EP0645295B1 - Retractable railway switch drive - Google Patents
Retractable railway switch drive Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0645295B1 EP0645295B1 EP94890145A EP94890145A EP0645295B1 EP 0645295 B1 EP0645295 B1 EP 0645295B1 EP 94890145 A EP94890145 A EP 94890145A EP 94890145 A EP94890145 A EP 94890145A EP 0645295 B1 EP0645295 B1 EP 0645295B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- roller
- spring
- retaining
- counter
- switch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
- B61L5/00—Local operating mechanisms for points or track-mounted scotch-blocks; Visible or audible signals; Local operating mechanisms for visible or audible signals
Definitions
- the invention relates to a retractable switch machine, with a Push rod that adjusts switch tongues, as well as with a between one Drive unit and the push rod arranged coupling device, which one in the engaged state spring-loaded into a recess of the push rod engaging holding roller which move against the spring force in one direction when the switch is opened moved out of the recess.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a point machine improve the type mentioned so that the disadvantages mentioned known arrangements can be avoided and that in particular on simple
- the coupling device between the drive unit and the push rod equally safe function can be constructed more space-saving.
- This object is achieved according to the invention in a point machine mentioned type in that two substantially symmetrical with respect counter-rollers arranged in the direction of movement of the holding roller are provided, which is essentially perpendicular to the direction of movement of the holding roller slidably supported and by at least one retaining spring in the direction of the system the holding roller is loaded. So that can be done in a very simple way existing need, the holding spring loading the holding roller in the direction of movement the holding roller - normally perpendicular to the push rod protruding - to be arranged, bypassed. There is extensive Freedom in the arrangement of this retaining spring, since this spring is now only acts indirectly on the holding roller via the counter rollers, which is a very compact construction of the coupling device with essentially the same Function can be achieved as before.
- the retaining spring is in a further embodiment of the invention - as well previously mostly - designed as a helical compression spring, but can now be used in be arranged essentially parallel to the push rod, which with regard to the space-saving construction mentioned is optimal.
- the holding roller at least on one side in a housing of the coupling device Sliding block guided perpendicular to the push rod, whereby the two counter rollers on in the housing of the coupling device parallel to Push rod displaceable counter roller housings are arranged, which over the retaining spring are loaded against each other.
- FIG. 1 shows a partial cross section through a Point machine according to the invention in the area of the coupling device between not shown drive unit and push rod and Fig. 2 shows a partial top view of the arrangement of FIG. 1 from above.
- Push rod 1 is movable in the direction of the double arrow 2, the here Actual drive unit, not shown, via a coupling device 3 acts on the push rod 1.
- the end position of the push rod 1 is on the housing 4 of the coupling device 3 spring-loaded left retaining bar 5 in a detent 6 on the housing base 7 locked, with which the associated end position of the over Push rod 1 operated switch tongues is fixed.
- a right Denoted locking bar which in turn is spring-loaded on the housing 4 is and in the right end position of the push rod 1 in engagement with a Corresponding not shown on the housing bottom 7 comes.
- the retaining spring 13 is designed here as a helical compression spring and in arranged substantially parallel to the push rod 1, which is a very compact design with safe function of the coupling device 3 results.
- the only retaining spring 13 is, on the one hand, direct on the counter roller housing 14 and on the other hand via a clamping piece 16 with adjusting screw 17 and transmission bracket 18 - consisting essentially here from the two threaded rods 19 and the head pieces 20 - on the other Counter roller housing 15 supported, which is a deflection in a very simple manner the effect of the spring force on the load on the holding roller 10.
- the push rod 1 (with the locking bar 5 or 8 held coupling device together with holding roller 10) its depression 9 pressed out of the engagement area of the holding roller 10, what to a retraction of the holding roller 10 against the action of the spring-loaded Counter rollers 12, 12 'leads, which in turn together with the counter roller housings 14, 15 are pushed apart.
- the push rod 1 is so freely movable relative to the coupling device 3 or to the drive unit, until it is in accordance with the position of the holding roller 10 with the recess 9 in turn comes to a coupling.
- coil spring Holding spring 13 could of course also suitably two or more, also, for example, springs designed as disc springs or the like, possibly also be arranged on both sides of the holding roller 10 - likewise it would also be possible to have a different angle than the illustration Arrangement of the possibilities of movement of the holding roller 10 and / or counter rollers 12, 12 ', which may require consideration special local conditions is possible.
