EP0670665A2 - Heated glass element having a laminated structure - Google Patents

Heated glass element having a laminated structure Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0670665A2
EP0670665A2 EP95400435A EP95400435A EP0670665A2 EP 0670665 A2 EP0670665 A2 EP 0670665A2 EP 95400435 A EP95400435 A EP 95400435A EP 95400435 A EP95400435 A EP 95400435A EP 0670665 A2 EP0670665 A2 EP 0670665A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
element according
substrate
heating element
glazed
glass
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Ceased
Application number
EP95400435A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0670665A3 (en
Inventor
Yves Demars
Yannick Dussouchaud
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Saint Gobain Vitrage SA
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Publication of EP0670665A2 publication Critical patent/EP0670665A2/en
Publication of EP0670665A3 publication Critical patent/EP0670665A3/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H05B3/845—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields specially adapted for reflecting surfaces, e.g. bathroom - or rearview mirrors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to heated glazed elements with a laminated structure, more particularly heated mirrors, in particular those comprising at least one glass substrate and which are usually used in living rooms.
  • heating means Functionalizing the glazed elements in this way by equipping them with heating means can make it possible to meet two types of need: on the one hand, if these heating means give off moderate heat, making it possible to establish a temperature on the surface of the glazed element higher than that of the atmosphere with which it is in contact, fogging is avoided. On the other hand, if these heating means are capable of producing a significant amount of heat, the glazed element can be used as a real source of heat replacing a conventional radiator.
  • heating glass elements which imply the need for an electrical power supply, whether the heating means are in the form of a network of wires or of a conductive continuous layer, must comply with all the safety standards, all the more stringent since these are frequently placed in damp rooms such as bathrooms. Furthermore, the fact of making the structure of the glazed element more complex by adding heating means to it must not go against its optical quality and its durability.
  • the invention therefore aims to remedy these drawbacks, and to develop a new structure of glazed decorative heating element and / or with optical properties which optimizes heating performance, durability and optical quality.
  • the subject of the invention is a glazed heating element with a laminated structure, in particular a heating mirror, comprising a first rigid transparent substrate, in particular made of glass, provided on one of its faces with a thin electrically conductive layer equipped with means electrical connection, of an interlayer sheet of polymer of the thermoplastic type and of a second transparent rigid substrate, in particular of glass, provided on one of its faces with a decorative coating or with optical properties, in particular light reflecting.
  • the assembly of the first and second substrates using the interlayer sheet is carried out so that the interlayer sheet is on one side in contact with the face of the first substrate which is provided with the layer electrically conductive and on the other side in contact with the face of the second substrate which is opposite to the face provided with the light-reflecting coating.
  • the first substrate which will be disposed "side piece ", and, in fact, the conductive layer will be distant only by the thickness of said substrate from the exterior surface of the glazed element that is to be heated. Heat losses are therefore completely reduced.
  • the second substrate it is intended to be "on the wall or partition side", and the decorative coating and / or with optical properties, in particular reflecting light when it is a mirror will be located near the wall, and distant from the conductive layer releasing heat by the thickness of the interlayer sheet added to that of the second substrate.
  • the coating will therefore be subjected to much lower temperature rises, when the conductive layer is supplied with electricity and heats by Joule effect, than if it was directly in contact with the interlayer sheet. There is therefore much less risk of the coating deteriorating under the effect of cyclic thermal stresses.
  • a laminated structure guarantees a satisfactory level of security, insofar as, in the event of breakage of one or other of the substrates, the splinters are effectively retained by the interlayer sheet of flexible polymer: there is therefore no risk of being injured by flying splinters, nor risk of electrocuting, since the conductive layer remains "inaccessible".
  • At least one of the substrates is preferably made of glass, very particularly of annealed or tempered glass and, rather, in the latter case, by thermal tempering. In fact, it is advantageous to reinforce the mechanical resistance of the glass substrates by these types of heat treatments, especially as regards the first substrate coated with the conductive layer. Glass can also be hardened.
  • a simple annealing operation may suffice, all the more if it is accompanied by an operation of polishing the edges, in particular until a polish roughness less than 5 micrometers is obtained, polishing making it possible to limit any risk. propagation of the rupture lines initiated at the edges.
  • Thermal quenching offers the following additional advantage: if it is the substrate carrying the conductive layer which is thus quenched, and if it breaks under the impact of a projectile for example, it will fragment into a multitude of small pieces, which will instantly cut the power supply to the conductive layer.
  • the substrate is simply annealed, its manufacture is thereby simplified and, moreover, it is easier to obtain a very high optical quality, the annealing heat treatment being less "hard” than a heat treatment of the quenching type involving brutal cooling.
  • the substrates preferably have a thickness of at least 2 mm, in particular about 3 mm each. Such thicknesses make it possible not to penalize the glazed element according to the invention in terms of weight.
  • the conductive layer of the first substrate advantageously has a surface resistance of at most 15 ohms per square.
  • This level of electrical conductivity can easily be obtained with layers based on doped metal oxide, for example tin oxide doped with fluorine SnO2: F or indium oxide doped with tin ITO d thickness advantageously greater than 300 nm, in particular included in a range from 360 to 450 nm.
  • the conductive layer can also be a silver-based layer.
  • the conductive layer may be part of a stack of thin layers, and thus be associated, in particular, with at least one layer of dielectric material of the metal oxide or oxynitride / oxycarbide or silicon oxide type.
  • the conductive layer of the doped oxide type as well as the other layers of the stack, if they are present, are advantageously deposited by pyrolysis of suitable precursors: pyrolysis is indeed a simple deposition technique, which can be implemented directly at- above the float glass ribbon and making it possible to obtain particularly hard layers which adhere to the carrier substrate, which is in particular due to the fact that it involves reactions of decomposition of precursors at high temperature.
  • the conductive layer is made of silver, it is advantageously deposited by sputtering assisted by a magnetic field, the oxide layers which can be associated therewith can then be deposited by reactive sputtering in the presence of oxygen.
  • conductive collector strips As a type of electrical connection means suitable for supplying electricity to the conductive layer, there are preferably provided, according to the invention, conductive collector strips, deposited, in particular by screen printing, on the first substrate so as to be in electrical contact with said layer. These strips are preferably in the form of narrow strips a few millimeters wide, and are in particular two in number, each being deposited opposite along the longest opposite edges of the substrate.
  • thermal regulation means acting on the electrical supply of the electrically conductive layer a simple thermostat system can thus maintain the surface temperature of the glazed element close to a given set temperature.
