EP0690660A1 - Method and apparatus for heating a flowing ionic fluid - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for heating a flowing ionic fluid Download PDFInfo
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- EP0690660A1 EP0690660A1 EP95401569A EP95401569A EP0690660A1 EP 0690660 A1 EP0690660 A1 EP 0690660A1 EP 95401569 A EP95401569 A EP 95401569A EP 95401569 A EP95401569 A EP 95401569A EP 0690660 A1 EP0690660 A1 EP 0690660A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/60—Heating arrangements wherein the heating current flows through granular powdered or fluid material, e.g. for salt-bath furnace, electrolytic heating
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for heating a flowing ionic liquid comprising at least one elongated enclosure for circulation of the liquid, two identical electrodes disposed respectively at the inlet and at the outlet of the enclosure and means for generating an electric field between said electrodes arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within said liquid.
- Such heating by direct electrical conduction is also known by the name of "ohmic" heating.
- the invention also relates to a method of ohmic heating and / or sterilization of a flowing ionic liquid.
- the scraped surface heat exchangers better suited to liquids with high viscosity, require a long treatment time.
- the present invention aims to provide a heating device and method which responds better than those previously known to the requirements of practice, in particular in that it makes it possible to obtain very short heating times, of the order of a second, and this in a simple and easy to implement.
- the invention essentially provides a device for heating a flowing ionic liquid comprising at least one elongated enclosure for circulation of the liquid, two identical electrodes disposed respectively at the inlet and at the outlet of the enclosure and means generating an electric field between said electrodes arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within said liquid, characterized in that the enclosure comprises a central tubular zone connected to an inlet convergent and to an outlet diverging, and in that the electrodes are openwork surface elements suitable for being traversed by the liquid and respectively fixed to said inlet converger and to said audit diverging outlet, perpendicular to the direction of flow.
- the invention also provides a method of heating an ionic liquid flowing in an enclosure between two electrodes between which an electric field is generated arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within the liquid, characterized in that a low current density j, for example 40 mA / cm, is generated on the surface of the electrodes.
- a higher current density for example up to 700 mA / cm, is however also possible in other embodiments of the invention and depending on the materials used.
- the electric field is alternating.
- the liquid is passed in a converging box through a first electrode, then in a tubular part, then in a diverging box before discharging it through a second electrode, the alternating voltage applied between the electrodes being between about a few hundred volts, for example 400 volts, and about 5000 volts.
- the liquid to be heated is passed through three chambers arranged in hydraulic parallel and supplied with three-phase.
- Figure 1 shows a device 1 for heating an ionic liquid 2 in flow.
- the device comprises an enclosure 3 made of insulating material, for example PTFE, for circulating the liquid and two identical electrodes 4 and 5, in the form of a surface element, disposed respectively at the inlet 6 and at the outlet 7 of the enclosure .
- Means 8 for generating an alternating voltage between the electrodes 4 and 5 of between a few hundred volts, for example 400 volts, and 10,000 volts, for example 5000 volts, are also provided.
- the enclosure 3 comprises a tubular central zone 9, the cross section of which is calculated as a function of the flow rate of the liquid and the desired residence time, of a converging cone 10 for entering the liquid and a diverging cone 11 for leaving the liquid , symmetrical of the cone 10.
- the internal diameter of the small base 12 of the cones is equal to the internal diameter of the tube 9, the internal diameter of the large bases 13 of the cones being chosen as a function of the electrodes.
- the cones 10 and 11 are identical, but their dimensions can also be different to take account in particular of the electrical conductivity of the fluids which varies as a function of the temperature.
- Each cone has, on the side of its large base, an internal shoulder 14, on which the electrodes 4 and 5 are respectively pressed.
- Each electrode is for example constituted by a metal disc of diameter equal to that of the large base increased on either side of a thickness corresponding to, or slightly less than, the width of the shoulder.
- the disc is made of a material which depends on the product to be treated. It can be stainless steel, graphite, titanium or platinum alloy, etc.
- the discs are drilled with holes 15 the number, diameter and distribution of which depend on the flow rate and the viscosity of the liquid to be heated.
- the invention is not limited to electrodes constituted by perforated plates, but also relates to other embodiments of openwork surface elements such as electrodes in the form of a grid or constituted by housings containing metallic particles.
