EP0694986A1 - Coaxial radiating cable - Google Patents
Coaxial radiating cable Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0694986A1 EP0694986A1 EP95810481A EP95810481A EP0694986A1 EP 0694986 A1 EP0694986 A1 EP 0694986A1 EP 95810481 A EP95810481 A EP 95810481A EP 95810481 A EP95810481 A EP 95810481A EP 0694986 A1 EP0694986 A1 EP 0694986A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- windows
- series
- cable
- cable according
- distances
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/203—Leaky coaxial lines
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a radiating coaxial cable for mobile communications, in particular in tunnels, this cable comprising a central conductor coated in a layer of insulating material, this layer being entirely surrounded by a sheet of conductive material provided with windows, and an external insulating protective sheath.
- These cables have the particularity of radiating high frequency energy not in a punctual way like an antenna, but over the entire length of the cable. They consist of a coaxial cable whose outer conductive coating is provided with openings or windows allowing the passage of the high frequency wave in both directions. In other words, the existence of these windows allows high frequency energy to exit the cable to be picked up by a mobile receiver. Conversely, the high frequency energy emitted by a mobile transmitter can be picked up by the cable through said windows.
- the transmission loss that is to say the attenuation of the signal per unit of cable length and, on the other hand, coupling loss which is the average difference between the signal level in the cable and the signal level received by the antenna.
- the present invention proposes to overcome all of the drawbacks of known cables and to provide an efficient and reliable, suitable for all kinds of environments and whose technical characteristics are only slightly influenced by the external parameters specific to the site in which it is placed, and especially to immersion in water.
- said windows are arranged at least on a line parallel to the axis of the cable.
- the number of windows in each series is identical and the windows of the same series are regularly spaced.
- the windows all have the same oblong shape and are arranged along axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cable.
- the height of the windows, in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cable is substantially equal to the space which separates the vertical axes of two windows of the same series.
- the number of windows in a series can be equal to six.
- the windows can have an elliptical shape or a rectangular shape.
- said sheet of conductive material is provided with several window lines, the windows of each line being grouped by series, and the distances between the series being all different.
- the space which separates the window lines between them is at least equal to the height of said windows.
- the distances between the series of windows are determined by a random number generator.
- the distances between the series of windows are at least one hundred times greater than the spaces which separate two adjacent windows and are whole multiples all different from said spaces.
- the height of the windows is at least equal to the diameter of the layer of insulating material.
- the cable 10 represented is of the coaxial type and comprises a central conductor 11 coated in a coaxial layer 12 of an insulating material, the latter being entirely surrounded by a sheet 13 of a conductive material, in particular a continuous metal sheet bonded to the overlapping edges, the assembly being coated externally with an insulating sheath 14.
- the metal sheet 13 is provided with windows 17. These windows are arranged on a line parallel to the axis of the cable and grouped by series F1, F2, F3, ... F i over the entire length of the cable.
- these series of windows are spaced irregularly, that is to say that the distances which separate two consecutive series of windows, namely the distance between the series Fi and the series F i + 1 and that between the series F n and the series F n + 1 , are all different from each other, but at least a hundred times greater than the spaces which separate two adjacent windows by being integer multiples of these spaces.
- the windows are produced by determining the successive distances between two series of windows by a random number generator.
- the windows proper shown in Figures 2 and 3, have an oblong shape, for example elliptical (see Figure 2) or rectangular (see Figure 3).
- the largest dimension that is to say the height of the window, is preferably oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cable and at least equal to the diameter of the layer of insulating material.
- the number of windows in each series is advantageously six.
- the space l between the vertical axes of two neighboring windows of the same series is preferably at least approximately equal to the height of each window.
- the space l is approximately equal to the major axis of the ellipse.
- the space l is substantially equal to the length of the rectangle.
- the number of windows in each series is equal to six.
- the windows 17 are as previously grouped by series, but the series are arranged on several lines, and in particular two 21, 22 in the variant shown , parallel to the axis of the cable.
- the distance L which separates the two lines 21 and 22 is at least equal to the height l of the windows 17 and more particularly in the variant illustrated by this figure substantially equal to twice this height.
- the arrangement of windows 17 on each line 21 and 22 is identical.
- the windows are preferably grouped in series of six, the distance between each series of windows being random from the amplification arranged at the start of the cable.
- the two reasons for this provision are as follows. On the one hand, it makes it possible to avoid peaks in reflection loss and, on the other hand, it makes it possible to guarantee a certain transmission power at the end of the cable while optimizing the transmission loss factor.
