EP0687862A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von festem Stadtmüll durch Vergasung und Verschlackung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von festem Stadtmüll durch Vergasung und Verschlackung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0687862A1
EP0687862A1 EP94830294A EP94830294A EP0687862A1 EP 0687862 A1 EP0687862 A1 EP 0687862A1 EP 94830294 A EP94830294 A EP 94830294A EP 94830294 A EP94830294 A EP 94830294A EP 0687862 A1 EP0687862 A1 EP 0687862A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gasification
slagging
phase
air
municipal waste
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP94830294A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Francesco Repetto
Bjorn Teislav
Ole Kristensen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Leonardo SpA
Original Assignee
Finmeccanica SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Finmeccanica SpA filed Critical Finmeccanica SpA
Priority to EP94830294A priority Critical patent/EP0687862A1/de
Publication of EP0687862A1 publication Critical patent/EP0687862A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/485—Entrained flow gasifiers
    • C10J3/487—Swirling or cyclonic gasifiers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46—Recuperation of heat
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/158—Screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/165—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated with a gas turbine or gas motor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1671—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with the production of electricity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1869—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being air, oxygen or ozone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1892—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being water/steam

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to a method for the disposal of solid municipal waste by gasification and slagging.
  • solid municipal waste is all the waste produced overall at a domestic level by average urban consumption and which comprises, for example, food scraps, cardboard or plastic boxes, rubber, fabric, glass, metal, etc..
  • a further method is represented by fermentative processes which are, however, harmful and difficult to control.
  • the third method concerns thermal processes which comprise two different procedures, combustion and gasification.
  • Combustion consists simply in burning the solid municipal waste to generate heat which can be used for various purposes.
  • slag and ash are also produced which, if produced at low temperatures, are volatile since they are not incorporated in vitrified capsules which only form at high temperatures. It is thus necessary to operate at high temperatures in order to reduce the impact on the environment.
  • a further disadvantage of combustion is that it is necessary to operate with a considerable excess of air which involves the production of a large amount of fumes which are cooled to prevent their leading to the formation of toxic compounds.
  • the technical problem on which the present invention is based is that of providing a method for the disposal of solid municipal waste which enables the above requirement to be satisfied whilst overcoming the disadvantages cited with reference to the prior art.
  • the present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the above method, characterized in that it comprises:
  • the principal advantage of the method of disposing of solid municipal waste according to the invention and of the apparatus for performing this method consists in that the recovery of some of the heat produced during the combustion process increases the efficiency of the gasification process which can dispose of a wide range of waste, thus increasing operating efficiency.
  • solid municipal waste contains, as weight percentages: . water 25% . incombustible components 25% . organic components 50%.
  • the weight percentage of the incombustible components is suitable to at least 15% and preferably to approximately 10%.
  • the waste is made to move in a turbulent rotating motion by means of the injection of hot air tangential to the incoming flow of waste, at a temperature of at least 350°C.
  • this temperature is advantageously between 500°C and 650°C.
  • the injection of air provides the necessary oxygen for the chemical processes of gasification and combustion of the solid municipal waste, which are triggered by the high temperature.
  • the carbon present in the solid municipal waste is subjected to a chemical reaction at the end of which the following components are obtained, by way of indication: . CO 55.4% . CO2 36.0% . CH4 8.3% . other 0.3% in gas form whilst approximately 25% of the total carbon is lost in the ashes.
  • the ashes and the unburnt components are mainly in the molten state which favours the expulsion of the slag, composed in this way, from the closed atmosphere. Furthermore, as it cools, the expelled slag is vitrified and transformed into dross which is inactive from the biological point of view having a low environmental impact such that it can advantageously be used as filler material in construction.
  • the combustible gas obtained in the gasification phase is at a temperature of at least 600°C.
  • this temperature is in the range of between 900°C and 1100°C.
  • Nm3 means a cubic metre of normalized gas, or brought to reference conditions which are ambient temperature (20°C) and atmospheric pressure.
  • the solid particles further have an average diameter of less than 40 ⁇ m.
  • the combustible gas is subjected to a purification phase in order to reduce the content of solid particles to below 400 mg/Nm3, with an average diameter of less than 7 ⁇ m.
  • the method comprises a phase for the combustion of at least some of the combustible gas using a flow of hot air, at a temperature of at least 350°C, as comburent.
  • this temperature is in the range of between 500°C and 650°C.
  • the ratio of excess air with which the combustion process is performed is less than 1.25 so as to keep the formation of NO X under strict control.
  • the flame temperature at which combustion occurs is more than approximately 1400°C, which value guarantees the evaporation of the remaining solid particles.
  • the temperature of the burnt gases obtained during the combustion phase is at least 900°C, preferably in the range of between 1500°C and 1800°, in order to be used in a subsequent heating phase.
  • This consists in heating, by means of an indirect heat-exchanger using at least some of the burnt gases as heating fluid, air, taken at ambient temperature from the atmosphere, in an amount sufficient to be used for the tangential injection of hot air in the above-mentioned gasification and slagging phase, and as comburent in the combustion phase.
  • the air heated in this way is then injected during the gasification and slagging phase in order to supply oxygen to the solid municipal waste in the process of transformation, and is further used in the combustion phase as comburent for the combustible gas.
