EP0688750A1 - Process for the alkylation of an isoparoffin - Google Patents
Process for the alkylation of an isoparoffin Download PDFInfo
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- EP0688750A1 EP0688750A1 EP95401356A EP95401356A EP0688750A1 EP 0688750 A1 EP0688750 A1 EP 0688750A1 EP 95401356 A EP95401356 A EP 95401356A EP 95401356 A EP95401356 A EP 95401356A EP 0688750 A1 EP0688750 A1 EP 0688750A1
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- alkylation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
- C07C2/56—Addition to acyclic hydrocarbons
- C07C2/58—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/62—Catalytic processes with acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/053—Sulfates or other compounds comprising the anion (SnO3n+1)2-
- C07C2527/054—Sulfuric acid or other acids with the formula H2Sn03n+1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/08—Halides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the alkylation of at least one olefin with at least one isoparaffin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst in the form of solid particles.
- heterogeneous acid catalysts such as molecular sieves, macroreticular resins possibly associated with boron trifluoride (BF3), perfluorinated resins, Lewis and / or Brönsted acids and anions deposited on oxide supports such as for example ZrO2 / SO4.
- the present invention relates to an alkylation process comprising a particular implementation of a solid catalyst making it possible to limit the pressure drop during use, while allowing correct performance of the catalytic system from a productivity and selectivity point of view. in sought-after products.
- the present invention thus relates to a process for the alkylation of at least one olefin with at least one isoparaffin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst in the form of solid particles according to which the reaction is carried out in an alkylation zone containing a plurality of containers each containing an amount of solid catalytic particles such that the volume Va of these particles measured after being brought into contact with the reagents under the conditions of the alkylation reaction is greater than zero and less than or equal to the internal volume Vt of said container , said containers each having an external envelope permeable and resistant to fluids under the reaction conditions and impermeable to said solid catalytic particles and having sufficient mechanical characteristics to resist, without excessive deformation, the load of all the containers present in said alkylation zone.
- envelope resistant to fluids under the reaction conditions mean that under said conditions the material is neither attacked nor dissolved by the various fluids present in the reaction zone or that it is attacked or dissolved only very slowly and thus the lifetime of the jacket is at least as long and preferably longer than the lifetime of the catalyst. In other words, it is a chemical resistance.
- the expression "without excessive deformation” means that the mechanical characteristics of the container are such that whatever its position in the alkylation zone, it continues to be able to perform all of the functions which it are clean and in particular in the preferred embodiment described below to ensure the existence of a volume (not zero) empty of any solid.
- the alkylation zone contains a plurality of containers each containing an amount of solid catalytic particles such that the volume Va of these particles measured after they are brought into contact with the reactants under the conditions of the alkylation reaction is greater than zero and strictly less than the internal volume Vt of said container containing them.
- the catalyst is chosen from the group formed by: a catalyst comprising an organic or inorganic solid support impregnated with at least one mineral acid and by a catalyst comprising at least one halide chosen from the group formed by boron halides and halides d aluminum said halide being associated with at least one compound chosen from the group formed by quaternary ammonium halides and amine halohydrates.
- the catalyst is mainly in the form of solid particles or grains which are most often substantially spherical and usually have an average diameter of about 20x10 ⁇ 6 to about 400x10 ⁇ 6 meter (m).
- the diameter of the solid catalyst particles is from about 20x10 ⁇ 6 to about 150x10 ⁇ 6 m.
- each container has four substantially triangular faces constituting substantially a tetrahedron and said containers are arranged in bulk in the alkylation zone. It would not be departing from the scope of the present invention to arrange the containers in an orderly manner in the alkylation zone.
- the number of containers in the alkylation zone depends on the catalytic volume required to carry out the alkylation and on the reaction volume required.
- each container is connected to at least one contiguous container, so as to form a container chain and in that the alkylation zone comprises at least one chain of containers.
- a chain of containers comprises a plurality of individual containers connected to each other, each having a closed envelope, permeable to gases and / or liquids and whose pores are small enough to retain the solid particles of catalyst, each container preferably comprising four substantially triangular faces constituting substantially a tetrahedron and each container being connected to at least one contiguous container by one of these edges by a common connection, preferably by a common weld of two adjacent edges of said contiguous containers.
- the closed outer envelope forming the container is permeable to fluids, that is to say to liquids and gases, and impermeable to solid catalytic particles (catalyst) contained in said container.
- This envelope thus prevents the exit of solid particles from said container while allowing the passage of liquids and gases through said container.
- the envelope is usually made from a solid material which can be a permeable or porous material or even from an impermeable material in which openings (or pores) having a size sufficiently small to hold the solid catalytic particles are provided. inside the container and allowing the passage of fluids through said container.
- the alkylation zone will contain catalysts, the particle size of which can be between approximately 5 ⁇ 10 -6 m and 2 ⁇ 10 -3 ⁇ m and most often in the particle size range given above.
- woven materials or non-woven materials As an example of a material which can be used to form the envelope of the container, mention may be made of woven materials or non-woven materials.
- the material which can be used to form the envelope of the containers can be of natural origin such as mineral, vegetable or animal, or also of synthetic origin.