  • the heating glass element in particular the heating mirror, can also be provided with a means of the circuit breaker type making it possible to completely interrupt the electrical supply of the electrically conductive layer in the event of overheating, which can exceptionally happen. if the first substrate is broken, leaving the layer locally still supplied with electricity.
  • this system is not essential.
  • the interlayer sheet of thermoplastic polymer which allows the assembly of the two substrates is preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), of thickness less than 1 mm, in particular approximately 0.3 mm.
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral
  • This sheet can also be colored by adding pigment (s): we then obtain a glazed element offering a slightly colored reflected image, which can have a certain decorative effect.
  • the coating with which the second substrate is provided reflects light and is usually made up of a plurality of layers superimposed on each other, including one layer silver topped with a layer of copper itself covered with a protective lacquer.
  • the copper layer can under certain conditions be removed.
  • This type of stacking is however not limiting, and any type of single-layer or multi-layer coating making it possible to obtain a mirror function of the glazed element can advantageously be used in the context of the invention.
  • the glazed element In order to make the whole of the glazed element, once assembled, aesthetic, it can be provided to encapsulate it using a frame which, preferably, covers the periphery of the substrates only up to a distance from them. edges not more than 15 mm.
  • the frame thus makes it possible to best hide all the means of electrical connection.
  • the heating mirror as a decorative glazed heating element and / or with optical properties.
  • the invention also applies to other glazed heating elements, in particular all those which are provided with a coating which is also to protect from excessive heat sources.
  • the configuration of glazed heating element described above can be adopted when the second glass substrate is provided with a coating which is for example light reflecting, but which does not cover the entire surface of the substrate, and which can be filed in the form of patterns for example.
  • lacquer covers all the fluid compositions (and deposits obtained therefrom) which are essentially organic in nature and which are also usually designated by the term inks, varnishes or paints. They are based on polymers or mixtures of curable or crosslinkable polymers of the epoxy, polyester, polyurethane, polyvinyl, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyacrylic type. They also contain pigments and / or dyes which can give them the desired shade; as well as thinners or solvents and other minor constituents such as surfactant, plasticizer, adhesion promoter, waxes and other additives.
  • lacquers can be deposited on the second glass substrate in a continuous layer, or in a discontinuous layer in the form of a pattern, for example by printing techniques of the screen printing type, off-set technique or flexography; or by a technique called “curtain”, or also called “pistolettage”.
  • the decorative and / or optical coating may also be based on enamel.
  • enamel is a mainly inorganic compound, consisting of a vitreous matrix called glass frit which may contain different coloring pigments and conveyed by a medium comprising a binder and an aqueous or organic solvent. To fix, the enamel must be dried and then vitrified. It can be deposited on glass by a printing technique such as screen printing, in particular.
  • a particularly advantageous enamel to be used is an enamel comprising two superposed layers, one of which contains reflective particles with a refractive index different from the vitreous matrix in which they are embedded: the enamel then has a particularly shiny and / or metallized appearance. aesthetic.
  • the enamel can of course be deposited in a continuous layer, but also in a discontinuous layer, in particular to represent decorative patterns.
  • FIG. 1 which very schematically shows a heating mirror in section.
  • Figure 1 shows a heating mirror according to the invention, but devoid of its peripheral frame and whose proportions, particularly in terms of thickness of the different materials, have not been respected in order to facilitate reading.
  • the mirror as shown therefore comprises two glass substrates 1,2 each 3 mm thick and each having been annealed, then subjected to polishing the edges to a roughness of less than 5 micrometers.
  • the substrates are rectangular, about 1.5 x 1m2.
  • the first substrate 1 is covered with a conductive layer 4 based on SnO2: F of about 400 nm, obtained by a powder pyrolysis technique using tin dibutyldifluoride (DBTF) known per se. It is associated with a sublayer, not shown, which therefore lies between the glass and the layer of SnO2: F and which is based on Si, O, C.
  • DBTF tin dibutyldifluoride
  • This sublayer is obtained by gas phase pyrolysis, also called CVD, and has a geometric thickness of approximately 100 nm and an index of refraction of about 1.68.
  • This type of stack is described more precisely in the aforementioned patent application EP-A-0 573 325.
  • the conductive layer 4 here has a surface resistance of approximately 10 to 15 ohms per square. It is provided with two collecting strips 8 which are themselves connected to external current leads which are not shown. They are made of screen-hardened silver paste hardened by baking, with a width of approximately 3 mm and arranged vis-à-vis at the periphery of the two longest opposite edges of the glazed element.
  • the interlayer sheet 3 is a PVB 0.3 mm thick.
  • the second substrate is covered, on its face which is not in contact with the interlayer sheet 3, with a light-reflecting coating comprising a layer of silver 5 deposited chemically using solutions of nitrate of silver, then a layer of copper 6 also deposited chemically and finally two successive layers 7 of lacquer deposited in liquid form and then dried by heating the substrate 2.
  • a light-reflecting coating comprising a layer of silver 5 deposited chemically using solutions of nitrate of silver, then a layer of copper 6 also deposited chemically and finally two successive layers 7 of lacquer deposited in liquid form and then dried by heating the substrate 2.
  • each of the two substrates 1, 2 is respectively provided with its stack with conductive layer 4 or with its coating reflecting light 5, 6, 7 in a completely independent manner, the assembly being done in the last step of in a conventional manner by autoclaving the substrates 1, 2 previously cut to the correct dimensions and associated by the intermediate sheet 3.
  • the mirror thus formed is placed against a wall so that the substrate 1 is in contact with the atmosphere, the substrate 2 being pressed against the wall.
  • the layer 4 is supplied with electricity via the collector strips 4 connected to the current leads using a simple switch which optionally makes it possible to choose the heating power, a transformer being provided to obtain the adequate voltage.
  • the temperature of the external surface of the substrate 1 is barely higher than the temperature of the atmosphere, for example 30 or 35 ° C for example.
  • the temperature of the external surface of the substrate can be 60 to 70 ° C, range of temperatures quite accessible, given the electrical conductivity of the conductive layer used.
  • the images reflected by such a mirror do not exhibit discernible deformations, which is proof of the optical quality of the substrates used and of the coatings with which they are provided, in particular as regards the substrate 1 provided with the conductive layer 4.
  • This mirror has also undergone the following aging test: it was placed in an air-conditioned enclosure at 20 ° C. and an atmosphere with a controlled humidity rate of 95%.
  • the heating layer 4 of the mirror was put under a suitable electric voltage so that the "outside" face of the substrate 1 is at a constant surface temperature of around 70 ° C.
  • the general condition of the mirror is studied: no corrosion is visible to the human eye, in particular no attack on the edges or any full face puncture.
  • the mirror of the invention therefore demonstrates satisfactory durability, in particular in contact with a highly humid atmosphere.
  • the glazed heating elements according to the invention are relatively simple in design, allow effective heating and / or demisting while respecting safety standards, and, above all, avoid any premature aging, in particular of the decorative or reflective coating, by presenting high durability under normal conditions of use.

