Abstract

Process for improving mechanical properties of an aged polyester composition consisting essentially of copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units which comprises heating the polyester at a temperature whereby (i) the polyester is restored to its original non-aged properties, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age. The invention includes the polyester composition and shaped articles which have been subjected to the process and in which ageing is retarded.

Description

PROCESSING OF POLYESTERS

THIS INVENTION relates to polyester and shaped polyester articles in particular to polyester and such articles restored to their original non- aged properties after ageing has taken place and a process of de-ageing such polyester and articles.

Whereas the polyester poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) and copolymers of _(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] with [(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (PHBV) when freshly moulded show ductile behaviour, subsequent ageing seriously embrittles such polymers and copolymers and hampers their applicability. Within several weeks of storage at room temperature, the tensile modulus doubles, and the elongation at break drops below 10%. A mild de-ageing treatment administered to PHB by the employment of heat up to 70°C results in a slight and temporary improvement in mechanical properties. It has now been found that such ageing can be reversed by a defined heat treatment and the so-treated polyester and articles are less subject to subsequent ageing.

According to the present invention there is provided a polyester composition consisting essentially of copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units in which ageing has occurred, characterised in that (i) the polyester is restored to its original non-aged properties by a heat treatment, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a shaped article at least partly made of a polyester composition consisting essentially of copolymer of hydroxy butyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units in which ageing has occurred, characterised in that (i) the shaped article is restored to its original non-aged properties by heating, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age.

"At least partly made" means having structural components made of PHBV to such an extent that ageing of the PHBV component ages the whole article. Thus for example, PHBV may be homogeneously mixed with other biodegradable polymers such as polylactides. In such mixtures the minimum amount of PHBV is at least 30% ^w/w. Also articles having PHBV components linked to other components such as razors and toothbrushes, and articles made of a matrix of some other biodegradable (e.g. starch) or non-biodegradable polymer (e.g. polypropylene) with PHBV inclusions, are within the invention. In such mixtures the minimum amount of PHBV is at least 30% ^w/w. Articles made of PHBV alone, nucleated or otherwise, benefit most from the invention.

PHBV consisting essentially of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units includes PHBV copolymers containing up to 1 mol percent of other oxyalkanoate units whether introduced deliberately or not. "Substantial improvement" means that the measurement indicative of ageing, for example, elongation to break, is improved by 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, compared to the non-heat treated aged polyester at the same age as the heat treated aged polyester. The "same age" means the same period of ageing after the heat treatment i.e. one month after initial preparation of the polyester for the non heat treated polyester is the equivalent age to one month after heat treatment for the heat treated polyester.

By "restored to the original non-aged properties" is meant that the heat treatment restores at least 50% of the ductility of the original non- aged polyester as measured by conventional methods e.g. elongation to break, impact testing (IZOD). Preferably the heat treatment restores at least 75% of the ductility, especially 80% or more.

Aged polyester or shaped article in the present context means that it has the mechanical properties equivalent to the polyester or article having been stored for 24 hours or more at 20°C. Non-aged polyester or shaped article in the present context means that it has the mechanical properties equivalent to the polyester or shaped article having been freshly processed, i.e mechanical properties equivalent to storage for up to 24 hours at 20°C, preferably storage for up to and including 1 hour at 20°C of having been processed.

The PHBV is capable of a relatively high level of crystallinity, for example over 30%, especially 50-90%, in the absence of plasticiser. It consists of repetitive units of formula I: - O - C_m H_n - CO - I where m is 3 or 4 and n is 2m or 2m-2. Typically C_m H_n contains 2 carbon atoms in the polymer chain and a C- or C₂ side chain on the carbon next to oxygen in the chain.

Particular polyesters contain at least 70 mol%, preferably 70 to 98 % of m = 3 units, the remainder being m = 4 units. More preferably particular polyesters contain 4 to 20 mo!% of m = 4 units. Fractional percentages of units may have higher values of m. The molecular weight

Mw of the PHBV is for example from 50000 to 2 x 10⁶, especially over

100000. The copolymer may be a blend of two or more copolymers differing in the value of m. A particular example contains

(a) PHBV consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 2-5 mol % of units have m = 4, the rest m = 3; and

(b) PHBV consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 5-30 mol % of units have m = 4, the rest m = 3.

In each such copolymer blend the proportions are preferably such as give an average m = 4 content in the range 4-20 mol %.

The PHBV can be a product of fermentation, especially of a microbiological process in which a microorganism lays down PHBV during growth or is caused to do so by cultivation in starvation of one or more nutrients necessary for cell multiplication. The microorganisms may be wild or mutated or may have the necessary genetic material introduced into it. Alternatively the necessary genetic material may be harboured by an eukaryote, to effect the microbiological process. An example of a suitable microbiological process is described in

EP-A-69497 (Alcaliqenes eutrophus) for Formula I material with m = 3 or m = partly 3, partly 4.