- the material chosen will preferably be physically and chemically inert with respect to the fluids and solids with which it comes into contact.
- reinforcing elements will be included mechanical such as for example steel rods or any other means known to those skilled in the art for manufacturing a container having the desired mechanical characteristics.
- the containers will have sufficient mechanical characteristics so that the containers placed at the bottom of the reactor are not crushed, under the action of the weight of the upper containers. In this way the movements of solid to the interior of the container can occur in all of the containers located over the entire reaction height.
- the alkylation zone can comprise one or more reactors each containing one or more fixed beds of containers or chains of containers.
- This zone will advantageously include, for each reactor or for all of the reactors, means of cooling, at least one of the reactants on the line for introducing said reactant into said zone or into said reactor.
- the reactors may be arranged in series or in parallel according to the rules of the art.
- each reactor will include a plurality of feed introduction points comprising at least one olefin.
- FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective a container of tetrahedral shape ABCD, the four faces of which are made of porous material, for example a metallic fabric.
- a and B and between C and D the existence of a bead AA'BB 'resulting from the welding of the two common bases of the triangles ABC and ABD on the one hand and ACD and BCD on the other hand.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the implementation of the invention in a reactor (R) comprising several beds (L) (four beds) of containers containing the alkylation catalyst.
- the circulation of the fluids in the reactor (R) takes place in the case illustrated here from bottom to top.
- the injection of the olefinic feedstock by lines (1) and of the isoparaffin by lines (2) is staged throughout the reactor. This injection is carried out between two consecutive beds (L) of container containing the catalyst.
- the reactor includes a refrigerant exchanger (E) on line 2 for recycling isoparaffin to the lower part of the reactor.
- the effluent leaving the reactor at its top is sent to a separation train (S) from which the desired alkylate, n-paraffin and isoparaffin are recovered by a line 2 which is recycled at the bottom of the reactor.
- S separation train
- An alkylation test is carried out in an installation like that shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2 under the following conditions which make it possible to produce 10 kilo per hour (kg / h) of alkylate.
- the olefin used is contained in a mixture of hydrocarbons, the weight composition of which is as follows: 28% butene 1, 34% butene 2, 0.5% isobutene 22% isobutane 14% n-butane and 1.5% of compounds having 3 or 5 carbon atoms in their molecule.
- Isoparaffin is substantially pure isobutane. These reagents are dried and deoxygenated prior to their introduction into the reactor.
- the catalyst used is silica impregnated with 96% by weight sulfuric acid.
- the average size of the solid catalyst particles is 70x10 ⁇ 6 m.
- Each regular tetrahedral container has a side of 1 cm and is formed from a stainless steel mesh whose meshes have an opening of 30x10 ⁇ 6 m.
- Each container contains 0.1 cubic centimeters of catalyst.
- the total reaction volume is 42 liters.
- the reactor has a diameter of 0.15 m. It comprises three container beds and three injection points for a charge formed by the mixture of hydrocarbon containing butene described above diluted with isobutane.
- each bed the containers are arranged in bulk.
- the proportion by weight of isobutane relative to the weight of butenes contained in the mixture introduced into the reactor is 333: 1.
- the total flow rate of butenes introduced into the reactor is 5 kg / h and that of isobutane 1600 kg / h.
- the operating temperature varies between the bottom and the top of the reactor from -7 ° C to - 5 ° C.
- the pressure drop measured is 0.03 megapascal.
- alkylate is obtained, the weight composition of which is as follows: Paraffin having 5 to 7 carbon atoms: 5.5% Paraffin with 8 carbon atoms 92% Paraffin having more than 9 carbon atoms 2.5%
- the weight content of trimethylpentanes in fraction C8 is 91.5%.
- the conversion of butenes is 99.8%.
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Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé d'alkylation d'au moins une oléfine par au moins une isoparaffine en présence d'un catalyseur d'alkylation sous forme de particules solides.The present invention relates to a process for the alkylation of at least one olefin with at least one isoparaffin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst in the form of solid particles.
Pour alimenter les moteurs à combustion interne et à allumage commandé, et notamment les moteurs à taux de compression élevé, il est particulièrement intéressant de disposer de carburants à haut indice d'octane, c'est à dire comprenant essentiellement des hydrocarbures paraffiniques fortement ramifiés. L'alkylation d'isoparaffines (par exemple l'isobutane et/ou l'isopentane) par les oléfines contenant de préférence de 3 à 6 atomes de carbone par molécule permet d'obtenir de tels produits. Cette réaction nécessite la mise en oeuvre de catalyseurs très acides, dans le but notamment de réduire les réactions parasites telles que les réactions de dimérisation et de polymérisation de l'oléfine, qui fournissent des hydrocarbures moins ramifiés et des hydrocarbures insaturés, les réactions de craquage et les réactions de dismutation.To supply internal combustion and spark-ignition engines, and in particular engines with a high compression ratio, it is particularly advantageous to have fuels with a high octane number, that is to say essentially comprising highly branched paraffinic hydrocarbons. The alkylation of isoparaffins (for example isobutane and / or isopentane) by olefins preferably containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule makes it possible to obtain such products. This reaction requires the use of very acidic catalysts, with the aim in particular of reducing parasitic reactions such as the reactions of dimerization and polymerization of olefin, which provide less branched hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons, cracking reactions and disproportionation reactions.