- this cable offers a very constant coupling factor and radiated electromagnetic field in the range from 30 to 2,000 MHz and, unlike known cables, does not induce coupling discontinuities or irregularities in this frequency range. It is therefore practically insensitive to the environment and retains all of its characteristics measured in space after installation in a tunnel.
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- Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
- Communication Cables (AREA)
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un câble coaxial rayonnant pour les communications mobiles, notamment dans des tunnels, ce câble comportant un conducteur central enrobé dans une couche d'un matériau isolant, cette couche étant entièrement entourée d'une feuille d'un matériau conducteur pourvue de fenêtres, et d'une gaine isolante extérieure de protection.The present invention relates to a radiating coaxial cable for mobile communications, in particular in tunnels, this cable comprising a central conductor coated in a layer of insulating material, this layer being entirely surrounded by a sheet of conductive material provided with windows, and an external insulating protective sheath.
Les communications mobiles sont actuellement en plein essor. L' objectif recherché dans le domaine de ces communications est d'étendre le réseau au monde entier et de réduire au maximum, voire supprimer, les zones dites "zones d'ombre" où les communications ne peuvent en principe pas être établies, en particulier les tunnels routiers ou ferroviaires, les fonds de vallées encaissées, etc..Mobile communications are currently booming. The objective sought in the field of these communications is to extend the network to the whole world and to minimize, or even eliminate, the so-called "gray areas" where communications cannot in principle be established, in particular road or rail tunnels, bottoms of steep valleys, etc.
Pour rendre les télécommunications haute fréquence possibles dans les tunnels, on a équipé ces derniers de câbles dits rayonnants. Ces câbles ont la particularité de rayonner l'énergie haute fréquence non pas d'une manière ponctuelle comme une antenne, mais sur toute la longueur du câble. Ils sont constitués par un câble coaxial dont le revêtement conducteur extérieur est pourvu d'ouvertures ou fenêtres permettant le passage de l'onde de haute fréquence dans les deux sens. En d'autres termes, l'existence de ces fenêtres permet à l'énergie haute fréquence de sortir du câble pour être captée par un récepteur mobile. A l'inverse, l'énergie haute fréquence émise par un émetteur mobile peut être captée par le câble à travers lesdites fenêtres.To make high-frequency telecommunications possible in tunnels, they have been equipped with so-called radiating cables. These cables have the particularity of radiating high frequency energy not in a punctual way like an antenna, but over the entire length of the cable. They consist of a coaxial cable whose outer conductive coating is provided with openings or windows allowing the passage of the high frequency wave in both directions. In other words, the existence of these windows allows high frequency energy to exit the cable to be picked up by a mobile receiver. Conversely, the high frequency energy emitted by a mobile transmitter can be picked up by the cable through said windows.
On connaît déjà différentes réalisations de ce type de câbles rayonnants. Certains câbles comportent un conducteur extérieur sous la forme d'une tresse à mailles larges, d'autres comportent des ouvertures perforées dans une couche métallique extérieure.Various embodiments of this type of radiating cables are already known. Some cables have an outer conductor in the form of a large mesh braid, others have perforations in an outer metal layer.
On a malheureusement constaté que ces câbles présentent tous des inconvénients qui limitent fortement leur efficacité. D'une part, on enregistre des phénomènes de réflexion se produisant sur la longueur du câble et, d'autre part, ces câbles sont très sensibles à l'environnement dans lequel ils sont situés. Leur efficacité dépend de la forme du tunnel, de l'endroit où ils sont placés et notamment de la distance de leur emplacement par rapport à la voûte du tunnel, de leur mode de montage, de la présence d'autres éléments tels que par exemple des lignes de transmission d' énergie, des structures métalliques dans le béton armé, etc.. En outre, même si la présence ou l'absence de ces éléments peut en partie être prévue, il est très difficile de choisir, parmi les câbles existants, celui qui est le mieux adapté au site à équiper.Unfortunately, it has been found that these cables all have drawbacks which greatly limit their effectiveness. On the one hand, we records reflection phenomena occurring along the length of the cable and, on the other hand, these cables are very sensitive to the environment in which they are located. Their effectiveness depends on the shape of the tunnel, the place where they are placed and in particular the distance from their location relative to the roof of the tunnel, their method of assembly, the presence of other elements such as for example power transmission lines, metallic structures in reinforced concrete, etc. In addition, even if the presence or absence of these elements can be partly predicted, it is very difficult to choose, among the existing cables , the one that is best suited to the site to be equipped.