The PHBV can be extracted from the fermentation product cells by means of an organic solvent, or the cellular protein material may be decomposed leaving microscopic granules of PHBV.

The polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) may be 3-hydroxy or 4-hydroxy or a mixture of both. Especially preferred is the (R)-3-hydroxy form of PHBV. Alternately, the PHBV can be a product of synthetic chemistry

(Bloembergen, Holden, Bluhm, Hamer and Marchessault, Macromolecules. 1 989, Vol 22, p1663-1669).

Typically the composition contains microbiologically produced PHBV to the extent of over 50% w/w, especially 80% w/w. The polyester composition can contain small amounts of the usual polymer processing additives such as particulate or fibrous or platy filler or reinforcer, fibres nucleating agents and pigments. The nucleant is preferably present in 0.1 to 10 phr, especially 1 to 5 phr, and may be for example, boron nitride, talc or ammonium chloride. The present invention does not include plasticisers as part of the polyester composition.

The properties of the polyester or article of the present invention can be assessed using the following measurements: stress-strain curve including calculations of elongation to break, Youngs modulus, and tensile strength; impact testing, for example IZOD; and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). These are all standard methods for testing mechanical properties.

The invention also provides a process for improving mechanical properties of an aged polyester comprising copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units which comprises heating the polyester at a temperature whereby (i) the polyester is restored to its original non- aged properties, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age.

The invention also extends to shaped articles of the polyester subjected to the above process.

Any one or more of the above-mentioned characterising properties can be used to monitor the progress of the heat treatment. In practice it is often sufficient to test the polyester or article by taking a sample from a batch, cooling it to room temperature and subjecting it to manual flexing. In established manufacturing it is often possible to fix the heating temperature and then adopt a time that is fully adequate and affords a small margin to cover accidental variations.

A further advantage of the present invention is that after treatment the rate of ageing appears to get slower over a period of a few weeks indicating that substantial stability of measurements indicative of ageing often occurs faster in the heat treated polyester than the non heat treated polyester. As a consequence, substantial stability of such measurements occurs at a level significantly above that for the non heat treated polyester, i.e. the mechanical properties stabilise at a level substantially improved compared to the non heat treated polyester. Preferably, the mechanical properties stabilise at a level at least 50% improved compared to the same measurements taken on the non heat treated polyester of the same age.

The heating temperature, i.e. the temperature to which the shaped article is heated, is preferably in the range from 80°C to 1 50°C, especially in the range from 100°C to 140°C. The temperature may be measured on the surface of the shaped article.

The heating time is typically at least a few seconds, preferably from 5 seconds to 20 hours, especially 0.5 min to 14 hours, particularly 0.5 min to 2 hours, after the article has reached the intended temperature. The heating time required for optimal effect is dependent on the heating temperature, i.e. the higher the temperature the less time that is required to achieve optimal effect. Also the temperature can be chosen to suit the characteristics of the copolymer of PHBV, the processing plant and economic requirements.

Heating can be effected in air or oxygen-depleted or inert gas or ]n vacuo, or in water or a fluid which does not interfere with the integrity of the polyester, or in a mould. Heat transfer can be by conduction, radiation, convection or resistive heating. Heat transfer methods may include ovens, water baths and hot rollers. A preferred form of heat transfer is by infra red radiation, for example, black body and quartz tubes. The shaped article is generally subjected to infra red radiation for 30 seconds to 1 5 minutes, preferably 30 seconds to 1 0 minutes.

The shaped articles may be run through the oven or other heating method on a continuous belt at a speed which is optimal to enable the shaped article to reach the correct temperature. A preferred method is to have a multi-zone system, preferably a 2 zone heat system in which the first zone gives a rapid rate of heating (i.e. the actual temperature in the zone may higher than that to be achieved by the shaped article) to bring it to the actual temperature required and then in the second zone the shaped article is maintained at the actual temperature to be achieved for the desired time period.

Processes for preparing shaped articles include for example, extrusion, production of film, coatings, injection moulding, thermoforming, fibre spinning and blow moulding. The invention provides processes of shaping the polymer composition and the resulting shaped articles. The processes are mentioned above. Articles include fibres, films especially for packaging, coated products (such as paper, board, non-woven fabrics), fibres, non- woven fabrics, extruded nets, personal hygiene products, bottles and drinking vessels, agricultural and horticultural films and vessels, containers, disposable items such as ostomy bags, incontinence devices and wound care products, sustained release systems for drugs and agrochemicals and adhesives.

