EP0627795B1 - A simplified method for producing brushes - Google Patents

A simplified method for producing brushes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0627795B1
EP0627795B1 EP94420158A EP94420158A EP0627795B1 EP 0627795 B1 EP0627795 B1 EP 0627795B1 EP 94420158 A EP94420158 A EP 94420158A EP 94420158 A EP94420158 A EP 94420158A EP 0627795 B1 EP0627795 B1 EP 0627795B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mixture
powder
process according
binder
brush
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP94420158A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0627795A1 (en
Inventor
Eric Kammerer
Christine Lietard
Jean-Bernard Deboves
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Mersen SA
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Carbone Lorraine SA
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Publication of EP0627795A1 publication Critical patent/EP0627795A1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/18Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
    • H01R39/20Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush characterised by the material thereof
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/36Connections of cable or wire to brush
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/12Manufacture of brushes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of brushes intended to ensure electrical contact between the moving parts (collectors) and the fixed parts of an electric motor.
  • a brush typically comprises two parts: an electrically conductive wear block rubbing against the collector of a motor and a metallic braid (or cable) for connection.
  • step d) of machining is costly for at least two reasons, on the one hand it constitutes in itself a phase consuming labor and industrial means (machines, premises, etc.), which corresponds to significant investment and operating costs, and on the other hand, it generates machining rejects which on the one hand increase the material cost of the brushes, and which on the other constitute a source solid waste whose treatment presents an additional cost.
  • connection braid is more expensive by machining / brazing the wear block rather than by introducing it into the mold in step b).
  • the Applicant has sought the means to be used to obtain a brush directly to the final dimensions (therefore without machining), with incorporation of braid into the mold and using a cheap binder, in particular a distillation binder (as opposed to a binder of synthesis).
  • the method of manufacturing a brush for an electric motor comprising a wear block and a connection braid, comprises a step a) of preparation of at least one powder mixture comprising at least one conductive powder coated of a binder, a step b) of compression molding of the mixture (s) in a mold with incorporation of said braid to form a raw broom, and a step c) of baking said raw broom, and is characterized in that that, in order to obtain an economical brush by molding directly to the final dimensions, at least a mixture M1 is prepared, in step a) comprising a distillation binder and consisting of the product of distillation of coal or petroleum or by a product derived from such a distillation product L and at least one graphite powder P1 in the form of solid particles with an average thickness of less than 25 ⁇ m and a medium form factor F1 (large dimension / small dimension ratio) high e t greater than 5.
  • the applicant has therefore sought other ways of obtaining brushes directly after baking at final dimensions, while using economical binders (binders resulting from the distillation of coal or petroleum) and by introducing the copper braid during the compression molding step.
  • the solution which it found, and which makes it possible to obtain brooms with definitive dimensions ready for delivery directly at the end of cooking, is therefore characterized by the essential presence of a graphite powder having both a high slenderness, that is to say a high form factor F1, and a relatively low average thickness.
  • Figures 1a and 1b show a perspective view of brushes obtained by the method according to the invention.
  • Figure la represents a monolayer brush (1) consisting of a wear block (2) and a copper braid (4)
  • Figure 1b represents the multilayer brush (10) of Example 1 a wear layer (20), a connection layer (3) in which the copper braid (4) is anchored.
  • the manifold (5) is shown as well as the standardized directions "a", "r” and "t”.
  • Figure 2 shows schematically, in section along the direction of compression, the manufacture of a raw brush (8) multilayer (layers C1 and C2), by compression in a mold (6) of a mixture M2, to which the braid (4 ) is incorporated, and of a mixture M1 of two powders P1 and P2, respectively with high and low slenderness, using a punch (7), and shows that the particles P1, in the form of flakes with high slenderness , break during compression.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3b represent, in section along two perpendicular axes, respectively a typical particle of the powder P1 and of the powder P2.
  • the form factor (slenderness) of a particle is the ratio D / d (largest dimension D / smallest dimension d).
  • Figures 4a and 4b show a sectional view (schematically from microphotos) of the mixture M1 of powders P1 and P2, respectively before and after compression. Fragmentation of the particles P1 is observed after compression (binder L not shown in these figures).
  • a powder P2 of graphite, with low slenderness either mixed with powder P1 both mainly to "harden” the brush and to reduce clogging of the collector and wear on the brushes.
  • compositions according to the invention constitutes a restricted field.
  • Figure 5 on a triangle of vertices L, P1, P2 is the parallelogram ABCD
  • the preferred domain is the parallelogram A'B'C'D '.
  • the coordinates / or compositions of points A, B, C, D (% by weight, the sum of which is 100) is: L P1 P2 AT 25 75 0 B 30 70 0 VS 30 15 55 D 25 20 55
  • said graphite powder P1 preferably consists of flakes (particles of marked two-dimensional nature) with high slenderness, of average form factor F1 of between 5 and 20 and of average thickness of between 1 and 15 ⁇ m.
  • said slender graphite powder P2 is preferably made up of grains (particles of marked three-dimensional nature) with an average form factor F2 close to 1, and an average diameter of between 10 and 200 ⁇ m and preferably included between 30 and 100 ⁇ m.
  • a multi-layer brush as shown in FIG. 1b for a two-layer brush, consisting of a wear layer (20) and a connection layer (3) in which said braid (4) is anchored. ), in particular to reduce the contact drop (due to the electrical contact resistance) between the braid and the rest of the brush.
