EP0663240B1 - Abgabevorrichtung mit geringen Druckverlusten, mit einer Abgabedüse versehen - Google Patents

Abgabevorrichtung mit geringen Druckverlusten, mit einer Abgabedüse versehen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0663240B1
EP0663240B1 EP94402884A EP94402884A EP0663240B1 EP 0663240 B1 EP0663240 B1 EP 0663240B1 EP 94402884 A EP94402884 A EP 94402884A EP 94402884 A EP94402884 A EP 94402884A EP 0663240 B1 EP0663240 B1 EP 0663240B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dispensing
revolution
axis
nozzle
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94402884A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0663240A1 (de
Inventor
Philippe Renault
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LOreal SA
Original Assignee
LOreal SA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0663240A1 publication Critical patent/EP0663240A1/de
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Publication of EP0663240B1 publication Critical patent/EP0663240B1/de
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/34—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/34—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl
    • B05B1/3405—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl
    • B05B1/341—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet
    • B05B1/3421—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet with channels emerging substantially tangentially in the swirl chamber
    • B05B1/3431—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet with channels emerging substantially tangentially in the swirl chamber the channels being formed at the interface of cooperating elements, e.g. by means of grooves
    • B05B1/3436—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet with channels emerging substantially tangentially in the swirl chamber the channels being formed at the interface of cooperating elements, e.g. by means of grooves the interface being a plane perpendicular to the outlet axis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B11/00—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use
    • B05B11/0005—Components or details