- the electrodes are connected to the voltage generator circuit 8, for example via a nut welded at their periphery, said nut receiving a threaded rod provided with a sealing gland (not shown).
- the device 1 also includes cylindrical housings or flanges 16 and 17, for connection with the supply and discharge circuit of the fluid (not shown). These housings serve as sealing covers at each end and allow the electrodes to be held in place by compressing them on the shoulders. Each housing has a central connection orifice 18 for the inlet or outlet of the fluid 19.
- Such a device makes it possible to obtain a very short heating time thanks to its geometry. Indeed, the electrical resistance represented by the fluid contained in a cone 10 or 11 is much lower than that of the fluid contained in the central tube 9.
- the electrical power dissipated, and therefore the heating of the fluid, is therefore carried out almost entirely in the central tube, ie in less than a second depending on the diameter chosen.
- the inlet cone 10 can also serve as a preheating zone for the product, while the outlet cone can be associated with a rapid cooling device (not shown).
- the end cones also make it possible to implant electrodes of large diameter and therefore to reduce the current density thereon, which limits the electrochemical phenomena which take place at the metal interface produced.
- n ° 1 the characteristic parameters of a device of the type described with reference to FIG. 1 are given below for a fluid whose characteristics correspond to table n ° 2, the electrical operating parameters being given in table 3.
- FLUID CHARACTERISTICS density (kg / m3) 1100 mass heat (J / kg.K) 4000 inlet temperature (° C) 80 input conductivity (S / m) 0.411 outlet temperature (° C) 165 output conductivity (S / m) 0.764 TABLE 2
- FIG. 2 shows a device 20 comprising three identical enclosures 21, 22, 23, in parallel, hydraulic, for example of the type described above, the electrodes of which are supplied with three-phase.
- the electrode 26 of the enclosure 21 is in phase (1) (ph 1 in the drawing).
- the electrode 28 of the enclosure 22 is in phase (2) (ph 2), the electrode 25 of the enclosure 23 is in phase (3) (ph 3).
- the electrodes 24, 27 and 29 placed at the outlet of the enclosures 21, 22, 23 are connected to the ground and to the neutral of the system.
- the viscous liquid to be sterilized at 160 ° C for example a dairy product, is supplied with pressure (for example under 4 bars) and introduced into 6 into the enclosure at a temperature of the order of 80 ° C, after preheating.
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- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un dispositif de chauffage d'un liquide ionique en écoulement comportant au moins une enceinte allongée de circulation du liquide, deux électrodes identiques disposées respectivement à l'entrée et à la sortie de l'enceinte et des moyens de génération d'un champ électrique entre lesdites électrodes agencé pour chauffer le liquide par conduction électrique directe au sein dudit liquide.The present invention relates to a device for heating a flowing ionic liquid comprising at least one elongated enclosure for circulation of the liquid, two identical electrodes disposed respectively at the inlet and at the outlet of the enclosure and means for generating an electric field between said electrodes arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within said liquid.
Un tel chauffage par conduction électrique directe est également connu sous la dénomination de chauffage "ohmique".Such heating by direct electrical conduction is also known by the name of "ohmic" heating.
L'invention concerne également un procédé de chauffage ohmique et/ou de stérilisation d'un liquide ionique en écoulement.The invention also relates to a method of ohmic heating and / or sterilization of a flowing ionic liquid.
Elle trouve une application particulièrement importante bien que non exclusive dans le domaine de l'industrie agro-alimentaire, pour stériliser ou pasteuriser des liquides.It finds a particularly important although not exclusive application in the field of the food industry, for sterilizing or pasteurizing liquids.
On sait que pour stériliser ou pasteuriser efficacement, il faut respecter certaines conditions de température pendant des temps déterminés.It is known that to sterilize or pasteurize effectively, certain temperature conditions must be observed for specific times.
Or les produits alimentaires sont particulièrement thermosensibles et leurs caractéristiques vitaminiques, gustatives et nutritionnelles sont directement affectées par la durée du traitement.However, food products are particularly heat-sensitive and their vitamin, taste and nutritional characteristics are directly affected by the duration of treatment.
