EP0658231B2 - Water proofing liner - Google Patents

Water proofing liner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0658231B2
EP0658231B2 EP94908846A EP94908846A EP0658231B2 EP 0658231 B2 EP0658231 B2 EP 0658231B2 EP 94908846 A EP94908846 A EP 94908846A EP 94908846 A EP94908846 A EP 94908846A EP 0658231 B2 EP0658231 B2 EP 0658231B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
montmorillonite
layer
water
smectite
sheet
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EP94908846A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0658231B1 (en
EP0658231A1 (en
Inventor
Bryan Nicholas Flynn
Glyn Corbett Carter
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Rawell Group Holdings Ltd
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Rawell Group Holdings Ltd
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Priority claimed from GB929218178A external-priority patent/GB9218178D0/en
Priority claimed from GB939309586A external-priority patent/GB9309586D0/en
Application filed by Rawell Group Holdings Ltd filed Critical Rawell Group Holdings Ltd
Publication of EP0658231A1 publication Critical patent/EP0658231A1/en
Publication of EP0658231B1 publication Critical patent/EP0658231B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/004—Sealing liners

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a waterproofing material suitable for waterproofing ponds, lakes, lagoons or comparable sites whereby water is retained, or wherein waste is deposited and the ground beneath has to be protected against leakage of aqueous or other liquid.
  • the material can also be used in relation to water proofing structures, covering contaminated land to prevent flow of water into such contaminated land and lining trenches which separate contaminated areas from clear areas.
  • the material can also be used as roofing material on flat or sloping roofs.
  • Several materials have been proposed in the past which include a layer of swellable smectite such as montmorillonite and/or saponite incorporated'within the material to act as the sealing agent.
  • the montmorillonite has been carried by a support layer or base which has been provided in various ways. A support layer acts as protection but also gives additional strength within the material.
  • European patent number 59625 (CLEM) describes a waterproofing material which is a laminate comprising a fabric base, particles of montmorillonite adhered to the base and a scrim adhered over the montmorillonite particles to retain them on the base.
  • a lower sheet comprises a base and montmorillonite and an overlaid sheet comprises a base and montmorillonite.
  • the bases are of solid plastics non-venting and impermeable material so one of the bases forms a non-water transmissive layer between the two layers of montmorillonite, thus giving a very good seal.
  • the McGROARTY construction does have several practical difficulties. Firstly, the bases are made from a thick, impervious and essentially solid plastics material, described in the specification as HDPE.
  • the granules of montmorillonite are adhered not only to the base but also to each other.
  • Waterproofing materials of this kind are usually supplied in rolls and have to be unrolled and placed to lie in the pond, lagoon or storage space.
  • the MCGROARTY material is less flexible than when using a fabric (non-woven or woven) for the base. This means that the product is much more difficult to handle and the montmorillonite is likely to crack during folding and unfolding.
  • the adhering of the montmorillonite to its surface is not easy. Quite large quantities of very strong glue have to be used.
  • a further waterproofing barrier material is disclosed in British patent number 2 202 185 (NAUE) in which a layer of montmorillonite is sandwiched between a pair of layers of non-woven textile. material and the two layers are united by needling, the needles passing through the layer of montmorillonite and uniting all three layers. Again, because the montmorillonite is not adhered to the layers, as the material is unfolded, folded and manhandled during installation, the montmorillonite can move relative to the two layers leaving voids and/or more permeable thinner areas in the montmorillonite layer.
  • montmorillonite Whilst the montmorillonite can be quite highly purified, it is not unusual for a low percentage of shale particles to remain in the final sized and graded montmorillonite.
  • An unfortunate result of the use of relatively large granules of montmorillonite in the layer is that granules of impurities can also become incorporated in the material.
  • the chemical nature of shale and some other impurities have the effect that not only are they not montmorillonite (and therefore do not swell upon contact with water), but, when wetted, act as to inhibit swelling in adjacent montmorillonite granules.
  • a single granule of shale in a layer of waterproofing material can form a small area (perhaps 10mm in diameter) which does not swell upon being contacted with water.
  • Small such areas are generally water impermeable, but medium and larger such areas allow water to pass through the sheet.
  • water pressure is high this flow can cause significant wash out of adjacent montmorillonite leading to failure of the sealing system.
  • the percentage of impurities is small, and although the failure rate is small, when a large area is sealed using sheet material incorporating such impurities it needs only a single leak for the whole system to have failed.
