EP0667936A1 - Insert for use as a connection element for joints designed to be secure against rotation and insert ejection. - Google Patents
Insert for use as a connection element for joints designed to be secure against rotation and insert ejection.Info
- Publication number
- EP0667936A1 EP0667936A1 EP93915638A EP93915638A EP0667936A1 EP 0667936 A1 EP0667936 A1 EP 0667936A1 EP 93915638 A EP93915638 A EP 93915638A EP 93915638 A EP93915638 A EP 93915638A EP 0667936 A1 EP0667936 A1 EP 0667936A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- head
- press
- longitudinal axis
- shaft
- sheet metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P19/00—Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes
- B23P19/04—Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes for assembling or disassembling parts
- B23P19/06—Screw or nut setting or loosening machines
- B23P19/062—Pierce nut setting machines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B37/00—Nuts or like thread-engaging members
- F16B37/04—Devices for fastening nuts to surfaces, e.g. sheets, plates
- F16B37/06—Devices for fastening nuts to surfaces, e.g. sheets, plates by means of welding or riveting
- F16B37/062—Devices for fastening nuts to surfaces, e.g. sheets, plates by means of welding or riveting by means of riveting
- F16B37/068—Devices for fastening nuts to surfaces, e.g. sheets, plates by means of welding or riveting by means of riveting by deforming the material of the support, e.g. the sheet or plate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
- Y10T29/49925—Inward deformation of aperture or hollow body wall
- Y10T29/49934—Inward deformation of aperture or hollow body wall by axially applying force
Definitions
- the invention relates to a press-in part with the features of the preamble of claim 1.
- a press-in part can be a bolt or a screw or also an internal thread carrier effective in the manner of a nut.
- Press-in parts of the type mentioned in the form of a press-in screw are, for example, the subject of DE 2545581 C.
- press-in nuts they are known, for example, from the specialist journal "DRAHTWELT" 5-1975, p. 173.
- press-in parts of the above-mentioned type After being pressed into a metal sheet, press-in parts of the above-mentioned type no longer need a counterhold for screwing on a nut or screwing in a threaded bolt. This means that installation is also considerably easier for repairs. In addition, there are applications in which the press-in part is no longer accessible to a counterholder after installation.
- a disadvantage of a press-in screw of the known type is that it has a certain minimum clamping length.
- the clamping length corresponds to the distance between the contact surface of the screw head and the threaded end of the head of an internal thread carrier screwed onto the screw shaft.
- This minimum clamping length is reduced by four length sections in the case of the press screw mentioned at the beginning. Two of these length sections serve you against rotation and the safety against squeezing.
- the security against rotation is formed in the above-mentioned screw by a collar attached to the screw head and projecting beyond the shaft diameter with radially projecting arms which embed themselves in the flat material during compression, so that l this flows into spaces between the arms (DE 2545581 C2). 2
- the ring projection penetrates when the
- press-fit parts designed as internal thread carriers known that have a countersunk hollow shaft attached to their head and serrated on its circumference. In the state of joining, the serration serves as an anti-twist device. Due to the internal countersinking of the adhesive end opening into the internal thread, the press-in nut can be firmly connected in the manner of a hollow rivet to a hole preformed in the flat material.
- the main disadvantage of these press-fit parts is that the length of the hollow shaft has to be adapted to the respective sheet thickness. The result is extensive warehousing and logistics.
- the invention has for its object to provide press-in parts of the type mentioned with good security against rotation and squeezing, which do not have the disadvantages of the prior art, in particular with the same dimensions with flat material of different wall thicknesses can be pressed in the same way and which in their embodiment as Insert screws have a comparatively larger screw-in or clamping length.
- This object is achieved by the shaping of the press-in part as set forth in claim 1 with the design variants set out in the further claims 2-8.
- Claim 9 is concerned with a upsetting method for producing such a press-in part.
- the press-in part is designed as a screw or bolt is the shaping of the shaft-side flank of the annular space caused by compression by the adjacent rolling of an annular groove concentric with the longitudinal axis into the shaft if the inner diameter of the annular groove is smaller than the thread core diameter of an internal thread carrier to be screwed on or one nut to be screwed on. Then this ring groove serves as the head-side thread runout of the external thread.
