EP0633444A2 - Heat exchanger with several parallel exchange tubes - Google Patents
Heat exchanger with several parallel exchange tubes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0633444A2 EP0633444A2 EP94110457A EP94110457A EP0633444A2 EP 0633444 A2 EP0633444 A2 EP 0633444A2 EP 94110457 A EP94110457 A EP 94110457A EP 94110457 A EP94110457 A EP 94110457A EP 0633444 A2 EP0633444 A2 EP 0633444A2
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ribs
- heat exchanger
- openings
- cross
- exchanger tube
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009751 slip forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- IHQKEDIOMGYHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dimethylarsinate Chemical class [Na+].C[As](C)([O-])=O IHQKEDIOMGYHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/126—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element consisting of zig-zag shaped fins
- F28F1/128—Fins with openings, e.g. louvered fins
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
- F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2215/00—Fins
- F28F2215/08—Fins with openings, e.g. louvers
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising a plurality of exchanger tubes arranged parallel to one another, the cross section of which has a large width in relation to the height for the passage of one of the media involved in the heat exchange, fins being fastened to each of the two flat sides of the exchanger tubes, which ribs are deflected from a multiple meandering shape Rib band are formed.
- a heat exchanger of this type is known from DE 40 39 293 A1.
- the exchanger tubes used here each consist of two half-shells, which are provided with the fins in a suitable device. Then two half-shells are connected to each other, so that exchanger tubes with the cross-sectional area of an elongated oval are formed.
- the ribs in the known heat exchanger are formed from a ribbed belt which, before being fastened to the flat sides of the respective exchanger tube, is given the required rib shape by multiple, meandering deflections. The ribbed belt thus formed is then attached to the respective flat side of the exchanger tube.
- the ribs which are produced from an endless ribbed belt and each form a channel that is continuously formed over the length of the flat sides, are provided with features in the form of lateral offsets. In this way an increased degree of turbulence is to be generated in the medium flowing through the channels, which is suitable for increasing the heat transfer.
- a disadvantage of heat exchangers of this type is the relatively high tendency towards contamination in the channels formed by the ribs. Due to the formations in the form of individual lateral offsets, this tendency to become contaminated is increased even further, since dirt particles can attach themselves particularly easily to these locations, which can result in the progressive operation of the heat exchanger until the relevant channel is completely closed. This causes an undesirable local deterioration in the heat transfer behavior of the heat exchanger.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of further developing the known heat exchanger in such a way that the influence of any contamination on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger is reduced.
- the ribs are provided with a plurality of openings, the opening cross-sections of which each have at least the size of the cross-section through which flow passes between two adjacent ribs.
- the openings are arranged in the region of the deflections of the ribs facing away from the flat side of the exchange tube, so that a material exchange with the medium flowing through the ribs of the respectively adjacent exchanger tube is possible. This also ensures that the losses caused by contamination are distributed more evenly over the individual exchanger tubes of the heat exchanger. This also contributes if the openings overlap with the openings of the ribs of the adjacent exchanger tube.
- the flow exchange between the cross sections subdivided by the ribs is further improved in that the side faces of the ribs in the region of the rib base are provided with additional openings, the opening cross sections of which are each smaller than the size of the cross section through which flow passes between two adjacent ribs.
- the additional openings are preferably located halfway between two successive openings.
- a particularly good connection between the ribbed belt and the respective exchanger tube is achieved if, according to a preferred embodiment, the meandering of the ribbed belt is rectangular, so that the deflections are flat surfaces for abutment on the flat sides of the exchanger tube or on the correspondingly designed surfaces of the ribbed belt of the adjacent one Form the exchanger tube. This can also improve the mutual support between adjacent exchanger tubes.
- Another embodiment of the heat exchanger is characterized by partly lowered, partly raised shaped features in the side surfaces of the Ribs. These characteristics generate or intensify turbulence of the medium flowing through, as a result of which the heat transfer capacity can be increased further.
- the deflections are fastened to the flat sides of the exchanger tube via a linear, continuous weld. In this way, there is a particularly good metallic connection between the parts, and thus a high heat transfer between the exchanger tube and the fins.
- the deflections are preferably welded to the respective flat side by means of a capacitor discharge welding process.
- This welding process enables the broad sides of the base body to adapt to the contour of the respective fin base without a gap when the fin plate and the exchanger tube are brought together.
- the pressure required for this is generated by two electrodes, which are part of the capacitor discharge welding machine. While one electrode moves into the fin base area between two adjacent ribs, the other electrode rests on the inside of the base body and forms an abutment. In this way, a gapless contact of the parts to be connected is ensured, so that after the capacitors of the capacitor discharge welding device have been discharged, a linear fastening of the ribs on the base body and thus very good heat transfer between these parts is achieved.
- the heat exchanger shown in Fig. 1 consists of exchanger tubes 1, which are arranged parallel to each other in the manner of a package. For reasons of clarity, only two such exchanger tubes 1 are shown in FIG. 1.
- Fig. 1 shows that the cross section of the exchanger tubes 1 for the passage of one of the media involved in the heat exchange has a large width B in relation to the height H.
- the longitudinal edges of the exchanger tube 1 thus formed are rounded, so that the cross section of an elongated oval is obtained overall.
- the respective other medium is guided in cross flow over the outer flat sides 2 of the exchanger tubes 1.
- 1 ribs 3 are arranged on the respective flat sides 2 of the exchanger tubes involved in order to enlarge the effective heat exchange surfaces.