  • a pond or lagoon which has a single leak is no pond or lagoon at all!
  • Particulate montmorillonite has also been mixed with various organic components to form a thick putty (see US Patent Number 4 534 925).
  • Typical components are polypropene and polybutene.
  • This material has been extruded in the form of rods and sheets, usually being stored between layers of release paper. Such material has been used for sealing ground foundations and similar structures. It is extruded so as to become united with a carrier sheet and be capable of use in large rolls for covering large areas.
  • the polypropene and polybutene used is intended deliberately to give the extruded material a rubbery or formable consistency enabling it to be moulded by hand around small areas such as chimneys, at joints in concrete panels or where drains penetrate foundations. These materials are also quite expensive and prohibitively so for use in relation to large area sheets.
  • Calcium montmorillonite is often used as a substitute for sodium montmorillonite.
  • calcium bentonite has a property that when initially wetted it will swell and expand in the same way as sodium nontmorillonite.
  • calcium montmorillonite cannot shrink back to its original size upon loss of water without cracking. After cracking and upon re-wetting the clay can not re-wet so as to reform the water proof barrier.
  • a calcium bentonite water proofing material should only be used in cases where permanent wetness is to be encountered.
  • All sodium containing montmorillonites do have a problem when the water which comes into contact with them is contaminated by salts, particularly sea water or other salts which render the ground water ionised And highly active.
  • salts particularly sea water or other salts which render the ground water ionised And highly active.
  • calcium is invariably present in quantity from soil and minerals. When such ionic calcium comes into contact with montmorillonite it invariably tends to convert the montmorillonite from the sodium to the calcium form with the disadvantage which has been outlined above.
  • the present invention provides a method of making a waterproofing material as specified in claim 1.
  • the smectite containing layer is sandwiched between said support sheet and a cover sheet.
  • Reinforcement can be provided in the middle of the smectite containing layer.
  • the reinforcement can be secured to the cover sheet and/or the support sheet.
  • the laminate of the smectite layer and the support sheet can be treated after union to cause the layer to loose a degree of plasticity to enable it to be handled and stored without undergoing further deformation.
  • the smectite clay is mixed primarily with water to form a paste or a putty like plastic mass which can be extruded, rolled or otherwise formed into a continuous layer.
  • the layer After forming the layer is subjected to a drying step to remove excess water to convert the smectite layer into a more dimensionally stable configuration unlikely to deform further during transportation and storage and further to increase the swellability of the smectite upon contact with water in use.
  • Additives which modify the behiaviour of the smectite under certain specified conditions such as salt water, or presence of strong leachates, radiation hydrocarbons or organic chemicals can be added at the mixing stage to be operative when the smectite is in use.
  • Union of the smectite containing layer with the support sheet can be by adhesive, but desirably no adhesive is used, the mixture of smectite land other substance(s)) being such as to allow pressure to force the plastic mass into the interstices of the cover sheet (which is desirably of a textile nature) physically to unite the two. Similar connection can be effected between the layer and the cover sheet.
  • organic materials such as methanol, ethanol and other alcohols, glycerine, diesel and other oils and fats can be used. These materials do have the advantage that it is not necessary to drive off so much water so as to increase the swellability of the smectite layer, but they also have the disadvantages that they do need a drying step so that the material is not subject to further deformation under its own weight during storage and transportation and many organic materials are usually far more expensive then water.
  • Alcohols particularly methyl alcohol do, however, have particular advantages. Whilst alcohols are generally expensive, they are also usually far more volatile than water. Thus, a plastic mass made using methyl alcohol can, after having been formed into a cohesive continuous layer be dried using far less heat than would be necessary to drive out the water from a similar mass. In addition to this however, the alcohol driven off can be condensed and reused thus offsetting the cost thereof.
  • the montmorillonite mesh size can be anything from 50 mesh or smaller, desirably, however the size is a maximum of 100. In practice a mesh size of 200 has been found useful although variations downwards from about 100 mesh do work although with less desirable qualities. Finer meshes are perfectly acceptable, but tend to be unnecessary.
  • the smectite used is desirably sodium montmorillonite although calcium montmorillonite (mod by treatment with sodium hydroxide) can be used. As the montmorillonite is usually broken down significantly during mixing to micro sizes, initial grain size is not critical.
