EP0656738B1 - Method of manufacturing speakers - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing speakers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0656738B1 EP0656738B1 EP19940308879 EP94308879A EP0656738B1 EP 0656738 B1 EP0656738 B1 EP 0656738B1 EP 19940308879 EP19940308879 EP 19940308879 EP 94308879 A EP94308879 A EP 94308879A EP 0656738 B1 EP0656738 B1 EP 0656738B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- frame
- surround
- spider
- thermoplastic powder
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 25
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007765 extrusion coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098458 powder spray Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R31/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of transducers or diaphragms therefor
- H04R31/006—Interconnection of transducer parts
Definitions
- This invention relates to improvements in the construction of transducers. It is disclosed in the context of loudspeakers, but is believed to be useful in other applications as well.
- metal speaker frames are plated or painted before the assembly of the moving loudspeaker components, diaphragm and voice coil, surround, and spider, into them. Then the moving components are added, illustratively by attaching them using adhesives.
- the painting and plating processes are not as environmentally friendly as other protective coating or treating techniques.
- the adhesives used in the assembly of speakers also contain solvents, the release of which during adhesive curing raises environmental concerns as well.
- the application and curing of adhesives to couple the speaker frames and moving components requires additional process steps which have attendant process tolerances and failure rates. For example, a speaker frame to which adhesive has been applied may have to be set aside for a period of time until the adhesive reaches the appropriate tackiness for subsequent process steps to be conducted. This results in additional work in process.
- Examples of coating with an adhesive are to be found in the disclosures of JP-A-04-151999 and JP-A-57-020095.
- a speaker having a speaker frame for supporting moving components of the speaker, the moving components including a diaphragm and at least one of a surround and a spider for connecting the diaphragm to the frame, and the method comprising the steps of applying a fluent heat sensitive thermoplastic powder coating over substantially the entire surface of the frame, applying heat to the frame to fuse the thermoplastic powder on the frame, assembling and applying heat to the thermoplastic powder in areas where the at least one of the surround and spider is to be coupled to the frame to activate the thermoplastic powder and couple the at least one of the surround and spider to the thermoplastic powder in those areas.
- the step of coating the frame with a fluent heat sensitive thermoplastic powder coating will inhibit any corrosion.
- the invention may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying single drawing which illustrates the invention.
- the drawing illustrates the various steps of a process conducted according to the invention, as well as a product made according to the process.
- a loudspeaker 8 stationary component a supporting frame or basket 10
- a suitable material examples include stamped steel, cast aluminum and various cast or molded filled and unfilled resins.
- the stationary component 10 is subject to corrosion by, for example, oxygen in the air or chemicals in an environment.
- corrosion is not a significant concern.
- the stationary component 10 is formed, and from whatever material(s), it is coated with a heat sensitive coating 12.
- the coating 12 is a powdered coating which is rendered fluent, for example, by the use of a fluidized bed 16.
- the stationary component 10 can be immersed in the bed 16 of fluidized powder coating and the coating deposited upon the stationary component 10 immersed in the bed 16, or the powder can be transported from the bed 16 to a powder spray apparatus which dispenses the fluidized powder onto the stationary component 10, using electrostatic or non-electrostatic powder coating application techniques.
- the coating 12 is fixed to the surfaces 14 of the stationary component 10 to form a substantially continuous protective and bonding layer. Fixing may be conducted by heating 20 the stationary component 10 after introduction of the stationary component 10 into the fluidized bed 16 or spraying of the heat sensitive powder onto the surfaces of the stationary component 10 making the coating 12 more or less continuous and uninterrupted, particularly in the area(s) 24, 26 and 27 where moving component(s) of the speaker 8, for example, the surround 28 and the spider 30, will subsequently be coupled to the stationary component 10, and where the front plate 50 will be coupled to the stationary component 10.
- the moving component(s) 28, 30 is (are) assembled into the stationary component 10 and heat is applied to the fixed heat sensitive coating 12 selectively in areas 24, 26 of the stationary component 10, here at the perimeters of the spider 30 and surround 28, where the spider 30 and surround 28 are to be coupled to the stationary component 10.
- the heat sensitive coating 12 is thereby reactivated in these areas 24, 26 and the moving components 28, 30 are coupled to the stationary component 10 in those areas 24, 26.
- heated staking irons 36, 38 are pressed against the perimeters 40, 42 of the surround 28 and spider 30 and the areas 24, 26 of the heat sensitive coating 12 on the stationary component 10 is activated beneath these areas 40, 42 of application of heat.
- the heated coating 12 flows into the interstices of the surround 28 and spider 30 and is permitted to cool there, coupling the perimeters 40, 42 of the surround 28 and spider 30 to the stationary component 10 in these areas 24, 26.
- Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was placed in a fluidized bed 16 at room temperature 22°C.