- Another part of the invention is concerned with the method for pressing a press-in part according to the invention into flat material.
- the flat material is provided with a perforation which has the shape of a neck collar protruding from its flat plane Neck width has an internal diameter sufficient for the shaft to be passed through.
- material accumulates in the peripheral region of the shaft. This material accumulated there is available during the pressing-in process for pressing into the annular space located between the shaft part and the head part and thereby ensures the desired safety against squeezing to a particularly high degree.
- no flow deformation caused by a material displacement process is required to penetrate the flat material into the annular space.
- the flat material essentially retains its original thickness, so it is not weakened, as is the case with the press-in parts according to the prior art, in the area which is crucial for the safety against squeezing out and, in the case of thin sheets, for the overall stability of the joint connection.
- This advantageous effect is further improved when the perforated edge of the neck collar is bent inwards in an approximately radial direction to the longitudinal axis of the press-in part. In this case, the material accumulation in the area around the hole is increased again.
- the pressing-in of the press-in part is facilitated, since the edge of the hole in the neck collar is already radially aligned and does not have to be bent into this alignment by applying pressure force.
- FIG. 1 partially in section along the section line II in Fig. 2 is a side view of an insert screw according to the invention
- Fig. 2 is a bottom view of the screw head in the direction of arrow II of Fig. 3
- Fig. 3 is a side view analogous to Fig. 1 of the blank of the insert screw with already by a compression-shaped underside of the screw head
- FIG. 4 shows an illustration of the press-in screw analogously to FIG. 1 in its joining starting position compared to a carrier plate already prepared for this
- FIG. 5 shows an illustration analogous to FIG. 4 in a relative position between 6 shows a representation analogous to FIG. 5 with an alternative embodiment of the carrier plate
- FIG. 7 shows a representation analogous to FIGS.
- FIG. 8 shows a detailed view the area VIII in FIG. 4
- FIG. 9 an embodiment of a press-in screw with countersunk head in side view
- FIG. 10 an embodiment of a press-in screw in which the top of the screw head is designed for pressing into a flat part
- FIG. 11 shows an enlarged detail of the area XI in Fig. 10
- Fig. 12 is a plan view of the top of the screw head in the direction of arrow XII of Fig. 10
- Fig. 13 is a sectional view of a press nut in its initial joining position analogous to Fig. 4
- Fig. 14 is an illustration analogous to Fig. 7 the press-fit nut pressed into the carrier sheet
- FIG. 15 is a sectional view of the blank of a press-fit nut 16 shows a representation analogous to FIG. 15 with a widened shaft part
- FIG. 17 shows a representation analogous to FIG. 16 with a cut internal thread.
- the press-in part shown in Fig. 1 is designed as a press-in screw. It is briefly referred to below as "screw" 1.
- the screw 1 contains a common longitudinal axis 2 arranged a screw head 3 of larger diameter with a bearing surface 4 which is essentially radial to the longitudinal axis 2 and a shaft 5 of smaller diameter projecting on one side in the axial direction beyond the bearing surface 4 and concentric to the longitudinal axis 2.
- a constriction annular space 6 which is concentric with the longitudinal axis 2 and is open radially outward is arranged in the transition region between screw head 3 and shaft 5.
- annular space 6 is used for the joint connection Screw 1 with a flat material (hereinafter referred to as "sheet") as an annular space 6 for receiving the sheet material.
- sheet a flat material
- the annular space 6 extends from the shaft side from an area 7 not surrounded by the screw head 3 in the axial direction to the plane 4 ′ spanned by the head support surface 4. Outside the shank diameter and distributed over the circumference of the head, protrusions 8 of long bulges protrude from the support surface 4. These are positively embedded in the sheet metal 9 (FIG. 4 ff) in the joining state and, by absorbing torque, ensure that they are secured against rotation with respect to the sheet metal 9.
- the annular space 6 extends to the plane 4 1 spanned by the bearing surface 4.
- the bearing surface 4 does not run at right angles to the longitudinal axis 2, as shown in FIG. 1, but instead forms an acute angle converging with the top of the screw head 3.