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  • Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

The heated glass plate comprises a first rigid transparent substrate (1) provided on one face with a thin electro-conductive film (4) which has connections (8). A thermoplastic polymer film lies over this and is covered by a second rigid transparent substrate (2). The second substrate includes coatings (5,6,7) giving the necessary optical properties, such as a reflective layer for a mirror, or decorative layers. The transparent layers may be normal glass, or tempered glass, pref. heat tempered or hardened. The substrates are polished with a surface roughness of less than 5 micrometres.

Description

L'invention concerne les éléments vitrés chauffants à structure feuilletée, plus particulièrement les miroirs chauffants, notamment ceux qui comportent au moins un substrat de verre et que l'on utilise habituellement dans les pièces d'habitation.The invention relates to heated glazed elements with a laminated structure, more particularly heated mirrors, in particular those comprising at least one glass substrate and which are usually used in living rooms.

Fonctionnaliser ainsi les élément vitrés en les équipant de moyens chauffants peut permettre de répondre à deux types de besoin : d'une part, si ces moyens de chauffage dégagent une chaleur modérée, permettant d'établir à la surface du élément vitré une température un peu supérieure à celle de l'atmosphère avec laquelle elle est en contact, on évite la formation de buée. D'autre part, si ces moyens de chauffage sont aptes à produire une quantité importante de chaleur, le élément vitré peut être utilisé comme une véritable source de chaleur se substituant à un radiateur classique.Functionalizing the glazed elements in this way by equipping them with heating means can make it possible to meet two types of need: on the one hand, if these heating means give off moderate heat, making it possible to establish a temperature on the surface of the glazed element higher than that of the atmosphere with which it is in contact, fogging is avoided. On the other hand, if these heating means are capable of producing a significant amount of heat, the glazed element can be used as a real source of heat replacing a conventional radiator.

Ces élément vitrés chauffants, qui impliquent la nécessité d'une alimentation électrique, que les moyens chauffants soient sous forme de réseau de fils ou de couche continue conductrice, doivent respecter toutes les normes de sécurité, d'autant plus sévères que ceux-ci sont fréquemment disposés dans des pièces humides du type salle de bain. Par ailleurs, le fait de complexifier la structure du élément vitré en lui adjoignant des moyens de chauffage ne doit pas aller à l'encontre de sa qualité optique et de sa durabilité.These heating glass elements, which imply the need for an electrical power supply, whether the heating means are in the form of a network of wires or of a conductive continuous layer, must comply with all the safety standards, all the more stringent since these are frequently placed in damp rooms such as bathrooms. Furthermore, the fact of making the structure of the glazed element more complex by adding heating means to it must not go against its optical quality and its durability.

Il est connu de la demande de brevet FR-A-2 666 475 un élément vitré chauffant composé de deux substrats de verre, le premier muni d'un revêtement réfléchissant la lumière pour jouer le rôle de élément vitré à proprement dit, le second muni d'une couche conductrice susceptible d'être alimentée électriquement pour remplir le rôle d'élément chauffant, les deux substrats étant assemblés par une feuille de polymère qui se trouve de fait en contact sur l'une de ses faces avec le revêtement réfléchissant la lumière et sur l'autre face avec la couche conductrice. Ce type d'assemblage n'est pas dénué d'inconvénients, dans la mesure où, notamment, le revêtement réfléchissant la lumière risque d'être fragilisé par la proximité de la couche conductrice soumise à des cycles de chauffage répétés.It is known from patent application FR-A-2 666 475 a glazed heating element composed of two glass substrates, the first provided with a light-reflecting coating to play the role of glazed element proper, the second provided of a conductive layer capable of being electrically supplied to fulfill the role of a heating element, the two substrates being assembled by a sheet of polymer which is in fact in contact on one of its faces with the light-reflecting coating and on the other side with the conductive layer. This type of assembly is not not without drawbacks, insofar as, in particular, the light-reflecting coating risks being weakened by the proximity of the conductive layer subjected to repeated heating cycles.

L'invention a alors pour but de remédier à ces inconvénients, et de mettre au point une nouvelle structure d'élément vitré chauffant décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques qui optimise performances de chauffe, durabilité et qualité optique .The invention therefore aims to remedy these drawbacks, and to develop a new structure of glazed decorative heating element and / or with optical properties which optimizes heating performance, durability and optical quality.

L'invention a pour objet un élément vitré chauffant à structure feuilletée, notamment un miroir chauffant, comprenant un premier substrat rigide transparent, notamment en verre, muni sur l'une de ses faces d'une couche mince électro-conductrice équipée de moyens de connexion électrique, d'une feuille intercalaire en polymère du type thermoplastique et d'un second substrat rigide transparent, notamment en verre, muni sur l'une de ses faces d'un revêtement décoratif ou à propriétés optiques, notamment réfléchissant la lumière. Selon l'invention, l'assemblage des premier et second substrats à l'aide de la feuille intercalaire est réalisé de manière à ce que la feuille intercalaire soit d'un côté en contact avec la face du premier substrat qui est munie de la couche électro-conductrice et de l'autre côté en contact avec la face du second substrat qui est opposée à la face munie du revêtement réfléchissant la lumière.The subject of the invention is a glazed heating element with a laminated structure, in particular a heating mirror, comprising a first rigid transparent substrate, in particular made of glass, provided on one of its faces with a thin electrically conductive layer equipped with means electrical connection, of an interlayer sheet of polymer of the thermoplastic type and of a second transparent rigid substrate, in particular of glass, provided on one of its faces with a decorative coating or with optical properties, in particular light reflecting. According to the invention, the assembly of the first and second substrates using the interlayer sheet is carried out so that the interlayer sheet is on one side in contact with the face of the first substrate which is provided with the layer electrically conductive and on the other side in contact with the face of the second substrate which is opposite to the face provided with the light-reflecting coating.

Une telle configuration permet en effet d'assurer une efficacité de chauffe maximale conjuguée à une minimisation des risques de vieillissement du système : une fois l'élément vitré posé contre un mur ou une cloison, c'est le premier substrat qui sera disposé "côté pièce", et, de fait, la couche conductrice va se trouver distante de seulement l'épaisseur dudit substrat de la surface extérieure du élément vitré que l'on veut chauffer. Les déperditions de chaleur sont donc tout-à-fait réduites. Quant au second substrat, il est destiné à être "côté mur ou cloison", et le revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques, notamment réfléchissant la lumière quand il s'agit d'un miroir va se trouver à proximité du mur, et distant de la couche conductrice dégageant la chaleur par l'épaisseur de la feuille intercalaire ajoutée à celle du second substrat. Le revêtement va donc se trouver soumis à des élévations de températures bien moindres, lorsque la couche conductrice est alimentée en électricité et chauffe par effet Joule, que s'il se trouvait directement au contact de la feuille intercalaire. On risque donc beaucoup moins de voir le revêtement se détériorer sous l'effet de sollicitations thermiques cycliques.Such a configuration indeed makes it possible to ensure maximum heating efficiency combined with minimization of the risks of aging of the system: once the glazed element placed against a wall or a partition, it is the first substrate which will be disposed "side piece ", and, in fact, the conductive layer will be distant only by the thickness of said substrate from the exterior surface of the glazed element that is to be heated. Heat losses are therefore completely reduced. As for the second substrate, it is intended to be "on the wall or partition side", and the decorative coating and / or with optical properties, in particular reflecting light when it is a mirror will be located near the wall, and distant from the conductive layer releasing heat by the thickness of the interlayer sheet added to that of the second substrate. The coating will therefore be subjected to much lower temperature rises, when the conductive layer is supplied with electricity and heats by Joule effect, than if it was directly in contact with the interlayer sheet. There is therefore much less risk of the coating deteriorating under the effect of cyclic thermal stresses.