  • step a) of the method according to the invention two separate powder mixtures are prepared, M1 and M2, M1 corresponding to the mixture described above and M2 comprising a graphitic powder, a copper powder and a synthetic binder, and, in step b), a superposition of two layers is compressed, a lower layer consisting of the mixture M1 of powders, a upper layer consisting of the mixture M2, after incorporating into said upper layer the end of said braid, so as to obtain a two-layer raw brush consisting of a layer C1 "of wear" and a layer C "of connection” in which said braid is anchored. Then, after cooking the raw broom in step c), a broom which can be used without additional machining is obtained.
  • said mixture M2 comprises a graphitic powder agglomerated by a synthetic binder and a copper powder with a weight content of between 15 and 35%, said synthetic binder being chosen from thermosetting resins, and more particularly from phenolic resins .
  • the mixture M2 comprises an expensive binder, it is advantageous to limit the quantity of mixture M2 (relative to the quantity of mixture M1) to the strict minimum necessary for anchoring said braid.
  • the quantities of mixture M1 and M2 are chosen so as to obtain, after compression, a green multilayer brush whose said layer C2, in which said braid is anchored, is between 2 and 10 mm in height, the height of said corresponding layers to the direction of compression of said mixtures in said mold.
  • the ratio "height of layer C1 / height of layer C2 '' is generally between 2 and 30, and most often of the order of 5 to 10.
  • the layer distillation binder of wear (20) or of the wear block (2) it is constituted by the distillation product of coal or petroleum or by a product derived from such a distillation product.
  • the binders obtained directly or even after transformation, by distillation of coal or petroleum are economical compared to synthetic binders (typically thermosetting resins of phenolic, epoxy type, etc.).
  • step a) of the manufacturing process said mixture M1 is kneaded with a solution in a solvent medium of a synthetic binder at least 25% by weight of undiluted material and the kneading is continued until homogenizing said mixture M1 and said solution in a solvent medium, and removing said solvent from said solution.
  • the quantity of synthetic binder is between 7 and 12 parts, and it is less, by at least 50%, than the quantity of distillation binder L.
  • Said synthetic binder is preferably a phenolic resin and said solvent is preferably an alcohol.
  • the quantities of synthetic binder (expressed in undiluted material) are chosen to allow an economical single-layer final brush having the final dimensions at the end of cooking and having a braid (4) sufficiently anchored.
  • the amounts of solvent are chosen to allow mixing that is fluid enough to achieve homogenization of the mixture M1 and the synthetic binder.
  • This type of "monolayer” broom is significantly more economical than a “bilayer” broom given its more great simplicity of manufacture, a single mixture of powders being to prepare and to handle, the quantity of synthetic binder, although globally greater in a "monolayer” broom than that of a "bilayer” broom, remaining much less than the quantity of distillation binder used - at least 50% lower by weight.
  • the method according to the invention applies to the manufacture of relatively slender brooms (high in relation to their section), and more particularly to the manufacture of brooms, the factor of which slenderness p, defined by the ratio "height / square root of the section", is between 2 and 6.
  • Example 1b The multilayer brush shown in Example 1b was manufactured according to the process shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2.
  • the graphite powder is of the P1 type (flakes), with an average form factor F1 of 8 and an average thickness of the flakes constituting the powder of 10 ⁇ m.
  • the weight ratio "graphite powder / phenolic resin" is 75/25.
  • the bulk density of the M2 mixture is 0.85.
  • a mold (6), of internal section 11 ⁇ 6 mm 2 was filled, the internal shape of which is deduced from FIG. 1b, by extending the direction "r".
  • the mixture M1 was first introduced over a height of powder of 50 mm, then the mixture M2 over a height of 10 mm.
  • the compression punch (7) carries a connection braid (4). All the powder mixtures were compressed with the braid, so as to obtain the brush shown in FIG. 1b with a total height close to 23 mm.
  • the height of the layer C1 (compressed M1 mixture) is 18.2 mm and that of the layer C2 (compressed M2 mixture) is 4.8 mm.
  • the density of layer C1 is between 1.78 and 1.80, while that of layer C2 is between 1.9 and 2.1.
  • the compressed broom was baked at 600 ° C under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the copper braid. During all the tests, the volume composition of the gaseous atmosphere was: 10% H2 - 90% N2.
  • brushes were obtained whose dimensions were within the standard, much like the brushes of Example 1. However, these brushes, on the test bench, exhibited a wear speed slightly higher than that of the brushes of Example 1.
  • brushes were obtained whose dimensions were within the standard, but at the limit of the standard. much like the brushes of Example 1.
  • Brushes were produced, in accordance with FIG. 1 a, in all points identical to those of Example 1, except that only one mixture M1 was prepared and that the mixture M2 of Example 1 was replaced by mixture M1. Brushes similar to those of Example 1 were obtained in terms of dimensional properties, however, slightly lower than those of Example 1 for their properties of use (higher electrical losses due to higher contact resistance, d where less durability).
  • Brooms of the "monolayer" type were manufactured in the following manner:
  • Example 1 Said ready to compress powder was loaded into the mold of Example 1 to a height of 60 mm and then compressed to obtain a height close to 23 mm. Step c) was carried out as in Example 1. Results similar to those of the brushes of Example 1 were obtained.
  • the invention relates above all to the production of brushes for household appliances (vacuum cleaners, drills, etc.), in particular those of high power (typically from 500 to 1000 W and more). It also relates to relatively low height brushes, typically of the order of 15 mm, used in petrol pump motors.
  • the invention makes it possible to obtain brushes of the “monolayer” or “bilayer” type which, roughly baked, are already at the final dimensions and have a braid or a connection cable of copper or copper alloy, which eliminates the passage brooms in a machine shop or finishing shop.
  • the "bilayer" broom obtained by the process according to the invention is particularly efficient and may be preferred to the "monolayer" broom according to the level of requirements required during its use.
  • the composition of the layer (3) intended to ensure the anchoring of the braid (4), and in particular the joint use of synthetic resin and copper, makes it possible to simultaneously obtain a very good physical anchoring of the braid and above all a contact drop, at the braid (4) / connection layer (3) junction, weak (of the order of 1.5 mV) compared to that observed in the case of a braid (4) / wear block (2) junction (of the order of 50 mV).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Current Collectors (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)