- About fifty 6.35 cm diameter stamped steel speaker frames 10 were cleaned, iron-phosphate treated and preheated in a gas-fired oven 20 set to about 345°C.
- the preheated frames 10 were hung on wire hooks and, while still hot, immersed in the fluidized bed 16 for times ranging from one to five seconds, with three seconds appearing to provide the optimum compromise between complete coating and coating uniformity.
- On removal of the frames 10 from the fluidized bed 16 they were held suspended for one or two seconds and then tapped against the bed 16 tank to return non-adherent powder to the bed 16.
- the thus-prepared speaker baskets 10 were then assembled into speakers 8.
- Motor assembly front plates 50 were heated and pressed onto the frames 10. Terminal strips 52 permitting connections to be made to the speaker 8 motors were staked onto the frames 10.
- the remaining stationary elements 54 of the motor structure were assembled to the front plate 50 using an activated adhesive.
- the perimeter 42 of the spider 30 was then heat staked to the coating 12 on the back flat 26 of the speaker basket 10.
- the perimeter 40 of the surround 28 was then heat staked to the coating 12 on the front flat 24 of the speaker basket 10.
- thermoplastic existing component 28, 30, 50-to-basket 10 bonds may be heated for re-work purposes, if necessary, and then re-assembled.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
This invention relates to improvements in the
construction of transducers. It is disclosed in the
context of loudspeakers, but is believed to be useful in
other applications as well.
Presently, metal speaker frames are plated or
painted before the assembly of the moving loudspeaker
components, diaphragm and voice coil, surround, and spider,
into them. Then the moving components are added,
illustratively by attaching them using adhesives. The
painting and plating processes are not as environmentally
friendly as other protective coating or treating
techniques. Typically the adhesives used in the assembly
of speakers also contain solvents, the release of which
during adhesive curing raises environmental concerns as
well. Additionally, the application and curing of
adhesives to couple the speaker frames and moving
components requires additional process steps which have
attendant process tolerances and failure rates. For
example, a speaker frame to which adhesive has been applied
may have to be set aside for a period of time until the
adhesive reaches the appropriate tackiness for subsequent
process steps to be conducted. This results in additional
work in process.
Additionally, the adhesives are difficult to apply
completely uniformly around surfaces requiring them,
resulting in thicker applications of adhesive at some
places and thinner applications at others. Of course, in
order to assure at least a minimum application of adhesive
at any point around the frame, excess adhesive results at
other locations around the frame. This means not only
waste in the excess amount of adhesive added to the other
locations around the frame, but also complications in the
curing of the excess adhesive, possible interference of the
excess adhesive with the proper orientation and/or operation
of the assembled speaker, and the excess volatile components
of the excess adhesive needing to be dealt with
environmentally during the curing process. Excess adhesive
can also result in adhesive "squeeze out" rejection of
assembled speakers, notably in the coupling of the surround
or compliance to the frame. Non-uniform application of
adhesive to the frame can affect system alignment and
contribute to so-called "rub-buzz" rejection of assembled
speakers.
Examples of coating with an adhesive are to be
found in the disclosures of JP-A-04-151999 and JP-A-57-020095.
According to the present invention there is
provided a speaker having a speaker frame for supporting
moving components of the speaker, the moving components
including a diaphragm and at least one of a surround and a
spider for connecting the diaphragm to the frame, and the
method comprising the steps of applying a fluent heat
sensitive thermoplastic powder coating over substantially
the entire surface of the frame, applying heat to the frame
to fuse the thermoplastic powder on the frame, assembling
and applying heat to the thermoplastic powder in areas where
the at least one of the surround and spider is to be coupled
to the frame to activate the thermoplastic powder and couple
the at least one of the surround and spider to the
thermoplastic powder in those areas.
As the frame may be susceptible to corrosion, for
example, oxidation, the step of coating the frame with a
fluent heat sensitive thermoplastic powder coating will
inhibit any corrosion.
The invention may best be understood by referring
to the following description and accompanying single drawing
which illustrates the invention. The drawing illustrates
the various steps of a process conducted according to the
invention, as well as a product made according to the
process.
Referring now to Figure 1, a loudspeaker 8
stationary component, a supporting frame or basket 10, is
cast, stamped, or otherwise formed from a suitable material.
Examples include stamped steel, cast aluminum and various
cast or molded filled and unfilled resins. In many cases,
such as when the stationary component 10 is constructed from
steel or aluminum, it is subject to corrosion by, for
example, oxygen in the air or chemicals in an environment.
In others, such as when the stationary component 10 is
constructed from certain filled or unfilled resins,
corrosion is not a significant concern. However the
stationary component 10 is formed, and from whatever
material(s), it is coated with a heat sensitive coating 12.