Par ailleurs, une structure feuilletée garantit un niveau de sécurité satisfaisant, dans la mesure où, en cas de bris de l'un ou l'autre des substrats, les éclats sont efficacement retenus par la feuille intercalaire en polymère souple : il n'y a donc ni risque de se blesser par projection d'éclats, ni risque de s'électrocuter, puisque la couche conductrice reste "inaccessible".Furthermore, a laminated structure guarantees a satisfactory level of security, insofar as, in the event of breakage of one or other of the substrates, the splinters are effectively retained by the interlayer sheet of flexible polymer: there is therefore no risk of being injured by flying splinters, nor risk of electrocuting, since the conductive layer remains "inaccessible".

Au moins un des substrats, notamment celui muni de la couche conductrice, est de préférence en verre, tout particulièrement en verre recuit ou trempé et, plutôt, dans ce dernier cas de figure, par une trempe thermique. En effet, il est avantageux de renforcer la résistance mécanique des substrats de verre par ces types de traitements thermiques, surtout en ce qui concerne le premier substrat revêtu de la couche conductrice. Le verre peut aussi être durci.At least one of the substrates, in particular that provided with the conductive layer, is preferably made of glass, very particularly of annealed or tempered glass and, rather, in the latter case, by thermal tempering. In fact, it is advantageous to reinforce the mechanical resistance of the glass substrates by these types of heat treatments, especially as regards the first substrate coated with the conductive layer. Glass can also be hardened.

Une simple opération de recuit peut suffire, et ce d'autant plus si on l'accompagne d'une opération de polissage des chants, notamment jusqu'à obtention d'une rugosité de poli inférieure à 5 micromètres, polissage permettant de limiter tout risque de propagation des lignes de rupture amorcée au niveau des bords.A simple annealing operation may suffice, all the more if it is accompanied by an operation of polishing the edges, in particular until a polish roughness less than 5 micrometers is obtained, polishing making it possible to limit any risk. propagation of the rupture lines initiated at the edges.

On peut préférer opérer une véritable trempe, notamment pour atteindre une contrainte de trempe jusqu'à 120 MPA. La trempe thermique offre l'avantage supplémentaire suivant: si c'est le substrat porteur de la couche conductrice qui est ainsi trempé, et qu'il casse sous l'impact d'un projectile par exemple, il va se fragmenter en une multitude de petits morceaux, ce qui va conduire à couper instantanément l'alimentation électrique de la couche conductrice.We may prefer to operate a real quenching, in particular to reach a quenching stress up to 120 MPA. Thermal quenching offers the following additional advantage: if it is the substrate carrying the conductive layer which is thus quenched, and if it breaks under the impact of a projectile for example, it will fragment into a multitude of small pieces, which will instantly cut the power supply to the conductive layer.

Si le substrat est au contraire simplement recuit, sa fabrication s'en trouve simplifiée et, en outre, il est plus facile d'obtenir une très haute qualité optique, le traitement thermique de recuit étant moins "dur" qu'un traitement thermique du type trempe impliquant un refroidissement brutal.If, on the contrary, the substrate is simply annealed, its manufacture is thereby simplified and, moreover, it is easier to obtain a very high optical quality, the annealing heat treatment being less "hard" than a heat treatment of the quenching type involving brutal cooling.

Les substrats ont de préférence une épaisseur d'au moins 2 mm, notamment d'environ 3 mm chacun. De telles épaisseurs permettent de ne pas pénaliser le élément vitré selon l'invention en terme de poids.The substrates preferably have a thickness of at least 2 mm, in particular about 3 mm each. Such thicknesses make it possible not to penalize the glazed element according to the invention in terms of weight.

La couche conductrice du premier substrat, pour être suffisamment efficace, présente avantageusement une résistance surfacique d'au plus 15 ohms par carré. Ce niveau de conductivité électrique peut facilement être obtenu avec des couches à base d'oxyde métallique dopé, par exemple de l'oxyde d'étain dopé au fluor SnO₂:F ou de l'oxyde d'indium dopé à l'étain ITO d'épaisseur avantageusement supérieure à 300 nm, notamment comprise dans une gamme allant de 360 à 450 nm. La couche conductrice peut également être une couche à base d'argent.The conductive layer of the first substrate, to be sufficiently effective, advantageously has a surface resistance of at most 15 ohms per square. This level of electrical conductivity can easily be obtained with layers based on doped metal oxide, for example tin oxide doped with fluorine SnO₂: F or indium oxide doped with tin ITO d thickness advantageously greater than 300 nm, in particular included in a range from 360 to 450 nm. The conductive layer can also be a silver-based layer.

La couche conductrice peut faire partie d'un empilement de couches minces, et être ainsi associée, notamment, à au moins une couche en matériau diélectrique du type oxyde métallique ou oxynitrure/oxycarbure ou oxyde de silicium. La couche conductrice du type oxyde dopé ainsi que les autres couches de l'empilement, si elles sont présentes, sont avantageusement déposées par pyrolyse de précurseurs adéquats : la pyrolyse est en effet une technique de dépôt simple, pouvant être mise en oeuvre directement au-dessus du ruban de verre float et permettant d'obtenir des couches particulièrement dures et adhérentes au substrat porteur, ce qui est notamment du au fait qu'elle implique des réactions de décomposition de précurseurs à haute température.The conductive layer may be part of a stack of thin layers, and thus be associated, in particular, with at least one layer of dielectric material of the metal oxide or oxynitride / oxycarbide or silicon oxide type. The conductive layer of the doped oxide type as well as the other layers of the stack, if they are present, are advantageously deposited by pyrolysis of suitable precursors: pyrolysis is indeed a simple deposition technique, which can be implemented directly at- above the float glass ribbon and making it possible to obtain particularly hard layers which adhere to the carrier substrate, which is in particular due to the fact that it involves reactions of decomposition of precursors at high temperature.

Si la couche conductrice est en argent, elle est avantageusement déposée par pulvérisation cathodique assistée par champ magnétique, les couches d'oxyde qui peuvent y être associées pouvant alors être déposées par pulvérisation cathodique réactive en présence d'oxygène.If the conductive layer is made of silver, it is advantageously deposited by sputtering assisted by a magnetic field, the oxide layers which can be associated therewith can then be deposited by reactive sputtering in the presence of oxygen.

On peut envisager d'utiliser, notamment, les couches ou empilements de couches décrites dans les demandes de brevets EP-A-0 544 577 et EP-A-0 573 325, auxquelles on se reportera pour plus de détails, en ce qui concerne des couches conductrices du type oxyde métallique dopé.It is conceivable to use, in particular, the layers or stacks of layers described in patent applications EP-A-0 544 577 and EP-A-0 573 325, to which reference will be made for more details, as regards conductive layers of the doped metal oxide type.