  • this air is not subjected to any further processes for increasing its temperature, this increase being imparted to the air entirely during the heating phase.
  • the air In order to be subjected to the heating phase, the air must be compressed to high pressure values which increases the amount of energy in this air, which is further increased during the heating phase.
  • Some of this energy content can advantageously be recovered by means, for example, of a turbine to which the air can be conveyed before being used in the above phases.
  • the burnt gases used as heating fluid still have a considerable enthalpic content which can advantageously be used.
  • the amount of burnt gases produced during the combustion phase is greater than required in the following phase, and some of the burnt gases can thus be used for the above-mentioned purposes immediately downstream of the combustion phase.
  • a further variant consists in producing energy, for example, as a result of the burnt gases obtained during the combustion phase passing through a gas turbine before the heating phase, nevertheless, such that the energy content of the gases is sufficient to heat the air, during the heating phase, to the necessary extent and in the necessary amount for the above phases.
  • the method described above permits gasification to be performed at a high temperature, the formation of toxic carbides and tars being avoided.
  • thermochemical conditions imposed prevent the formation of dioxin.
  • vitrification of the slag produced prevents the dispersion of poisonous heavy metals, which remain incorporated in the dross, and permits a reduction in the residual volumes which can then be stocked without particular precautions.
  • an apparatus of the type specified is designated 1 and comprises a gasification and slagging reactor 2, defined by an elongate container 3, which is substantially symmetrical relative to an axis A and is disposed horizontally, and which has inner walls 4 advantageously covered with heat-proof materials.
  • the reactor 2 comprises a charging portion 6 for the solid municipal waste which has a screw feeder 7 constituting a non-return mechanism and, at the other end 8, a discharge portion 9 for the slag which also has a screw extractor 10.
  • the reactor 2 further comprises a manifold 11 for expelling the combustible gas in correspondence with the end 8, at least one principal injector 12, for the tangential injection of air inside the container 3, and at least one secondary injector 13 for injecting steam.
  • the manifold 11 of the reactor 2 is hydraulically connected, by means of a first pipe 14, to a filtering structure 15, for example of the type with an axial vortex device, the function of which is to reduce the content of solid particles of the combustible gas without introducing great charging losses and without decreasing their temperature substantially.
  • This filtering structure 15 has an expulsion portion 16 for the combustible gas which is rich in solid particles and can thus advantageously be re-introduced during the gasification process.
  • the filtering structure 15 is connected, by a second pipe 17, to a burner 18 which has an inlet portion 19 for the comburent air and an outlet portion 20 for the burnt gases.
  • the burner 18 is of the type comprising heat-proof materials such as, for example, silicon carbide ceramics, and its interior does not have elbowed angles or passages with too small a diameter so as to prevent the condensation of solid particles resulting in clogging of the passages.
  • the latter is further covered externally with insulating material in order to restrict its surface temperature to less than 80°C, for safety reasons.
  • the outlet portion 20 of the burner 18 is hydraulically connected, by means of a third pipe 21, to a hot path 22 of an indirect heat exchanger 23.
  • This heat exchanger 23 of the type resistant to chemical attack from hydrochloric acid in particular, also has a cold path 24 supplied in batches with a suitable amount of air to be heated by a compressor 25.
  • this cold path 24 in turn supplies a turbine 27 in order to utilize the excess enthalpy of the amount of air for producing electrical energy.
  • a fifth pipe 28 emerges from the turbine 27 and is divided into two branches 28a and 28b which supply hot air respectively to the principal injector 12 of the reactor 2 and to the portion 19 for the intake of comburent air of the burner 18.
  • the operation of the apparatus 1 for the disposal of solid municipal waste provides for the introduction of the pretreated or selected waste into the reactor 2, through the screw-type feeder 7.
  • the gasification and slagging phase for the solid municipal waste occurs inside the reactor 2.
  • this waste is subjected to the chemical processes of gasification and combustion from which the combustible gas is obtained.
  • the tangential injection of air causes a turbulent rotary motion of the waste about the axis A whilst the molten ashes and the incombustible components are deposited on the inner walls 4 from which they percolate towards the slag discharge portion 9.
  • the combustible gases produced are collected by the expulsion manifold 11 and, through the first pipe 14, pass to the filtering structure 15 where the purification process for the combustible gases occurs, with the reduction of the content of solid particles to a value which is at least less than 300 mg/Nm3, with an average particle diameter of less than 7 ⁇ m.
  • the combustible gases are conveyed to the burner 18 where the combustion phase occurs and hot burnt gases are obtained.
  • the burnt gases are used for heating air to be introduced into the reactor 2 and the burner 18.
  • the burnt gases discharged from the hot path 22 of the exchanger 23 can then be used, for example, for producing hot water intended for public and/or industrial use or as heat-carrying fluid for a steam cycle for the production of electrical or mechanical energy.
  • a further, variant possibility consists in interposing, between the burner and the exchanger, a gas turbine for generating energy from the burnt gases at high temperature before they are introduced into the hot path 22 of the exchanger 23.
  • the apparatus 1 according to the invention has the advantage of being able to use different compositions and quantities of solid municipal waste.
  • the dimensions of the various components can be selected opportunely as a function of the amount of waste to be disposed of.
  • the apparatus 1 can easily be modified and can then be connected to a vast range of subsequent uses.
  • the reactor 2 has the advantage that it can be triggered by carbon powder for the performance of the gasification and slagging phase.
  • the entire apparatus 1 is thus of simple design, does not occupy a large site, and can be rapidly and economically constructed.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
EP94830294A 1994-06-15 1994-06-15 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von festem Stadtmüll durch Vergasung und Verschlackung Withdrawn EP0687862A1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94830294A EP0687862A1 (de) 1994-06-15 1994-06-15 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von festem Stadtmüll durch Vergasung und Verschlackung