- the contact surface 4 is part of a conical surface. If there is talk above of the top and below of the bottom of the head part of a press-in part, this means nothing about the absolute position of the press-in part in the joined state. Rather, the top side is to be understood to mean the side of the head part facing away from the flat material in the joined state and the bottom side facing the flat material. The annular space 6 can then reach this conical surface or extend beyond it into the screw head 3.
- the annular space 6 has the cross-sectional shape of approximately a gutter with a rounded gutter bottom 10.
- the central axis 11 of the channel shape forms an angle ⁇ of approximately 90 ° with the longitudinal axis 2.
- the channel shape can also be such that its central axis 11 forms with the longitudinal axis 2 a slightly acute angle ⁇ converging towards the top of the screw head.
- the shaped projections 8 protrude from the support surface 4 in the manner of long beads and extend approximately radially to the longitudinal axis 2.
- the shaped projections are at the same circumferential distances on the circumference of the head distributed and extend almost over the entire width of the support surface.
- an annular projection 15 projecting in the radial direction is arranged at a distance 14 from the contact surface 4. It has a tapering, approximately wedge-shaped cross-sectional shape.
- the head-side flank 16 of the ring projection 15 forms the shaft-side flank of the annular space 6.
- the ring projection 15 projects beyond the circumference of the shaft 5 in the radial direction.
- the shaft 5 has an annular groove 17 with a U-shaped cross-sectional shape.
- the shaft-side flank 18 of the ring projection 15 forms the head-side U-leg of the ring groove 17.
- the other U-leg of the ring groove 17, on the other hand, forms the thread runout of the thread 12 close to the head.
- the central axis 23 of the U-shaped cross-sectional shape of the ring groove 17 runs approximately at right angles to Longitudinal axis 2.
- the free end 19 of the shaft 5 merges with a shoulder 20 which forms the shaft-side thread runout of the thread 12 into an end piece 21 with a smaller diameter.
- a blank of a screw 1 is shown.
- the underside of the screw head already has the shape projections 8 produced by compression.
- a thread 12 and the annular groove 17 are rolled into the shaft.
- the latter causes material of the shaft 5 to be displaced in the direction of the screw head 3 and thereby grows up in the radial direction.
- the annular projection 15 is formed, the flank 16 rounded off in the manner of a fillet forms the flank of the annular space 6 on the shaft side.
- the inner diameter of the annular groove 17 is dimensioned such that it is smaller than the thread core diameter of an internal thread carrier to be screwed on.
- FIGS. 4 to 7 The individual process steps for pressing a screw according to the invention into a sheet 9 are shown in FIGS. 4 to 7.
- the sheet is first prepared by assigning it to a screw 1 and having a neck collar 22 Holes 24 is provided.
- a hole is first made in the sheet metal by punching or drilling and then the edge of the hole 25 is crimped into a neck collar 22. This can extend out of the sheet metal surface in the insertion direction 26 of the screw 1 or, as shown in FIG. 4, against this direction, in FIG. 6 an alternative embodiment of the neck collar 22 is shown.
- the perforated edge 25 of the neck collar 22 is here bent inward in approximately radial direction to the longitudinal axis 2, so that the perforated wall 27 extends approximately in a cylindrical jacket surface arranged concentrically to the longitudinal axis 2.
- the advantage of this configuration is, on the one hand, an increased material accumulation in the hole edge area.
- the effort required to produce the joint connection is reduced compared to the neck collar configuration according to FIG. 4, since less deformation work has to be carried out. This has a positive effect on tool life.
- the hole diameter 28 is dimensioned such that the screw 1 can be inserted into the hole 24 without abrasion. In the case of surface-coated screws, this can be done without damaging their coating.
- the joint connection between screw 1 and sheet 9 is produced as follows:
- the screw head is acted upon in the rip direction 29 (FIG. 5) with a press ram (not shown).
- a male part 30 in the form of a hollow cylinder serves as the counter-tool, the end face 31 thereof facing the screw head 3 serves as a support surface for the sheet 9 or as a counter surface for the press ram.
- the neck collar 22 is deformed back into the sheet metal plane 32.