- the ribs 3 are produced from an endless sheet by repeated bending, so that, viewed in the longitudinal direction of the exchanger tube 1, the ribs 3 line up in a meandering manner. This can be seen particularly well in FIG. 2.
- the meandering of the ribbed belt 4 thus formed has a rectangular shape, so that the deflections 5 facing the exchanger tube 1 and those facing away from the exchanger tube 1 each form flat surfaces 6.
- the surfaces 6 serve for a particularly good connection of the fin base area to the flat side 2 of the exchanger tube 1.
- the material for the fin band 4 is, for example, sheet steel with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.4 mm, which is coated on both sides with a thin aluminum layer .
- the ribs 3 consisting of the meandering deflected ribbed belt 4 are located on both sides of the exchanger tubes 1.
- the exchanger tubes 1 designed in this way can then be put together to form any packages, with the fastening and spacing of the individual exchanger tubes 1 from one another at their ends.
- the deflections 5 at the end of the rib 3 should have the smallest possible distance from the opposite deflections 5 of the adjacent exchanger tube 1. However, the distance must not be so small that there is a risk of contact between the ribs 3 of the adjacent exchanger tubes 1.
- a capacitor discharge welding process is used to connect the fin base area to the flat side 2 of the exchanger tube, which is explained below with reference to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5.
- Capacitor discharge welding is a special type of resistance welding in which the energy required during welding is not drawn directly from the mains via a transformer, but from a capacitor battery that is charged as energy storage outside of the welding time.
- the advantage of capacitor discharge welding is the suitability to use different materials, e.g. Steel / aluminum. This method can also be used to weld surface-treated materials, e.g. galvanized or aluminized sheets without damaging the surface.
- the capacitor discharge welding process uses two mutually independent electrodes 7, 8.
- the upper electrode 7 is provided five times and consists of disk-shaped individual electrodes made of a suitable electrode material, e.g. CuCrZr.
- the lower electrode 8 is designed as a plate which extends over the entire width of the exchanger tube 1 and in this case has exactly its inner profile. In this way, the lower electrode 8 also serves to guide the base body of the exchanger tube 1 during the welding process. In particular, however, the lower electrode 8 forms an abutment for the pressing forces generated by the upper electrodes 7. For this purpose, the lower electrode 8 is supported in a suitable manner with the interposition of insulation on the welding device used.
- the alignment of the upper electrodes 7 is such that, with their narrow end faces, they can move exactly between two adjacent ribs 3 until they come into contact with the rib foot region arranged in between on the inside of the surface 6.
- Spring elements 7a cause a defined pressing force which is absorbed by the lower electrode 8 serving as an abutment.
- the capacitors of the welding device are discharged, as a result of which a high level of energy flows briefly from the upper electrodes 7 to the lower electrode 8. Due to the concentration of the welding energy on the welding zone and the very short welding time of 1 to 10 milliseconds, there is no significant heating of the components.
- the finished heat exchanger parts come out of the machine practically cold after welding, therefore they retain their shape and show no tendency to warp or change shape.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 show exchanger tube 1 and fins 3 immediately before they are joined, the surfaces that come into contact with one another being provided with a surface structure designed in the pattern repeat.
- the outer flat side 2 of the exchanger tube 1 is provided with a fine, uniform corrugation 8 with groove depths of approximately 0.1 to 0.3 mm.
- the ribbed belt 4 is shown as a continuous, meandering folded sheet without further structures.
- the ribs do not form channels which are closed over their entire length, but rather are provided with openings 9 at regular intervals, as is shown by the exact representations in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5.
- These openings 9 are arranged in the region of the deflections 5 facing away from the flat side 2 of the exchanger tube 1, i.e. in the area of the end of the ribs. Via these openings 9, a material exchange can take place with the medium flowing through the ribs 3 of the respectively adjacent exchanger tube 1.
- the mode of operation is explained below with reference to FIG. 1:
- the flow arrows A illustrate the flow entry into the area of the ribs.
- contamination S in one of the cross sections. Since it is not possible for the flow to pass in this area, the flow through this cross section would be completely prevented in a heat exchanger of the known type.
- the openings 9 provided according to the invention, however, the flow can take the path of a deflection U go. In this case, the flow passes through the opening 9 arranged in front of the obstacle into that cross section which is formed by the ribs 3 of the respectively adjacent exchanger tube 1. A corresponding increase in flow velocity then takes place here. After bypassing the obstacle, part of the flow can then flow back into the original cross section via the subsequent opening 9, so that the flow ultimately leaves the heat exchanger evenly.
- each of the openings 9 has at least the size of the cross section Q through which flow takes place between two adjacent ribs 3.
- the individual ribs 3 are provided with additional geometric structures which serve to mix the medium flowing through or flowing past or to generate turbulence.
- features 10 in the form of lateral bulges are provided in the side surfaces of the ribs 3, which extend alternately to one side and to the other side of the respective rib 3. These characteristics 10 bring about a considerable increase in turbulence of the medium flowing past.
- additional openings 11 are also provided. These are located in the side surfaces of the ribs 3 in the area of the base of the rib. Their opening cross-section is significantly smaller than the opening cross-section of the openings 9, in particular smaller than the size of the cross-section Q through which flow passes between two adjacent ribs 3.