Afin de préserver au mieux les qualités organoleptiques des aliments, on recherche donc le chauffage des liquides, plus ou moins pâteux, à pasteuriser ou stériliser, pendant un temps aussi court que possible.In order to best preserve the organoleptic qualities of food, we therefore seek to heat liquids, more or less pasty, to pasteurize or sterilize, for as short a time as possible.
Les techniques connues de stérilisation ne permettent cependant pas des temps de chauffage très courts, notamment avec des produits visqueux.The known sterilization techniques do not, however, allow very short heating times, in particular with viscous products.
En effet, avec un échangeur classique, une vitesse d'écoulement élevée s'accompagne de pertes de charges importantes qui deviennent rédhibitoires pour le procédé. De plus, dans le cas où les températures des parois directement au contact du liquide sont élevées, il y a un risque de dégradabilité notable du liquide thermosensible.Indeed, with a conventional exchanger, a high flow speed is accompanied by significant pressure drops which become unacceptable for the process. In addition, in the case where the temperatures of the walls directly in contact with the liquid are high, there is a risk of notable degradability of the heat-sensitive liquid.
Les échangeurs à surface raclée, mieux adaptés aux liquides à forte viscosité imposent quant à eux un temps de traitement long.The scraped surface heat exchangers, better suited to liquids with high viscosity, require a long treatment time.
Enfin, les systèmes à injection de vapeur engendrent une dilution, voire une pollution, du fluide à chauffer, ce qui est un inconvénient souvent majeur.Finally, steam injection systems cause dilution, or even pollution, of the fluid to be heated, which is an often major drawback.
On connaît également un échangeur à chauffage ohmique permettant la stérilisation industrielle de produits alimentaires pouvant contenir des morceaux d'aliment entier. Celui-ci présente les avantages connus de ce type de chauffage, à savoir l'absence de paroi chaude et d'échange convectif, puisque l'énergie thermique est dissipée par passage d'un courant électrique alternatif, directement au sein du liquide.There is also known an ohmic heating exchanger for the industrial sterilization of food products which may contain pieces of whole food. This has the known advantages of this type of heating, namely the absence of a hot wall and convective exchange, since the thermal energy is dissipated by the passage of an alternating electric current, directly within the liquid.
Il permet ainsi un chauffage uniforme à coeur des produits traités.It thus allows uniform heating to the heart of the treated products.
Mais ici encore, un tel stérilisateur nécessite un séjour du produit dans une plage de hautes températures pendant un temps assez long (plusieurs minutes).But here again, such a sterilizer requires a stay of the product in a high temperature range for a fairly long time (several minutes).
La présente invention vise à fournir un dispositif et un procédé de chauffage répondant mieux que ceux antérieurement connus aux exigences de la pratique, notamment en ce qu'elle permet d'obtenir des temps de chauffage très courts, de l'ordre de la seconde, et ce de façon simple et aisée à mettre en oeuvre.The present invention aims to provide a heating device and method which responds better than those previously known to the requirements of practice, in particular in that it makes it possible to obtain very short heating times, of the order of a second, and this in a simple and easy to implement.