Les procédés industriels existants pour la production d'hydrocarbures par alkylation d'isoparaffines (en particulier d'isobutane) par les oléfines utilisent comme catalyseur soit l'acide sulfurique, soit l'acide fluorhydrique. Dans ces procédés, le catalyseur acide constitue une phase liquide qui est mise en contact avec le mélange isoparaffine(s)-oléfine(s) liquide pour former une émulsion. Ces procédés posent d'importants problèmes de rejets polluants ainsi que de sécurité.Existing industrial processes for the production of hydrocarbons by alkylation of isoparaffins (in particular isobutane) by olefins use either sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid as catalyst. In these processes, the acid catalyst constitutes a liquid phase which is brought into contact with the liquid isoparaffin (s) -olefin (s) mixture to form an emulsion. These processes pose significant pollution and safety issues.
D'autres procédés existent également qui utilisent des catalyseurs acides hétérogènes tels que des tamis moléculaires, des résines macroréticulaires éventuellement associées avec le trifluorure de bore (BF₃), des résines perfluorées, des acides de Lewis et/ou de Brönsted et des anions déposés sur des supports oxydes tels que par exemple ZrO₂/SO₄.Other processes also exist which use heterogeneous acid catalysts such as molecular sieves, macroreticular resins possibly associated with boron trifluoride (BF₃), perfluorinated resins, Lewis and / or Brönsted acids and anions deposited on oxide supports such as for example ZrO₂ / SO₄.
Ces catalyseurs peuvent être mis en oeuvre de différentes manières :
- a/ dans un réacteur de type Grignard. Dans ce cas, le catalyseur est mis en suspension dans la phase hydrocarbonée par agitation vigoureuse au sein du réacteur. On peut citer à titre d'exemple les procédés de ce type décrit dans les brevets US-A- 3 879 489 et US-A- 3 855 343. Ce type de mise en oeuvre présente un inconvénient majeur : le catalyseur peut être rapidement détruit par attrition.
- b/ dans un réacteur à slurry entraîné. Cette technique est par exemple décrite dans les brevets US-A-5 190 904 et US-A-5 157 196. Elle nécessite des dispositifs de séparation du catalyseur des produits de réaction. On peut de ce point de vue envisager des dispositifs de type hydrocyclone qui demandent des pertes de charge importantes en contre partie de leur efficacité. Une zone de décantation des particules de catalyseur peut aussi être envisagée à condition que leurs tailles soient suffisamment grandes pour ne pas arriver à des surfaces de décantation irréalistes.
- c/ dans un réacteur en lit fixe. Cette technique est par exemple décrite dans les brevets US-A-3 852 371 et US-A-5 073 665. Le procédé d'alkylation nécessitant de forts débits de liquide (associés aux isoparaffines), Les pertes de charge à travers le lit peuvent rapidement devenir prohibitives pour des particules catalytiques de faibles granulométries.
- a / in a Grignard type reactor. In this case, the catalyst is suspended in the hydrocarbon phase by vigorous stirring within the reactor. By way of example, mention may be made of the processes of this type described in patents US-A-3,879,489 and US-A-3,855,343. This type of implementation has a major drawback: the catalyst can be quickly destroyed by attrition.
- b / in a driven slurry reactor. This technique is for example described in patents US-A-5,190,904 and US-A-5,157,196. It requires devices for separating the catalyst from the reaction products. From this point of view, it is possible to envisage devices of the hydrocyclone type which require significant pressure drops in return for their effectiveness. A settling zone for the catalyst particles can also be envisaged, provided that their sizes are large enough not to reach unrealistic settling surfaces.
- c / in a fixed bed reactor. This technique is for example described in the patents US-A-3,852,371 and US-A-5,073,665. The alkylation process requiring high flow rates of liquid (associated with isoparaffins), Pressure drops across the bed can quickly become prohibitive for small particle size catalytic particles.
La présente invention concerne un procédé d'alkylation comprenant une mise en oeuvre particulière d'un catalyseur solide permettant de limiter la perte de charge à l'utilisation, tout en permettant une performance correcte du système catalytique d'un point de vue productivité et sélectivité en produits recherchés.The present invention relates to an alkylation process comprising a particular implementation of a solid catalyst making it possible to limit the pressure drop during use, while allowing correct performance of the catalytic system from a productivity and selectivity point of view. in sought-after products.