Comme type de moyens de connexion électrique adapté pour alimenter en électricité la couche conductrice, on propose de préférence, selon l'invention, des bandes collectrices conductrices, déposées, notamment par sérigraphie, sur le premier substrat de manière à être en contact électrique avec ladite couche. Ces bandes se présentent de préférence sous la forme de bandes étroites de quelques millimètres de large, et sont notamment au nombre de deux, chacune étant déposée en vis-à-vis le long des bords opposés les plus longs du substrat.As a type of electrical connection means suitable for supplying electricity to the conductive layer, there are preferably provided, according to the invention, conductive collector strips, deposited, in particular by screen printing, on the first substrate so as to be in electrical contact with said layer. These strips are preferably in the form of narrow strips a few millimeters wide, and are in particular two in number, each being deposited opposite along the longest opposite edges of the substrate.

Notamment pour assurer une température constante à la surface de l'élément vitré, peuvent être avantageusement prévus des moyens de régulation thermique agissant sur l'alimentation électrique de la couche électro-conductrice : un simple système de thermostat peut ainsi maintenir la température de surface de l'élément vitré voisine d'une température-consigne donnée.In particular to ensure a constant temperature at the surface of the glazed element, there may be advantageously provided thermal regulation means acting on the electrical supply of the electrically conductive layer: a simple thermostat system can thus maintain the surface temperature of the glazed element close to a given set temperature.

Par ailleurs, I'élément vitré chauffant, notamment le miroir chauffant, peut aussi être muni d'un moyen du type coupe-circuit permettant d'interrompre complètement l'alimentation électrique de la couche électroconductrice en cas de surchauffe, ce qui peut exceptionnellement arriver si le premier substrat est brisé, laissant la couche localement encore alimentée en électricité. Ce système n'est cependant pas indispensable.Furthermore, the heating glass element, in particular the heating mirror, can also be provided with a means of the circuit breaker type making it possible to completely interrupt the electrical supply of the electrically conductive layer in the event of overheating, which can exceptionally happen. if the first substrate is broken, leaving the layer locally still supplied with electricity. However, this system is not essential.

La feuille intercalaire en polymère thermoplastique qui permet l'assemblage des deux substrats est de préférence à base de polyvinylbutyral (PVB), d'épaisseur inférieure à 1 mm, notamment d'environ 0,3 mm. Cette feuille peut également être colorée par ajout de pigment(s) : on obtient alors un élément vitré offrant une image réfléchie légèrement colorée, ce qui peut avoir un certain effet décoratif.The interlayer sheet of thermoplastic polymer which allows the assembly of the two substrates is preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), of thickness less than 1 mm, in particular approximately 0.3 mm. This sheet can also be colored by adding pigment (s): we then obtain a glazed element offering a slightly colored reflected image, which can have a certain decorative effect.

Dans le cas d'un élément vitré chauffant à fonction de miroir, le revêtement dont est muni le second substrat réfléchit la lumière et est, de manière usuelle, de préférence composé d'une pluralité de couches superposées les unes aux autres, dont une couche d'argent surmontée d'une couche de cuivre elle-même recouverte d'une laque protectrice. La couche de cuivre peut dans certaines conditions être supprimée.In the case of a glazed heating element with a mirror function, the coating with which the second substrate is provided reflects light and is usually made up of a plurality of layers superimposed on each other, including one layer silver topped with a layer of copper itself covered with a protective lacquer. The copper layer can under certain conditions be removed.

Ce type d'empilement n'est cependant pas limitatif, et tout type de revêtement mono-couche ou multi-couches permettant d'obtenir une fonction de miroir de l'élément vitré peut avantageusement être utilisé dans le cadre de l'invention.This type of stacking is however not limiting, and any type of single-layer or multi-layer coating making it possible to obtain a mirror function of the glazed element can advantageously be used in the context of the invention.

Afin de rendre l'ensemble de l'élément vitré, une fois assemblé, esthétique, on peut prévoir de l'encapsuler à l'aide d'un cadre qui, de préférence, couvre la périphérie des substrats que jusqu'à une distance leurs chants d'au plus 15 mm. Le cadre permet ainsi de masquer au mieux tous les moyens de connexion électrique.In order to make the whole of the glazed element, once assembled, aesthetic, it can be provided to encapsulate it using a frame which, preferably, covers the periphery of the substrates only up to a distance from them. edges not more than 15 mm. The frame thus makes it possible to best hide all the means of electrical connection.

Jusque là on a surtout évoqué l'exemple du miroir chauffant comme élément vitré chauffant décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques. Mais en fait, l'invention s'applique également à d'autres éléments vitrés chauffants, notamment tous ceux qui sont munis d'un revêtement qui soit également à protéger des sources de chaleur trop importantes. Ainsi, la configuration d'élément vitré chauffant précédemment décrite peut être adoptée quand on munit le second substrat de verre d'un revêtement qui est par exemple réfléchissant la lumière, mais qui ne recouvre pas la totalité de la surface du substrat, et qui peut être déposé sous la forme de motifs par exemple.So far, we have mainly mentioned the example of the heating mirror as a decorative glazed heating element and / or with optical properties. But in fact, the invention also applies to other glazed heating elements, in particular all those which are provided with a coating which is also to protect from excessive heat sources. Thus, the configuration of glazed heating element described above can be adopted when the second glass substrate is provided with a coating which is for example light reflecting, but which does not cover the entire surface of the substrate, and which can be filed in the form of patterns for example.

Le revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques peut aussi être à base de laque. Dans le contexte de l'invention, le terme générique de « laque » recouvre toutes les compositions fluides (et dépôts obtenus à partir de celles-ci) qui sont de nature essentiellement organique et que l'on désigne aussi usuellement sous le terme d'encres, vernis ou peintures. Elles sont à base de polymères ou de mélanges de polymères durcissables ou réticulables du type epoxy, polyester, polyuréthane, polyvinyl, polychlorure de vinyl, polyéthylène, polyacrylique. Elles contiennent aussi des pigments et/ou colorants pouvant leur conférer la teinte voulue ; ainsi que des diluants ou solvants et d'autres constituants mineurs du type surfactant, plastifiant, promoteur d'adhérence, cires et autres additifs. Ces laques peuvent être déposées sur le second substrat de verre en couche continue, ou en couche discontinue sous forme de motif, par exemple par des techniques d'impression du type sérigraphie, technique off-set ou flexographie; ou par une technique dite « rideau », ou encore dite de « pistolettage ».The decorative coating and / or with optical properties may also be based on lacquer. In the context of the invention, the generic term “lacquer” covers all the fluid compositions (and deposits obtained therefrom) which are essentially organic in nature and which are also usually designated by the term inks, varnishes or paints. They are based on polymers or mixtures of curable or crosslinkable polymers of the epoxy, polyester, polyurethane, polyvinyl, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyacrylic type. They also contain pigments and / or dyes which can give them the desired shade; as well as thinners or solvents and other minor constituents such as surfactant, plasticizer, adhesion promoter, waxes and other additives. These lacquers can be deposited on the second glass substrate in a continuous layer, or in a discontinuous layer in the form of a pattern, for example by printing techniques of the screen printing type, off-set technique or flexography; or by a technique called "curtain", or also called "pistolettage".