Dans ce but l'invention propose essentiellement un dispositif de chauffage d'un liquide ionique en écoulement comportant au moins une enceinte allongée de circulation du liquide, deux électrodes identiques disposées respectivement à l'entrée et à la sortie de l'enceinte et des moyens de génération d'un champ électrique entre lesdites électrodes agencé pour chauffer le liquide par conduction électrique directe au sein dudit liquide,
caractérisé en ce que
l'enceinte comprend une zone centrale tubulaire raccordée à un convergeant d'entrée et à un divergeant de sortie, et en ce que les électrodes sont des éléments surfaciques ajourés propres à être traversés par le liquide et respectivement fixées audit convergeant d'entrée et audit divergeant de sortie, perpendiculairement au sens de l'écoulement.For this purpose, the invention essentially provides a device for heating a flowing ionic liquid comprising at least one elongated enclosure for circulation of the liquid, two identical electrodes disposed respectively at the inlet and at the outlet of the enclosure and means generating an electric field between said electrodes arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within said liquid,
characterized in that
the enclosure comprises a central tubular zone connected to an inlet convergent and to an outlet diverging, and in that the electrodes are openwork surface elements suitable for being traversed by the liquid and respectively fixed to said inlet converger and to said audit diverging outlet, perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Dans des modes de réalisation avantageux, on a de plus recours à l'une et/ou à l'autre des dispositions suivantes :
- les dimensions des éléments surfaciques correspondent respectivement aux sections internes du divergeant et du convergeant à l'emplacement de leur fixation sur ces derniers ;
- les éléments surfaciques sont respectivement fixés aux extrémités externes par rapport à la zone centrale, du divergeant et du convergeant ;
- la zone centrale tubulaire est cylindrique, et le convergeant d'entrée et le divergeant de sortie sont des portions de cônes identiques dont la section intérieure de la petite base est égale à la section intérieure du tube, et dont la section intérieure de la grande base correspond à la surface active des électrodes ;
- les électrodes sont des plaques métalliques percées de trous de passage du liquide ;
- le divergeant de sortie peut être associé à un système de refroidissement ;
- le dispositif comporte deux boîtiers de connexion avec le circuit d'alimentation et d'évacuation du liquide, respectivement disposés de part et d'autre de l'enceinte, à savoir un boîtier d'alimentation du liquide de section correspondant à la plus grande section du convergeant auquel il est relié via la première électrode, et un boîtier d'évacuation de section correspondant à la plus grande section du divergeant auquel ledit boîtier d'évacuation est relié via la seconde électrode ;
- la section de la zone centrale tubulaire est inférieure ou égale à de l'ordre de cinq fois la surface d'une électrode, par exemple inférieure ou égale à dix fois cette dernière ;
- le dispositif peut comporter trois enceintes en parallèle, dont les électrodes sont couplées pour permettre une alimentation en triphasée.
- the dimensions of the surface elements correspond respectively to the internal sections of the diverging and of the converging at the location of their attachment to the latter;
- the surface elements are respectively fixed at the outer ends relative to the central zone, of the diverging and the converging;
- the central tubular zone is cylindrical, and the inlet convergent and the outlet diverging are portions of identical cones whose inner section of the small base is equal to the inner section of the tube, and whose inner section of the large base corresponds to the active surface of the electrodes;
- the electrodes are metal plates pierced with holes for the passage of the liquid;
- the outlet diverging may be associated with a cooling system;
- the device comprises two boxes for connection with the liquid supply and discharge circuit, respectively arranged on either side of the enclosure, namely a liquid supply box with a section corresponding to the largest section of the convergent to which it is connected via the first electrode, and a section evacuation box corresponding to the largest section of the diverging point to which said evacuation case is connected via the second electrode;
- the section of the central tubular zone is less than or equal to about five times the area of an electrode, for example less than or equal to ten times the latter;
- the device can include three speakers in parallel, the electrodes of which are coupled to allow a three-phase supply.
L'invention propose également un procédé de chauffage d'un liquide ionique en écoulement dans une enceinte entre deux électrodes entre lesquelles est généré un champ électrique agencé pour chauffer le liquide par conduction électrique directe au sein du liquide,
caractérisé en ce que on génère à la surface des électrodes une densité de courant j faible, par exemple de 40 mA/cm.The invention also provides a method of heating an ionic liquid flowing in an enclosure between two electrodes between which an electric field is generated arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within the liquid,
characterized in that a low current density j, for example 40 mA / cm, is generated on the surface of the electrodes.
Une densité de courant supérieure, par exemple pouvant atteindre 700 mA/cm, est cependant également envisageable dans d'autres modes de réalisation de l'invention et en fonction des matériaux employés.A higher current density, for example up to 700 mA / cm, is however also possible in other embodiments of the invention and depending on the materials used.
Le champ électrique est alternatif.The electric field is alternating.
Avantageusement, on fait passer le liquide dans une boîte convergeante au travers d'une première électrode, puis dans une partie tubulaire, puis dans une boîte divergente avant de l'évacuer au travers d'une deuxième électrode, la tension alternative appliquée entre les électrodes étant comprise entre de l'ordre de quelques centaines de volts, par exemple 400 Volts, et de l'ordre de 5000 Volts.Advantageously, the liquid is passed in a converging box through a first electrode, then in a tubular part, then in a diverging box before discharging it through a second electrode, the alternating voltage applied between the electrodes being between about a few hundred volts, for example 400 volts, and about 5000 volts.