Landscapes
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Switches With Compound Operations (AREA)
- Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
- Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
- Transmission Devices (AREA)
- Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Bearings For Parts Moving Linearly (AREA)
- Push-Button Switches (AREA)
- Die Bonding (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Mechanisms For Operating Contacts (AREA)
- Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen auffahrbaren Weichenantrieb, mit einer die Weichenzungen verstellenden Schubstange, sowie mit einer zwischen einer Antriebseinheit und der Schubstange angeordneten Kupplungsvorrichtung, welche eine im eingekuppelten Zustand federbelastet in eine Vertiefung der Schubstange eingreifende Halterolle aufweist die sich beim Auffahren der Weiche gegen die Federkraft in einer Bewegungsrichtung aus der Vertiefung heraus bewegt.The invention relates to a retractable switch machine, with a Push rod that adjusts switch tongues, as well as with a between one Drive unit and the push rod arranged coupling device, which one in the engaged state spring-loaded into a recess of the push rod engaging holding roller which move against the spring force in one direction when the switch is opened moved out of the recess.
Anordnungen der genannten Art sind beispielsweise aus der DE-B2 26 06 664, der DE-B1 29 28 194, oder auch der DE-B2 19 52 824 bekannt und ermöglichen ein für viele Anwendungsfälle von Weichenantrieben erwünschtes Auffahren der Weiche auch bei im allgemeinen geforderter Sperre des Weichenantriebes in den Endlagen der Weichenzungen. Die Kupplungsvorrichtung ist aus diesem Grunde gleitbar auf der Schubstange angeordnet und enthält eine Halterolle, welche von einer Haltefeder in eine in der Schubstange befindliche muldenförmige Vertiefung gedrückt wird. Über die Federkraft und die Formgebung der Vertiefung und der Halterolle ist damit eine Schwellkraft definiert, bei deren Überschreitung die ansonsten praktisch starre Verbindung von der Schubstange zur Kupplungsvorrichtung und damit zur Antriebseinheit gelöst wird. Diese Art der automatischen Kupplung ist in der Funktion sehr zuverlässig und hat als einzig wesentlichen Nachteil eigentlich nur einen relativ großen Platzbedarf, was die Verwendbarkeit für verschiedene Anwendungen einschränkt bzw. unerwünschte Auswirkungen im Hinblick auf Beschränkung der Freiheiten bei der Anordnungen sonstiger Bauteile des Weichenantriebes hat.Arrangements of the type mentioned are for example from DE-B2 26 06 664, DE-B1 29 28 194, or also DE-B2 19 52 824 known and enable what is desired for many applications of point machines The turnout is opened even when the turnout drive is generally required to be blocked in the end positions of the switch tongues. The coupling device is off for this reason slidably arranged on the push rod and contains one Holding roller, which is from a retaining spring in a in the push rod trough-shaped depression is pressed. About the spring force and the The shape of the depression and the holding roller is therefore a swelling force defined, beyond which the otherwise practically rigid connection from the push rod to the coupling device and thus to the drive unit is solved. This type of automatic clutch is very functional reliable and the only major disadvantage is actually only one relatively large space requirement, which makes it usable for different applications restricted or undesirable effects with regard to restriction the freedom in the arrangement of other components of the point machine Has.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, einen Weichenantrieb der eingangs genannten Art so zu verbessern, daß die erwähnten Nachteile der bekannten Anordnungen vermieden werden und daß insbesonders auf einfache Weise die Kupplungsvorrichtung zwischen Antriebseinheit und Schubstange bei gleichermaßen sicherer Funktion platzsparender aufgebaut werden kann.The object of the present invention is to provide a point machine improve the type mentioned so that the disadvantages mentioned known arrangements can be avoided and that in particular on simple The coupling device between the drive unit and the push rod equally safe function can be constructed more space-saving.
Diese Aufgabe wird gemäß der Erfindung bei einem Weichenantrieb der genannten Art dadurch gelöst, daß zwei im wesentlichen symmetrisch bezüglich der Bewegungsrichtung der Halterolle angeordnete Gegenrollen vorgesehen sind, welche im wesentlichen senkrecht zur Bewegungsrichtung der Halterolle verschiebbar gelagert und von zumindest einer Haltefeder in Richtung zur Anlage an der Halterolle belastet sind. Damit kann auf sehr einfache Weise die bisher bestehende Notwendigkeit, die die Halterolle belastende Haltefeder in Bewegungsrichtung der Halterolle - also normalerweise senkrecht von der Schubstange abstehend - anzuordnen, umgangen werden. Es besteht weitgehende Freiheit hinsichtlich der Anordnung dieser Haltefeder, da diese Feder nun nur mittelbar über die Gegenrollen auf die Halterolle wirkt, womit sich eine sehr gedrängte Konstruktion der Kupplungsvorrichtung bei im wesentlichen gleicher Funktion wie bisher erzielen läßt.This object is achieved according to the invention in a point machine mentioned type in that two substantially symmetrical with respect counter-rollers arranged in the direction of movement of the holding roller are provided, which is essentially perpendicular to the direction of movement of the holding roller slidably supported and by at least one retaining spring in the direction of the system the holding roller is loaded. So that can be done in a very simple way existing need, the holding spring loading the holding roller in the direction of movement the holding roller - normally perpendicular to the push rod protruding - to be arranged, bypassed. There is extensive Freedom in the arrangement of this retaining spring, since this spring is now only acts indirectly on the holding roller via the counter rollers, which is a very compact construction of the coupling device with essentially the same Function can be achieved as before.