Deux facteurs sont à prendre en considération lors de la fabrication de ces câbles, d'une part l'affaiblissement de transmission, c'est-à-dire l'atténuation du signal par unité de longueur du câble et, d'autre part, l'affaiblissement de couplage qui est la différence moyenne entre le niveau du signal dans le câble et le niveau du signal reçu par l'antenne.Two factors must be taken into account during the manufacture of these cables, on the one hand the transmission loss, that is to say the attenuation of the signal per unit of cable length and, on the other hand, coupling loss which is the average difference between the signal level in the cable and the signal level received by the antenna.
Pour mesurer ces caractéristiques, on peut procéder à une simulation, le câble étant mesuré dans l'air à environ 2 m au-dessus du sol et ensuite immergé dans de l'eau. L'efficacité du câble est démontrée si les valeurs des grandeurs ci-dessus ne sont que faiblement influencées par l'immersion.To measure these characteristics, a simulation can be carried out, the cable being measured in air about 2 m above the ground and then immersed in water. The efficiency of the cable is demonstrated if the values of the above quantities are only slightly influenced by immersion.
L'art antérieur le plus proche est décrit par la publication EP-A-0 028 500 concernant un câble coaxial rayonnant ayant une couche conductrice extérieure pourvue d'ouvertures espacées de manière croissante ou décroissante. On a constaté dans ce type de câbles que le facteur de couplage ou le champ électromagnétique n'était pas constant dans la plage d'utilisation de 30 à 2'000 MHz. Par conséquent ce câble de l'art antérieur ne satisfait pas entièrement la demande en ne respectant pas complètement le cahier des charges imposé par les utilisateurs.The closest prior art is described in publication EP-A-0 028 500 concerning a radiating coaxial cable having an outer conductive layer provided with openings spaced in increasing or decreasing manner. It was found in this type of cables that the coupling factor or the electromagnetic field was not constant in the range of use from 30 to 2000 MHz. Consequently, this cable of the prior art does not entirely satisfy the demand by not completely respecting the specifications imposed by the users.
La présente invention se propose de pallier l'ensemble des inconvénients des câbles connus et de fournir un câble efficace et fiable, adapté à toutes sortes d'environnements et dont les caractéristiques techniques ne sont que faiblement influencées par les paramètres extérieurs propres au site dans lequel il est placé, et tout particulièrement à l'immersion dans l'eau.The present invention proposes to overcome all of the drawbacks of known cables and to provide an efficient and reliable, suitable for all kinds of environments and whose technical characteristics are only slightly influenced by the external parameters specific to the site in which it is placed, and especially to immersion in water.
Ce but est atteint par le câble selon l'invention, caractérisé en ce que lesdites fenêtres sont groupées par séries, et en ce que les distances entre les séries de fenêtres sont aléatoires et toutes différentes les unes des autres.This object is achieved by the cable according to the invention, characterized in that said windows are grouped by series, and in that the distances between the series of windows are random and all different from each other.
Dans une première forme de réalisation, lesdites fenêtres sont disposées au moins sur une ligne parallèle à l'axe du câble.In a first embodiment, said windows are arranged at least on a line parallel to the axis of the cable.
Dans une forme de réalisation préférée du câble selon l'invention, le nombre de fenêtres de chaque série est identique et les fenêtres d'une même série sont régulièrement espacées.In a preferred embodiment of the cable according to the invention, the number of windows in each series is identical and the windows of the same series are regularly spaced.
De préférence, les fenêtres ont toutes une même forme oblongue et sont disposées selon des axes perpendiculaires à l'axe longitudinal du câble.Preferably, the windows all have the same oblong shape and are arranged along axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cable.
D'une façon avantageuse, la hauteur des fenêtres, dans une direction perpendiculaire à l'axe longitudinal du câble est sensiblement égale à l'espace qui sépare les axes verticaux de deux fenêtres d'une même série.Advantageously, the height of the windows, in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cable is substantially equal to the space which separates the vertical axes of two windows of the same series.
Dans une des formes de réalisation du câble, le nombre de fenêtres d'une série peut être égal à six.In one of the embodiments of the cable, the number of windows in a series can be equal to six.
Selon les variantes, les fenêtres peuvent avoir une forme elliptique ou une forme rectangulaire.According to the variants, the windows can have an elliptical shape or a rectangular shape.
Dans une deuxième forme de réalisation, ladite feuille de matériau conducteur est pourvue de plusieurs lignes de fenêtres, les fenêtres de chaque ligne étant groupées par séries, et les distances entre les séries étant toutes différentes.In a second embodiment, said sheet of conductive material is provided with several window lines, the windows of each line being grouped by series, and the distances between the series being all different.
De préférence, l'espace qui sépare les lignes de fenêtres entre elles est au moins égal à la hauteur desdites fenêtres.Preferably, the space which separates the window lines between them is at least equal to the height of said windows.