Le revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques peut également être à base d'émail. Dans le contexte de l'invention, I'émail est un composé majoritairement inorganique, constitué d'une matrice vitreuse appelée fritte de verre pouvant contenir différents pigments de coloration et véhiculée par un médium comportant un liant et un solvant aqueux ou organique. Pour se fixer, I'émail doit être séché puis vitrifié. On peut le déposer sur verre par une technique d'impression comme de la sérigraphie, notamment. Un émail particulièrement avantageux à utiliser est un émail comportant deux couches superposées dont l'une contient des particules réfléchissantes d'indice de réfraction différent de la matrice vitreuse dans laquelle elles sont noyées : I'émail a alors un aspect brillant et/ou métallisé particulièrement esthétique. Pour la description détaillée d'un tel émail, on se rapportera avantageusement à la demande de brevet européenne déposée le 19 juillet 1994 et de numéro de dépôt 94/401650.0. Comme dans le cas de la laque, I'émail peut bien sûr être déposé en couche continue, mais aussi en couche discontinue, pour représenter des motifs décoratifs notamment.The decorative and / or optical coating may also be based on enamel. In the context of the invention, enamel is a mainly inorganic compound, consisting of a vitreous matrix called glass frit which may contain different coloring pigments and conveyed by a medium comprising a binder and an aqueous or organic solvent. To fix, the enamel must be dried and then vitrified. It can be deposited on glass by a printing technique such as screen printing, in particular. A particularly advantageous enamel to be used is an enamel comprising two superposed layers, one of which contains reflective particles with a refractive index different from the vitreous matrix in which they are embedded: the enamel then has a particularly shiny and / or metallized appearance. aesthetic. For the detailed description of such an enamel, advantageously refer to the European patent application filed on July 19, 1994 and deposit number 94 / 401650.0. As in the case of lacquer, the enamel can of course be deposited in a continuous layer, but also in a discontinuous layer, in particular to represent decorative patterns.

D'autres détails et caractéristiques avantageuses de l'invention ressortent de la description ci-après d'un exemple de réalisation non limitatif, à l'aide de la figure 1 qui représente, de manière très schématique, un miroir chauffant en coupe.Other details and advantageous characteristics of the invention emerge from the description below of a nonlimiting exemplary embodiment, using FIG. 1 which very schematically shows a heating mirror in section.

La figure 1 représente un miroir chauffant conforme à l'invention, mais dépourvu de son cadre périphérique et dont les proportions, notamment en termes d'épaisseur des différents matériaux, n'ont pas été respectées afin d'en faciliter la lecture.Figure 1 shows a heating mirror according to the invention, but devoid of its peripheral frame and whose proportions, particularly in terms of thickness of the different materials, have not been respected in order to facilitate reading.

Le miroir tel que représenté comporte donc deux substrats de verre 1,2 chacun de 3 mm d'épaisseur et chacun ayant été recuit, puis soumis à un polissage des chants jusqu'à une rugosité inférieure à 5 micromètres. Les substrats sont de forme rectangulaire, d'environ 1,5 x 1m².
Le premier substrat 1 est recouvert d'une couche conductrice 4 à base de SnO₂:F d'environ 400 nm, obtenue par une technique de pyrolyse de poudre utilisant du dibutyldifluorure d'étain (D.B.T.F.) connue en soi. Elle est associée à une sous-couche, non représentée, qui se trouve donc entre le verre et la couche en SnO₂:F et qui est à base de Si, O, C. Cette sous-couche est obtenue par pyrolyse en phase gazeuse, appelée également CVD, et présente une épaisseur géométrique d'environ 100 nm et un indice de réfraction d'environ 1,68. Ce type d'empilement est décrit plus précisément dans la demande de brevet EP-A-0 573 325 précitée. La couche conductrice 4 présente ici une résistance surfacique d'environ 10 à 15 ohms par carré. Elle est munie de deux bandes collectrices 8 elles-mêmes reliées à des amenées de courant extérieures non représentées. Elles sont en pâte à l'argent sérigraphiée durcie par cuisson, d'une largeur d'environ 3 mm et disposées en vis-à-vis à la périphérie des deux bords opposés les plus longs du élément vitré.The mirror as shown therefore comprises two glass substrates 1,2 each 3 mm thick and each having been annealed, then subjected to polishing the edges to a roughness of less than 5 micrometers. The substrates are rectangular, about 1.5 x 1m².
The first substrate 1 is covered with a conductive layer 4 based on SnO₂: F of about 400 nm, obtained by a powder pyrolysis technique using tin dibutyldifluoride (DBTF) known per se. It is associated with a sublayer, not shown, which therefore lies between the glass and the layer of SnO₂: F and which is based on Si, O, C. This sublayer is obtained by gas phase pyrolysis, also called CVD, and has a geometric thickness of approximately 100 nm and an index of refraction of about 1.68. This type of stack is described more precisely in the aforementioned patent application EP-A-0 573 325. The conductive layer 4 here has a surface resistance of approximately 10 to 15 ohms per square. It is provided with two collecting strips 8 which are themselves connected to external current leads which are not shown. They are made of screen-hardened silver paste hardened by baking, with a width of approximately 3 mm and arranged vis-à-vis at the periphery of the two longest opposite edges of the glazed element.

La feuille intercalaire 3 est un PVB de 0,3 mm d'épaisseur.The interlayer sheet 3 is a PVB 0.3 mm thick.

Le second substrat est recouvert, sur sa face qui n'est pas en contact avec la feuille intercalaire 3, d'un revêtement réfléchissant la lumière comportant une couche d'argent 5 déposée par voie chimique à l'aide de solutions de nitrate d'argent, puis une couche de cuivre 6 déposée également par voie chimique et enfin deux couches successives 7 de laque déposée sous forme liquide puis séchée par chauffage du substrat 2.The second substrate is covered, on its face which is not in contact with the interlayer sheet 3, with a light-reflecting coating comprising a layer of silver 5 deposited chemically using solutions of nitrate of silver, then a layer of copper 6 also deposited chemically and finally two successive layers 7 of lacquer deposited in liquid form and then dried by heating the substrate 2.

En fait, chacun des deux substrats 1, 2 est muni respectivement de son empilement à couche conductrice 4 ou de son revêtement réfléchissant la lumière 5, 6, 7 de manière tout-à-fait indépendantes, l'assemblage se faisant en dernière étape de manière classique par autoclavage des substrats 1, 2 préalablement découpés aux bonnes dimensions et associés par la feuille intercalaire 3.In fact, each of the two substrates 1, 2 is respectively provided with its stack with conductive layer 4 or with its coating reflecting light 5, 6, 7 in a completely independent manner, the assembly being done in the last step of in a conventional manner by autoclaving the substrates 1, 2 previously cut to the correct dimensions and associated by the intermediate sheet 3.