Dans un mode de réalisation avantageux, on fait passer le liquide à réchauffer au travers de trois enceintes disposées en parallèle hydraulique et alimentées en triphasée.In an advantageous embodiment, the liquid to be heated is passed through three chambers arranged in hydraulic parallel and supplied with three-phase.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui suit des modes de réalisation donnés à titre d'exemple non limitatif.The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of embodiments given by way of non-limiting example.
Elle se réfère aux dessins qui l'accompagnent dans lesquels :
- La figure 1 est une vue en coupe de l'enceinte du dispositif selon le mode de réalisation de l'invention plus particulièrement décrit ici.
- La figure 2 est une vue schématique d'un dispositif selon l'invention comportant trois enceintes du type de celle décrite en référence à la figure 1, alimentées en triphasée.
- Figure 1 is a sectional view of the enclosure of the device according to the embodiment of the invention more particularly described here.
- Figure 2 is a schematic view of a device according to the invention comprising three speakers of the type described with reference to Figure 1, supplied with three-phase.
La figure 1 montre un dispositif 1 de chauffage d'un liquide ionique 2 en écoulement.Figure 1 shows a device 1 for heating an
Le dispositif comporte une enceinte 3 en matière isolante, par exemple en PTFE, de circulation du liquide et deux électrodes 4 et 5 identiques, en forme d'élément surfacique, disposées respectivement à l'entrée 6 et à la sortie 7 de l'enceinte. Des moyens 8 de génération d'une tension alternative entre les électrodes 4 et 5 comprise entre quelques centaines de volts, par exemple 400 Volts, et 10 000 Volts, par exemple de 5000 Volts, sont par ailleurs prévus.The device comprises an
L'enceinte 3 comporte une zone centrale tubulaire 9 dont la section est calculée en fonction du débit du liquide et du temps de séjour souhaité, d'un cône convergeant 10 d'entrée du liquide et d'un cône divergeant 11 de sortie du liquide, symétrique du cône 10.The
Le diamètre interne de la petite base 12 des cônes est égal au diamètre interne du tube 9, le diamètre interne des grandes bases 13 des cônes étant choisi en fonction des électrodes.The internal diameter of the
Dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 1, les cônes 10 et 11 sont identiques, mais leurs dimensionnements peuvent également être différents pour tenir compte notamment de la conductivité électrique des fluides qui varie en fonction de la température.In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the
Chaque cône comporte du côté de sa grande base un épaulement 14, interne, sur lequel sont respectivement plaquées les électrodes 4 et 5.Each cone has, on the side of its large base, an
Chaque électrode est par exemple constituée par un disque métallique de diamètre égal à celui de la grande base augmenté de part et d'autre d'une épaisseur correspondant, ou un peu inférieure, à la largeur de l'épaulement. Le disque est constitué en un matériau qui est fonction du produit à traiter. Il peut être en acier inoxydable, en graphite, en alliage de titane ou de platine, etc.Each electrode is for example constituted by a metal disc of diameter equal to that of the large base increased on either side of a thickness corresponding to, or slightly less than, the width of the shoulder. The disc is made of a material which depends on the product to be treated. It can be stainless steel, graphite, titanium or platinum alloy, etc.
Les disques sont percés de trous 15 dont le nombre, le diamètre et la répartition sont fonction du débit et de la viscosité du liquide à chauffer.The discs are drilled with
L'invention ne se limite pas à des électrodes constituées par des plaques percées, mais concerne également d'autres modes de réalisation d'éléments surfaciques ajourés tels que des électrodes en forme de grille ou constituées par des boîtier contenant des particules métalliques.The invention is not limited to electrodes constituted by perforated plates, but also relates to other embodiments of openwork surface elements such as electrodes in the form of a grid or constituted by housings containing metallic particles.
Les électrodes sont raccordées au circuit 8 générateur de tension, par exemple via un écrou soudé à leur périphérie, ledit écrou recevant une tige filetée munie d'un presse-étoupe d'étanchéité (non représenté).The electrodes are connected to the voltage generator circuit 8, for example via a nut welded at their periphery, said nut receiving a threaded rod provided with a sealing gland (not shown).