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a distribution device with reduced pressure drops, comprising a dispensing nozzle and intended to equip a fluid dispenser having a container containing the fluid to be dispensed.
  • a dispensing device generally comprises a body provided with a conduit supply, for supplying the nozzle for distributing the fluid contained in the container, and a distribution chamber in which extends a core which defines, with the distribution chamber, at least one distribution passage, the distribution nozzle having a dispensing orifice one end of which allows the outlet to the outside of the fluid to be dispensed and the other end of which is connected to said dispensing passage by at at least one distribution channel disposed transversely to the core.
  • the distribution nozzles are traversed by the fluid to distribute following a user action: this action is, for example, a pressure exerted on the walls of the container then provided flexible, or the actuation of a support, or push button, equipped with the nozzle, which controls the opening of a valve with which the dispenser is fitted, the container then being filled with a pressurized gas to propel the fluid to be distributed through the nozzle, or which implements means for pumping the fluid.
  • the core which extends into the distribution and defines with it the distribution passage, either with the body of the device, either with the dispensing nozzle.
  • the core When the core is integral with the body, it is generally molded at the same time as the body, which is advantageous from the point of view of the number of parts; therefore, the supply duct is not arranged along the axis of the core, which would be suitable for a good even distribution around the nucleus; however, it is possible to limit the pressure losses downstream of the supply duct by tangentially feeding the (or) distribution passage (s): such a solution is, for example, described in the request French patent FR-A-2,688,712.
  • the supply channel can extend, at least in its part which opens out in the distribution chamber, along the axis of the core, such devices are known, such as the push button shown in Figure 1, and described below such a device has high pressure drops and is not satisfactory.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a dispensing device in which, at the same time, the distribution of the fluid around the core is homogeneous, the supply duct having at at least one part, which opens into the distribution passage, arranged along the axis of the core, and pressure losses are reduced.
  • a distribution device intended to equip a distributor with fluid, comprising a body provided with a supply duct, for supplying to the nozzle of distribution of the fluid contained in a container of the dispenser, and of a distribution in which a core extends which defines, with the distribution chamber, at least one dispensing passage, the dispensing nozzle having a dispensing orifice one end of which allows the fluid to be dispensed to the outside and the other of which end is connected to said distribution passage by at least one distribution channel arranged transversely to the core, the core being carried by the dispensing nozzle which is itself carried by the body of the device, the distribution passage being defined between two surfaces, an internal surface corresponding to the core and a surface external, at least the internal surface being of revolution about an axis of revolution according to which extends at least the part of the supply duct which opens into the passage distribution, the external surface also being of revolution around the same axis, the external and internal surfaces being substantially complementary, from a point on the axis of revolution
  • the internal surface as well as the external surface, have a profile which comprises all continuous forms, with or without inflection point, between a point on the axis of revolution and another point distant from the first and located at a distance from the axis; for example, said surface of revolution is ovoid in shape; alternatively, its shape is conical; according to another variant, its shape is hemispherical.
  • the dispensing nozzle is of revolution around a coincident axis with the axis of revolution, and the dispensing orifice extends along this axis.
  • said distribution channel extends in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the nozzle.
  • said distribution channel is defined between two faces, one of which is the rear face of the dispensing nozzle and the other of which is the front face of the core.
  • the distribution passage is defined by all the space between the two surfaces.
  • distribution passages are provided between the two surfaces; the distribution passages are hollowed out on the outer surface of the core; there are as many distribution passages as distribution channels; distribution passages are connected to the distribution channels by grooves extending parallel to the axis of revolution.
  • the distribution passage (s) extends (s) around the axis of helical-like revolution.
  • the rear faces of the nozzle and the front face of the core are substantially flat; the rear faces of the nozzle and the front face of the core are connected to the surfaces according to arcs of a circle in axial section.
  • the rear faces of the nozzle and the front face of the core are also of revolution.
  • the body of the device is the body of a push button fitted with a fluid distributor.
  • a push button 1 produced by assembling three parts is shown in the figure 1.
  • the push button 1 consists of a body 2 comprising a cavity 3 intended to receive the end of a hollow operating rod for actuation of a valve or a distribution pump mounted at the top a container forming a reservoir for the fluid to be dispensed.
  • Body 2 has also a chamber 4 of cylindrical shape connected to the cavity 3 by a conduit inlet 5 for the fluid.
  • the nozzle 6 Before its assembly in chamber 4, the nozzle 6 is previously equipped with a core 10 which is forced into it; the core 10 is cylindrical in shape and carries, as this is visible in Figure 2, longitudinal projections 12 regularly distributed circumferentially and defining between them, and in cooperation with the surface inner peripheral of the skirt 14, passages 11; channels 9 dug at the inner surface of the wall 13 of the nozzle 6, and regularly distributed circumferentially, extend from the recess 8 to the inner periphery of the skirt 14; when the nozzle 6 is mounted in the chamber 4, the front face 15 of the core 10 being pressed against the rear face 16 of the wall 13 of the nozzle 6, the rear face 17 the core 10 is spaced from the transverse bottom 18 of the chamber 4; passages 11 open on one side into the channels 9 and on the other side into the chamber 4 in which also opens the supply duct 5 which is thus connected to the orifice 7 of distribution, via passages 11 and channels 9; the dispensing orifice 7 and the conduit 5 are arranged along the axis common to the nozzle