The invention is more particularly described, but not limited, by reference to the following examples. In the following examples the tests were conducted with PHBV of the (R)-3-hydroxy form. Example 1

Comparison of aged and heat treated PHBV containing 10 mol % valerate units PHBV copolymer powder ("BIOPOL" supplied by ZENECA pic) having Mw

477,000, Mw/Mn 3.1 2 was mixed with 1 .0% of boron nitride nucleating agent in a Hobart (RTM) mixer for about 1 0 min. The mixture was fed to a Betol 2520 (RTM) 25 mm screw extruder operated at maximum temperature of 1 50°C with a screw speed of 100 rpm. The 4 mm strand so produced was crystallised at 60°C in a water bath and granulated. The granules were injection-moulded into dumbbell-shaped specimens according to ISO R 537/2, their prismatic part measuring 40 x 5 x 1 2 mm using a Boy 1 5S (RTM) machine at a maximum barrel temperature 1 50°C, injection time 1 0 sec, screw speed 220 rpm, injection pressure 5MPa, mould temperature 60°C, cooling time 30 sec. The specimens were allowed to age for at least 2 days at ambient temperature. Then the specimens were subjected to the following treatments :

(a) no further treatment

(b) heated for 1 hour at 1 00°C

(c) heated for 1 hour at 1 20°C

(d) heated for 1 hour at 140°C

The four specimens were examined for stress-strain behaviour using an Instron (RTM) 1 1 22 tensile testing machine fitted with a Nene data analysis system. A clamp separation of 50 mm and a crosshead speed of 20 mm. min^'1 were used. Each sample consisted of 5 bars and an average value taken.

The variation of extension to break under applied stress expressed as a percentage of the untreated value is shown in Table 1 . Table 1

Immediate 1 day 1 week 1 month

Untreated 100 10.0 5.4 4.4

100°C - 17.5 1 1 .3 1 1 .8

1 20°C - 56.7 1 5.2 1 2.1

140°C - 46.6 36.7 1 3.4

Further measurements were taken at 84 days on the 140°C treated samples which showed a variation of extension to break of 1 2.4% of the value for the untreated samples and at 385 days on the

100°C treated samples which showed a variation of extension to break of 8.4% of the value for the untreated samples. Conclusions

The untreated PHBV bars rapidly lost ductility and within one day elongation to break had been reduced to 10% of the original value of the untreated PHBV bars tested immediately after preparation. At one day after the heat treatment the PHBV bars treated at 100 °C were 50% more ductile than the untreated. The PHBV bars treated at 120°C and

140°C were approximately 5 times (400%) more ductile than the corresponding untreated PHBV bars. At one week after treatment the treated PHBV bars were 100%, 200% and 600% respectively more ductile than the untreated PHBV bars. At one month after treatment the treated PHBV bars were 150 to 200% more ductile than the untreated

PHBV.

After 84 and 385 days the heat treated samples were still displaying improved resistance to applied stress compared to the untreated samples at even 1 month and in particular the 140°C treated samples had hardly aged in the period from 1 month to 385 days.

The results clearly show that the aging of the PHBV bars was retarded after the heat treatment (as indicated by improved elongation to break values) compared to the untreated PHBV bars. Example 2

Comparison of aged and heat treated PHBV containing 5 mol % valerate units

This example was conducted as in Example 1 except for the following points : PHBV copolymer powder ("BIOPOL" supplied by ICI) having Mw

720,000, Mw/Mn 3.14; the maximum screw extruder temperature was 165°C; the cooling time was 20 seconds.

The variation of extension with applied stress (MPa) as a percentage of the untreated value is shown in Table 2. Table 2

0 1 day 1 week 1 mth 3 mths

Untreated 100 18.4 1 6.6 1 5.6 8.0

100°C - 37.0 31 .6 22.1 -

140°C - 75.8 51 .5 34.0 33.6

Conclusions

The untreated PHBV bars rapidly lost ductility and within one day elongation to break had been reduced to 1 8% of the original value of the untreated PHBV bars tested immediately after preparation. At one day after the heat treatment the PHBV bars treated at 100°C were 100% more ductile than the untreated bars at the same age. The PHBV bars treated at 140°C were approximately 4 times (300%) more ductile than the corresponding untreated PHBV bars. At one week after treatment the treated PHBV bars were approximately 100% and 200% respectively more ductile than the untreated PHBV bars. At one month after treatment the treated PHBV bars were 50% and 1 20% respectively more ductile than the untreated PHBV. The results clearly show that the aging of the PHBV bars was retarded after the heat treatment (as indicated by improved elongation to break values) compared to the untreated PHBV bars of the same age. A further interesting and useful feature of the heat treatment is that elongation to break values stabilise sooner and at a higher level than those of the untreated PHBV bars. The evidence for this can be seen from comparison of the 1 and 3 months values for the untreated and 140°C treated PHBV bars. Example 3

Comparison of IZOD impact strength for aged and heat treated PHBV containing 8 mol % valerate units Injection moulded impact bars were prepared as described in Example 1 , with the nozzle at 1 50°C, barrel zone 1 at 1 30°C, barrel zone 2 at 140°, injection time being 1 5 seconds, and the cooling time being 1 5 seconds. The bars were notched at 1 mm radius. IZOD impact strength was determined using a Zwick pendulum apparatus.