Le dispositif 1 comprend également des boîtiers ou flasques cylindriques 16 et 17, de connexion avec le circuit d'alimentation et d'évacuation du fluide (non représenté). Ces boîtiers servent de couvercles d'étanchéité à chaque extrémité et permettent le maintien des électrodes en place en les comprimant sur les épaulements. Chaque boîtier comporte un orifice de raccordement central 18 d'entrée ou de sortie du fluide 19.The device 1 also includes cylindrical housings or
Un tel dispositif permet d'obtenir un temps de chauffage très court grâce à sa géométrie. En effet, la résistance électrique représentée par le fluide contenu dans un cône 10 ou 11 est beaucoup plus faible que celle du fluide contenu dans le tube central 9.Such a device makes it possible to obtain a very short heating time thanks to its geometry. Indeed, the electrical resistance represented by the fluid contained in a
La puissance électrique dissipée, et donc l'échauffement du fluide, s'effectue donc en quasi totalité dans le tube central, soit en moins d'une seconde selon le diamètre choisi.The electrical power dissipated, and therefore the heating of the fluid, is therefore carried out almost entirely in the central tube, ie in less than a second depending on the diameter chosen.
Le cône d'entrée 10 peut par aileurs servir de zone de préchauffage du produit, alors que le cône de sortie peut être associé à un dispositif de refroidissement rapide (non représenté).The
Les cônes d'extrémité permettent également d'implanter des électrodes de grand diamètre et donc de diminuer la densité de courant sur celles ci, ce qui limite les phénomènes électrochimiques qui ont lieu à l'interface métal produit.The end cones also make it possible to implant electrodes of large diameter and therefore to reduce the current density thereon, which limits the electrochemical phenomena which take place at the metal interface produced.
A titre d'exemple non limitatif, on donne ci-après dans le tableau n°1 les paramètres caractéristiques d'un appareil du type de celui décrit en référence à la figure 1 pour un fluide dont les caractéristiques correspondent au tableau n°2, les paramètres électriques de fonctionnement étant quant à eux donnés dans le tableau 3.
La figure 2 montre un dispositif 20 comprenant trois enceintes 21, 22, 23 identiques, en parallèle, hydrauliques, par exemple du type décrit ci-dessus, dont les électrodes sont alimentées en triphasée. L'électrode 26 de l'enceinte 21 est à la phase (1) (ph 1 sur le dessin). L'électrode 28 de l'enceinte 22 est à la phase (2) (ph 2), l'électrode 25 de l'enceinte 23 est à la phase (3) (ph 3). Les électrodes 24, 27 et 29 placées à la sortie des enceintes 21, 22, 23 sont raccordées à la masse et au neutre du système.FIG. 2 shows a
On va maintenant décrire le fonctionnement du dispositif selon l'invention en référence à la figure 1.We will now describe the operation of the device according to the invention with reference to FIG. 1.
Le liquide visqueux à stériliser à 160°C, par exemple un produit laitier, est alimenté en pression (par exemple sous 4 bars) et introduit en 6 dans l'enceinte à une température de l'ordre de 80°C, après préchauffage.The viscous liquid to be sterilized at 160 ° C, for example a dairy product, is supplied with pressure (for example under 4 bars) and introduced into 6 into the enclosure at a temperature of the order of 80 ° C, after preheating.
Il passe de 80°C à une température de 90°C à l'entrée du tube 9, avec un temps de séjour qui est par exemple de l'ordre de 8 s dans le cône 10, puis sa température monte de 90°C à 160°C en un temps de séjour de 0,3 s dans le tube central 9, avant de sortir dans le divergeant 11 où sa température est stabilisée.It goes from 80 ° C to a temperature of 90 ° C at the inlet of the
De l'ordre de 10% de la puissance totale a donc été dissipée dans le cône d'entrée. Par contre 85%, voire même dans certains cas plus de 95%, de la chaleur est dissipée dans le tube et moins de 5% dans le cône de sortie où un refroidissement complémentaire (non représenté) peut par exemple également être avantageusement prévu.In the order of 10% of the total power has therefore been dissipated in the inlet cone. On the other hand, 85%, or even in some cases more than 95%, of the heat is dissipated in the tube and less than 5% in the outlet cone where additional cooling (not shown) can for example also be advantageously provided.