  • a push button according to the present invention is shown in Figures 3 to 5; such a push button 21 consists of a body 22 comprising a cavity 31 for receive the end of the operating rod whose introduction is facilitated by a frustoconical entry 32; a chamber limited by a surface of revolution 24 of axis 33 is connected to the cavity 31 by a supply duct 23; according to the example shown, the axis 33 is horizontal and the axis of the cavity 31, which corresponds to the axis of the operating rod of the dispenser for which the push button 21 is intended, is vertical: therefore, the supply duct 23 is in two parts, a horizontal part 25 and a part 30 vertical; it will be understood that the invention applies regardless of the relative provision of said axes which can be aligned or make any angle between them, from the instant that the supply conduit 23 has at least one part 25 extending along the axis 33 of the surface of revolution 24; according to the invention, the surface 24 is shaped ovoid and the part 25 of the supply conduit 23 opens into the chamber, defined
  • the body 22 of the push button 21 comprises a cylindrical housing 35, with an axis 33, open to the outside and having an annular transverse bottom 38 to which the oval shaped surface of revolution 24; a distribution nozzle 26 in the form of cup is force-fitted and sealed in the housing 35, up to abutment of the annular rear face 37 of its skirt 45 against the annular bottom 38 housing 35; the front wall 39 of the nozzle 26 is crossed by an orifice distribution 27 arranged along the axis 33, and opening on the interior side into a recess 28 of circular section, larger than that of the orifice 27, provided on the face inside of the front wall 39.
  • the spray nozzle 26 Before being mounted in the housing 35 of the body 22, the spray nozzle 26 is previously equipped with a core 40 which is force fitted into the skirt 45 in cooperating closely with the cylindrical inner surface 36 thereof; furrows 29 are hollowed out on the inner surface of the wall 39 of the nozzle 26, from the hollow 28 and extend, at right angles, along a portion 41 dug on the surface inner 36 of the skirt 45, so that channels 29 are created transverse to axial distribution portions 41 when the core 40 is mounted in the skirt 45 up to abutting its front face 46 with the inner surface of the wall 39 of the nozzle 26.
  • the outer surface 34 of the core 40 is a surface of revolution of ovoid shape, complementary to the inner surface 24, and such that when the nozzle 26 equipped with the core 40 is mounted in its housing 35, a clearance remains between the surfaces 24 and 34, such a clearance constituting a distribution passage 44 of revolution, the portions 41 of the channels 29 opening into this distribution passage 44.
  • transverse channels 29 are arranged radially, relative to the recess circular 28, as shown in Figure 4; alternatively, as shown in Figure 5, they are arranged tangentially so as to induce an effect on the fluid current swirling.
  • the fluid during its distribution, is distributed homogeneously without pressure loss between surfaces 24 and 34, and all the channels 29 are identically powered.
  • grooves 43 are provided on the outer surface of the core 40 and arranged in line with the portions 41 of the channels 29.
  • the channels 29 are hollowed out in the core 40, instead of being hollowed out in the nozzle 26, such arrangement facilitating the communication of the grooves 43 and the channels 29, by construction.
  • the surfaces of revolution 24 and 34 cooperate in abutment and several distribution passages 51 are dug on the surface outside 34 of core 40; distribution passages 51 are regularly distributed around the axis 33 and there can be up to, for example, six distribution passages 51; according to this variant, as shown, the passages 51 extend along planes passing through the axis 33 from each portion 41 of the channels 29 to a recess 52 formed in the central area of the surface 24 and into which the opening opens 42 of part 25 of the supply conduit 23.
  • FIG. 8 is of the kind of that described in connection with FIG. 7, with several distribution passages, but these, instead of extending according to plans passing through the axis 33, are hollowed out in a helix; only one such passage, passage 48, is shown on the figure 8.
  • the core 60 has a rounded edge 61 of connection between the outer surface 34 of oval shape and its front face 64 transverse; the rear face of the nozzle 66 also has a concave rounded edge complementary and the channels 29 have a portion 62 rounded accordingly.
  • the channels 29 are advantageously hollowed out in the core 40 (FIGS. 7 and 8) or in the core 60 (FIG. 9) to facilitate their communication, by construction, with passages 51 ( Figures 7 and 9) or 48 ( Figure 8).
  • FIG. 10 shows another variant of push button according to the invention in which the nozzle 76 has the shape of a cup whose inner face 74 is also shaped ovoid; advantageously, when the nozzle 76 is in place, the surfaces 24 and 74 envelop a complete ovoid formed by the core 70; distribution channels 72 and the recess 73 have a section, in a plane passing through the axis, of oval shape thus that the distribution passages 71.
  • Figures 9 and 10 show variants in which the passages of distribution, respectively 51 and 71, are of the type shown in FIG. 7; of course, the cores 60 and 70, respectively of FIGS. 9 and 10, can be used to make distribution devices in which the supply of the orifice distribution can be carried out as described with reference to FIGS. 3, 6 or 8.
  • the surfaces of revolution 24 and 34 are of shape general hemispherical; according to the variant of FIG. 12, the surfaces 24 and 34 are conical.
  • surfaces 24 and 34 all forms of complementary revolution, provided that said surfaces of revolution have, in section by a plane passing through the axis, a symmetrical section of continuous shape from the part 25 from the supply duct 23 to the axial portions 41 of the distribution channels 29 transverse; such sections are shown schematically in Figures 13 to 15: according to FIG. 13, the curve representative of the section is at an inflection point; according to Figure 14, it has a warhead shape and according to Figure 15 a hat shape.
  • the different shapes of surfaces 24 and 34 of revolution and the different distribution port supply types, as described here, can be combined to make a dispensing device according to the present invention.
  • the distribution passages 51 are hollowed out on the surface outside of the core 40; alternatively, the distribution passages 51 can be hollowed out in the push button 21; FIG. 16 represents such a variant of a figure 7: in this case, it is advantageous to clear the distribution passages 51 in an annular ring 81 defined between the outer surface of the core 40 and the cylindrical inner surface 36 of the skirt 45 of the spray nozzle 26.