  • the fabrics used as support and/or cover layer can be conventional woven or non-woven textiles such as nylon or polypropylene or polyester. They should be non-venting (that is to say they do not allow gas or liquid to pass along the structure in use to any significant degree).
  • the fabrics are desirably woven and this degree of non-venting can be achieved by ensuring that the fabric is of relatively open mesh and fairly thin, a significant portion thereof being embedded in and physically uniting with the outer layer of the montmorillonite layer
  • Apparatus for making such a waterproofing material includes a conveyor, means for feeding a support to the conveyor, means for applying a plastic smectite-containing mass onto the support, and means for forming said plastic mass into a uniform continuous layer.
  • Means can be provided for sizing the laminate in thickness and/or in width.
  • the apparatus includes means for conditioning the laminate after formation to render it stable in use and storage.
  • Said means can include an oven for evaporating substances, from the laminate.
  • Means for supplying the plastic mass to the conveyor can include one or more nozzles, and/or an extrusion head.
  • Means can also be provided for supplying a cover sheet to a surface of the layer remote from the support sheet.
  • Means can also be provided for feeding a reinforcement to be embedded within the smectite containing layer.
  • Means can be provided for uniting said reinforcement with one or both of the cover and support sheets; for example by heat sealing.
  • Waterprobfing material in accordance with the invention can be used, for example, as roofing material or to provide a seal for a pipe or other plumbing fittings.
  • the smectite mixture can be in the form of a sealing ring or annulus or can be provided as a continuous length for wrapping around joints.
  • the sealing material can be made by the aforesaid methods of forming a plastic mass and extruding, cutting or moulding therefrom.
  • Acrylate or polyacrylate compounds may desirably be added to the liquid for mixing with the clay.
  • the acrylate can have the formula shown in figure 9. Although the sodium salt of polyacrylate is shown other cation forms can be used. In the sodium cation form the acrylate can replace the sodium cations which normally coat the outer layers of the smectite plates.
  • the acrylate polymer can be doped with various desirable material to alter various properties of the clay.
  • One particular doping agent is glycerol.
  • the introduction of glycerol can increase the flexibility of the clay so that a length of the clay can be bent easily without breaking.
  • Methanol can also be introduced, as previously mentioned. It is a useful material for increasing the flexibility and reducing the stiffness of the mixture thus assisting in its processing.
  • a further problem of smectite clay when used as a waterproofing material is that its function is very dependent on the amount of montmorillonite used.
  • montmorillonite used as a waterproofing material.
  • a body of a montmorillonite is constrained between two surfaces, such as the concrete of a structure and the ground, when contacted by water it swells and forms the aforesaid high pressure layer which prevents ingress of water to the structure and therefore effectively waterproofs it.
  • larger quantities of montmorillonite can be used.
  • higher quantities of montmorillonite mean thicker sheets of material which are more difficult to handle and which are heavier have more transportation costs and are bulky.
  • Sheet material used for waterproofing in ground situation or for roofs, walls and the like tend to have relatively low densities. This is because they are generally made from particulate montmorillonite adhered to a supporting sheet as of plastics material or textile material and secured thereto by a variety of means ranging from adhesive to needling to sewing or by embedment in a mesh of fibres.
  • the invention provides a smectite clay waterproofing material having a density greater than 1000 kg. m -3 .
  • the waterproofing material can be a sheet at least a metre wide and desirably up to four metres wide or more.
  • the material is subsequently subjected to pressure.
  • a pressure step can reduce the number of voids in the product as well as urging the molecules of the product closer together to produce a denser product.
  • the pressure can be applied by extrusion or by passing the forming material through rollers, or by any other convenient means.
  • a further disadvantage of existing smectite-based waterproofing materials is that upon exposure to water they tend to swell (this is the very factor which gives them their waterproofing properties in that they produce an area of such high pressure that additional water cannot penetrate).
  • the pressures can tend to be very high and, therefore a very significant overlay of either a heavy earth layer (for example one to two metres) or up to 3" or more of concrete are necessary in order that the expansion pressure of the smectite cannot cause movement or displacement of any structure.
  • the invention provides a waterproofing material having a significantly reduced expansion pressure compared with known smectite based waterproofing material.
  • the expansion pressure can be as low as 10mm of concrete as carried out in the test later defined herein.
  • Preferred embodiments of the material of the invention provide a barrier against aggressive ionic fluid, the barrier being in the form of a constrained layer of said material wherein interlayers of the smectite have been treated with acrylate or polyacrylate or comparable substances.