Description

DOMAINE DE L'INVENTIONFIELD OF THE INVENTION

L'invention concerne le domaine des balais destinés à assurer le contact électrique entre les parties mobiles (collecteurs) et les parties fixes d'un moteur électrique.The invention relates to the field of brushes intended to ensure electrical contact between the moving parts (collectors) and the fixed parts of an electric motor.

ART ANTERIEURPRIOR ART

Un balai comprend typiquement deux parties : un bloc d'usure conducteur électrique frottant contre le collecteur d'un moteur et une tresse (ou cable) métallique de connexion.A brush typically comprises two parts: an electrically conductive wear block rubbing against the collector of a motor and a metallic braid (or cable) for connection.

D'une manière générale, la fabrication de balais comprend les étapes suivantes :

  • a) préparation d'au moins un mélange de poudres comprenant des poudres conductrices (conduction électrique), typiquement des poudres contenant des particules solides carbonées et/ou métalliques, poudres mélangées avec des liants solides à la température ambiante ou enrobées de liants, typiquement des brais, goudrons ou résines synthétiques,
  • b) la mise en forme d'un balai cru par moulage et compression dudit mélange de poudres dans un moule ayant la forme appropriée,
  • c) cuisson du balai cru,
  • d) mise à la cote finale par usinage La fixation de la tresse (ou cable) conductrice, généralement en cuivre, peut être réalisée de différentes manières :
    • soit à l'étape b) de moulage, en introduisant la tresse dans le moule avant compression, de manière à utiliser la compression pour ancrer la tresse dans le mélange de poudres,
    • soit à l'étape d) où la tresse est ancrée soit par usinage d'un trou dans le bloc d'usure, soit en brasant la tresse au bloc d'usure, bloc comprenant une couche métallique, soit enfin par rivetage de la tresse et du bloc d'usure.
In general, the manufacture of brushes includes the following stages:
  • a) preparation of at least a mixture of powders comprising conductive powders (electrical conduction), typically powders containing carbonaceous and / or metallic solid particles, powders mixed with binders solid at room temperature or coated with binders, typically pitches, tars or synthetic resins,
  • b) shaping a raw broom by molding and compression of said mixture of powders in a mold having the appropriate shape,
  • c) cooking the raw broom,
  • d) final dimensioning by machining The conductive braid (or cable), generally made of copper, can be fixed in different ways:
    • either in step b) of molding, by introducing the braid into the mold before compression, so as to use compression to anchor the braid in the powder mixture,
    • either in step d) where the braid is anchored either by machining a hole in the wear block, or by brazing the braid to the wear block, block comprising a metallic layer, or finally by riveting the braid and the wear block.

On connaît aussi des balais dont le bloc d'usure est multicouches, c'est à dire dont le bloc d'usure comprend des couches, solidaires entre elles, de matériaux de nature différente.
Le brevet français FR 2 009 196 décrit un exemple typique de balai multicouches.
Brooms are also known in which the wear block is multilayer, that is to say in which the wear block comprises layers, integral with one another, of materials of different nature.
French patent FR 2 009 196 describes a typical example of a multi-layer brush.

PROBLEME POSEPROBLEM

Un problème des balais de l'art antérieur est leur coût de fabrication relativement élevé.
En particulier, l'étape d) d'usinage est coûteuse à au moins deux titres, d'une part elle constitue en elle-même une phase consommatrice de main d'oeuvre et de moyens industriels (machines, locaux...), ce qui correspond à des coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation non négligeables, et d'autre part, elle génère des rebuts d'usinage qui d'une part augmentent le coût matière des balais, et qui d'autre part constituent une source de rejets solides dont le traitement présente un coût supplémentaire.
A problem with the brushes of the prior art is their relatively high manufacturing cost.
In particular, step d) of machining is costly for at least two reasons, on the one hand it constitutes in itself a phase consuming labor and industrial means (machines, premises, etc.), which corresponds to significant investment and operating costs, and on the other hand, it generates machining rejects which on the one hand increase the material cost of the brushes, and which on the other constitute a source solid waste whose treatment presents an additional cost.

Par ailleurs, il est connu que la fixation de la tresse de connexion est plus coûteuse en usinant/brasant le bloc d'usure plutôt qu'en l'introduisant dans le moule à l'étape b).Furthermore, it is known that fixing the connection braid is more expensive by machining / brazing the wear block rather than by introducing it into the mold in step b).

Enfin, on sait, en ce qui concerne les liants, que les liants synthétiques, les résines phénoliques par exemple, sont plus onéreux que les liants du type brai de houille ou de pétrole, goudrons (mélanges de brais et d'huiles), tous produits qui résultent de la distillation fractionnée de la houille ou du pétrole.Finally, it is known, with regard to binders, that synthetic binders, phenolic resins for example, are more expensive than binders of the coal or oil pitch pitch type, tars (mixtures of pitches and oils), all products resulting from the fractional distillation of coal or petroleum.

Au total, suite aux analyses de coûts réalisées, la demanderesse a recherché les moyens à mettre en oeuvre pour obtenir un balai directement aux dimensions finales (donc sans usinage), avec incorporation de tresse dans le moule et en utilisant un liant bon marché, en particulier un liant de distillation (par opposition à un liant de synthèse).In total, following the cost analyzes carried out, the Applicant has sought the means to be used to obtain a brush directly to the final dimensions (therefore without machining), with incorporation of braid into the mold and using a cheap binder, in particular a distillation binder (as opposed to a binder of synthesis).

DESCRIPTION DE L'INVENTIONDESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Selon l'invention, le procédé de fabrication d'un balai pour moteur électrique comprenant un bloc d'usure et une tresse de connection, comprend une étape a) de préparation d'au moins un mélange de poudre comprenant au moins une poudre conductrice enrobée d'un liant, une étape b) de moulage par compression du/des mélange(s) dans un moule avec incorporation de ladite tresse pour former un balai cru, et une étape c) de cuisson dudit balai cru, et est caractérisé en ce que, de manière à obtenir un balai économique par moulage directement aux cotes finales, on prépare, à l'étape a), au moins un mélange M1 comprenant un liant de distillation et constitué par le produit de distillation de la houille ou du pétrole ou par un produit dérivé d'un tel produit de distillation L et au moins une poudre P1 de graphite sous forme de particules solides d'épaisseur moyenne inférieure à 25 µm et de facteur de forme moyen F1 (rapport grande dimension / petite dimension) élevé et supérieur à 5.According to the invention, the method of manufacturing a brush for an electric motor comprising a wear block and a connection braid, comprises a step a) of preparation of at least one powder mixture comprising at least one conductive powder coated of a binder, a step b) of compression molding of the mixture (s) in a mold with incorporation of said braid to form a raw broom, and a step c) of baking said raw broom, and is characterized in that that, in order to obtain an economical brush by molding directly to the final dimensions, at least a mixture M1 is prepared, in step a) comprising a distillation binder and consisting of the product of distillation of coal or petroleum or by a product derived from such a distillation product L and at least one graphite powder P1 in the form of solid particles with an average thickness of less than 25 μm and a medium form factor F1 (large dimension / small dimension ratio) high e t greater than 5.