La présente invention concerne ainsi un procédé d'alkylation d'au moins une oléfine par au moins une isoparaffine en présence d'un catalyseur d'alkylation sous forme de particules solides selon lequel la réaction est effectuée dans une zone d'alkylation contenant une pluralité de conteneurs renfermant chacun une quantité de particules solides catalytiques telle que le volume Va de ces particules mesuré après leur mise en contact avec les réactifs dans les conditions de la réaction d'alkylation soit supérieur à zéro et inférieur ou égal au volume interne Vt dudit conteneur, lesdits conteneurs ayant chacun une enveloppe externe perméable et résistante aux fluides dans les conditions de la réaction et imperméable auxdites particules solides catalytiques et ayant des caractéristiques mécaniques suffisantes pour résister, sans déformation excessive, à la charge de l'ensemble des conteneurs présents dans ladite zone d'alkylation. Ce procédé permet de produire à titre de produit un alkylat contenant une forte proportion d'hydrocarbures paraffiniques fortement ramifiés. Dans le cadre de la présente description les temes "enveloppe résistante aux fluides dans les conditions de la réaction" signifient que dans lesdites conditions le matériau n'est pas attaqué ni dissous par les divers fluides présents dans la zone de réaction ou qu'il n'est attaqué ou dissous que trés lentement et qu'ainsi la durée de vie de l'enveloppe est au moins aussi longue et de préférence plus longue que la durée de vie du catalyseur. Il s'agit en d'autre termes d'une résistance chimique.The present invention thus relates to a process for the alkylation of at least one olefin with at least one isoparaffin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst in the form of solid particles according to which the reaction is carried out in an alkylation zone containing a plurality of containers each containing an amount of solid catalytic particles such that the volume Va of these particles measured after being brought into contact with the reagents under the conditions of the alkylation reaction is greater than zero and less than or equal to the internal volume Vt of said container , said containers each having an external envelope permeable and resistant to fluids under the reaction conditions and impermeable to said solid catalytic particles and having sufficient mechanical characteristics to resist, without excessive deformation, the load of all the containers present in said alkylation zone. This process makes it possible to produce, as a product, an alkylate containing a high proportion of highly branched paraffinic hydrocarbons. In the context of the present description, the terms "envelope resistant to fluids under the reaction conditions" mean that under said conditions the material is neither attacked nor dissolved by the various fluids present in the reaction zone or that it is attacked or dissolved only very slowly and thus the lifetime of the jacket is at least as long and preferably longer than the lifetime of the catalyst. In other words, it is a chemical resistance.
Dans le cadre de la présente description, l'expression "sans déformation excessive" signifie que les caractéristiques mécaniques du conteneur sont telles que quelle que soit sa position dans la zone d'alkylation, il continue à pouvoir assurer l'ensemble des fonctions qui lui sont propres et en particulier dans la forme de réalisation préférée décrite ci-dessous à assurer l'existence d'un volume (non nul) vide de tout solide.In the context of the present description, the expression "without excessive deformation" means that the mechanical characteristics of the container are such that whatever its position in the alkylation zone, it continues to be able to perform all of the functions which it are clean and in particular in the preferred embodiment described below to ensure the existence of a volume (not zero) empty of any solid.
Dans une forme préférée de mise en oeuvre de la présente invention la zone d'alkylation contient une pluralité de conteneurs renfermant chacun une quantité de particules solides catalytiques telle que le volume Va de ces particules mesuré après leur mise en contact avec les réactifs dans les conditions de la réaction d'alkylation soit supérieur à zéro et strictement inférieur au volume interne Vt dudit conteneur les renfermant.In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the alkylation zone contains a plurality of containers each containing an amount of solid catalytic particles such that the volume Va of these particles measured after they are brought into contact with the reactants under the conditions of the alkylation reaction is greater than zero and strictly less than the internal volume Vt of said container containing them.
Habituellement le catalyseur est choisi dans le groupe formé par : un catalyseur comprenant un support solide organique ou minéral imprégné par au moins un acide minéral et par un catalyseur comprenant au moins un halogénure choisi dans le groupe formé par les halogénures de bore et les halogénures d'aluminium ledit halogénure étant associé à au moins un composé choisi dans le groupe formé par les halogénures d'ammonium quaternaire et les halohydrates d'amine.Usually the catalyst is chosen from the group formed by: a catalyst comprising an organic or inorganic solid support impregnated with at least one mineral acid and by a catalyst comprising at least one halide chosen from the group formed by boron halides and halides d aluminum said halide being associated with at least one compound chosen from the group formed by quaternary ammonium halides and amine halohydrates.
Le catalyseur est généralement choisi parmi les catalyseurs solides connus de l'homme de métier et largement décrit dans l'art antérieur concernant cette réaction d'alkylation aliphatique. De préférence, le catalyseur est choisi parmi les catalyseurs suivants :
- un catalyseur comprenant au moins de l'acide sulfurique imprégné sur un support, généralement poreux, organique ou minéral et le plus souvent minéral. A titre d'exemple de tels catalyseurs on peut citer ceux décrits dans les demandes de brevets français au nom de la demanderesse FR-A-2 682 891, FR-A-2 683 740, FR-A-2 683 739 et FR-A-2 687 935.
- un catalyseur comprenant le mélange contenant d'une part au moins un halogénure de composé choisi dans le groupe formé par l'aluminium et le bore et d'autre part au moins un halogénure d'ammonium quaternaire et/ou un halohydrate d'amine, tel par exemple que le catalyseur décrit dans la demande de brevet français au nom de la demanderesse FR-A-2 686 526.
- a catalyst comprising at least sulfuric acid impregnated on a support, generally porous, organic or mineral and most often mineral. Examples of such catalysts include those described in French patent applications in the name of the applicant FR-A-2 682 891, FR-A-2 683 740, FR-A-2 683 739 and FR- A-2 687 935.