  • the interlayers are then capable of absorbing water to swell the material to a barrier pressure while the acrylate or polyacrylate inhibit ion exchange between said fluid and the smectite.
  • the fluid will normally be aqueous and can be highly ionised fluid such as leachate or fluid containing fertilizer and the like.
  • the barrier can be equally effective against organic fluids or fluids containing organic material, as the smectite interlayers remain proof against ion exchange with such fluid.
  • the smectite layer needs to be constrained in order that the barrier pressure can be achieved.
  • the constraint can be a back-fill or overlay of earth or other material or in solid structure an adjacent or surrounding area of concrete or the like can be used.
  • a further problem with known smectite based waterproofing materials is that it has been very difficult to secure them to surfaces to be waterproofed. Whilst a flat or gradually sloping surface can be easily waterproofed simply by laying a sheet of the smectite material thereon, when vertical surfaces (such as adjacent edges of concrete panels) are to be waterproofed it has been necessary somehow to attach a smectite based strip thereto.
  • Existing methods used have included the provision of rebates into which strips of seal material can be pushed and the use of clips or nails. Although nails can be used they tend to be frowned upon as they pierce a waterproof layer and they can introduce metal ions into the surrounding water which may have a detrimental effect.
  • Preferred embodiments of the material of the invention are readily securable to a surface by use of an adhesive compatible to the acrylate or polyacrylate component, such as a cyanoacrylate adhesive.
  • the preferred waterproofing material (10) of the invention is a laminate consisting of a core layer (11) containing montmorillonite.
  • the core layer (11) is united with a support sheet (12) and is desirably but not essentially overlaid by a cover sheet (13).
  • a preferred apparatus of the invention comprises a conveyor (15) having an upper run (16) and a lower run (17) entrained about end rollers (18) and (19).
  • the upper run (16) travels from left to right in figure 5.
  • a support sheet (20) is fed from a supply roll (21) by a guide roll (22) so as to run on and in synchronism with the conveyor (16).
  • the support sheet (20) is a sheet of woven or non-woven textile material (preferably woven) which is relatively loose weave, being quite porous in a direction transverse to its plane.
  • the web forming the support sheet can be made of any geotextile material which is suitable for disposal within the ground for long periods.
  • Typical materials for weaving or forming the fabric of the sheet (20) can be polypropylene, polyesters including nylon, and many other plastics materials alone or in blends.
  • the material should be sufficiently strong to support the composite laminate to be formed and can be similar to many of the facing sheets used in relation to the prior known materials discussed in the introduction hereto.
  • Polypropylene and cotton mixers can also be used.
  • a typical support and/or cover sheet can be of a print weave and of a weight 700g per sq.metre.
  • a hopper mixer Downstream of the supply roll is a hopper mixer (23) in which particulate montmorillonite can be supplied as indicated by the arrow (24).
  • the particulate montmorillonite can be supplied from a mill or like supply and in the preferred embodiment is of 200 mesh. Finer mesh can be used although great advantages are not obtained. Meshes up to 50 mesh can be used, but at sizes greater then 100 mesh, union between the montmorillonite particles is less effective.
  • the process which takes place in the hopper mixer (23) can be either a continuous or a batch process.
  • a measured quantity of montmorillonite is mixed with a measured quantity of liquid to produce a fluent mass.
  • the liquid can be supplied from a tank or comparable supply (25) and when mixed with the montmorillonite will form a shapable mass.
  • the liquid used can include an organic liquid such as glycerine, diesel oil or comparable oils or mixes thereof.
  • the liquid is primarily water.
  • water is mixed with the montmorillonite there being approximately from 10 to 30% water, desirably about 15 to 20%.
  • the liquid may also include a proportion of alcohol.
  • Methyl, ethyl or propyl alcohol can be used. Methyl is preferred.
  • An alcohol water mixture needs less drying power than water alone. Some alcohol can be reclaimed and reused.
  • the material desirably contains a bulking agent, an anti fungicidal preserving agent, to prevent growth of mould in or on the material and desirably a lubricant to assist in the extrusion process and convey also a degree of flexibility to the plastic mass.
  • CMC is a very desirable substance in that it provides all these properties. It has anti fungicidal properties, it is a lubricant and it makes the product more flexible. It also has the great advantage that upon contact by water, in use, it dissolves. Those areas of the outer surface of the material when first contacted by water have the CMC dissolved out of them leaving micro pores into which more water can penetrate, wash out more CMC and cause rapid expansion of the adjacent montmorillonite. This greatly increases the rate of water transfer into the material.