Claims (11)
caractérisé en ce que
l'enceinte (3,21,22,23) comprend une zone centrale tubulaire (9) raccordée à un convergeant d'entrée (10) et à un divergeant de sortie (11), et en ce que les électrodes (4,5) sont des éléments surfaciques ajourés propres à être traversés par le liquide et respectivement fixées audit convergeant d'entrée et audit divergeant de sortie perpendiculairement au sens de l'écoulement.Device (1,20) for heating an ionic liquid (2) in flow comprising at least one elongated enclosure (3,21,22,23) for circulation of the liquid, two electrodes (4,5; 26,24,28 , 27; 25,29) identical, disposed respectively at the inlet (6) and at the outlet (7) of the enclosure and means (8) for generating an electric field between said electrodes arranged to heat the liquid by direct electrical conduction within said liquid,
characterized in that
the enclosure (3,21,22,23) comprises a tubular central zone (9) connected to an inlet convergent (10) and to an outlet diverging (11), and in that the electrodes (4,5 ) are perforated surface elements suitable for being traversed by the liquid and respectively fixed to said inlet convergent and to said outlet diverging perpendicular to the direction of flow.
caractérisé en ce que les dimensions des éléments surfaciques correspondent respectivement aux sections internes du divergeant et du convergeant à l'emplacement de leur fixation sur ces derniers.Device according to claim 1,
characterized in that the dimensions of the surface elements correspond respectively to the internal sections of the diverging and of the converging at the location of their attachment to the latter.
caractérisé en ce que la zone centrale tubulaire (9) est cylindrique, et en ce que le convergeant d'entrée (10) et le divergeant de sortie (11) sont des portions de cônes identiques dont la section intérieure de la petite base (12) est égale à la section intérieure du tube, et dont la section intérieure de la grande base (13) correspond à la surface des électrodes.Device according to claim 2,
characterized in that the central tubular zone (9) is cylindrical, and in that the inlet convergent (10) and the outlet diverging (11) are portions of identical cones, the inner section of the small base (12 ) is equal to the inner section of the tube, and whose section inside of the large base (13) corresponds to the surface of the electrodes.
caractérisé en ce que on fait passer le liquide dans une boîte convergeante (10) au travers d'une première électrode (4), puis dans une partie tubulaire (9), puis dans une boîte divergente (11) avant de l'évacuer au travers d'une deuxième électrode (5), la tension alternative appliquée entre les électrodes (4,5) étant comprise entre de l'ordre de quelques centaines de volts, par exemple 400 V, et de l'ordre de 5000 Volts.Method according to claim 9,
characterized in that the liquid is passed through a converging box (10) through a first electrode (4), then through a tubular part (9), then through a diverging box (11) before discharging it to the through a second electrode (5), the alternating voltage applied between the electrodes (4,5) being between around a few hundred volts, for example 400 V, and around 5000 Volts.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9408108 | 1994-06-30 | ||
FR9408108A FR2722053B1 (en) | 1994-06-30 | 1994-06-30 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR HEATING A FLOWING IONIC LIQUID |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0690660A1 true EP0690660A1 (en) | 1996-01-03 |
EP0690660B1 EP0690660B1 (en) | 2000-01-19 |
Family
ID=9464869
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95401569A Expired - Lifetime EP0690660B1 (en) | 1994-06-30 | 1995-06-29 | Method and apparatus for heating a flowing ionic fluid |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0690660B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE189096T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69514579T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0690660T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2143019T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2722053B1 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3032948T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT690660E (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6130990A (en) * | 1998-08-25 | 2000-10-10 | Nestec S.A. | On-demand direct electrical resistance heating system and method thereof |
WO2001041509A1 (en) * | 1999-12-02 | 2001-06-07 | Electricite De France - Service National | Improved ohmic heating device for a fluid, installation comprising same, and method for using same |
WO2013141703A1 (en) * | 2012-03-20 | 2013-09-26 | Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek | Process for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product and apparatus for such process |