- FIG. 1 shows that the additional openings 11 are each halfway between two successive openings 9.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Power Steering Mechanism (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Wärmetauscher aus mehreren parallel zueinander angeordneten Austauscherrohren, deren Querschnitt für den Durchtritt eines der am Wärmeaustausch beteiligten Medien eine im Verhältnis zur Höhe große Breite aufweist, wobei an jeder der beiden Flachseiten der Austauscherrohre Rippen befestigt sind, die aus einem mehrfach mäanderförmig umgelenkten Rippenband gebildet sind.The invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising a plurality of exchanger tubes arranged parallel to one another, the cross section of which has a large width in relation to the height for the passage of one of the media involved in the heat exchange, fins being fastened to each of the two flat sides of the exchanger tubes, which ribs are deflected from a multiple meandering shape Rib band are formed.
Ein Wärmetauscher dieser Art ist aus der DE 40 39 293 A1 bekannt. Die hierbei verwendeten Austauscherrohre bestehen jeweils aus zwei Halbschalen, die in einer hierfür geeigneten Vorrichtung mit den Rippen versehen werden. Anschließend werden jeweils zwei Halbschalen miteinander verbunden, so daß jeweils Austauscherrohre mit der Querschnittsfläche eines langgestreckten Ovals entstehen. Die Rippen bei dem bekannten Wärmetauscher sind aus einem Rippenband geformt, welches vor der Befestigung auf den Flachseiten des jeweiligen Austauscherrohres durch mehrfache, mäanderförmige Umlenkungen die erforderliche Rippenform erhält. Anschließend erfolgt die Befestigung des so geformten Rippenbandes auf der jeweiligen Flachseite des Austauscherrohres.A heat exchanger of this type is known from DE 40 39 293 A1. The exchanger tubes used here each consist of two half-shells, which are provided with the fins in a suitable device. Then two half-shells are connected to each other, so that exchanger tubes with the cross-sectional area of an elongated oval are formed. The ribs in the known heat exchanger are formed from a ribbed belt which, before being fastened to the flat sides of the respective exchanger tube, is given the required rib shape by multiple, meandering deflections. The ribbed belt thus formed is then attached to the respective flat side of the exchanger tube.
Bei einer Ausführungsform des bekannten Wärmetauschers ist vorgesehen, die aus einem endlosen Rippenband hergestellten und jeweils einen über die Länge der Flachseiten durchgehend geformten Kanal bildenden Rippen mit Ausprägungen in Form von seitlichen Versätzen zu versehen. Auf diese Weise soll in dem die Kanäle durchströmenden Medium ein erhöhter Turbulenzgrad erzeugt werden, was dazu geeignet ist, den Wärmeübergang zu erhöhen.In one embodiment of the known heat exchanger, it is provided that the ribs, which are produced from an endless ribbed belt and each form a channel that is continuously formed over the length of the flat sides, are provided with features in the form of lateral offsets. In this way an increased degree of turbulence is to be generated in the medium flowing through the channels, which is suitable for increasing the heat transfer.
Nachteilig bei Wärmetauschern dieser Art ist die relativ hohe Verschmutzungsneigung in den durch die Rippen gebildeten Kanälen. Durch die Ausprägungen in Gestalt einzelner seitlicher Versätze wird diese Verschmutzungsneigung noch erhöht, da sich an diesen Stellen besonders leicht Schmutzteilchen festsetzen können, was mit fortschreitendem Betrieb des Wärmetauschers bis zum vollständigen Verschluß des betreffenden Kanals führen kann. Hierdurch wird eine unerwünschte lokale Verschlechterung des Wärmeübertragungsverhaltens des Wärmetauschers hervorgerufen.A disadvantage of heat exchangers of this type is the relatively high tendency towards contamination in the channels formed by the ribs. Due to the formations in the form of individual lateral offsets, this tendency to become contaminated is increased even further, since dirt particles can attach themselves particularly easily to these locations, which can result in the progressive operation of the heat exchanger until the relevant channel is completely closed. This causes an undesirable local deterioration in the heat transfer behavior of the heat exchanger.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, den bekannten Wärmetauscher so weiterzuentwickeln, daß der Einfluß eventueller Verschmutzungen auf die Wärmeübertragungsleistung des Wärmetauschers verringert wird.The invention is therefore based on the object of further developing the known heat exchanger in such a way that the influence of any contamination on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger is reduced.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Rippen mit mehreren Öffnungen versehen sind, deren Öffnungsquerschnitte jeweils mindestens die Größe des durchströmten Querschnittes zwischen zwei benachbarten Rippen aufweisen.To solve this problem, it is proposed that the ribs are provided with a plurality of openings, the opening cross-sections of which each have at least the size of the cross-section through which flow passes between two adjacent ribs.