  • a bulking agent which dissolves in water and aids water ingress to the montmorillonite is very desirable.
  • the montmorillonite used is desirably sodium montmorillonite but calcium montmorillonite or treated calcium montmorillonite and other smectites can also be used. As shown the materials are first mixed by means of a mixer (27) and then extruded by screws (28) to an extrusion nozzle (29). Where the fluid mass is spread out as a thin layer covering the entire width of the conveyor run (16).
  • the reinforcing layer can be made in the form of a core having bristles or comparable formations extending outwards which, with the core disposed centrally in the body of montmorillonite extend to the surface thereof and contact and possibly project through the surface layers.
  • the material of the reinforcement and the surface layers can be made such that the exposed bristles can be heat sealed to contact and be secured to the outer layers.
  • the montmorillonite mass prefferably be extruded or formed into a pair of sheets and the reinforcement fed between them and to have its bristles projecting through each of the two part layers of the montmorillonite core and project to the other surfaces thereof and be united with the support/cover sheets.
  • extrusion of a thin layer of the plastic mass containing montmorillonite is desirable, as it can be 3 or more metres wide, it could well be that a three metre wide extrusion nozzle is either expensive, slow, or requires inordinate amounts of power to be successful.
  • extrusion nozzle (29) is shown in figure 5 which also shows an alternative which will be described later.
  • the layer (30) of montmorillonite - containing plastic mass is levelled and formed into a uniform uninterrupted layer. This can be achieved by means of an initial doctor blade (31) or more likely, a roller, and subsequent sizing rollers (32) to (34).
  • the pairs of sizing rolls (32) (33) (34) can effect kneading and levelling of the fluid material and subsequent size thickness reductions.
  • Figure 6 shows one of the rollers and shows the plastics material extruded outwards beyond the edge of the conveyor and being removed by trimming knives (36).
  • rollers (32) (33) (34) there is fed a web of cover sheet (37), from a supply roll (38).
  • cover sheet (37) can be left until roll (34).
  • this is not desirable as rollers (32) and (33) are best protected from the plastic montmorillonite layer by the cover sheet (37).
  • the liquid which converts the powdered montmorillonite into a plastic fluent mass will need some degree of subsequent treatment, for example by evaporation, drying or partial chemical change so as to ensure that the final material can not deform further in use or in storage. This can be effected by means of a treatment facility indicated by the reference numeral (39).
  • the treatment facility (39) is in the form of an oven which will reduce the solvent water content of the montmorillonite containing layer from 20% down to 5% or less. Hot air is supplied at an inlet (41) and leaves via outlet (42).
  • the laminate After leaving the treatment facility (39) the laminate can be allowed to cool and then be fed to a store roll (44). A knife or the like can be provided for cutting the laminate as it leaves the oven when roll (44) is full.
  • the initial consistency of the plastic/fluent mass containing montmorillonite can vary widely from almost a liquid condition to a stiff paste.
  • extrusion or fluid delivery nozzle can be used which can be mounted so as to perform a generally sinuous path transversely of the direction of travel of the run (17) of the belt (15).
  • the nozzle (45) can follow a path indicated by the line (46).
  • the material can be applied to some significant excess and after having been formed into a uniform coherent layer excess material extruded sideways is removed by means of the trimming knives or the like (36). of course, such material can be reclaimed and re-used.
  • the support sheet and/or the cover sheet can be of woven or non-woven material. Woven material is preferred but it gives significant strength with lesser weight of materials. A non-woven material might have advantage, however in that it can form a physical union with the montmorillonite containing core (11). The term core (11) is used even though the cover sheet (13) may not be provided.
  • the action of the rollers (32) (33) and (34) is to cause the support/cover sheets (12) (13) to be partially embedded in surface zones of the plastic mass of material forming the core (11) whilst the core is in a plastic state. There is no need for any adhesive, which is an expensive and unreliable component.
  • the core is treated in the facility (39) either by evaporation or chemically so as to cause the core to harden there is a physical locking of the surface portions of the core (11) with portions of the fabrics (12) (13) physically, uniting them to the surface without the need for adhesive.
  • FIG. 7 a first piece (47) of the material of the invention is shown overlapping a lower piece (48), both lying on the ground.