Une fois en place, le miroir ainsi constitué est disposé contre un mur de manière à ce que le substrat 1 soit en contact avec l'atmosphère, le substrat 2 étant plaqué contre le mur. En fonctionnement, la couche 4 est alimentée en électricité via les bandes collectrices 4 reliées aux amenées de courant à l'aide d'un simple interrupteur qui permet éventuellement de choisir la puissance de chauffe, un transformateur étant prévu pour obtenir la tension adéquate. Le fait que le revêtement réfléchissant 5, 6, 7 se trouve en face arrière, donc bien protégé et distant de la couche conductrice 4 dégageant de la chaleur autorise une plus grande "marge de manoeuvre" : on peut ainsi chauffer rapidement, sans précaution particulière la surface extérieure du substrat 1 grâce à la couche conductrice 4 sans déperditions énergétiques trop élevées ni risques accrus de détérioration des couches d'argent 5 et/ou de cuivre 6.Once in place, the mirror thus formed is placed against a wall so that the substrate 1 is in contact with the atmosphere, the substrate 2 being pressed against the wall. In operation, the layer 4 is supplied with electricity via the collector strips 4 connected to the current leads using a simple switch which optionally makes it possible to choose the heating power, a transformer being provided to obtain the adequate voltage. The fact that the reflective coating 5, 6, 7 is located on the rear face, therefore well protected and distant from the conductive layer 4 releasing heat, allows greater "room for maneuver": it can thus be heated quickly, without any particular precautions the outer surface of the substrate 1 thanks to the conductive layer 4 without too high energy losses or increased risks of deterioration of the silver 5 and / or copper 6 layers.

A titre d'indication pour un simple désembuage, il suffit que la température de la surface extérieure du substrat 1 soit à peine supérieure à la température de l'atmosphère, par exemple de 30 ou 35°C par exemple. Par contre, si l'on veut obtenir un véritable effet de chauffage sans contrevenir aux normes de sécurité, la température de la surface extérieure du substrat peut être de 60 à 70°C, gamme de températues tout à fait accessible, vue la conductivité électrique de la couche conductrice utilisée.As an indication for a simple demisting, it is sufficient that the temperature of the external surface of the substrate 1 is barely higher than the temperature of the atmosphere, for example 30 or 35 ° C for example. On the other hand, if you want to obtain a real heating effect without violating safety standards, the temperature of the external surface of the substrate can be 60 to 70 ° C, range of temperatures quite accessible, given the electrical conductivity of the conductive layer used.

On peut également noter que les images réfléchies par un tel miroir ne présentent pas de déformations discernables, ce qui est la preuve de la qualité optique des substrats utilisés et des revêtements dont ils sont munis, notamment en ce qui concerne le substrat 1 muni de la couche conductrice 4.It can also be noted that the images reflected by such a mirror do not exhibit discernible deformations, which is proof of the optical quality of the substrates used and of the coatings with which they are provided, in particular as regards the substrate 1 provided with the conductive layer 4.

Ce miroir a par ailleurs subi le test de vieillissement suivant : il a été disposé dans une enceinte climatisée à 20°C et d'une atmosphère à taux contrôlé d'humidité de 95%. La couche chauffante 4 du miroir a été mise sous une tension électrique adaptée afin que la face « extérieure » du substrat 1 soit à une température de surface constante d'environ 70°C. Au bout de trois semaines, on étudie l'état général du miroir : aucune corrosion n'est visible à l'oeil humain, notamment aucune attaque des bords ni aucune piqûre de pleine face. Le miroir de l'invention fait donc preuve d'une durabilité satisfaisante, notamment au contact d'une atmosphère hautement humide.This mirror has also undergone the following aging test: it was placed in an air-conditioned enclosure at 20 ° C. and an atmosphere with a controlled humidity rate of 95%. The heating layer 4 of the mirror was put under a suitable electric voltage so that the "outside" face of the substrate 1 is at a constant surface temperature of around 70 ° C. At the end of three weeks, the general condition of the mirror is studied: no corrosion is visible to the human eye, in particular no attack on the edges or any full face puncture. The mirror of the invention therefore demonstrates satisfactory durability, in particular in contact with a highly humid atmosphere.

En conclusion, les éléments vitrés chauffants selon l'invention sont relativement simples de conception, permettent un chauffage et/ou désembuage efficace en respectant les normes de sécurité, et, surtout, évitent tout vieillissement prématuré, notamment du revêtement décoratif ou réfléchissant, en présentant une haute durabilité dans des conditions normales d'utilisation.In conclusion, the glazed heating elements according to the invention are relatively simple in design, allow effective heating and / or demisting while respecting safety standards, and, above all, avoid any premature aging, in particular of the decorative or reflective coating, by presenting high durability under normal conditions of use.

Claims (16)