De façon avantageuse, les distances entre les séries de fenêtres sont déterminées par un générateur de nombres aléatoires.Advantageously, the distances between the series of windows are determined by a random number generator.
Dans toutes les formes de réalisation, les distances entre les séries de fenêtres sont au moins cent fois supérieures aux espaces qui séparent deux fenêtres adjacentes et sont des multiples entiers tous différents desdits espaces.In all the embodiments, the distances between the series of windows are at least one hundred times greater than the spaces which separate two adjacent windows and are whole multiples all different from said spaces.
De façon avantageuse, la hauteur des fenêtres est au moins égale au diamètre de la couche de matériau isolant.Advantageously, the height of the windows is at least equal to the diameter of the layer of insulating material.
La présente invention sera mieux comprise en référence à la description d'exemples de réalisation et aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :
- la figure 1 représente une première forme de réalisation d'un câble selon l'invention,
- les figures 2 et 3 représentent deux formes de réalisation de fenêtres dont est pourvu le câble selon l'invention, et
- la figure 4 représente une deuxième forme de réalisation du câble selon l'invention.
- FIG. 1 represents a first embodiment of a cable according to the invention,
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show two embodiments of windows with which the cable according to the invention is provided, and
- Figure 4 shows a second embodiment of the cable according to the invention.
En référence à la figure 1, le câble 10 représenté est du type coaxial et comporte un conducteur central 11 enrobé dans une couche coaxiale 12 d'un matériau isolant, cette dernière étant entièrement entourée d'une feuille 13 d'un matériau conducteur, notamment une feuille métallique continue collée sur les bords qui se recouvrent, l'ensemble étant revêtu extérieurement d'une gaine isolante 14.With reference to FIG. 1, the
La différence entre ce câble et un câble coaxial classique est que la feuille métallique 13 est pourvue de fenêtres 17. Ces fenêtres sont disposées sur une ligne parallèle à l'axe du câble et groupées par séries F₁, F₂, F₃, ... Fi sur toute la longueur du câble. En outre, ces séries de fenêtres sont espacées de façon irrégulière, c'est-à-dire que les distances qui séparent deux séries consécutives de fenêtres, soit la distance entre la série Fi et la série Fi+1 et celle entre la série Fn et la série Fn+1, sont toutes différentes les unes des autres, mais au moins cent fois supérieures aux espaces qui séparent deux fenêtres adjacentes en étant des multiples entiers de ces espaces. Dans la pratique, on réalise les fenêtres en déterminant les distances successives entre deux séries de fenêtres par un générateur de nombres aléatoires.The difference between this cable and a conventional coaxial cable is that the
Les fenêtres proprement dites, représentées par les figures 2 et 3, ont une forme oblongue, par exemple elliptique (voir figure 2) ou rectangulaire (voir figure 3). Dans les deux cas, la dimension la plus grande, c'est-à-dire la hauteur de la fenêtre, est de préférence orientée perpendiculairement à l'axe longitudinal du câble et au moins égale au diamètre de la couche de matériau isolant.The windows proper, shown in Figures 2 and 3, have an oblong shape, for example elliptical (see Figure 2) or rectangular (see Figure 3). In both cases, the largest dimension, that is to say the height of the window, is preferably oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cable and at least equal to the diameter of the layer of insulating material.
Le nombre de fenêtres de chaque série est avantageusement de six. L'espace l entre les axes verticaux de deux fenêtres voisines d'une même série est de préférence au moins approximativement égal à la hauteur de chaque fenêtre. Dans le cas d'une fenêtre elliptique, l'espace l est approximativement égal au grand axe de l'ellipse. Dans le cas de fenêtre rectangulaire, l'espace l est sensiblement égal à la longueur du rectangle.The number of windows in each series is advantageously six. The space l between the vertical axes of two neighboring windows of the same series is preferably at least approximately equal to the height of each window. In the case of an elliptical window, the space l is approximately equal to the major axis of the ellipse. In the case of a rectangular window, the space l is substantially equal to the length of the rectangle.
De manière préférentielle, le nombre de fenêtres de chaque série est égal à six.Preferably, the number of windows in each series is equal to six.