Il est connu de l'homme du métier que la compression de poudres engendre des contraintes et que, lors de la cuisson, il se produit un ramollissement intermédiairement qui conduit finalement à des déformations importantes qui exigent un usinage des balais après cuisson.It is known to those skilled in the art that the compression of powders generates stresses and that, during cooking, there is an intermediate softening which finally leads to significant deformations which require machining of the brushes after cooking.

Pour limiter ces déformations, on connaît déjà des méthodes particulières pour obtenir, en fin de cuisson, des balais sensiblement aux cotes finales.
Parmi ces méthodes, on peut citer l'incorporation de soufre à un liant de distillation (brai, goudron), ou l'utilisation d'un liant de synthèse thermodurcissable.
To limit these deformations, special methods are already known for obtaining, at the end of cooking, brushes substantially at the final dimensions.
Among these methods, mention may be made of the incorporation of sulfur into a distillation binder (pitch, tar), or the use a thermosetting synthetic binder.

Or, ces deux méthodes sont à exclure si l'on veut obtenir un balai économique.
En effet, l'emploi de soufre ne permet pas d'introduire une tresse de cuivre avant cuisson (lors du moulage) parce que le soufre attaque la tresse de cuivre durant la cuisson. Comme déjà mentionné, il est exclu par ailleurs d'envisager la fixation d'une tresse de cuivre à un bloc d'usure lors de l'usinage, ce procédé n'étant pas économique.
Quant'à l'emploi d'une résine de synthèse thermodurcissable, il est exclu pour fabriquer le bloc d'usure d'un balai économique car son coût est environ 10 fois plus élevé que celui d'un liant de distillation.
However, these two methods are to be excluded if one wants to obtain an economical broom.
Indeed, the use of sulfur does not allow a copper braid to be introduced before cooking (during molding) because the sulfur attacks the copper braid during cooking. As already mentioned, it is also excluded to envisage fixing a copper braid to a wear block during machining, this process not being economical.
As for the use of a thermosetting synthetic resin, it is excluded for manufacturing the wear block of an economical broom because its cost is approximately 10 times higher than that of a distillation binder.

La demanderesse a donc recherché d'autres voies permettant d'obtenir directement après cuisson des balais aux cotes finales, tout en utilisant des liants économiques (liants issus de la distillation de la houille ou du pétrole) et en introduisant la tresse de cuivre lors de l'étape de moulage par compression.The applicant has therefore sought other ways of obtaining brushes directly after baking at final dimensions, while using economical binders (binders resulting from the distillation of coal or petroleum) and by introducing the copper braid during the compression molding step.

La solution qu'elle a trouvée, et qui permet d'obtenir directement en sortie de cuisson des balais aux cotes définitives prêts à être livrés, se caractérise donc par la présence essentielle d'une poudre de graphite présentant à la fois un fort élancement, c'est à dire un facteur de forme F1 élevé, et une épaisseur moyenne relativement faible.The solution which it found, and which makes it possible to obtain brooms with definitive dimensions ready for delivery directly at the end of cooking, is therefore characterized by the essential presence of a graphite powder having both a high slenderness, that is to say a high form factor F1, and a relatively low average thickness.

La demanderesse a observé que si l'élancement était trop faible ou si l'épaisseur moyenne était trop élevée, alors la cuisson du balai cru conduisait à des déformations trop importantes pour pouvoir utiliser tels quels, sans usinage complémentaire, les balais cuits.
A ce jour, les recherches de la demanderesse n'ont pas permis d'établir avec certitude les raisons pour lesquelles l'utilisation d'un liant de distillation et de poudres graphitiques particulières selon l'invention permettait une cuisson sans déformation notable.
The Applicant has observed that if the slenderness was too low or if the average thickness was too high, then the cooking of the raw broom led to too large deformations to be able to use as they are, without further machining, the baked brooms.
To date, the applicant's searches have not allowed to establish with certainty the reasons for which the use of a distillation binder and of particular graphitic powders according to the invention allowed cooking without significant deformation.

L'expression "sans déformation notable" signifie que les déformations minimes qui peuvent se produire durant la cuisson restent à l'intérieur des tolérances sur les dimensions des balais (voir normes CEI 136 (C) (1986) - DIN 43000 (1973) - AFNOR C 51902 (1968)). Ces normes sont reprises, sous une forme simplifiée, dans la notice technique STA AE 16-4 F éditée par la demanderesse. A titre d'exemple, pour une valeur nominale (ou théorique pour "t" et "a" car le balai doit avoir une section inférieure à celle du porte-balai) de 10 mm, les tolérances sur les différentes dimensions normalisées selon les 3 axes "t", "a" et "r" sont les suivantes :

sur "t" :
de 10 - 0,03 mm à 10 - 0,11 mm
sur "a" :
de 10 - 0,03 mm à 10 - 0,11 mm
sur "r" :
10 +/- 0,3 mm
The expression "without significant deformation" means that the minimal deformations which may occur during baking remain within the tolerances on the dimensions of the brushes (see standards IEC 136 (C) (1986) - DIN 43000 (1973) - AFNOR C 51902 (1968)). These standards are included, in a simplified form, in the technical notice STA AE 16-4 F published by the applicant. For example, for a nominal value (or theoretical value for "t" and "a" because the brush must have a section smaller than that of the brush holder) of 10 mm, the tolerances on the different dimensions standardized according to the 3 axes "t", "a" and "r" are as follows:
on "t":
from 10 - 0.03 mm to 10 - 0.11 mm
on "a":
from 10 - 0.03 mm to 10 - 0.11 mm
on "r":
10 +/- 0.3 mm

Ces dimensions sont représentées aux figures 1a et 1b.
Dans cette demande de brevet, la "hauteur" d'un balai correspond à la direction de "r".
These dimensions are shown in Figures 1a and 1b.
In this patent application, the "height" of a broom corresponds to the direction of "r".