Durch diese Maßnahme wird erreicht, daß im Fall lokaler Verschmutzungen und insbesondere Verschlüsse einzelner Kanalquerschnitte über die Öffnungen ein Ausweichen der Strömung in benachbarte Kanalquerschnitte möglich ist, so daß die Strömungsbehinderung und damit der Verlust an Wärmeübertragungsleistung nur gering ausfällt. Ist ein Durchströmen eines durch benachbarte Rippen gebildeten Kanalquerschnittes nicht mehr möglich, so kann die Strömung über eine der in den Rippen angeordneten Öffnungen in den benachbarten Kanalquerschnitt ausweichen und dort weiterströmen. Nach dieser Umgehung des Hindernisses kann die Strömung dann über eine weitere Öffnung wieder in den ursprünglichen Querschnitt übertreten. Das so erreichte Zusammenfassen zweier Strömungen in einem einzigen Querschnitt hat hinsichtlich der Wärmeübertragungsleistung keine nennenswerten Nachteile, da im Bereich der Umlenkung die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit zwangsläufig ansteigt, so daß sich die Wärmeübertragungsleistung lokal erhöht. Hierdurch wird der Verlust an Wärmeübertragungsleistung im verstopften Querschnitt teilweise wieder aufgehoben.This measure ensures that in the event of local contamination and, in particular, closings of individual channel cross-sections, it is possible for the flow to escape into adjacent channel cross-sections, so that the flow obstruction and thus the loss of heat transfer performance is only slight. If it is no longer possible to flow through a channel cross section formed by adjacent ribs, the flow can escape through one of the openings arranged in the ribs into the adjacent channel cross section and continue to flow there. After bypassing the obstacle, the flow can then pass back into the original cross-section via a further opening. The resultant combination of two flows in a single cross-section has no significant disadvantages with regard to the heat transfer capacity, since the flow velocity inevitably increases in the area of the deflection, so that the heat transfer performance increases locally. As a result, the loss of heat transfer performance in the clogged cross section is partially offset.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung sind die Öffnungen im Bereich der der Flachseite des Austauschrohres abgewandten Umlenkungen der Rippen angeordnet, so daß ein Stoffaustausch mit dem die Rippen des jeweils benachbarten Austauscherrohres durchströmenden Medium möglich ist. Auch hierdurch wird erreicht, daß die durch Verschmutzungen bedingten Verluste sich gleichmäßiger über die einzelnen Austauscherrohre des Wärmetauschers verteilen. Hierzu trägt ferner bei, wenn die Öffnungen sich mit den Öffnungen der Rippen des jeweils benachbarten Austauscherrohres überdecken.According to a preferred embodiment, the openings are arranged in the region of the deflections of the ribs facing away from the flat side of the exchange tube, so that a material exchange with the medium flowing through the ribs of the respectively adjacent exchanger tube is possible. This also ensures that the losses caused by contamination are distributed more evenly over the individual exchanger tubes of the heat exchanger. This also contributes if the openings overlap with the openings of the ribs of the adjacent exchanger tube.
Der Strömungsaustausch zwischen den durch die Rippen unterteilten Querschnitten wird ferner dadurch verbessert, daß die Seitenflächen der Rippen im Bereich des Rippenfußes mit zusätzlichen Öffnungen versehen sind, deren Öffnungsquerschnitte jeweils geringer sind als die Größe des durchströmten Querschnittes zwischen zwei benachbarten Rippen.The flow exchange between the cross sections subdivided by the ribs is further improved in that the side faces of the ribs in the region of the rib base are provided with additional openings, the opening cross sections of which are each smaller than the size of the cross section through which flow passes between two adjacent ribs.
Um trotz der zusätzlichen Öffnungen eine hohe mechanische Stabilität des Rippenbandes zu erreichen, befinden sich die zusätzlichen Öffnungen vorzugsweise jeweils auf halber Länge zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Öffnungen.In order to achieve a high mechanical stability of the ribbed belt despite the additional openings, the additional openings are preferably located halfway between two successive openings.
Eine besonders gute Verbindung zwischen dem Rippenband und dem jeweiligen Austauscherrohr wird erreicht, wenn gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform die Mäandrierungen des Rippenbandes rechteckförmig sind, so daß die Umlenkungen ebene Flächen zur Anlage an den Flachseiten des Austauscherrohres bzw. an den entsprechend gestalteten Flächen des Rippenbandes des benachbarten Austauscherrohres bilden. Hierdurch läßt sich auch die gegenseitige Abstützung zwischen benachbarten Austauscherrohren verbessern.A particularly good connection between the ribbed belt and the respective exchanger tube is achieved if, according to a preferred embodiment, the meandering of the ribbed belt is rectangular, so that the deflections are flat surfaces for abutment on the flat sides of the exchanger tube or on the correspondingly designed surfaces of the ribbed belt of the adjacent one Form the exchanger tube. This can also improve the mutual support between adjacent exchanger tubes.
Eine weitere Ausgestaltung des Wärmetauschers ist gekennzeichnet durch teils abgesenkt, teils erhaben geformte Ausprägungen in den Seitenflächen der Rippen. Diese Ausprägungen erzeugen bzw. verstärken eine Turbulenz des durchströmenden Mediums, wodurch sich die Wärmeübertragungsleistung zusätzlich erhöhen läßt.Another embodiment of the heat exchanger is characterized by partly lowered, partly raised shaped features in the side surfaces of the Ribs. These characteristics generate or intensify turbulence of the medium flowing through, as a result of which the heat transfer capacity can be increased further.
Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind die Umlenkungen über eine linienförmige, durchgehende Verschweißung an den Flachseiten des Austauscherrohres befestigt. Auf diese Weise ergibt sich eine besonders gute metallische Verbindung zwischen den Teilen, und damit ein hoher Wärmeübergang zwischen dem Austauscherrohr und den Rippen.According to a further embodiment of the invention, the deflections are fastened to the flat sides of the exchanger tube via a linear, continuous weld. In this way, there is a particularly good metallic connection between the parts, and thus a high heat transfer between the exchanger tube and the fins.