Selon une seconde forme de réalisation illustrée par la figure 4, qui représente un câble 20 de gros diamètre, les fenêtres 17 sont comme précédemment groupées par séries, mais les séries sont disposées sur plusieurs lignes, et notamment deux 21, 22 dans la variante représentée, parallèles à l'axe du câble. La distance L qui sépare les deux lignes 21 et 22 est au moins égale à la hauteur l des fenêtres 17 et plus particulièrement dans la variante illustrée par cette figure sensiblement égale au double de cette hauteur.According to a second embodiment illustrated by FIG. 4, which represents a
Par ailleurs, la disposition des fenêtres 17 sur chaque ligne 21 et 22 est identique. Dans les deux formes de réalisation du câble, les fenêtres sont de préférence groupées par séries de six, la distance entre chaque série de fenêtres étant aléatoire depuis l'amplification disposée au départ du câble. Les deux raisons qui justifient cette disposition sont les suivantes. D'une part, elle permet d'éviter des pointes en affaiblissement de réflexion et, d'autre part, elle permet de garantir une certaine puissance d'émission à la fin du câble tout en optimisant le facteur affaiblissement de transmission.Furthermore, the arrangement of
Il s'avère que ce câble, ainsi que ses variantes qui ne sont pas décrites mais qui découlent de façon évidente de la description précédente, de par sa disposition spécifique des fenêtres, et plus particulièrement de l'écartement aléatoire des séries de fenêtres, offre un facteur de couplage et un champ électromagnétique rayonné très constants dans la plage de 30 à 2'000 Mhz et, contrairement aux câbles connus, n' induit pas des discontinuités ou des irrégularités de couplage dans cette plage de fréquences. Il est de ce fait pratiquement insensible à l'environnement et conserve toutes ses caractéristiques mesurées dans l'espace après installation en tunnel.It turns out that this cable, as well as its variants which are not described but which are obvious from the preceding description, by its specific arrangement of the windows, and more particularly the random spacing of the series of windows, offers a very constant coupling factor and radiated electromagnetic field in the range from 30 to 2,000 MHz and, unlike known cables, does not induce coupling discontinuities or irregularities in this frequency range. It is therefore practically insensitive to the environment and retains all of its characteristics measured in space after installation in a tunnel.
Claims (15)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9409506 | 1994-07-27 | ||
| FR9409506 | 1994-07-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0694986A1 true EP0694986A1 (en) | 1996-01-31 |
| EP0694986B1 EP0694986B1 (en) | 2001-08-22 |
Family
ID=9465945
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP95810481A Expired - Lifetime EP0694986B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 | 1995-07-25 | Coaxial radiating cable |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0694986B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE204682T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69522278T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2161848T3 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0902499A1 (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 1999-03-17 | Alcatel | Radiating coaxial high frequency cable |
| WO2023093443A1 (en) * | 2021-11-25 | 2023-06-01 | 华为技术有限公司 | Leaky coaxial cable and communication system |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10260070B4 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2006-07-13 | Sew-Eurodrive Gmbh & Co. Kg | System with an electric cable |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3691488A (en) * | 1970-09-14 | 1972-09-12 | Andrew Corp | Radiating coaxial cable and method of manufacture thereof |
| EP0028500A1 (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1981-05-13 | BICC Public Limited Company | High-frequency electric cables and method of making them |
| FR2652453A1 (en) * | 1989-09-20 | 1991-03-29 | Beam Cy Ltd | COAXIAL ANTENNA HAVING A PROGRESSIVE WAVE POWER TYPE. |
| DE9318420U1 (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1994-01-20 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh, 30179 Hannover | Radiating coaxial radio frequency cable |
-
1995
- 1995-07-25 ES ES95810481T patent/ES2161848T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-25 EP EP95810481A patent/EP0694986B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-25 DE DE69522278T patent/DE69522278T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-25 AT AT95810481T patent/ATE204682T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3691488A (en) * | 1970-09-14 | 1972-09-12 | Andrew Corp | Radiating coaxial cable and method of manufacture thereof |
| EP0028500A1 (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1981-05-13 | BICC Public Limited Company | High-frequency electric cables and method of making them |
| FR2652453A1 (en) * | 1989-09-20 | 1991-03-29 | Beam Cy Ltd | COAXIAL ANTENNA HAVING A PROGRESSIVE WAVE POWER TYPE. |
| DE9318420U1 (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1994-01-20 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh, 30179 Hannover | Radiating coaxial radio frequency cable |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0902499A1 (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 1999-03-17 | Alcatel | Radiating coaxial high frequency cable |
| US6246005B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2001-06-12 | Alcatel | Radiating coaxial cable |
| WO2023093443A1 (en) * | 2021-11-25 | 2023-06-01 | 华为技术有限公司 | Leaky coaxial cable and communication system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE204682T1 (en) | 2001-09-15 |
| DE69522278D1 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
| ES2161848T3 (en) | 2001-12-16 |
| DE69522278T2 (en) | 2002-05-23 |
| EP0694986B1 (en) | 2001-08-22 |
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