Die Haltefeder ist in weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung - wie auch bisher zumeist - als Schraubendruckfeder ausgebildet, kann aber nun im wesentlichen parallel zur Schubstange angeordnet werden, was im Hinblick auf die genannte platzsparende Konstruktion optimal ist.The retaining spring is in a further embodiment of the invention - as well previously mostly - designed as a helical compression spring, but can now be used in be arranged essentially parallel to the push rod, which with regard to the space-saving construction mentioned is optimal.
Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten weiteren Ausbildung der Erfindung ist die Halterolle zumindest einseitig in einem in einem Gehäuse der Kupplungsvorrichtung senkrecht zur Schubstange geführten Gleitstein gelagert, wobei die beiden Gegenrollen an im Gehäuse der Kupplungsvorrichtung parallel zur Schubstange verschieblichen Gegenrollengehäusen angeordnet sind, welche über die Haltefeder gegeneinander belastet sind. Dies ergibt eine sehr einfache und zuverlässig funktionierende Konstruktion, da die auf die Gegenrollen wirkende Federkraft unmittelbar auf die Belastung der Halterolle umgesetzt wird.According to a particularly preferred further embodiment of the invention the holding roller at least on one side in a housing of the coupling device Sliding block guided perpendicular to the push rod, whereby the two counter rollers on in the housing of the coupling device parallel to Push rod displaceable counter roller housings are arranged, which over the retaining spring are loaded against each other. This makes it very simple and reliable working construction, because the on the counter rollers acting spring force directly applied to the load on the holding roller becomes.
Obwohl natürlich bedarfsweise auch zwei oder sogar mehrere Haltefedern zur Belastung der Gegenrollen relativ zur Halterolle vorgesehen sein können, hat sich eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besonders vorteilhaft bewährt, gemäß welcher eine einzige Haltefeder einerseits unmittelbar an einem der Gegenrollengehäuse und andererseits über ein Spannstück mit Verstellschraube und Übertragungsbügel am anderen Gegenrollengehäuse angreift. Trotz sehr einfachem konstruktivem Aufbau ist damit auch eine Einstellbarkeit der gewünschten Schwellkraft für das Auslösen der starren Kupplung zwischen Schubstange und Antriebseinheit gegeben.Although, of course, two or even more retaining springs are also required can be provided for loading the counter rollers relative to the holding roller, a further embodiment of the invention has proven particularly advantageous proven, according to which a single retaining spring on the one hand one of the counter roller housing and on the other hand via a clamping piece with adjusting screw and transmission bracket engages the other counter roller housing. Despite the very simple construction, it is also adjustable the desired threshold force for triggering the rigid coupling between Push rod and drive unit given.
Die Erfindung wird im folgenden noch anhand des in der Zeichnung auszugsweise und teilweise schematisch dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Fig. 1 zeigt dabei einen teilweisen Querschnitt durch einen erfindungsgemäßen Weichenantrieb im Bereich der Kupplungsvorrichtung zwischen nicht dargestellter Antriebseinheit und Schubstange und Fig. 2 zeigt eine teilweise Draufsicht auf die Anordnung gemäß Fig. 1 von oben.The invention is explained in the following based on the excerpt in the drawing and partially schematically illustrated embodiment explained. Fig. 1 shows a partial cross section through a Point machine according to the invention in the area of the coupling device between not shown drive unit and push rod and Fig. 2 shows a partial top view of the arrangement of FIG. 1 from above.