The heat treatment was applied to the impact bars 14 days after moulding. The bars were heated at 1 30°C for 20 minutes (initially the temperature dropped to 1 1 2°C and it took 1 5 minutes to reach the required temperature again). Five replicate bars were tested and the averaged values are given in Jm^'1. The results are given in Table 3. Table 3

0 1 day 7 days 28 days

untreated 93.75 58.75 51 .25 31 .25

treated 228.8 83.75 86.25 76.25

Conclusion

The heat treated bars were considerably more resistant to impact than the untreated bars. The impact results show a slowing down in the deterioration of the impact resistance for the treated bars and consequently at 28 days after treatment the treated bars are more than twice as resistant to impact than the untreated bars. The impact resistance of the untreated bars continues to deteriorate significantly over time.

Example 4: Bottle impact performance test.

Bottles were made from a formulation of PHBV containing 8% HV units, and 1 phr boron nitride by extrusion blow moulding with a Battenfield Fischer (35mm). The bottles contained 380ml (1 2 fl oz). The bottles were aged for 1 week before carrying out this test. A number of bottles were subjected to infra red heating for various times to give a bottle surface temperature between 1 25 and 130°C. The treated and untreated bottles were filled with water and conditioned for 24 hours at 22°C. The bottles were dropped from 48 inches (122cm) onto a 1 .3cm (V inch) steel plate angled at 5°. The results are given in Table 4. Table 4: Percentage of bottles surviving drop

IR heating times (sees) % bottle survival

0 0

180 40

225 60

300 40

Conclusion

Bottle drop survival was significantly improved by the heat treatment compared to the non heat treated bottles.

93SKM08S.WP5 - 26 May 1 994

Claims

1 Polyester composition consisting essentially of copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units in which ageing has occurred, characterised in that (i) the polyester is restored to its original non-aged properties by a heat treatment, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age.

2 Polyester composition according to Claim 1 wherein the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature from 80°C to 1 50°C.

3 Polyester composition according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature from 100°C to 140°C.

4 Polyester composition according to any of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the polyester is restored to at least 50% of the ductility of the original non-aged polyester.

5 Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the substantial improvement means that the measurement indicative of ageing is improved by 50% or more compared to the non-heat treated aged polyester at the same age as the heat treated aged polyester.

6 Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units contains at least 70 mol% of hydroxyvalerate units.

7 Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units is in the (R)-3-hydroxy form.

8 Shaped article at least partly made of a polyester composition consisting essentially of a copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units in which ageing has occurred, characterised in that (i) the shaped article is restored to its original non-aged properties by heating, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age. Process for improving mechanical properties of an aged polyester composition consisting essentially of copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units which comprises heating the polyester at a temperature whereby (i) the polyester is restored to its original non-aged properties, and (ii) subsequent ageing of the polyester is retarded as indicated by substantial improvement of at least one measurement indicative of ageing compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age. Process according to Claim 9 wherein the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature from 80°C to 1 50°C. Process according to Claim 10 wherein the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature from 100°C to 140°C. Process according to any of Claims 9 to 1 1 wherein the polyester composition is heat treated for a period from 5 seconds to 20 hours. Process according to any of Claims 9 to 12 wherein the heat transfer is by conduction or radiation. Process according to Claim 13 wherein the heat transfer is by infra red radiation. Process according to any of Claims 9 to 14 wherein the polyester is restored to at least 50% of the ductility of the original non-aged polyester. Process according to Claim 1 5 wherein the substantial improvement means that the measurement indicative of ageing is improved by 50% or more compared to the non-heat treated aged polyester at the same age as the heat treated aged polyester. Process according to any of Claims 9 to 16 wherein the copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units contains at least 70 mol% of hydroxyvalerate units. Process according to any Claims 9 to 1 7 wherein the copolymer of hydroxybutyrate units and hydroxyvalerate units is in the (R)-3- hydroxy form. Process according to any of Claims 9 to 18 wherein the mechanical properties of the heat treated polyester stabilise at a level substantially improved compared to the non heat treated polyester. Process according to Claim 1 9 wherein the mechanical properties of the heat treated polyester stabilise at a level at least 50% improved compared to non heat treated polyester of the same age.