- a catalyst comprising the mixture containing on the one hand at least one halide of compound chosen from the group formed by aluminum and boron and on the other hand at least one quaternary ammonium halide and / or an amine halohydrate, such as, for example, the catalyst described in the French patent application in the name of the applicant FR-A-2 686 526.
Habituellement le catalyseur est principalement sous forme de particules solides ou grains qui sont le plus souvent sensiblement sphériques et ont habituellement un diamètre moyen d'environ 20x10⁻⁶ à environ 400x10⁻⁶ mètre (m). De préférence le diamètre des particules solides de catalyseur est d'environ 20x10⁻⁶ à environ 150x10⁻⁶ m.Usually the catalyst is mainly in the form of solid particles or grains which are most often substantially spherical and usually have an average diameter of about 20x10⁻⁶ to about 400x10⁻⁶ meter (m). Preferably the diameter of the solid catalyst particles is from about 20x10⁻⁶ to about 150x10⁻⁶ m.
Selon une forme particulière de réalisation de l'invention chaque conteneur comporte quatre faces sensiblement triangulaires constituant sensiblement un tétraèdre et lesdits conteneurs sont disposés en vrac dans la zone d'alkylation. On ne sortirait pas du cadre de la présente invention en disposant les conteneurs de manière ordonnée dans la zone d'alkylation. Le nombre de conteneurs de la zone d'alkylation dépend du volume catalytique nécessaire pour effectuer l'alkylation et du volume réactionnel nécessaire.According to a particular embodiment of the invention each container has four substantially triangular faces constituting substantially a tetrahedron and said containers are arranged in bulk in the alkylation zone. It would not be departing from the scope of the present invention to arrange the containers in an orderly manner in the alkylation zone. The number of containers in the alkylation zone depends on the catalytic volume required to carry out the alkylation and on the reaction volume required.
Selon une autre forme de mise en oeuvre de l'invention chaque conteneur est relié à au moins un conteneur contigu, de manière à former une chaîne de conteneur et en ce que la zone d'alkylation comprend au moins une chaîne de conteneurs.According to another embodiment of the invention each container is connected to at least one contiguous container, so as to form a container chain and in that the alkylation zone comprises at least one chain of containers.
Une chaîne de conteneurs comprend une pluralité de conteneurs individuels reliés les uns aux autres, ayant chacun une enveloppe fermée, perméable aux gaz et/ou aux liquides et dont les pores sont suffisamment petits pour retenir les particules solides de catalyseur, chaque conteneur comportant de préférence quatre faces sensiblement triangulaires constituant sensiblement un tétraèdre et chaque conteneur étant relié à au moins un conteneur contigu par l'une de ces arêtes par une liaison commune, de préférence par une soudure commune de deux arêtes adjacentes desdits conteneurs contigus.A chain of containers comprises a plurality of individual containers connected to each other, each having a closed envelope, permeable to gases and / or liquids and whose pores are small enough to retain the solid particles of catalyst, each container preferably comprising four substantially triangular faces constituting substantially a tetrahedron and each container being connected to at least one contiguous container by one of these edges by a common connection, preferably by a common weld of two adjacent edges of said contiguous containers.
Au sens de la présente description le terme pluralité doit être considéré comme équivalent à l'expression au moins deux.Within the meaning of the present description, the term plurality must be considered to be equivalent to the expression at least two.
Selon la présente invention, l'enveloppe externe fermée formant le conteneur est perméable aux fluides c'est-à-dire aux liquides et aux gaz et imperméable aux particules solides catalytiques (catalyseur) renfermé(s) dans ledit conteneur. Cette enveloppe empêche ainsi la sortie des particules solides dudit conteneur tout en autorisant le passage des liquides et des gaz à travers ledit conteneur.According to the present invention, the closed outer envelope forming the container is permeable to fluids, that is to say to liquids and gases, and impermeable to solid catalytic particles (catalyst) contained in said container. This envelope thus prevents the exit of solid particles from said container while allowing the passage of liquids and gases through said container.
L'enveloppe est habituellement réalisée à partir d'un matériau solide qui peut être un matériau perméable ou poreux ou même d'un matériau imperméable dans lequel on a prévu des ouvertures (ou pores) ayant une taille suffisamment petite pour maintenir les particules solides catalytiques à l'intérieur du conteneur et permettant le passage des fluides à travers ledit conteneur.The envelope is usually made from a solid material which can be a permeable or porous material or even from an impermeable material in which openings (or pores) having a size sufficiently small to hold the solid catalytic particles are provided. inside the container and allowing the passage of fluids through said container.