Eine die nicht dargestellten Weichenzungen bedarfsweise verstellende
Schubstange 1 ist in Richtung des Doppelpfeiles 2 beweglich, wobei die hier
nicht dargestellte eigentliche Antriebseinheit über eine Kupplungsvorrichtung
3 auf die Schubstange 1 einwirkt. In der in Fig. 1 dargestellten linken
Endstellung der Schubstange 1 ist ein am Gehäuse 4 der Kupplungsvorrichtung 3
federbelastet angelenkter linker Festhalteriegel 5 in einer Rast 6 am Gehäuseboden
7 eingerastet, womit die zugehörige Endstellung der über die
Schubstange 1 betätigten Weichenzungen fixiert ist. Mit 8 ist ein rechter
Festhalteriegel bezeichnet, der wiederum federbelastet am Gehäuse 4 angelenkt
ist und in der rechten Endstellung der Schubstange 1 in Eingriff mit einer
nicht weiter dargestellten entsprechenden Rast am Gehäuseboden 7 kommt.A switch that does not show the switch tongues, if necessary
Push rod 1 is movable in the direction of the
Nicht weiter interessant sind hier die Mechanismen, die am Beginn der
Betätigung der Antriebseinheit vorerst zu einem Lösen der Festhalteriegel 5
bzw. 8 und erst dann zu einer entsprechenden Verschiebung der Kupplungsvorrichtung
3 bzw. der Schubstange 1 führen.The mechanisms at the beginning of the
Actuation of the drive unit for the time being to loosen the
Um ein Auffahren der über die Schubstange betätigten Weiche auch in
den über den jeweiligen Festhalteriegel 5 bzw. 8 gesperrten Endstellungen
ohne Beschädigung des Weichenantriebes zu ermöglichen weist die Kupplungsvorrichtung
3 eine im dargestellten eingekuppelten Zustand federbelastet in eine
Vertiefung 9 der Schubstange 1 eingreifende Halterolle 10 auf, die hier
beidseitig in je einem im Gehäuse 4 der Kupplungsvorrichtung 3 senkrecht zur
Schubstange 1 geführten Gleitstein 11 gelagert ist. Weiters sind zwei im
wesentlichen symmetrisch bezüglich der über die Gleitsteine ermöglichten
Bewegungsrichtung der Halterolle 10 angeordnete Gegenrollen 12, 12' vorgesehen,
welche wiederum im wesentlichen senkrecht zur Bewegungsrichtung der
Halterolle 10 beweglich gelagert und von einer Haltefeder 13 in Richtung zur
Anlage an der Halterolle 10 belastet sind.To open the switch operated via the push rod also in
the end positions locked via the
Die Haltefeder 13 ist hier als Schraubendruckfeder ausgebildet und im
wesentlichen parallel zur Schubstange 1 angeordnet, womit sich eine sehr
kompakte Bauweise bei gleichzeitig sicherer Funktion der Kupplungsvorrichtung
3 ergibt.The retaining
Die beiden Gegenrollen 12, 12' sind an im Gehäuse 4 der Kupplungsvorrichtung
3 parallel zur Schubstange verschieblichen Gegenrollengehäusen 14,
15 angeordnet, welche über die Haltefeder 13 gegeneinander federbelastet
sind. Die hier einzige Haltefeder 13 ist zu diesem Zwecke einerseits unmittelbar
am Gegenrollengehäuse 14 und andererseits über ein Spannstück 16
mit Verstellschraube 17 und Übertragungsbügel 18 - hier bestehend im wesentlichen
aus den beiden Gewindestangen 19 sowie den Kopfstücken 20 - am anderen
Gegenrollengehäuse 15 abgestützt, was auf sehr einfache Weise eine Umlenkung
der Wirkung der Federkraft auf die Belastung der Halterolle 10 ermöglicht.The two
Beim Auffahren der Weiche wird die Schubstange 1 (bei über die Festhalteriegel
5 bzw. 8 festgehaltener Kupplungsvorrichtung samt Halterolle 10) mit
ihrer Vertiefung 9 aus dem Eingriffsbereich der Halterolle 10 gedrückt, was
zu einem Zurückweichen der Halterolle 10 gegen die Wirkung der federbelasteten
Gegenrollen 12, 12' führt, welche ihrerseits zusammen mit den Gegenrollengehäusen
14, 15 auseinandergedrückt werden. Die Schubstange 1 ist damit
relativ zur Kupplungsvorrichtung 3 bzw. zur Antriebseinheit frei beweglich,
bis es bei Übereinstimmung der Position der Halterolle 10 mit der Vertiefung
9 wiederum zu einer Kuppelung kommt.When the switch is opened, the push rod 1 (with the
Anstelle der dargestellten einzelnen, als Schraubenfeder ausgebildeten
Haltefeder 13 könnten natürlich auf geeignete Weise auch zwei oder mehrere,
auch beispielsweise als Tellerfedern oder dergleichen ausgebildete Federn,
eventuell auch auf beiden Seiten der Halterolle 10, angeordnet sein - ebenfalls
möglich wäre auch eine winkelmäßig gegenüber der Darstellung abweichende
Anordnung der Bewegungsmöglichkeiten von Halterolle 10 und/oder Gegenrollen
12, 12', womit eine unter Umständen erforderliche Berücksichtigung
spezieller örtlicher Gegebenheiten möglich ist.Instead of the individual shown, designed as a coil
Claims (4)
- Upwardly movable switch-point drive with a thrust rod which shifts the switch-point tongues, and also with a coupling device which is disposed between a driving unit and the thrust rod and has a retaining roller which, in the coupled condition, engages in a springloaded manner in a recess in the thrust rod and, when the switch point moves upwards, moves out of the recess (9) against the force of the spring in one direction of movement, characterised in that two counter-rollers (12, 12') are provided which are disposed substantially symmetrically with respect to the direction of movement of the retaining roller (10) and are mounted so as to be displaceable essentially perpendicularly to the direction of movement of the said retaining roller (10) and which are loaded by at least one retaining spring (13) in the direction of abutment against the retaining roller (10).