Vorzugsweise ist die Verschweißung der Umlenkungen mit der jeweiligen Flachseite mittels eines Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißverfahrens hergestellt. Dieses Schweißverfahren ermöglicht es, daß sich beim Zusammenführen von Rippenblech und Austauscherrohr die Breitseiten des Grundkörpers an die Kontur des jeweiligen Rippenfußes spaltfrei anpassen. Die hierzu erforderliche Andrückkraft wird von zwei Elektroden erzeugt, die Bestandteil des Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißgerätes sind. Während die eine Elektrode in den Rippenfußbereich zwischen zwei jeweils benachbart angeordneten Rippen einfährt, liegt die andere Elektrode an der jeweiligen Innenseite des Grundkörpers an und bildet hier ein Widerlager. Auf diese Weise ist für eine spaltlose Berührung der zu verbindenden Teile gesorgt, so daß nach erfolgter Entladung der Kondensatoren des Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißgerätes eine linienförmige Befestigung der Rippen auf dem Grundkörper und damit eine sehr gute Wärmeübertragung zwischen diesen Teilen erreicht wird.The deflections are preferably welded to the respective flat side by means of a capacitor discharge welding process. This welding process enables the broad sides of the base body to adapt to the contour of the respective fin base without a gap when the fin plate and the exchanger tube are brought together. The pressure required for this is generated by two electrodes, which are part of the capacitor discharge welding machine. While one electrode moves into the fin base area between two adjacent ribs, the other electrode rests on the inside of the base body and forms an abutment. In this way, a gapless contact of the parts to be connected is ensured, so that after the capacitors of the capacitor discharge welding device have been discharged, a linear fastening of the ribs on the base body and thus very good heat transfer between these parts is achieved.
Weitere Vorteile und Einzelheiten ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung eines auf der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispieles der Erfindung. Darin zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- in einer Schnittdarstellung einen Wärmetauscher mit zwei parallel zueinander angeordneten Austauscherrohren, die beidseitig mit Rippen versehen sind,
- Fig. 2
- einen Schnitt entlang der Linie II-II der Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3
- in einer perspektivischen Ansicht den Ablauf des Verfahrens zur Herstellung des in den
Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellten Wärmetauschers unter Verwendung eines Kondensator-EntladungsSchweißverfahrens, - Fig. 4
- in einer Schnittdarstellung die zu verbindenden Teile gemäß Fig. 3 unmittelbar vor dem Zusammensetzen und Verschweißen und
- Fig. 5
- in einer Schnittdarstellung die zu verbindenden Teile gemäß Fig. 3 unmittelbar vor dem Zusammensetzen bzw. Verschweißen bei einer gegenüber Fig. 4 geänderten Vorgehensweise.
- Fig. 1
- a sectional view of a heat exchanger with two mutually parallel exchanger tubes, which are provided on both sides with fins,
- Fig. 2
- 2 shows a section along the line II-II of FIG. 1,
- Fig. 3
- 1 shows a perspective view of the sequence of the method for producing the heat exchanger shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 using a capacitor discharge welding method,
- Fig. 4
- in a sectional view the parts to be connected according to FIG. 3 immediately before assembly and welding and
- Fig. 5
- in a sectional view the parts to be connected according to FIG. 3 immediately before assembling or welding in a modified procedure compared to FIG. 4.
Der in Fig. 1 dargestellte Wärmetauscher besteht aus Austauscherrohren 1, die nach Art eines Paketes parallel zueinander angeordnet sind. In Fig. 1 sind aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit lediglich zwei solcher Austauscherrohre 1 dargestellt.The heat exchanger shown in Fig. 1 consists of
Fig. 1 läßt erkennen, daß der Querschnitt der Austauscherrohre 1 für den Durchtritt eines der am Wärmeaustausch beteiligten Medien eine im Verhältnis zur Höhe H große Breite B aufweist. Die Längskanten des so gebildeten Austauscherrohres 1 sind gerundet, so daß sich insgesamt der Querschnitt eines langgestreckten Ovals ergibt.Fig. 1 shows that the cross section of the
Das jeweils andere Medium wird im Kreuzstrom über die äußeren Flachseiten 2 der Austauscherrohre 1 geführt. Um den Wärmeaustausch zu verbessern, sind zur Vergrößerung der wirksamen Wärmeaustauschflächen auf den jeweiligen Flachseiten 2 der beteiligten Austauscherrohre 1 Rippen 3 angeordnet. Die Rippen 3 werden aus einem endlosen Blech durch wiederholtes Biegen hergestellt, so daß, in Längsrichtung des Austauscherrohres 1 betrachtet, die Rippen 3 sich mäanderförmig aneinanderreihen. Dies ist besonders gut in Fig. 2 zu erkennen.The respective other medium is guided in cross flow over the outer
Die Mäandrierungen des so gebildeten Rippenbandes 4 sind, wie ebenfalls Fig. 2 erkennen läßt, rechteckförmig gestaltet, so daß die dem Austauscherrohr 1 zugewandten sowie die dem Austauscherrohr 1 abgewandten Umlenkungen 5 jeweils ebene Flächen 6 bilden. Dabei dienen die Flächen 6 einer besonders guten Verbindung des Rippenfußbereiches mit der Flachseite 2 des Austauscherrohres 1. Als Material für das Rippenband 4 eignet sich z.B. Stahlblech mit einer Dicke von 0,1 bis 0,4 mm, welches beidseitig mit einer dünnen Aluminiumschicht platiert ist.The meandering of the ribbed