WO2015082944A1 (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2015-06-11 | Koós-Varju János | Heating element powered by alternating current and heat generator accomplished by the heating element |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105919424B (en) * | 2016-05-24 | 2019-04-09 | 平湖科能电器技术有限公司 | A kind of heating mechanism |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR816004A (en) * | 1936-01-10 | 1937-07-28 | American Magnesium Metals Corp | Electric shaft furnace, in particular for direct resistance heating |
DE945582C (en) * | 1953-04-12 | 1956-07-12 | Hans Ulrich Bach Dipl Ing | Liquid heater or steam generator with electrode heating |
FR2461425A1 (en) * | 1979-07-06 | 1981-01-30 | Electricite De France | On-line heating of liquid and viscous material - uses electrical heating plates to define flow channel and is esp. for concrete |
WO1994011681A1 (en) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-05-26 | Beckswift Limited | Electrical apparatus |
-
1994
- 1994-06-30 FR FR9408108A patent/FR2722053B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-06-29 EP EP95401569A patent/EP0690660B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-29 DE DE69514579T patent/DE69514579T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-29 AT AT95401569T patent/ATE189096T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-06-29 ES ES95401569T patent/ES2143019T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-29 DK DK95401569T patent/DK0690660T3/en active
- 1995-06-29 PT PT95401569T patent/PT690660E/en unknown
-
2000
- 2000-03-10 GR GR20000400644T patent/GR3032948T3/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR816004A (en) * | 1936-01-10 | 1937-07-28 | American Magnesium Metals Corp | Electric shaft furnace, in particular for direct resistance heating |
DE945582C (en) * | 1953-04-12 | 1956-07-12 | Hans Ulrich Bach Dipl Ing | Liquid heater or steam generator with electrode heating |
FR2461425A1 (en) * | 1979-07-06 | 1981-01-30 | Electricite De France | On-line heating of liquid and viscous material - uses electrical heating plates to define flow channel and is esp. for concrete |
WO1994011681A1 (en) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-05-26 | Beckswift Limited | Electrical apparatus |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6130990A (en) * | 1998-08-25 | 2000-10-10 | Nestec S.A. | On-demand direct electrical resistance heating system and method thereof |
US6522834B1 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 2003-02-18 | Nestec S.A. | On-demand direct electrical resistance heating system and method thereof for heating liquid |
WO2001041509A1 (en) * | 1999-12-02 | 2001-06-07 | Electricite De France - Service National | Improved ohmic heating device for a fluid, installation comprising same, and method for using same |
FR2802052A1 (en) * | 1999-12-02 | 2001-06-08 | Electricite De France | IMPROVED DEVICE FOR THE OHMIC HEATING OF A FLUID, INSTALLATION FOR TREATING A FLUID INCORPORATING SUCH A DEVICE AND METHOD FOR TREATING A FLUID BY OHMIC HEATING |
EP1107645A1 (en) * | 1999-12-02 | 2001-06-13 | Electricite De France | Improved device for fluid ohmic heating,fluid treating installation incorporating such a device and fluid treatment process by ohmic heating |
US6421501B2 (en) | 1999-12-02 | 2002-07-16 | Electricite De France-Service National | Heater for resistive heating of a fluid, fluid-treatment apparatus incorporating such a heater, and a method of treating a fluid by resistive heating |
WO2013141703A1 (en) * | 2012-03-20 | 2013-09-26 | Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek | Process for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product and apparatus for such process |
US10433572B2 (en) | 2012-03-20 | 2019-10-08 | Stichting Wageningen Research | Process for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product and apparatus for such process |
US11259549B2 (en) | 2012-03-20 | 2022-03-01 | Stichting Wageningen Research | Process for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product and apparatus for such process |
WO2015082944A1 (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2015-06-11 | Koós-Varju János | Heating element powered by alternating current and heat generator accomplished by the heating element |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2143019T3 (en) | 2000-05-01 |
ATE189096T1 (en) | 2000-02-15 |
DE69514579D1 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
PT690660E (en) | 2000-06-30 |
FR2722053A1 (en) | 1996-01-05 |
EP0690660B1 (en) | 2000-01-19 |
DK0690660T3 (en) | 2000-06-26 |
DE69514579T2 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
FR2722053B1 (en) | 1996-09-20 |
GR3032948T3 (en) | 2000-07-31 |
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