- the hole diameter 28 is thereby reduced, as a result of which the hole wall 27 is pressed onto the shaft region adjoining the underside of the screw head 3.
- Sheet metal material flows into the annular space 6 and fills it almost completely.
- the molded projections 8 of the bearing surface 4 penetrate completely into the sheet.
- the neck collar 22 which originally protrudes from the sheet metal plane is deformed back so far that e. runs practically completely in the sheet metal plane 32. It is thereby on the shaft side of the sheet 9 on a flat surface on surface for connecting parts to be clamped.
- electrical connecting parts for example eyelets of earth cables
- the joint connection according to the invention has a high torsional strength even with the thinnest sheets, the thickness of which is even less than the distance 14. This is particularly advantageous when unscrewing nuts which have an increased screwing torque or when dismantling corroded connections in the event of repair.
- a decisive factor for the safety against squeezing is the shear cross section 33, that is to say the width of the annular space 6 in the axial direction. Due to the fact that the molded projections 8 are arranged on the underside of the screw head 3 outside the annular space 6, there is no weakening of the shear cross section 33 effective in the axial direction and thus of the squeeze-out strength of the joint connection.
- Another additional measure which increases the overall strength of the joint connection is that the annular projection 15 which bulges when the annular groove 17 is rolled in is prevented from further radial expansion by a form rolling which acts radially inward on it. The excess material is inevitably diverted in a direction not acted upon by the rolling tool, that is to say in the direction of the screw head 3.
- Fig. 9 shows an embodiment of a screw according to the invention with a countersunk head 35.
- the underside of the screw runs in a conical surface area converging in the direction of the shaft.
- Long bead-like shaped projections 8 protrude from the support surface 4, which extend in the radial direction over almost the entire width of the support surface 4 and are distributed at equal intervals on the circumference of the head.
- FIGS. 10 to 12 Another embodiment of a screw according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 10 to 12.
- This screw has an additional shaft part 36 projecting from its upper side in the axial direction and concentric with the longitudinal axis 2.
- annular space 37 which is concentric with the longitudinal axis 2, is arranged for receiving sheet metal material.
- the design of this annular space 37 corresponds to that of the aforementioned annular space 6.
- Such screws are thus pressed with their top side into a carrier plate.
- the preparation of the sheet and the press-in process go as in the embodiment 4 to Fig. ⁇ onstatten.
- the advantage of this embodiment lies primarily in the fact that the underside of the screw head 3, which in this case faces away from the sheet metal in the joining state, is available as a defined flat contact surface, for example for electrical connecting eyes. In the case of such electrical connecting elements, the greatest possible plan support should be sought with regard to good electrical contacting.
- FIGS. 13 to 17 relate to a press-in part designed as an internal thread carrier, hereinafter referred to as "nut" 38.
- the nut 38 essentially contains a head part 39 of larger diameter and a hollow shaft 40 protruding from the underside of the head part 39, arranged around a common longitudinal axis 2.
- a through hole 41 with an internal thread 44 extends through the head part 39 and the hollow shaft 40.
- the hollow shaft indicates an inner countersink 43 on its free end 42.
- the free end 42 of the hollow shaft 40 is also expanded, i.e. its outer diameter increases continuously from the underside of the head part 39 to the free end 42.
- annular space 37 approximately corresponding to the annular space 6 described above is created in the transition region between the head part 39 and the hollow shaft 40 for receiving the material of a sheet metal in the joined state.
- protrude long-beaded shaped projections 8 which extend in the radial direction almost over the entire width of the contact surface 4 of the head part 39 and are distributed at equal intervals over its circumference.
- FIGS. 15 to 17 The production of a nut according to the invention is shown schematically in the sequence of representations from FIGS. 15 to 17.
- the mother blank shown in FIG. 15 has an underside which is already formed by, for example, compression.
- Its hollow shaft 40 is provided with an internal countersink 43, but has not yet been expanded.
- the hollow shaft is widened and maintained by a compression acting on the free end 42 of the hollow shaft 40 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 2 the shape shown in Fig. 16.
- the pressing into a sheet is basically the same as for a screw.