Die aus dem mäanderförmig umgelenkten Rippenband 4 bestehenden Rippen 3 befinden sich jeweils auf beiden Seiten der Austauscherrohre 1. Die so gestalteten Austauscherrohre 1 lassen sich dann zu beliebigen Paketen zusammensetzen, wobei die Befestigung sowie Beabstandung der einzelnen Austauscherrohre 1 zueinander an deren Enden erfolgt. Hierbei sollen die Umlenkungen 5 am Ende der Rippe 3 einen möglichst geringen Abstand zu den gegenüberliegenden Umlenkungen 5 des benachbarten Austauscherrohres 1 aufweisen. Der Abstand darf allerdings nicht so gering sein, daß die Gefahr einer Berührung zwischen den Rippen 3 der einander benachbarten Austauscherrohre 1 besteht.The
Zur Verbindung des Rippenfußbereiches mit der Flachseite 2 des Austauscherrohres wird ein Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißverfahren verwendet, welches nachfolgend anhand der Figuren 3,4 und 5 erläutert wird.A capacitor discharge welding process is used to connect the fin base area to the
Bei dem Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißen handelt es sich um eine spezielle Art des Widerstandsschweißens, bei dem die erforderliche Energie während des Schweißens nicht direkt dem Netz über einen Transformator entnommen wird, sondern einer Kondensatorbatterie, die als Energiespeicher außerhalb der Schweißzeit geladen wird. Der Vorteil des Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißens besteht in der Eignung zur Verwendung auch unterschiedlicher Werkstoffe, z.B. Stahl/Aluminium. Außerdem lassen sich mit diesem Verfahren auch oberflächenbehandelte Materialien schweißen, wie z.B. verzinkte oder aluminisierte Bleche, ohne daß es zu einer Beschädigung der Oberfläche kommt.Capacitor discharge welding is a special type of resistance welding in which the energy required during welding is not drawn directly from the mains via a transformer, but from a capacitor battery that is charged as energy storage outside of the welding time. The advantage of capacitor discharge welding is the suitability to use different materials, e.g. Steel / aluminum. This method can also be used to weld surface-treated materials, e.g. galvanized or aluminized sheets without damaging the surface.
Das Kondensator-Entladungs-Schweißverfahren verwendet zwei voneinander unabhängige Elektroden 7,8. Beim Ausführungsbeispiel ist die obere Elektrode 7 fünffach vorhanden und besteht aus scheibenförmig gestalteten Einzelelektroden aus einem geeigneten Elektrodenwerkstoff, z.B. CuCrZr. Die untere Elektrode 8 ist als Platte ausgebildet, welche sich über die gesamte Breite des Austauscherrohres 1 erstreckt und hierbei exakt dessen Innenprofil aufweist. Auf diese Weise dient die untere Elektrode 8 zugleich der Führung des Grundkörpers des Austauscherrohres 1 während des Schweißvorganges. Insbesondere aber bildet die untere Elektrode 8 ein Widerlager für die von den oberen Elektroden 7 erzeugten Andrückkräfte. Hierzu ist die untere Elektrode 8 in geeigneter Weise unter Zwischenlage einer Isolierung an dem verwendeten Schweißgerät abgestützt. Die Ausrichtung der oberen Elektroden 7 ist derart, daß diese mit ihren schmalen Stirnflächen exakt zwischen zwei benachbarte Rippen 3 einfahren können, bis sie an dem dazwischen angeordneten Rippenfußbereich an der Innenseite der Fläche 6 zur Anlage gelangen. Federelemente 7a bewirken hierbei eine definierte Andrückkraft, die von der als Widerlager dienenden unteren Elektrode 8 aufgenommen wird. Sobald das vorgegebene Druckniveau erreicht ist, werden die Kondensatoren des Schweißgerätes entladen, wodurch kurzzeitig eine hohe Energie von den oberen Elektroden 7 zu der unteren Elektrode 8 fließt. Infolge der Konzentrierung der Schweißenergie auf die Schweißzone sowie der sehr kurzen Schweißzeit von 1 bis 10 Millisekunden, tritt keine nennenswerte Erwärmung der Bauteile auf. Die fertigen Wärmetauscherteile kommen nach der Verschweißung praktisch kalt aus der Maschine, bleiben daher formbeständig und zeigen keine Neigung zu Verzug oder Formänderung.The capacitor discharge welding process uses two mutually independent electrodes 7, 8. In the exemplary embodiment, the upper electrode 7 is provided five times and consists of disk-shaped individual electrodes made of a suitable electrode material, e.g. CuCrZr. The lower electrode 8 is designed as a plate which extends over the entire width of the
Durch die Verwendung mehrerer unabhängiger oberer Elektroden 7 wird erreicht, daß geringfügige Durchbiegungen ausgeglichen werden und eine linienförmige, durchgehende Verschweißung der Rippen 3 mit der jeweiligen Flachseite 2 des Austauscherrohres 1 eintritt.The use of several independent upper electrodes 7 ensures that slight deflections are compensated for and a linear, continuous welding of the
Die Figuren 4 und 5 zeigen Austauscherrohr 1 und Rippen 3 unmittelbar vor deren Zusammenfügen, wobei die zueinander in Kontakt kommenden Oberflächen mit einer im Rapport gestalteten Oberflächenstruktur versehen sind. Bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 4 ist die außenliegende Flachseite 2 des Austauscherrohres 1 mit einer feinen, gleichmäßigen Riffelung 8 mit Rillentiefen von ca. 0,1 bis 0,3 mm versehen. Demgegenüber befindet sich bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 5 die im Rapport gestaltete Oberflächenstruktur an der Unterseite der Rippenfußbereiche, d.h. im Bereich der Umlenkung 5. Diese sind hierzu mit Einprägungen in Gestalt nach unten vorstehender Buckel oder Erhebungen 8a versehen.FIGS. 4 and 5