Il est possible de mieux préciser, les caractéristiques géométriques de ces ouvertures, sans que cela ne soit considéré comme une limitation de la présente invention, en tenant compte de la plus petite dimension de la plus petite des particules solides catalytiques. Dans ce cas, si la plus petite dimension de la plus petite particule solide catalytique est égale à "n" mètre (m), alors la plus grande dimension des ouvertures permettant le passage des fluides sera le plus souvent inférieure ou égale à "0,9xn" m et de préférence inférieure ou égale à "0,5xn" m. Les dimensions des ouvertures permettant le passage des fluides auront de préférence une taille inférieure au diamètre des fines du catalyseur. Dans ces conditions, le catalyseur ne peut s'échapper des conteneurs.It is possible to better specify the geometric characteristics of these openings, without this being considered as a limitation of the present invention, taking into account the smallest dimension of the smallest of the solid catalytic particles. In this case, if the smallest dimension of the smallest catalytic solid particle is equal to "n" meter (m), then the largest dimension of the openings allowing the passage of fluids will most often be less than or equal to "0, 9xn "m and preferably less than or equal to" 0.5xn "m. The dimensions of the openings allowing the passage of fluids will preferably have a smaller size the diameter of the catalyst fines. Under these conditions, the catalyst cannot escape from the containers.
Il n'y a en principe pas de limite pour les dimensions des particules solides catalytiques ou grains de catalyseur et la limite inférieure de la plus grande dimension des ouvertures sera égale à la dimension minimum permettant le passage des fluides et en particulier du liquide. Dans la grande majorité des cas, la zone d'alkylation contiendra des catalyseurs dont la granulométrie peut être comprise entre environ 5x10⁻⁶m et 2x10⁻¹m et le plus souvent dans la gamme granulométrique donnée ci-devant.There is in principle no limit for the dimensions of the solid catalytic particles or grains of catalyst and the lower limit of the largest dimension of the openings will be equal to the minimum dimension allowing the passage of fluids and in particular of the liquid. In the vast majority of cases, the alkylation zone will contain catalysts, the particle size of which can be between approximately 5 × 10 -6 m and 2 × 10 -3 μm and most often in the particle size range given above.
Comme exemple de matériau utilisable pour former l'enveloppe du conteneur, on peut citer les matériaux tissés ou les matériaux non-tissés. La matière utilisable pour former l'enveloppe des conteneurs peut être d'origine naturelle telle que minérale, végétale ou animale, ou encore d'origine synthétique. Comme matière on peut citer, à titre d'exemple non limitatif, le polypropylène, les polyesters, les polyamides, l'aluminium, le cuivre, le titane, le nickel, le platine, l'acier inoxydable ou un grillage ou treillis métallique, les dimensions des ouvertures ou maille de ce grillage ou treillis étant telles que définies ci-avant.As an example of a material which can be used to form the envelope of the container, mention may be made of woven materials or non-woven materials. The material which can be used to form the envelope of the containers can be of natural origin such as mineral, vegetable or animal, or also of synthetic origin. As a material, mention may be made, by way of nonlimiting example, of polypropylene, polyesters, polyamides, aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, platinum, stainless steel or a wire mesh or wire mesh, the dimensions of the openings or mesh of this mesh or lattice being as defined above.
La matière choisie sera de préférence physiquement et chimiquement inerte vis-à-vis des fluides et des solides avec lesquels elle entre en contact.The material chosen will preferably be physically and chemically inert with respect to the fluids and solids with which it comes into contact.
Lorsque la matière choisie pour former l'enveloppe du conteneur n'a pas de caractéristiques mécaniques suffisantes pour permettre d'obtenir un conteneur capable de résister au poids de l'ensemble des conteneurs de la zone d'alkylation, on inclura des éléments de renforcement mécanique tels que par exemple des tiges d'acier ou tout autre moyen connu des hommes du métier permettant de fabriquer un conteneur ayant les caractéristiques mécaniques souhaités.When the material chosen to form the envelope of the container does not have sufficient mechanical characteristics to enable a container capable of withstanding the weight of all the containers in the alkylation zone to be obtained, reinforcing elements will be included mechanical such as for example steel rods or any other means known to those skilled in the art for manufacturing a container having the desired mechanical characteristics.
Dans une des formes préférée de réalisation de l'invention les conteneurs auront des caractéristiques mécaniques suffisantes pour que les conteneurs disposés en bas de réacteur ne soient pas écrasés, sous l'action du poids des conteneurs supérieurs. De cette manière les mouvements de solide à l'intérieur du conteneur peuvent se produire dans l'ensemble des conteneurs situés sur toute la hauteur de réaction.In one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, the containers will have sufficient mechanical characteristics so that the containers placed at the bottom of the reactor are not crushed, under the action of the weight of the upper containers. In this way the movements of solid to the interior of the container can occur in all of the containers located over the entire reaction height.
La zone d'alkylation peut comprendre un ou plusieurs réacteurs contenant chacun un ou plusieurs lits fixes de conteneurs ou de chaînes de conteneurs. Cette zone comprendra avantageusement pour chaque réacteur ou pour l'ensemble des réacteurs des moyens de refroidissement, d'au moins l'un des réactifs sur la ligne d'introduction dudit réactif dans ladite zone ou dans ledit réacteur. Les réacteurs pourront être disposés en série ou en parallèle selon les règles de l'art.The alkylation zone can comprise one or more reactors each containing one or more fixed beds of containers or chains of containers. This zone will advantageously include, for each reactor or for all of the reactors, means of cooling, at least one of the reactants on the line for introducing said reactant into said zone or into said reactor. The reactors may be arranged in series or in parallel according to the rules of the art.