  • the overlap cover sheet (50) of the second sheet (48) is in contact with the support sheet (51) on the piece (47).
  • the sheets (50) and (51) are in intimate contact and they are significantly penetrated by montmorillonite from the respective cores of the two panels.
  • the montmorillonite in one or each of the cores can swell and expand into the unfilled portions of the fabrics (50) (51) and form effectively a continuous layer of expanded montmorillonite uniting the two cores and providing a completely water tight seal.
  • CMC sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the mixture is passed to an extruder where it is driven towards an extrusion screw and subjected to a suction stage to remove significantly all entrained gas from it before being extruded in the form of a rope, profile or sheet as desired.
  • the montmorillonite used in the process is finely ground andthe cations in the interlayer are essentially sodium cations.
  • acrylate other materials can be used.
  • sugars such as fructose, glucose,dextrose can be used. All act in very similar way to the acrylic molecule and have comparable and similar effects. The use of sugar may, however, be undesirable in some circumstances in view of its encouragement of microbial growth.
  • a further alternative material is alkylammonium trimethyl alkyl ammonium which can be used in the manner very similar to the polyacrylic compound to-give a similar complex with similar properties.
  • sodium montmorillonite powder was mixed with polyacrylate, glycerol and methanol. The mass was mixed together for some fifteen minutes and then extruded through a 25mm square orifice at a rate of about 0.5 metres per second to produce a rope like concrete sealing strip having a density of about 1350 kg m m -3 .
  • the actual density can be varied by varying the proportion of materials in the complex.
  • the waterproofing material can be made without using polyacrylate.
  • CMC either in addition to the acrylate or as a substitute therefore.
  • the CMC can be useful in varying the reaction rate of the clay but it also has a property of forming, on the surface of the extruded material a layer which improves the life of the sealing material by resisting degradation and swelling by rain over a first few hours or days.
  • a material according to the invention was similarly treated and had, within six hours reached precisely the same condition.
  • the material of the present invention formed a uniform waterproofing layer.
  • saponite and other smectites can be used.
  • percentages of the various materials used can be varied as follows: - ITEM PERCENTAGE RANGE Water 15 - 25 Sodium Polyacrylate 8 - 16 (Methyl) Alcohol 0 - 5 Wyoming Bentonite 50 - 75 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 0 - 3 Sodium Hexameta Phosphate 0 - 0.5

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
EP94908846A 1992-08-26 1993-08-24 Water proofing liner Expired - Lifetime EP0658231B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB929218178A GB9218178D0 (en) 1992-08-26 1992-08-26 Material
GB9218178 1992-08-26
GB939309586A GB9309586D0 (en) 1993-05-10 1993-05-10 Smectite
GB9309586 1993-05-10
PCT/GB1993/001807 WO1994005863A2 (en) 1992-08-26 1993-08-24 Water proofing liner

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0658231A1 EP0658231A1 (en) 1995-06-21
EP0658231B1 EP0658231B1 (en) 2000-01-12
EP0658231B2 true EP0658231B2 (en) 2003-09-03

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EP94908846A Expired - Lifetime EP0658231B2 (en) 1992-08-26 1993-08-24 Water proofing liner

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EP (1) EP0658231B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU677228B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2143297C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE69327589T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK0658231T4 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IN (1) IN187413B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
MD (1) MD1818F2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SG (1) SG50604A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
TJ (1) TJ389B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
WO (1) WO1994005863A2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6537676B1 (en) * 1992-08-26 2003-03-25 Rawell Group Holdings Limited Waterproofing material and method of fabrication therefor
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DE69327589D1 (de) 2000-02-17
AU4969693A (en) 1994-03-29
EP0658231B1 (en) 2000-01-12
DE69327589T3 (de) 2004-05-13
WO1994005863A3 (en) 1994-09-15
DK0658231T3 (da) 2000-06-26
DK0658231T4 (da) 2004-01-05
SG50604A1 (en) 1998-07-20
WO1994005863A2 (en) 1994-03-17
IN187413B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 2002-04-20
MD1818F2 (ro) 2001-12-31
CA2143297A1 (en) 1994-03-17
TJ389B (en) 2004-10-13
CA2143297C (en) 2005-10-18
MD960270A (en) 1999-12-31
EP0658231A1 (en) 1995-06-21
AU677228B2 (en) 1997-04-17
DE69327589T2 (de) 2000-06-21

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