- the neck collar 22 (FIG. 14) of the sheet 9 is pressed against the end face of a counter tool by acting on the top of the head part 39 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 2, the hole diameter narrowing and sheet material for forming an undercut in the annular space that ensures the safety against being squeezed out 37 is pressed.
- the hole edge 25, as can be seen in FIG. 14, is additionally pressed against the widened free end 42 of the hollow shaft 40 to form a positive connection.
- This positive connection between the widened free end 42, which corresponds in effect to the aforementioned ring projection 15 of a screw, and the hole edge 25 also brings about an improvement in the water resistance and an increase in the overall strength of the joint connection.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE9209059 | 1992-07-07 | ||
DE9209059U | 1992-07-07 | ||
DE9211342U | 1992-08-24 | ||
DE9211342 | 1992-08-24 | ||
PCT/DE1993/000602 WO1994001688A1 (en) | 1992-07-07 | 1993-07-07 | Insert for use as a connection element for joints designed to be secure against rotation and insert ejection |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0667936A1 true EP0667936A1 (en) | 1995-08-23 |
EP0667936B1 EP0667936B1 (en) | 1997-04-23 |
EP0667936B2 EP0667936B2 (en) | 2000-07-05 |
Family
ID=25959675
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP93915638A Expired - Lifetime EP0667936B2 (en) | 1992-07-07 | 1993-07-07 | Method of fabricating a compound part being secure against rotation and insert ejection by pressing an insert into a sheet metal and inserts usable therefore |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5797175A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0667936B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE152216T1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ285213B6 (en) |
DE (1) | DE59306289D1 (en) |
HU (1) | HU214609B (en) |
PL (1) | PL172541B1 (en) |
SK (1) | SK283908B6 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1994001688A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
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US8021091B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-09-20 | Pem Management, Inc. | Rotatable captivated nut |
US8777536B2 (en) | 2004-10-15 | 2014-07-15 | Gustav Klauke Gmbh | Cable lug comprising a nut or functional part, method for the production of such a cable lug, and nut |
US9816278B2 (en) | 2005-12-29 | 2017-11-14 | Flooring Technologies Ltd. | Panel and method of manufacture |
DE102016204619B4 (en) | 2016-03-21 | 2019-10-17 | Richard Bergner Verbindungstechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Press-in connection between a high-strength component and a press-in element, method for forming such a press-in connection and press-in element for such a press-in connection |
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- 1993-07-07 EP EP93915638A patent/EP0667936B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US6490836B1 (en) | 1996-06-11 | 2002-12-10 | Unilin Beheer B.V. Besloten Vennootschap | Floor panel with edge connectors |
US8777536B2 (en) | 2004-10-15 | 2014-07-15 | Gustav Klauke Gmbh | Cable lug comprising a nut or functional part, method for the production of such a cable lug, and nut |
US9735478B2 (en) | 2004-10-15 | 2017-08-15 | Gustav Klauke Gmbh | Cable lug comprising a nut or functional part, method for the production of such a cable lug, and nut |
US8021091B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-09-20 | Pem Management, Inc. | Rotatable captivated nut |
US9816278B2 (en) | 2005-12-29 | 2017-11-14 | Flooring Technologies Ltd. | Panel and method of manufacture |
DE102016204619B4 (en) | 2016-03-21 | 2019-10-17 | Richard Bergner Verbindungstechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Press-in connection between a high-strength component and a press-in element, method for forming such a press-in connection and press-in element for such a press-in connection |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CZ285213B6 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
ATE152216T1 (en) | 1997-05-15 |
SK283908B6 (en) | 2004-04-06 |
HU214609B (en) | 1998-06-29 |
HU9403706D0 (en) | 1995-02-28 |
SK141494A3 (en) | 1995-08-09 |
DE59306289D1 (en) | 1997-05-28 |
CZ287494A3 (en) | 1995-11-15 |
EP0667936B1 (en) | 1997-04-23 |
PL306310A1 (en) | 1995-03-20 |
EP0667936B2 (en) | 2000-07-05 |
PL172541B1 (en) | 1997-10-31 |
US5797175A (en) | 1998-08-25 |
WO1994001688A1 (en) | 1994-01-20 |
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