Die Wirkung ist in den in den Figuren 4 und 5 gezeigten Fällen jeweils dieselbe: Nachdem die zu verbindenden Teile aufeinanderliegen, findet zunächst ein unmittelbarer metallischer Kontakt zwischen den beteiligten Oberflächen nur im Bereich der betreffenden Erhebungen 8a statt. Hierdurch entstehen hinsichtlich ihrer Lage und Ausdehnung genau definierte metallische Brücken, über die sich die von den Elektroden 7,8 freigesetzte Schweißenergie zunächst abbaut. Durch den schlagartig einsetzenden Schmelzprozeß werden diese Erhebungen abgebaut, so daß nach vollständiger Entladung eine besonders gleichmäßige Schweißverbindung entsteht. Diese Schweißverbindung ist insbesondere besser als sie im Fall der Verschweißung zufällig aufgerauhter Oberflächen wäre.The effect is the same in the cases shown in FIGS. 4 and 5: after the parts to be connected lie on one another, there is first a direct metallic contact between the surfaces involved only in the area of the
In Fig. 3 ist das Rippenband 4 als durchgehendes, mäanderförmig gefaltetes Blech ohne weitere Strukturen dargestellt. Es handelt sich hier allerdings um eine zur Erläuterung der Erfindung gewählte, vereinfachte Darstellung. Im Rahmen der Erfindung bilden die Rippen keine über ihre gesamte Länge geschlossenen Kanäle, sondern sie sind in gleichmäßigen Abständen mit Öffnungen 9 versehen, wie dies die exakten Darstellungen Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 4 und Fig. 5 zeigen. Diese Öffnungen 9 sind im Bereich der der Flachseite 2 des Austauscherrohres 1 abgewandten Umlenkungen 5 angeordnet, d.h. im Bereich des Endes der Rippen. Über diese Öffnungen 9 kann ein Stoffaustausch mit dem die Rippen 3 des jeweils benachbarten Austauscherrohres 1 durchströmenden Medium stattfinden.In Fig. 3, the
Die Wirkungsweise wird nachfolgend anhand der Fig. 1 erläutert: Die Strömungspfeile A verdeutlichen den Strömungseintritt in den Bereich der Rippen. Nun befindet sich aber in einer der Querschnitte eine Verschmutzung S. Da ein Durchtritt der Strömung in diesem Bereich nicht möglich ist, würde bei einem Wärmetauscher der bekannten Art die Durchströmung dieses Querschnittes vollständig unterbunden sein. Infolge der erfindungsgemäß vorgesehenen Öffnungen 9 hingegen kann die Strömung den Weg einer Umlenkung U gehen. Hierbei tritt die Strömung über die vor dem Hindernis angeordnete Öffnung 9 in jenen Querschnitt über, der durch die Rippen 3 des jeweils benachbarten Austauscherrohres 1 gebildet wird. Hier findet dann eine entsprechende Erhöhung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit statt. Nach der Umgehung des Hindernisses kann ein Teil der Strömung dann wieder über die nachfolgende Öffnung 9 in den ursprünglichen Querschnitt zurückströmen, so daß die Strömung den Wärmetauscher letztlich gleichmäßig verläßt.The mode of operation is explained below with reference to FIG. 1: The flow arrows A illustrate the flow entry into the area of the ribs. Now, however, there is contamination S in one of the cross sections. Since it is not possible for the flow to pass in this area, the flow through this cross section would be completely prevented in a heat exchanger of the known type. As a result of the
Die beschriebene Wirkung ist dann sichergestellt, wenn der Öffnungsquerschnitt jeder der Öffnungen 9 mindestens die Größe des durchströmten Querschnittes Q zwischen zwei benachbarten Rippen 3 aufweist.The described effect is ensured if the opening cross section of each of the
Die einzelnen Rippen 3 sind mit zusätzlichen geometrischen Strukturen versehen, die dazu dienen, das hindurchströmende bzw. vorbeiströmende Medium zu durchmischen oder Turbulenzen zu erzeugen. Hierzu sind in den Seitenflächen der Rippen 3 u.a. Ausprägungen 10 in Gestalt seitlicher Ausbuchtungen vorgesehen, die sich abwechselnd zur einen sowie zur anderen Seite der jeweiligen Rippe 3 erstrecken. Diese Ausprägungen 10 bewirken eine beträchtliche Turbulenzerhöhung des vorbeiströmenden Mediums. Um einen Austausch zwischen dem jeweiligen Rippeninnenraum und dem benachbarten Rippenaußenraum zu erreichen, sind außerdem zusätzliche Öffnungen 11 vorgesehen. Diese befinden sich in den Seitenflächen der Rippen 3 im Bereich des Rippenfußes. Ihr Öffnungsquerschnitt ist deutlich kleiner als der Öffnungsquerschnitt der Öffnungen 9, insbesondere geringer als die Größe des durchströmten Querschnittes Q zwischen zwei benachbarten Rippen 3. Fig. 1 läßt erkennen, daß sich die zusätzlichen Öffnungen 11 jeweils auf halber Länge zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Öffnungen 9 befinden.The
- 11
- AustauscherrohrExchanger tube
- 22nd
- FlachseiteFlat side
- 33rd
- Ripperib
- 44th
- RippenbandRibbed band
- 55
- UmlenkungRedirection
- 66
- Flächesurface
- 77
- Elektrodeelectrode
- 7a7a
- FederelementSpring element
- 88th
- Elektrodeelectrode
- 8a8a
- Buckel, ErhebungHump, elevation
- 99
- Öffnungopening
- 1010th
- AusprägungExpression
- 1111
- zusätzliche Öffnungadditional opening
- BB
- Breite des AustauscherrohresWidth of the exchanger tube
- HH
- Höhe des AustauscherrohresHeight of the exchanger tube
- AA
- StrömungspfeilFlow arrow
- SS
- Verschmutzungpollution
- UU
- UmlenkungRedirection
- durchströmter Querschnittflowed cross section
Claims (9)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Rippen (3) mit mehreren Öffnungen (9) versehen sind, deren Öffnungsquerschnitte jeweils mindestens die Größe des durchströmten Querschnittes (Q) zwischen zwei benachbarten Rippen (3) aufweisen.Heat exchanger consisting of a plurality of exchanger tubes arranged parallel to one another, the cross-section of which for the passage of one of the media involved in the heat exchange has a width which is large in relation to the height, fins being attached to each of the two flat sides of the exchanger tubes and being formed from a ribbed band which is deflected in a meandering manner,
characterized,
that the ribs (3) are provided with a plurality of openings (9), the opening cross-sections of which each have at least the size of the cross-section (Q) between two adjacent ribs (3).