- Switch-point drive according to claim 1, characterised in that the retaining spring (13) is constructed as a helical compression spring and is disposed essentially parallel with the thrust rod (1) .
- Switch-point drive according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the retaining roller (10) is mounted, at least on one side, in a sliding block (11) which is guided, perpendicularly to the thrust rod (1), in a housing (4) belonging to the coupling device (3), and that the two counter-rollers (12, 12') are disposed on counter-roller housings (14, 15) which are displaceable, parallel with the thrust rod (1), in the housing (4) of the coupling device (3) and are loaded against one another via the retaining spring (13).
- Switch-point drive according to claim 3, characterised in that a single retaining spring (13) acts, on the one hand, directly on one of the counter-roller housings (14) and, on the other hand, on the other counter-roller housing (15) via a tensioning piece (16) with an adjusting screw (17) and via transmission bars (18).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT1881/93 | 1993-09-16 | ||
| AT188193 | 1993-09-16 | ||
| AT0188193A AT400239B (en) | 1993-09-16 | 1993-09-16 | MOVABLE SIGNAL DRIVE |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0645295A2 EP0645295A2 (en) | 1995-03-29 |
| EP0645295A3 EP0645295A3 (en) | 1997-05-28 |
| EP0645295B1 true EP0645295B1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
Family
ID=3523041
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94890145A Expired - Lifetime EP0645295B1 (en) | 1993-09-16 | 1994-09-07 | Retractable railway switch drive |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0645295B1 (en) |
| AT (2) | AT400239B (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ281294B6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59409953D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2167355T3 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU217268B (en) |
| PL (1) | PL173610B1 (en) |
| SK (1) | SK280896B6 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10000804A1 (en) * | 2000-01-11 | 2001-07-26 | Schreck Mieves Gmbh | Switch lock for switch tongues |
| DE102012017627B4 (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2022-08-04 | Schwihag Ag | spring rocker |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2744969B2 (en) * | 1977-10-06 | 1980-03-20 | Fabeg Gmbh, 7518 Bretten | Hydraulic point machine |
| AT393250B (en) * | 1990-05-14 | 1991-09-10 | Alcatel Austria Ag | SWITCH DRIVE |
-
1993
- 1993-09-16 AT AT0188193A patent/AT400239B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-09-07 AT AT94890145T patent/ATE208721T1/en active
- 1994-09-07 ES ES94890145T patent/ES2167355T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-07 EP EP94890145A patent/EP0645295B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-07 DE DE59409953T patent/DE59409953D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-14 CZ CZ942252A patent/CZ281294B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-15 HU HU9402642A patent/HU217268B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-15 PL PL94305057A patent/PL173610B1/en unknown
- 1994-09-16 SK SK1110-94A patent/SK280896B6/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AT400239B (en) | 1995-11-27 |
| PL305057A1 (en) | 1995-03-20 |
| PL173610B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 |
| HU9402642D0 (en) | 1994-11-28 |
| ES2167355T3 (en) | 2002-05-16 |
| SK111094A3 (en) | 1995-05-10 |
| EP0645295A2 (en) | 1995-03-29 |
| CZ281294B6 (en) | 1996-08-14 |
| CZ225294A3 (en) | 1995-04-12 |
| HU217268B (en) | 1999-12-28 |
| ATE208721T1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
| DE59409953D1 (en) | 2001-12-20 |
| EP0645295A3 (en) | 1997-05-28 |
| ATA188193A (en) | 1995-03-15 |
| SK280896B6 (en) | 2000-09-12 |
| HUT71037A (en) | 1995-11-28 |
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