Selon un mode de réalisation particulier chaque réacteur comprendra une pluralité de points d'introduction de la charge comprenant au moins une oléfine.According to a particular embodiment, each reactor will include a plurality of feed introduction points comprising at least one olefin.
Les figures jointes illustrent l'invention, et plus précisément une des mises en oeuvre préférée du procédé selon l'invention, sans en limiter la portée.The attached figures illustrate the invention, and more precisely one of the preferred implementations of the method according to the invention, without limiting its scope.
La figure 1 illustre en perspective un conteneur de forme tétraédrique ABCD dont les quatre faces sont réalisées en matériau poreux, par exemple un tissu métallique. On remarque entre A et B et entre C et D l'existence d'un bourrelet AA'BB' résultant de la soudure des deux bases communes des triangles ABC et ABD d'une part et ACD et BCD d'autre part.FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective a container of tetrahedral shape ABCD, the four faces of which are made of porous material, for example a metallic fabric. One notices between A and B and between C and D the existence of a bead AA'BB 'resulting from the welding of the two common bases of the triangles ABC and ABD on the one hand and ACD and BCD on the other hand.
La figure 2 illustre la mise en oeuvre de l'invention dans un réacteur (R) comportant plusieurs lits (L) (quatre lits) de conteneurs renfermant le catalyseur d'alkylation. La circulation des fluides dans le réacteur (R) se fait dans le cas illustré ici de bas en haut. L'injection de la charge oléfinique par des lignes (1) et de l'isoparaffine par des lignes (2) est étagée tout au long du réacteur. Cette injection est effectuée entre deux lits (L) consécutif de conteneur contenant le catalyseur. Le réacteur comporte un échangeur réfrigérant (E) sur la ligne 2 de recyclage de l'isoparaffine vers la partie basse du réacteur. L'effluent sortant du réacteur par son sommet est envoyé dans un train de séparation (S) à partir duquel on récupère l'alkylat recherché, de la n-paraffine et de l'isoparaffine par une ligne 2 que l'on recycle en bas du réacteur.FIG. 2 illustrates the implementation of the invention in a reactor (R) comprising several beds (L) (four beds) of containers containing the alkylation catalyst. The circulation of the fluids in the reactor (R) takes place in the case illustrated here from bottom to top. The injection of the olefinic feedstock by lines (1) and of the isoparaffin by lines (2) is staged throughout the reactor. This injection is carried out between two consecutive beds (L) of container containing the catalyst. The reactor includes a refrigerant exchanger (E) on
Un test d'alkylation est effectué dans une installation comme celle schématisé sur la figure 2 dans les conditions suivantes qui permettent de produire 10 kilo par heure (kg/h) d'alkylat. L'oléfine utilisée est contenue dans un mélange d'hydrocarbures dont la composition pondérale est la suivante :
28 % de butène 1,
34 % de butène 2,
0,5 % d'isobutène
22 % d'isobutane
14 %de n-butane et
1,5 % de composés ayant 3 ou 5 atomes de carbone dans leur molécule.An alkylation test is carried out in an installation like that shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2 under the following conditions which make it possible to produce 10 kilo per hour (kg / h) of alkylate. The olefin used is contained in a mixture of hydrocarbons, the weight composition of which is as follows:
28% butene 1,
34
0.5% isobutene
22% isobutane
14% n-butane and
1.5% of compounds having 3 or 5 carbon atoms in their molecule.
L'isoparaffine est de l'isobutane sensiblement pur. Ces réactifs sont préalablement à leur introduction dans le réacteur séchés et désoxygénés. Le catalyseur employé est de la silice imprégnée par de l'acide sulfurique à 96 % en poids. La taille moyenne des particules solides de catalyseur est de 70x10⁻⁶ m. Chaque conteneur tétraédrique régulier a un coté de 1 cm et est formé à partir d'un grillage en acier inox dont les mailles ont une ouverture de 30x10⁻⁶ m. Chaque conteneur contient 0,1 centimètres cube de catalyseur. Le volume total réactionnel est de 42 litres. Le réacteur a un diamètre de 0,15 m. Il comporte trois lits de conteneurs et trois points d'injection d'une charge formée par le mélange d'hydrocarbure contenant du butène décrit ci-devant dilué par de l'isobutane. Dans chaque lit les conteneurs sont disposés en vrac. La proportion en poids de l'isobutane par rapport au poids des butènes contenu dans le mélange introduit dans le réacteur est de 333 : 1. Le débit total de butènes introduit dans le réacteur est de 5 kg/h et celui d'isobutane de 1600kg/h.Isoparaffin is substantially pure isobutane. These reagents are dried and deoxygenated prior to their introduction into the reactor. The catalyst used is silica impregnated with 96% by weight sulfuric acid. The average size of the solid catalyst particles is 70x10⁻⁶ m. Each regular tetrahedral container has a side of 1 cm and is formed from a stainless steel mesh whose meshes have an opening of 30x10⁻⁶ m. Each container contains 0.1 cubic centimeters of catalyst. The total reaction volume is 42 liters. The reactor has a diameter of 0.15 m. It comprises three container beds and three injection points for a charge formed by the mixture of hydrocarbon containing butene described above diluted with isobutane. In each bed the containers are arranged in bulk. The proportion by weight of isobutane relative to the weight of butenes contained in the mixture introduced into the reactor is 333: 1. The total flow rate of butenes introduced into the reactor is 5 kg / h and that of isobutane 1600 kg / h.