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94830294A EP0687862A1 (de) 1994-06-15 1994-06-15 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von festem Stadtmüll durch Vergasung und Verschlackung

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0687862A1 true EP0687862A1 (de) 1995-12-20

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EP94830294A Withdrawn EP0687862A1 (de) 1994-06-15 1994-06-15 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von festem Stadtmüll durch Vergasung und Verschlackung

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0767343A2 (de) * 1995-10-03 1997-04-09 Ebara Corporation Wärmerückgewinnungssystem und Kraftwerk
EP1479455A2 (de) 2003-05-20 2004-11-24 Sistema Ecodeco S.p.A. Kraftwerk und Verfahren zur Erzeugung elektrischer Energie durch Verbrennung von Abfallstoff
US12060534B1 (en) * 2023-05-10 2024-08-13 Zhejiang University Reaction intensification structure

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4346317A (en) * 1980-08-18 1982-08-24 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Gasified coal-fired system
GB2106130A (en) * 1981-09-04 1983-04-07 Foster Wheeler Power Prod Gasification
JPS58106317A (ja) * 1981-12-21 1983-06-24 Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha Ltd 乾燥汚泥灰分の処理装置
JPS63264696A (ja) * 1987-04-21 1988-11-01 Hitachi Ltd 石炭ガス化炉の運転制御方法
DE4200341A1 (de) * 1991-11-18 1993-05-19 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Verfahren und vorrichtung zur hochtemperaturvergasung feinkoerniger brennwertreicher organischer abfallstoffe
EP0553019A1 (de) * 1992-01-24 1993-07-28 Institut Francais Du Petrole Verfahren zur Verbrennung von festen Brennstoffen mit einem hohen Gehalt an schmelzbaren Aschen und Schwermetallen

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4346317A (en) * 1980-08-18 1982-08-24 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Gasified coal-fired system
GB2106130A (en) * 1981-09-04 1983-04-07 Foster Wheeler Power Prod Gasification
JPS58106317A (ja) * 1981-12-21 1983-06-24 Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha Ltd 乾燥汚泥灰分の処理装置
JPS63264696A (ja) * 1987-04-21 1988-11-01 Hitachi Ltd 石炭ガス化炉の運転制御方法
DE4200341A1 (de) * 1991-11-18 1993-05-19 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Verfahren und vorrichtung zur hochtemperaturvergasung feinkoerniger brennwertreicher organischer abfallstoffe
EP0553019A1 (de) * 1992-01-24 1993-07-28 Institut Francais Du Petrole Verfahren zur Verbrennung von festen Brennstoffen mit einem hohen Gehalt an schmelzbaren Aschen und Schwermetallen

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 13, no. 72 (C - 570) 17 February 1989 (1989-02-17) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 7, no. 211 (M - 243) 17 September 1983 (1983-09-17) *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0767343A2 (de) * 1995-10-03 1997-04-09 Ebara Corporation Wärmerückgewinnungssystem und Kraftwerk
EP0767343A3 (de) * 1995-10-03 1998-09-09 Ebara Corporation Wärmerückgewinnungssystem und Kraftwerk
US5988080A (en) * 1995-10-03 1999-11-23 Ebara Corporation Waste heat recovery system and power generation system with dust filtration
US6298666B1 (en) 1995-10-03 2001-10-09 Ebara Corporation Heat recovery system and power generation system
US6301896B1 (en) 1995-10-03 2001-10-16 Ebara Corporation Heat recovery system and power generation system
US6318088B1 (en) 1995-10-03 2001-11-20 Ebara Corporation Heat recovery system and power generation system
US6321540B1 (en) 1995-10-03 2001-11-27 Ebara Corp Heat recovery system and power generation system
EP1479455A2 (de) 2003-05-20 2004-11-24 Sistema Ecodeco S.p.A. Kraftwerk und Verfahren zur Erzeugung elektrischer Energie durch Verbrennung von Abfallstoff
EP1479455A3 (de) * 2003-05-20 2008-06-25 Sistema Ecodeco S.p.A. Kraftwerk und Verfahren zur Erzeugung elektrischer Energie durch Verbrennung von Abfallstoff
US12060534B1 (en) * 2023-05-10 2024-08-13 Zhejiang University Reaction intensification structure

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