Par ailleurs, l'homme du métier sait que toutes les déformations durant la cuisson ne sont pas également critiques ou rédhibitoires. L'homme du métier craint avant tout, outre la fissuration du balai durant la cuisson, soit les déformations aléatoires (il recherche donc des conditions de production reproductibles), soit des déformations correspondant à une courbure du balai, qui le rendrait donc inutilisable. Par contre, une déformation homothétique du balai - déformation reproductible - pendant la cuisson ne constitue pas en soi une déformation posant un problème dans la mesure où l'homme du métier peut, suite à des essais préliminaires, intégrer une déformation homothétique reproductible dans la conception du balai et dans son procédé de fabrication.
Les moyens décrits dans la présente demande répondent au problème des déformations gênantes pour l'homme du métier.
Furthermore, those skilled in the art know that all deformations during cooking are not equally critical or unacceptable. Above all, those skilled in the art fear, apart from cracking the broom during baking, either random deformations (he is therefore looking for reproducible production conditions), or deformations corresponding to a curvature of the broom, which would therefore make it unusable. On the other hand, a homothetic deformation of the broom - reproducible deformation - during baking does not in itself constitute a deformation posing a problem insofar as the person skilled in the art can, following preliminary tests, integrate a reproducible homothetic deformation in the design broom and in its process Manufacturing.
The means described in the present application respond to the problem of distortions which are troublesome for those skilled in the art.

DESCRIPTION DES FIGURESDESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Les figures 1a et 1b représentent une vue en perspective de balais obtenus par le procédé selon l'invention.
La figure la représente un balai monocouche (1) constitué d'un bloc d'usure (2) et d'une tresse de cuivre (4), alors que la figure 1b représente le balai multicouches (10) de l'exemple 1 constitué d'une couche d'usure (20), d'une couche de connexion (3) dans laquelle est ancrée la tresse de cuivre (4). On a représenté le collecteur (5) ainsi que les directions normalisées "a", "r" et "t".
Figures 1a and 1b show a perspective view of brushes obtained by the method according to the invention.
Figure la represents a monolayer brush (1) consisting of a wear block (2) and a copper braid (4), while Figure 1b represents the multilayer brush (10) of Example 1 a wear layer (20), a connection layer (3) in which the copper braid (4) is anchored. The manifold (5) is shown as well as the standardized directions "a", "r" and "t".

La figure 2 schématise, en coupe selon la direction de compression, la fabrication d'un balai cru (8) multicouches (couches C1 et C2), par compression dans un moule (6) d'un mélange M2, auquel la tresse (4) est incorporée, et d'un mélange M1 de deux poudres P1 et P2, respectivement à fort et faible élancement, à l'aide d'un poinçon (7), et montre que les particules P1, sous forme de paillettes à fort élancement, se brisent lors de la compression.Figure 2 shows schematically, in section along the direction of compression, the manufacture of a raw brush (8) multilayer (layers C1 and C2), by compression in a mold (6) of a mixture M2, to which the braid (4 ) is incorporated, and of a mixture M1 of two powders P1 and P2, respectively with high and low slenderness, using a punch (7), and shows that the particles P1, in the form of flakes with high slenderness , break during compression.

Les figure 3a et 3b représentent, en coupe selon deux axes perpendiculaires, respectivement une particule typique de la poudre P1 et de la poudre P2. Le facteur de forme (élancement) d'une particule est le rapport D/d (plus grande dimension D/ plus petite dimension d).FIGS. 3a and 3b represent, in section along two perpendicular axes, respectively a typical particle of the powder P1 and of the powder P2. The form factor (slenderness) of a particle is the ratio D / d (largest dimension D / smallest dimension d).

Les figures 4a et 4b représentent une vue (schématisée à partir de microphotos) en coupe du mélange M1 de poudres P1 et P2, respectivement avant et après compression. On observe une fragmentation des particules P1 après compression (liant L non représenté sur ces figures).Figures 4a and 4b show a sectional view (schematically from microphotos) of the mixture M1 of powders P1 and P2, respectively before and after compression. Fragmentation of the particles P1 is observed after compression (binder L not shown in these figures).

La figure 5 représente le domaine de composition pondérale des constituants du mélange M1 (parallélogramme ABCD) :

  • liant L : entre 25 et 30 %
  • poudre P1 à fort élancement : entre 15 et 75 %
  • poudre P2 à faible élancement : entre 0 et 55 %
FIG. 5 represents the range of weight composition of constituents of the mixture M1 (parallelogram ABCD):
  • binder L: between 25 and 30%
  • high slenderness P1 powder: between 15 and 75%
  • P2 powder with low slenderness: between 0 and 55%

Sur la figure 5 est également représenté le domaine préféré (parallélogramme A'B'C'D') :

  • liant L : entre 25 et 30 %
  • poudre P1 : entre 30 et 60 %
  • poudre P2 : entre 15 et 40 %
Also shown in FIG. 5 is the preferred domain (parallelogram A'B'C'D '):
  • binder L: between 25 and 30%
  • P1 powder: between 30 and 60%
  • P2 powder: between 15 and 40%

DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTIONDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Bien que le moyen essentiel de l'invention résulte du choix d'une poudre P1 de morphologie particulière, la demanderesse a observé qu'il était préférable d'obtenir un bloc d'usure (2) ou une couche d'usure (20) par compression d'un mélange comprenant ladite poudre P1, ledit liant L et une autre poudre P2 de graphite, mais poudre constituée de particules à faible élancement, de facteur de forme F2 faible et inférieur à 3.Although the essential means of the invention results from the choice of a powder P1 of particular morphology, the Applicant has observed that it was preferable to obtain a wear block (2) or a wear layer (20) by compression of a mixture comprising said powder P1, said binder L and another powder P2 of graphite, but powder made up of particles with low slenderness, of form factor F2 low and less than 3.