The coating 12 is a powdered coating which is
rendered fluent, for example, by the use of a fluidized bed
16. The stationary component 10 can be immersed in the bed
16 of fluidized powder coating and the coating deposited
upon the stationary component 10 immersed in the bed 16, or
the powder can be transported from the bed 16 to a powder
spray apparatus which dispenses the fluidized powder onto
the stationary component 10, using electrostatic or non-electrostatic
powder coating application techniques.
The coating 12 is fixed to the surfaces 14 of the
stationary component 10 to
form a substantially continuous protective and bonding
layer.
Fixing may be conducted by heating 20 the stationary
component 10 after introduction of the stationary component
10 into the fluidized bed 16 or spraying of the heat
sensitive powder onto the surfaces of the stationary
component 10 making the coating 12 more or less continuous
and uninterrupted, particularly in the area(s) 24, 26 and
27 where moving component(s) of the speaker 8, for example,
the surround 28 and the spider 30, will subsequently be
coupled to the stationary component 10, and where the front
plate 50 will be coupled to the stationary component 10.
Next, the moving component(s) 28, 30 is (are)
assembled into the stationary component 10 and heat is
applied to the fixed heat sensitive coating 12 selectively
in areas 24, 26 of the stationary component 10, here at the
perimeters of the spider 30 and surround 28, where the
spider 30 and surround 28 are to be coupled to the
stationary component 10. The heat sensitive coating 12 is
thereby reactivated in these areas 24, 26 and the moving
components 28, 30 are coupled to the stationary component
10 in those areas 24, 26. In the illustrated embodiment,
heated staking irons 36, 38 are pressed against the
perimeters 40, 42 of the surround 28 and spider 30 and the
areas 24, 26 of the heat sensitive coating 12 on the
stationary component 10 is activated beneath these areas
40, 42 of application of heat. The heated coating 12 flows
into the interstices of the surround 28 and spider 30 and
is permitted to cool there, coupling the perimeters 40, 42
of the surround 28 and spider 30 to the stationary
component 10 in these areas 24, 26.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was placed in a
fluidized bed 16 at room temperature 22°C. About fifty
6.35 cm diameter stamped steel speaker frames 10 were
cleaned, iron-phosphate treated and preheated in a gas-fired
oven 20 set to about 345°C. The preheated frames 10
were hung on wire hooks and, while still hot, immersed in
the fluidized bed 16 for times ranging from one to five
seconds, with three seconds appearing to provide the
optimum compromise between complete coating and coating
uniformity. On removal of the frames 10 from the fluidized
bed 16, they were held suspended for one or two seconds and
then tapped against the bed 16 tank to return non-adherent
powder to the bed 16.
Fixing of the coating 12 to the frames 10 was
completed by a post-bake in oven 22. The three second
exposure in the fluidized bed 16 yielded a coating 12 after
processing with a thickness of about 8 mils (about 0.2mm).
The thus-prepared speaker baskets 10 were then assembled
into speakers 8. Motor assembly front plates 50 were
heated and pressed onto the frames 10. Terminal strips 52
permitting connections to be made to the speaker 8 motors
were staked onto the frames 10. The remaining stationary
elements 54 of the motor structure were assembled to the
front plate 50 using an activated adhesive. The perimeter
42 of the spider 30 was then heat staked to the coating 12
on the back flat 26 of the speaker basket 10. The
perimeter 40 of the surround 28 was then heat staked to the
coating 12 on the front flat 24 of the speaker basket 10.
The rest of the speaker 8 assembly, gluing the apex of
the diaphragm 56 to the coil form 58, electrical connection
of the voice coil leads 60 to the terminal strips 52,
gluing the coil leads 60 and dust cap 62 to the diaphragm
56, and magnetization, were then conducted according to
established techniques.
Other materials with similar characteristics will be
apparent to those skilled in the art. In the practice of
this invention, these materials are applied to the entire
surface 14 of the basket 10, or to a selected portion
thereof, by powder coating, insert molding, extrusion
coating, sheet lamination, or other suitable application
technique. The resulting coating is in the broad range of
about 0.0005 to 0.010in. (about .01 mm to about .25 mm)
thick and protects the basket 10 from corrosion, taking the
place of painting or plating. Moving components 28, 30 and
stationary components 50 are brought in contact with the
coated surface 14, before or after heating, and through the
proper application 36, 38 of heat and pressure, are fused
onto the speaker frame 10. Upon cooling, a functional
assembly results, and the need for separate adhesives and
bonding operations is eliminated. Various heating
techniques are quick, reliable and effective for high
volume manufacturing, including, but not limited to, heat
staking and induction heating. Since the coating 12 is
thermoplastic, existing component 28, 30, 50-to-basket 10
bonds may be heated for re-work purposes, if necessary, and
then re-assembled.