Elément vitré chauffant à structure feuilletée notamment un miroir chauffant, comprenant un premier substrat (1) rigide transparent, notamment en verre, muni sur l'une de ses faces d'une couche mince électro-conductrice (4) équipée de moyens (8) de connexion électrique, d'une feuille intercalaire (3) en polymère du type thermoplastique et d'un second substrat (2) rigide transparent, notamment en verre, muni sur l'une de ses faces d'un revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques, notamment réfléchissant la lumière (5, 6, 7), caractérisé en ce que l'assemblage des premier et second substrats (1, 2) à l'aide de la feuille intercalaire (3) est réalisé de manière à ce que la feuille intercalaire (3) soit, d'un côté en contact avec la face du premier substrat (1) qui est munie de la couche mince électro-conductrice (4), et de l'autre côté en contact avec la face du second substrat (2) qui est opposée à la face munie du revêtement (5, 6, 7).Glazed heating element with a laminated structure, in particular a heating mirror, comprising a first rigid transparent substrate (1), in particular made of glass, provided on one of its faces with a thin electrically conductive layer (4) equipped with means (8) of electrical connection, of an interlayer sheet (3) of polymer of the thermoplastic type and of a second transparent rigid substrate (2), in particular of glass, provided on one of its faces with a decorative coating and / or optical properties, in particular light reflecting (5, 6, 7), characterized in that the assembly of the first and second substrates (1, 2) using the interlayer sheet (3) is carried out so that the interlayer sheet (3) is, on one side in contact with the face of the first substrate (1) which is provided with the thin electrically conductive layer (4), and on the other side in contact with the face of the second substrate (2) which is opposite to the face provided with the coating (5, 6, 7). Elément vitré chauffant selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un des deux substrats (1, 2) est en verre, notamment en verre recuit ou en verre trempé, de préférence par une trempe thermique, ou en verre durci.Glazed heating element according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the two substrates (1, 2) is made of glass, in particular annealed glass or tempered glass, preferably by thermal toughening, or hardened glass. Elément vitré chauffant selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un des deux substrats (1, 2), et notamment le premier (1), est en verre trempé thermiquement avec une contrainte de trempe jusqu'à 120 MPA.Glazed heating element according to claim 2, characterized in that at least one of the two substrates (1, 2), and in particular the first (1), is made of thermally toughened glass with a tempering stress of up to 120 MPA. Elément vitré chauffant selon la revendication 2 ou la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un des substrats (1, 2) en verre, notamment le premier (1), a ses chants polis avec une rugosité de poli inférieure à 5 micromètres.Glazed heating element according to claim 2 or claim 3, characterized in that at least one of the glass substrates (1, 2), in particular the first (1), has its polished edges with a polished roughness of less than 5 micrometers . Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les substrats (1, 2) ont une épaisseur d'au moins 2 mm, notamment d'environ 3 mm.Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the substrates (1, 2) have a thickness of at least 2 mm, in particular approximately 3 mm. Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche mince électro-conductrice (4) présente une résistance surfacique d'au plus 15 ohms par carré.Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrically conductive thin layer (4) has a surface resistance of at most 15 ohms per square. Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche mince électro-conductrice (4) est à base d'oxyde métallique dopé, notamment d'oxyde d'étain dopé au fluor SnO₂:F, ou d'oxyde d'indium dopé à l'étain ITO et d'épaisseur supérieure à 300 nm, notamment d'environ 360 à 450 nm, ou à base d'argent.Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrically conductive thin layer (4) is based on doped metal oxide, in particular tin oxide doped with fluorine SnO₂: F, or indium oxide doped with ITO tin and of thickness greater than 300 nm, in particular approximately 360 to 450 nm, or based on silver. Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche mince électroconductrice (4) fait partie d'un empilement de couches, dont au moins une couche de matériau diélectrique du type oxyde métallique ou oxynitrure/oxycarbure ou oxyde de silicium.Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thin electrically conductive layer (4) is part of a stack of layers, at least one layer of dielectric material of the metal oxide or oxynitride / oxycarbide or oxide oxide type. silicon. Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de connexion électrique (8) sont des bandes conductrices, déposées, notamment par sérigraphie, sur le premier substrat (1) de manière à être en contact électrique avec la couche électro-conductrice (4), bandes de préférence de quelques millimètres de large et déposées le long des bords opposés les plus longs dudit premier substrat (1).Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrical connection means (8) are conductive strips, deposited, in particular by screen printing, on the first substrate (1) so as to be in electrical contact with the electrically conductive layer (4), strips preferably a few millimeters wide and deposited along the longest opposite edges of said first substrate (1). Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est muni de moyens de régulation thermique agissant sur l'alimentation électrique de la couche électro-conductrice (4).Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is provided with thermal regulation means acting on the electrical supply of the electrically conductive layer (4). Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est muni d'une moyen, dit coupe-circuit permettant d'interrompre l'alimentation électrique de la couche électro-conductrice en cas de surchauffe.Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is provided with a means, called circuit breaker making it possible to interrupt the electrical supply of the electrically conductive layer in the event of overheating. Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la feuille intercalaire (3) est à base de polyvinylbutyral PVB, d'épaisseur inférieure à 1 mm, notamment d'environ 0,3 mm et éventuellement colorée par ajout de pigment(s).Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the interlayer sheet (3) is based on polyvinyl butyral PVB, of thickness less than 1 mm, in particular approximately 0.3 mm and optionally colored by adding pigment (s). Elément vitré chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'ensemble des deux substrats (1, 2) et de la feuille intercalaire (3) sont encapsulés à l'aide d'un cadre qui, de préférence, couvre la périphérie des substrats (1, 2) que jusqu'à une distance de leurs chants d'au plus 15 mm.Glazed heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that all of the two substrates (1, 2) and of the interlayer sheet (3) are encapsulated using a frame which preferably covers the periphery of the substrates (1, 2) only up to a distance of their edges of at most 15 mm. Miroir chauffant selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques du second substrat (2) réfléchit la lumière et comporte une couche d'argent (5), surmontée d'une couche de cuivre (6) puis d'une laque protectrice (7).Heating mirror according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the decorative and / or optical coating of the second substrate (2) reflects light and includes a layer of silver (5), surmounted by a layer of copper (6) then a protective lacquer (7). Element vitré selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques dont est muni le second substrat (2) est à base de laque, notamment déposé par une technique d'impression du type sérigraphie, off-set, flexographie, ou par une technique « rideau » ou de « pistolettage ».Glazed element according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the decorative coating and / or with optical properties with which the second substrate (2) is provided is based on lacquer, in particular deposited by a printing technique of the type screen printing, off-set, flexography, or by a “curtain” or “spray gun” technique. Elément vitré selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement décoratif et/ou à propriétés optiques dont est muni le second substrat (2) est à base d'émail, notament déposé par une technique d'impression du type sérigraphie.Glazed element according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the decorative coating and / or with optical properties which is provided with the second substrate (2) is based on enamel, in particular deposited by a printing technique of screen printing type.
EP95400435A 1994-03-02 1995-03-01 Heated glass element having a laminated structure. Ceased EP0670665A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9402405 1994-03-02
FR9402405A FR2717033B3 (en) 1994-03-02 1994-03-02 Heated mirror with laminated structure.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0670665A2 true EP0670665A2 (en) 1995-09-06
EP0670665A3 EP0670665A3 (en) 1996-05-01

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EP95400435A Ceased EP0670665A3 (en) 1994-03-02 1995-03-01 Heated glass element having a laminated structure.

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EP (1) EP0670665A3 (en)
FR (1) FR2717033B3 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2770737A1 (en) * 1997-10-31 1999-05-07 Muller Et Cie Combined mirror and heater
WO2001019140A1 (en) * 1999-09-09 2001-03-15 Barry Ernest Pillinger Laminated anti-fogging mirror assembly
AU763366B2 (en) * 1999-09-09 2003-07-17 Barry Ernest Pillinger Laminated anti-fogging mirror assembly

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2140415A1 (en) * 1971-06-09 1973-01-19 Glaverbel
GB2262438A (en) * 1991-12-17 1993-06-23 Macia Miguel Casals Avoiding misting in mirrors

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2140415A1 (en) * 1971-06-09 1973-01-19 Glaverbel
GB2262438A (en) * 1991-12-17 1993-06-23 Macia Miguel Casals Avoiding misting in mirrors

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2770737A1 (en) * 1997-10-31 1999-05-07 Muller Et Cie Combined mirror and heater
WO2001019140A1 (en) * 1999-09-09 2001-03-15 Barry Ernest Pillinger Laminated anti-fogging mirror assembly
AU763366B2 (en) * 1999-09-09 2003-07-17 Barry Ernest Pillinger Laminated anti-fogging mirror assembly
US6796665B1 (en) 1999-09-09 2004-09-28 Barry Ernest Pillinger Laminated anti-fogging mirror assembly
AU763366C (en) * 1999-09-09 2004-10-07 Barry Ernest Pillinger Laminated anti-fogging mirror assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2717033B3 (en) 1996-06-28
EP0670665A3 (en) 1996-05-01
FR2717033A1 (en) 1995-09-08

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