En effet, si le mélange de poudre P1 et de liant L conduit bien à un balai répondant au problème posé et ayant des dimensions finales, après cuisson, conformes aux normes, il est néanmoins préférable qu'une poudre P2 de graphite, à faible élancement soit mélangée à la poudre P1 à la fois principalement pour "durcir" le balai et pour diminuer l'encrassement du collecteur et l'usure des balais.Indeed, if the mixture of powder P1 and binder L leads well to a broom answering the problem posed and having final dimensions, after baking, in accordance with the standards, it is nevertheless preferable that a powder P2 of graphite, with low slenderness either mixed with powder P1 both mainly to "harden" the brush and to reduce clogging of the collector and wear on the brushes.

Parmi toutes les compositions possible du mélange M1 constitué de 3 constituants L, P1 et P2, que l'on représente de manière classique sur un triangle dont chaque sommet (L, P1 et P2) correspond à 100% du constituant correspondant, les compositions selon l'invention constituent un domaine restreint. Comme représenté à la figure 5 sur un triangle de sommets L, P1, P2, est le parallélogramme ABCD, et le domaine préféré est le parallélogramme A'B'C'D'.Among all the possible compositions of the mixture M1 consisting of 3 constituents L, P1 and P2, which are conventionally represented on a triangle, each vertex (L, P1 and P2) corresponding to 100% of the corresponding constituent, the compositions according to the invention constitutes a restricted field. As shown in Figure 5 on a triangle of vertices L, P1, P2, is the parallelogram ABCD, and the preferred domain is the parallelogram A'B'C'D '.

A titre d'exemple, les coordonnées / ou compositions des points A,B,C,D (% pondéral dont la somme égale 100) est : L P1 P2 A 25 75 0 B 30 70 0 C 30 15 55 D 25 20 55 For example, the coordinates / or compositions of points A, B, C, D (% by weight, the sum of which is 100) is: L P1 P2 AT 25 75 0 B 30 70 0 VS 30 15 55 D 25 20 55

Toutes les caractéristiques morphologiques des poudres P1 et P2 et les délimitations relatives à la composition résultent des études de la demanderesse et constituent une sélection de conditions expérimentales qui permettent de satisfaire à l'ensemble des conditions suivantes :

  • les poudres de départ sont des poudres économiques ne nécessitant pas de traitements particuliers, poudres manipulables selon les normes habituelles du métier,
  • faible déformation des balais à la cuisson,
  • tresse incorporée au bloc d'usure / à la couche de connection lors de la compression. Par ailleurs, il va de soi que les balais obtenus doivent avoir et ont des caractéristiques mécaniques correspondant aux valeurs habituelles.
All the morphological characteristics of the powders P1 and P2 and the boundaries relating to the composition result from the applicant's studies and constitute a selection of experimental conditions which make it possible to satisfy all of the following conditions:
  • the starting powders are economical powders which do not require any particular treatment, powders which can be handled according to the usual standards of the trade,
  • slight deformation of the brushes during cooking,
  • braid incorporated in the wear block / connection layer during compression. Furthermore, it goes without saying that the brushes obtained must have and have mechanical characteristics corresponding to the usual values.

A titre d'exemple, si la teneur relative pondérale de liant L de distillation dans le mélange M1 est trop grande (> 30 %), il y a risque de surmouillage du mélange M1 et fissuration du balai pendant la cuisson. Par contre, si elle est trop basse (< 25 %), les particules solides (poudres de graphite P1 et P2) ne sont pas liées, ce qui nuit à la tenue mécanique du balai final (trop grande fragilité du balai) et ce qui conduit à une vitesse d'usure élevée.For example, if the relative content by weight of distillation binder L in the mixture M1 is too large (> 30%), there is a risk of over-wetting of the mixture M1 and cracking of the brush during baking. On the other hand, if it is too low (<25%), the solid particles (graphite powders P1 and P2) are not bound, which affects the mechanical strength of the final brush (too great brittleness of the brush) and which leads to a high wear speed.

De même, en ce qui concerne la teneur relative entre les deux familles de poudres P1 et P2, si la teneur de poudre P1 est trop faible par rapport à la teneur en poudre P2, on observe une déformation à la cuisson trop importante. Par contre, en l'absence de poudre P2, on obtient bien un balai répondant au problème posé, mais, comme déjà mentionné, la demanderesse a noté dans ce cas une usure plus rapide des balais ainsi qu'un encrassement plus élevé du collecteur.
Pour toutes ces raisons, le domaine de composition préféré est représenté par le parallélogramme A'B'C'D', correpondant aux intervalles suivants (composition pondérale) :

L :
de 25 à 30 %
P1 :
de 30 à 60 %
P2 :
de 15 à 40 %
Likewise, as regards the relative content between the two P1 and P2 powder families, if the P1 powder content is too low compared to the P2 powder content, there is too much deformation during cooking. On the other hand, in the absence of powder P2, a brush is indeed obtained which responds to the problem posed, but, as already mentioned, the Applicant has noted in this case faster wear of the brushes as well as higher fouling of the collector.
For all these reasons, the preferred composition range is represented by the parallelogram A'B'C'D ', corresponding to the following intervals (weight composition):
L:
25 to 30%
P1:
from 30 to 60%
P2:
from 15 to 40%

Selon l'invention, ladite poudre P1 de graphite est constituée, de préférence, de paillettes (particules à caractère bidimensionnel marqué) à fort élancement, de facteur de forme moyen F1 compris entre 5 et 20 et d'épaisseur moyenne comprise entre 1 et 15 µm.
De même, ladite poudre P2 de graphite à faible élancement est constituée, de préférence, de grains (particules à caractère tridimensionnel marqué) de facteur de forme moyen F2 voisin de 1, et de diamètre moyen compris entre 10 et 200 µm et de préférence compris entre 30 et 100 µm.
According to the invention, said graphite powder P1 preferably consists of flakes (particles of marked two-dimensional nature) with high slenderness, of average form factor F1 of between 5 and 20 and of average thickness of between 1 and 15 µm.
Likewise, said slender graphite powder P2 is preferably made up of grains (particles of marked three-dimensional nature) with an average form factor F2 close to 1, and an average diameter of between 10 and 200 μm and preferably included between 30 and 100 µm.