Landscapes

  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Ausgabevorrichtung für einen Fluidverteiler, die eine Ausgabedüse (26, 66, 76) und einen Körper (22) aufweist, der mit einer Zuleitung (23) für die Zufuhr des in einem Behälter des Verteilers enthaltenen Fluids zur Ausgabedüse (26, 66, 76) und mit einer Ausgabekammer versehen ist, in der sich ein Kern (40, 60, 70) erstreckt, der mit der Ausgabekammer mindestens einen Ausgabedurchlaß (44, 48, 51, 71) definiert, wobei die Ausgabedüse (26, 66, 76) eine Ausgabeöffnung (27) aufweist, deren eines Ende den Austritt des zu verteilenden Fluids nach außen ermöglicht und deren anderes Ende mit dem Ausgabedurchlaß (44, 48, 51, 71) über mindestens einen Ausgabekanal (29, 72) verbunden ist, der in Bezug auf den zum Kern (40, 60, 70) in Querrichtung angeordnet ist, wobei der Kern (40, 60, 70) von der Ausgabedüse (26, 66, 76) getragen wird, die selbst vom Körper (22) der Vorrichtung getragen wird, wobei der Ausgabedurchlaß (44, 48, 51, 71) zwischen zwei Flächen definiert ist, einer Innenfläche (34), die dem Kern (40, 60, 70) entspricht, und einer Außenfläche (24), wobei mindestens die Innenfläche (34) um eine Drehachse (33) drehsymmetrisch ist, gemäß der sich zumindest der Teil (25) der Zuleitung (23) erstreckt, der in den Ausgabedurchlaß mündet, wobei die Außenfläche (24) ebenfalls um die gleiche Achse (33) drehsymmetrisch ist, wobei die Außenfläche (24) und die Innenfläche (34) ausgehend von einem Punkt auf der Drehachse bis zu einem anderen, vom ersten entfernten Punkt, der sich in einem Abstand zur Achse befindet, im wesentlichen komplementär sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Innenfläche (34) und die Außenfläche (24) im Schnitt durch eine Ebene, die durch die Drehachse (33) verläuft, eine kontinuierliche Kurve zwischen dem Punkt auf der Drehachse und dem anderen, vom ersten entfernten und im Abstand zur Achse befindlichen Punkt beschreiben.
  2. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Drehfläche (24, 34) annähernd oval ist.
  3. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Drehfläche (24, 34) konusförmig ist.
  4. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Drehfläche (24, 34) halbkugelförmig ist.
  5. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ausgabedüse (26, 66, 76) drehsymmetrisch ist um eine Achse, die mit der Drehachse (33) zusammenfällt, und die Ausgabeöffnung (27) erstreckt sich entlang dieser Achse (33).
  6. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ausgabekanal (29) sich in einer Ebene senkrecht zur Achse (33) der Düse (26, 66, 76) erstreckt.
  7. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ausgabekanal (29) zwischen zwei Seiten definiert ist, deren eine die Rückseite der Ausgabedüse und deren andere die Stirnseite (46, 64) des Kerns (40, 60, 70) ist.
  8. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mehrere Ausgabekanäle (29, 72) regelmäßig um die Drehachse (33) herum verteilt sind.
  9. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ausgabedurchlaß (44) von dem ganzen Raum definiert wird, der zwischen den beiden Flächen (24, 34) liegt.
  10. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mehrere Ausgabedurchlässe (44, 48, 51, 71) zwischen den beiden Flächen (24, 34) vorgesehen sind.
  11. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ausgabedurchlässe (44, 48, 51, 71) an der Außenfläche (34) des Kerns (40, 60, 70) ausgebildet sind.
  12. Ausgabevorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 7 und 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es ebensoviele Ausgabedurchlässe (44, 48, 51, 71) wie Ausgabekanäle (29, 72) gibt.
  13. Ausgabevorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 7 und 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ausgabedurchlässe (44) mit den Ausgabekanälen (29) über Rillen (43) verbunden sind, die sich parallel zur Drehachse (33) erstrecken.
  14. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ausgabedurchlaß (48) (die Ausgabedurchlässe) spiralförmig um die Drehachse (33) verläuft (verlaufen).
  15. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rückseite der Düse und die Stirnseite (46, 64) des Kerns (40, 60, 70) im wesentlichen eben sind.
  16. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rückseite der Düse und die Stirnseite (64) des Kerns (60) sich gemäß Kreisbögen (61) im Axialschnitt an die Flächen (24, 34) anschließen.
  17. Ausgabevorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rückseite (74) der Düse (76) und die Stirnseite des Kerns (70) ebenfalls drehsymmetrisch sind.
  18. Ausgabevorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper (22) der Vorrichtung der Körper eines Drückers für einen Fluidverteiler ist.
EP94402884A 1994-01-17 1994-12-14 Abgabevorrichtung mit geringen Druckverlusten, mit einer Abgabedüse versehen Expired - Lifetime EP0663240B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9400433A FR2715083B1 (fr) 1994-01-17 1994-01-17 Dispositif de distribution à pertes de charge réduites comportant une buse de distribution.
FR9400433 1994-01-17