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4322405 | 1993-07-06 | ||
| DE4322405A DE4322405C2 (en) | 1993-07-06 | 1993-07-06 | Process for the production of heat exchanger elements |
| DE9310827U DE9310827U1 (en) | 1993-07-06 | 1993-07-20 | HEAT EXCHANGER FROM SEVERAL EXCHANGER TUBES ARRANGED IN PARALLEL |
| DE9310827U | 1993-07-20 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0633444A2 true EP0633444A2 (en) | 1995-01-11 |
| EP0633444A3 EP0633444A3 (en) | 1995-04-26 |
| EP0633444B1 EP0633444B1 (en) | 1998-05-20 |
Family
ID=25927414
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94110457A Expired - Lifetime EP0633444B1 (en) | 1993-07-06 | 1994-07-05 | Heat exchanger with several parallel exchange tubes |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5429185A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0633444B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH07151481A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR950003781A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1102475A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE166450T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6601494A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9402643A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2127413A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE9310827U1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL110148A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN190153B (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2085822C1 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW247345B (en) |
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| WO2014206455A1 (en) * | 2013-06-26 | 2014-12-31 | L&P Swiss Holding Ag | Method of producing a lumbar support and lumbar support |
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| US6174454B1 (en) | 1999-01-29 | 2001-01-16 | National Science Council | Slurry formulation for selective CMP of organic spin-on-glass insulating layer with low dielectric constant |
| GB2354817A (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2001-04-04 | Ford Motor Co | Fin construction |
| US20040173344A1 (en) * | 2001-05-18 | 2004-09-09 | David Averous | Louvered fins for heat exchanger |
| DE10328748B4 (en) * | 2003-06-25 | 2017-12-14 | Mahle International Gmbh | Heat exchangers, in particular intercoolers for commercial vehicles |
| US20070012430A1 (en) * | 2005-07-18 | 2007-01-18 | Duke Brian E | Heat exchangers with corrugated heat exchange elements of improved strength |
| DE102009032166B3 (en) * | 2009-07-08 | 2010-09-30 | Handtmann Systemtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Connecting heat exchanger components by welding and soldering, comprises initially welding and fixing the components to be soldered together by condenser discharge welding process in two-stage process and then soldering fixed components |
| JP2012007778A (en) * | 2010-06-23 | 2012-01-12 | Komatsu Ltd | Heat exchanger |
| CN105484853B (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2018-07-06 | 泰安鼎鑫冷却器有限公司 | A kind of double wave inner fin structure charge air cooler |
| KR20160071617A (en) | 2014-12-12 | 2016-06-22 | 정주옥 | the spindle rail for covering machine |
| KR101910229B1 (en) | 2015-06-08 | 2018-10-19 | 정주옥 | cover for spindle device |
| CN113167549A (en) * | 2019-01-15 | 2021-07-23 | 株式会社T.Rad | Corrugated fin type heat exchanger |
| JP2022070491A (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2022-05-13 | 有限会社和氣製作所 | Heat exchanger |
| CN113280544B (en) * | 2021-05-14 | 2024-08-23 | 章世燕 | Edible ice generator |
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| WO2014206455A1 (en) * | 2013-06-26 | 2014-12-31 | L&P Swiss Holding Ag | Method of producing a lumbar support and lumbar support |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR950003781A (en) | 1995-02-17 |
| RU2085822C1 (en) | 1997-07-27 |
| JPH07151481A (en) | 1995-06-16 |
| CA2127413A1 (en) | 1995-01-07 |
| DE59405984D1 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
| DE9310827U1 (en) | 1993-09-23 |
| IL110148A0 (en) | 1994-10-07 |
| CN1102475A (en) | 1995-05-10 |
| BR9402643A (en) | 1995-04-04 |
| AU6601494A (en) | 1995-01-19 |
| ATE166450T1 (en) | 1998-06-15 |
| EP0633444B1 (en) | 1998-05-20 |
| IL110148A (en) | 1997-06-10 |
| US5429185A (en) | 1995-07-04 |
| IN190153B (en) | 2003-06-21 |
| EP0633444A3 (en) | 1995-04-26 |
| RU94023243A (en) | 1996-05-10 |
| TW247345B (en) | 1995-05-11 |
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