Il peut être avantageux de fabriquer un balai multicouches, comme représenté à la figure 1b pour un balai bicouches, constitué d'une couche d'usure (20) et d'une couche de connection (3) dans laquelle est ancrée ladite tresse (4), en particulier pour diminuer la chute de contact (due à la résistance électrique de contact) entre la tresse et le reste du balai.It may be advantageous to manufacture a multi-layer brush, as shown in FIG. 1b for a two-layer brush, consisting of a wear layer (20) and a connection layer (3) in which said braid (4) is anchored. ), in particular to reduce the contact drop (due to the electrical contact resistance) between the braid and the rest of the brush.

Pour cela, à l'étape a) du procédé selon l'invention, on prépare deux mélanges de poudre distincts, M1 et M2, M1 correspondant au mélange précédemment décrit et M2 comprenant une poudre graphitique, une poudre de cuivre et un liant de synthèse, et, à l'étape b), on comprime une superposition de deux couches, une couche inférieure constituée du mélange M1 de poudres, une couche supérieure constituée du mélange M2, après avoir incorporé à ladite couche supérieure l'extrémité de ladite tresse, de manière à obtenir un balai cru bicouches constitué d'une couche C1 "d'usure" et d'une couche C "de connexion" dans laquelle ladite tresse est ancrée.
Puis, après cuisson du balai cru à l'étape c), on obtient un balai utilisable sans usinage complémentaire.
For this, in step a) of the method according to the invention, two separate powder mixtures are prepared, M1 and M2, M1 corresponding to the mixture described above and M2 comprising a graphitic powder, a copper powder and a synthetic binder, and, in step b), a superposition of two layers is compressed, a lower layer consisting of the mixture M1 of powders, a upper layer consisting of the mixture M2, after incorporating into said upper layer the end of said braid, so as to obtain a two-layer raw brush consisting of a layer C1 "of wear" and a layer C "of connection" in which said braid is anchored.
Then, after cooking the raw broom in step c), a broom which can be used without additional machining is obtained.

De préférence, ledit mélange M2 comprend une poudre graphitique agglomérée par un liant de synthèse et une poudre de cuivre à une teneur pondérale comprise entre 15 à 35 %, ledit liant de synthèse étant choisi parmi les résines thermodurcissables, et plus particulièrement parmi les résines phénoliques.Preferably, said mixture M2 comprises a graphitic powder agglomerated by a synthetic binder and a copper powder with a weight content of between 15 and 35%, said synthetic binder being chosen from thermosetting resins, and more particularly from phenolic resins .

Compte tenu du fait que le mélange M2 comprend un liant onéreux, il est avantageux de limiter la quantité de mélange M2 (par rapport à la quantité de mélange M1) au strict nécessaire permettant l'ancrage de ladite tresse.In view of the fact that the mixture M2 comprises an expensive binder, it is advantageous to limit the quantity of mixture M2 (relative to the quantity of mixture M1) to the strict minimum necessary for anchoring said braid.

Typiquement, on choisit des quantités de mélange M1 et M2 de manière à obtenir, après compression, un balai multicouches cru dont ladite couche C2, dans laquelle est ancrée ladite tresse, est de hauteur comprise entre 2 et 10 mm, la hauteur desdites couches correspondant à la direction de compression desdits mélanges dans ledit moule.
Habituellement, le rapport "hauteur de la couche C1 / hauteur de la couche C2'' est généralement compris entre 2 et 30, et le plus souvent de l'ordre de 5 à 10.
Ainsi, comme on peut le constater, la très grande majorité du matériau constituant le balai contient un liant économique.
Typically, the quantities of mixture M1 and M2 are chosen so as to obtain, after compression, a green multilayer brush whose said layer C2, in which said braid is anchored, is between 2 and 10 mm in height, the height of said corresponding layers to the direction of compression of said mixtures in said mold.
Usually, the ratio "height of layer C1 / height of layer C2 '' is generally between 2 and 30, and most often of the order of 5 to 10.
Thus, as can be seen, the vast majority of the material constituting the brush contains an economic binder.

En ce qui concerne le liant de distillation de la couche d'usure (20) ou du bloc d'usure (2), il est constitué par le produit de distillation de la houille ou du pétrole ou par un produit dérivé d'un tel produit de distillation.
En effet, les liants obtenus directement ou même après transformation, par distillation de houille ou de pétrole, sont économiques comparés aux liants de synthèse (typiquement les résines thermodurcissables de type phénolique, époxy, etc...).
Regarding the layer distillation binder of wear (20) or of the wear block (2), it is constituted by the distillation product of coal or petroleum or by a product derived from such a distillation product.
In fact, the binders obtained directly or even after transformation, by distillation of coal or petroleum, are economical compared to synthetic binders (typically thermosetting resins of phenolic, epoxy type, etc.).