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0663240A1 EP0663240A1 (de) 1995-07-19
EP0663240B1 true EP0663240B1 (de) 1998-04-08

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EP94402884A Expired - Lifetime EP0663240B1 (de) 1994-01-17 1994-12-14 Abgabevorrichtung mit geringen Druckverlusten, mit einer Abgabedüse versehen

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Country Link
EP (1) EP0663240B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69409486T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2115903T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2715083B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2961189B1 (fr) * 2010-06-14 2013-02-22 Valois Sas Tete de distribution de produit fluide.
US11154876B2 (en) 2011-04-19 2021-10-26 Dlhbowles, Inc. Multi-inlet, multi-spray fluidic cup nozzle with shared interaction region and spray generation method
JP6549216B2 (ja) * 2014-08-15 2019-07-24 ディエルエイチ・ボウルズ・インコーポレイテッドｄｌｈＢＯＷＬＥＳ Ｉｎｃ． 共用相互作用領域を備えた多入口多噴霧流体カップノズルおよび噴霧生成方法
IT202000023515A1 (it) * 2020-10-06 2022-04-06 Coster Tecnologie Speciali Spa Dispositivo di erogazione di una sostanza fluida

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1453161A (en) * 1919-01-06 1923-04-24 Thomas W Murphy Spray nozzle
US1794013A (en) * 1929-10-16 1931-02-24 Groen Gerard Te Sprinkler
GB8908583D0 (en) * 1989-04-15 1989-06-01 Nutec Chemicals Ltd Trigger operated spray nozzle
DE69117193T2 (de) * 1990-12-04 1996-06-27 Dmw Tech Ltd Düsenvorrichtung zum verhindern des rückflusses
DE4102632A1 (de) * 1991-01-30 1992-08-06 Pfeiffer Erich Gmbh & Co Kg Austragduese fuer medien

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Publication number Publication date
DE69409486D1 (de) 1998-05-14
ES2115903T3 (es) 1998-07-01
DE69409486T2 (de) 1998-08-06
FR2715083A1 (fr) 1995-07-21
FR2715083B1 (fr) 1996-03-08
EP0663240A1 (de) 1995-07-19

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