Among benefits of this process are its: elimination
of metalware painting and/or plating; elimination of the
surround-to-frame and spider-to-frame assembly adhesives
and their attendant problems; elimination of any need for
motor assembly front plate-to-frame sound deadening
material; elimination of metal staking of the motor
assembly to the frame, a known source of chip
contamination; provision of electrical insulation of the
frame from motor assembly components; rapid curing of the
coating after the frame is removed from the heat source,
eliminating "stacking-off" of work in process to wait for
adhesives to become tacky or cure completely before a
subsequent assembly step can be undertaken; use of zero
percent solvents coatings, reducing costs associated with
coating and eliminating costs associated with adhesives and
capture and treatment of coating solvents and adhesive
solvents; improvement of speaker component alignment, since
moving components are coupled directly to frame surfaces
without the interposition of adhesive beads; improved
environmental, for example, salt spray, tolerance of the
speaker assembly; and, potentially, elimination from some
speaker designs of a speaker-to-baffle mounting gasket.
Claims (6)
- A method of assembling a speaker having a speaker frame for supporting moving components of the speaker, the moving components including a diaphragm and at least one of a surround and a spider for connecting the diaphragm to the frame, and the method comprising the steps of applying a fluent heat sensitive thermoplastic powder coating over substantially the entire surface of the frame, assembling the at least one of the surround and spider to the frame, applying heat to the frame to fuse the thermoplastic powder on the frame, assembling and applying heat to the thermoplastic powder in areas where the at least one of the surround and spider is to be coupled to the frame to activate the thermoplastic powder and couple the at least one of the surround and spider to the thermoplastic powder in those areas.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the step of fusing the thermoplastic powder on the frame comprises the step of applying heat to the frame.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying heat to the thermoplastic powder coating in areas where the at least one of the surround and spider is to be coupled to the frame comprises the step of contacting the at least one of the surround and spider with a heat staking iron for a time and with a force sufficient to activate the thermoplastic powder coating in those areas where the at least one of the surround and spider is to be coupled to the frame.
- The method of claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein the step of assembling the at least one of the surround and spider to the frame comprises the step of assembling a terminal board to the frame.
- The method of claim 4, wherein the step of applying heat in areas where the at least one of the surround and spider is to be coupled to the frame comprises the step of applying heat to the perimeter of the at least one of the spider and surround to couple the perimeter of the at least one of the spider and surround to the frame.
- The method of according to any preceding claim, wherein the step of applying a thermoplastic powder coating to the frame comprises the step of applying a corrosion-inhibiting thermoplastic powder coating to the frame.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US16286693A | 1993-12-03 | 1993-12-03 | |
| US162866 | 1993-12-03 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0656738A1 EP0656738A1 (en) | 1995-06-07 |
| EP0656738B1 true EP0656738B1 (en) | 1998-01-14 |
Family
ID=22587451
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19940308879 Expired - Lifetime EP0656738B1 (en) | 1993-12-03 | 1994-11-30 | Method of manufacturing speakers |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0656738B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3292784B2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69407936T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0656738T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19529848C1 (en) * | 1995-08-12 | 1997-01-23 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Conical loudspeaker centring section fixing system |
| GB201513555D0 (en) | 2015-07-31 | 2015-09-16 | Pss Belgium Nv | Audio system |
| CN112351377A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-02-09 | 冯勃程 | Method for manufacturing plane loudspeaker diaphragm |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HU167591B (en) * | 1973-12-28 | 1975-11-28 | ||
| JPS5110924A (en) * | 1974-07-16 | 1976-01-28 | Sony Corp | |
| JPS59197B2 (en) * | 1979-07-16 | 1984-01-05 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Diaphragm for speaker |
| JPS5720095A (en) * | 1980-07-10 | 1982-02-02 | Onkyo Corp | Assembling method for speaker |
| JPS57212899A (en) * | 1981-06-25 | 1982-12-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Manufacture for speaker |
| JPS59215198A (en) * | 1983-05-20 | 1984-12-05 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Bonding method of edge and frame of speaker diaphragm |
| JPH04151999A (en) * | 1990-10-16 | 1992-05-25 | Foster Electric Co Ltd | Manufacture of transducer |
-
1994
- 1994-11-30 EP EP19940308879 patent/EP0656738B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-11-30 DE DE1994607936 patent/DE69407936T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-11-30 DK DK94308879T patent/DK0656738T3/en active
- 1994-12-05 JP JP30070994A patent/JP3292784B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69407936D1 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
| EP0656738A1 (en) | 1995-06-07 |
| DK0656738T3 (en) | 1998-02-09 |
| DE69407936T2 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
| JPH07307996A (en) | 1995-11-21 |
| JP3292784B2 (en) | 2002-06-17 |
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