La température opératoire varie entre le bas et le haut du réacteur de -7 °C à - 5 °C. La perte de charge mesurée est de 0, 03 mégapascal.The operating temperature varies between the bottom and the top of the reactor from -7 ° C to - 5 ° C. The pressure drop measured is 0.03 megapascal.
On obtient un alkylat dont la composition pondérale est la suivante :
La teneur pondérale en triméthylpentanes dans la fraction C8 est de 91,5 %. La conversion des butènes est de 99,8 %.The weight content of trimethylpentanes in fraction C8 is 91.5%. The conversion of butenes is 99.8%.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9407857 | 1994-06-23 | ||
FR9407857A FR2721604B1 (en) | 1994-06-23 | 1994-06-23 | Isoparaffin alkylation process. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0688750A1 true EP0688750A1 (en) | 1995-12-27 |
Family
ID=9464674
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95401356A Withdrawn EP0688750A1 (en) | 1994-06-23 | 1995-06-12 | Process for the alkylation of an isoparoffin |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0688750A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH0840943A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2721604B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2022060352A1 (en) * | 2020-09-16 | 2022-03-24 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | System and method for isoparaffin alkylation |
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US2414206A (en) * | 1942-12-30 | 1947-01-14 | Polymerization Process Corp | Conversion of hydrocarbons |
US3852371A (en) | 1973-04-11 | 1974-12-03 | Chevron Res | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation with a supported hf antimony pentafluoride catalyst |
US3855343A (en) | 1973-11-29 | 1974-12-17 | Mobil Oil Corp | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation with regeneration of resin/boron trifluoride catalyst |
US3879489A (en) | 1974-04-05 | 1975-04-22 | Mobil Oil Corp | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation with a catalyst complex of a cation exchange resin, BF{HD 3 {B and HF |
US5073665A (en) | 1990-07-31 | 1991-12-17 | Mobil Oil Corp. | Process for alkylating olefins and isoparaffins in a fixed bed reactor |
US5157196A (en) | 1990-12-24 | 1992-10-20 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Paraffin alkylation process |
US5190904A (en) | 1990-12-24 | 1993-03-02 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Paraffin alkylation catalyst |
FR2682891A1 (en) | 1991-10-25 | 1993-04-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Paraffin alkylation catalyst |
FR2683739A1 (en) | 1991-11-14 | 1993-05-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PARAFFIN ALKYLATION CATALYST. |
FR2683740A1 (en) | 1991-11-14 | 1993-05-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PARAFFIN ALKYLATION CATALYST. |
FR2686526A1 (en) | 1992-01-23 | 1993-07-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyst for alkylation of paraffins |
FR2687935A1 (en) | 1992-02-28 | 1993-09-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyst for paraffin alkylation |
-
1994
- 1994-06-23 FR FR9407857A patent/FR2721604B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-06-12 EP EP95401356A patent/EP0688750A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-06-23 JP JP7157613A patent/JPH0840943A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2414206A (en) * | 1942-12-30 | 1947-01-14 | Polymerization Process Corp | Conversion of hydrocarbons |
US3852371A (en) | 1973-04-11 | 1974-12-03 | Chevron Res | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation with a supported hf antimony pentafluoride catalyst |
US3855343A (en) | 1973-11-29 | 1974-12-17 | Mobil Oil Corp | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation with regeneration of resin/boron trifluoride catalyst |
US3879489A (en) | 1974-04-05 | 1975-04-22 | Mobil Oil Corp | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation with a catalyst complex of a cation exchange resin, BF{HD 3 {B and HF |
US5073665A (en) | 1990-07-31 | 1991-12-17 | Mobil Oil Corp. | Process for alkylating olefins and isoparaffins in a fixed bed reactor |
US5157196A (en) | 1990-12-24 | 1992-10-20 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Paraffin alkylation process |
US5190904A (en) | 1990-12-24 | 1993-03-02 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Paraffin alkylation catalyst |
FR2682891A1 (en) | 1991-10-25 | 1993-04-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Paraffin alkylation catalyst |
FR2683739A1 (en) | 1991-11-14 | 1993-05-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PARAFFIN ALKYLATION CATALYST. |
FR2683740A1 (en) | 1991-11-14 | 1993-05-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PARAFFIN ALKYLATION CATALYST. |
FR2686526A1 (en) | 1992-01-23 | 1993-07-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyst for alkylation of paraffins |
FR2687935A1 (en) | 1992-02-28 | 1993-09-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyst for paraffin alkylation |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2022060352A1 (en) * | 2020-09-16 | 2022-03-24 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | System and method for isoparaffin alkylation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0840943A (en) | 1996-02-13 |
FR2721604A1 (en) | 1995-12-29 |
FR2721604B1 (en) | 1996-08-23 |
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