Mais il peut être également avantageux de fabriquer un balai monocouche constitué d'un même matériau ne comprenant pas de poudre de cuivre, et permettant d'atteindre également les objectifs de la présente invention.
Dans ce cas, à l'étape a) du procédé de fabrication, ledit mélange M1 est malaxé avec une solution en milieu solvant d'un liant de synthèse à au moins 25% en poids de matière non diluée et le malaxage est poursuivi jusqu'à homogénéisation dudit mélange M1 et de ladite solution en milieu solvant, et élimination dudit solvant de ladite solution.
However, it may also be advantageous to manufacture a single-layer brush made of the same material not comprising copper powder, and also making it possible to achieve the objectives of the present invention.
In this case, in step a) of the manufacturing process, said mixture M1 is kneaded with a solution in a solvent medium of a synthetic binder at least 25% by weight of undiluted material and the kneading is continued until homogenizing said mixture M1 and said solution in a solvent medium, and removing said solvent from said solution.

Typiquement, à 90 parties de mélange M1, on incorpore de 5 à 20 parties de liant de synthèse (exprimé en matière non diluée). De préférence, la quantité de liant de synthèse est comprise entre 7 et 12 parties, et elle est inférieure, d'au moins 50% à la quantité de liant L de distillation.
Ledit liant de synthèse est de préférence une résine phénolique et ledit solvant est de préférence un alcool.
Les quantités de liant de synthèse (exprimées en matière non diluée) sont choisies pour permettre d'obtenir un balai final monocouche économique ayant les cotes définitives en sortie de cuisson et présentant une tresse (4) suffisamment ancrée.
Les quantités de solvant sont choisies pour permettre un malaxage suffisamment fluide pour réaliser une homogénéisation du mélange M1 et du liant de synthèse.
Ce type de balai "monocouche" est sensiblement plus économique qu'un balai "bicouches" compte tenu de sa plus grande simplicité de fabrication, un seul mélange de poudres étant à préparer et à manipuler, la quantité de liant de synthèse, quoique globalement supérieure dans un balai "monocouche" à celle d'un balai "bicouches", restant très inférieure à la quantité de liant de distillation utilisée - inférieure d'au moins 50% en poids.
Typically, to 90 parts of mixture M1, 5 to 20 parts of synthetic binder are incorporated (expressed as undiluted material). Preferably, the quantity of synthetic binder is between 7 and 12 parts, and it is less, by at least 50%, than the quantity of distillation binder L.
Said synthetic binder is preferably a phenolic resin and said solvent is preferably an alcohol.
The quantities of synthetic binder (expressed in undiluted material) are chosen to allow an economical single-layer final brush having the final dimensions at the end of cooking and having a braid (4) sufficiently anchored.
The amounts of solvent are chosen to allow mixing that is fluid enough to achieve homogenization of the mixture M1 and the synthetic binder.
This type of "monolayer" broom is significantly more economical than a "bilayer" broom given its more great simplicity of manufacture, a single mixture of powders being to prepare and to handle, the quantity of synthetic binder, although globally greater in a "monolayer" broom than that of a "bilayer" broom, remaining much less than the quantity of distillation binder used - at least 50% lower by weight.

Que le balai soit du type "bicouches" ou "monocouche", le procédé selon l'invention s'applique à la fabrication de balais relativement élancés (hauts par rapport à leur section), et plus particulièrement à la fabrication de balais dont le facteur d'élancement p, défini par le rapport "hauteur / racine carrée de la section", est compris entre 2 et 6.
Ces limites du facteur d'élancement p reposent sur les constatations suivantes : d'une part, pour p < 2, le problème de l'invention ne se pose pas, l'élancement du balai étant trop faible, et d'autre part, pour p > 6, l'élancement du balai étant trop élevé, il y un risque que le balai ne puisse être obtenu directement, et de manière fiable, avec les moyens de l'invention.
Whether the broom is of the "bilayer" or "monolayer" type, the method according to the invention applies to the manufacture of relatively slender brooms (high in relation to their section), and more particularly to the manufacture of brooms, the factor of which slenderness p, defined by the ratio "height / square root of the section", is between 2 and 6.
These limits of the slenderness factor p are based on the following observations: on the one hand, for p <2, the problem of the invention does not arise, the slenderness of the brush being too low, and on the other hand, for p> 6, the slenderness of the broom being too high, there is a risk that the broom cannot be obtained directly, and reliably, with the means of the invention.

EXEMPLESEXAMPLES Exemple 1Example 1

On a fabriqué le balai multicouches représenté à l'exemple 1b selon le procédé schématisé à la figure 2.The multilayer brush shown in Example 1b was manufactured according to the process shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2.

Etape a) :Step a):

On a préparé le mélange M2 ayant la composition pondérale suivante :

  • ∗ poudre de cuivre : 20 parties
    Cette poudre de cuivre du commerce est constituée de particules de diamètre moyen de l'ordre de 30 µm.
  • ∗ poudre de graphite naturel du commerce aggloméré à la résine phénolique : 80 parties.
The mixture M2 was prepared having the following composition by weight:
  • ∗ copper powder: 20 parts
    This commercial copper powder is made up of particles with an average diameter of around 30 µm.
  • ∗ natural commercial graphite powder agglomerated with phenolic resin: 80 parts.

La poudre de graphite est du type P1 (paillettes), avec un facteur de forme F1 moyen de 8 et une épaisseur moyenne des paillettes constituant la poudre de 10 µm.
Le rapport pondéral "poudre de graphite / résine phénolique" est de 75/25.
La densité apparente du mélange M2 est de 0,85.
The graphite powder is of the P1 type (flakes), with an average form factor F1 of 8 and an average thickness of the flakes constituting the powder of 10 μm.
The weight ratio "graphite powder / phenolic resin" is 75/25.
The bulk density of the M2 mixture is 0.85.

On a préparé le mélange M1 ayant la composition suivante :

  • ∗ poudre P1 : poudre de graphite (mélange sensiblement à parts égales de graphite naturel et synthétique du commerce) constitué de paillettes de 5 à 10 µm d'épaisseur et de 50 à 200 µm de grande dimension (voir figure 3a).
    Le graphite naturel utilisé se caractérise par une épaisseur moyenne de paillettes de 10 µm et un facteur de forme F1 moyen de 8, alors que le graphite artificiel utilisé se caractérise par une épaisseur moyenne de 5 µm et un facteur de forme F1 de 12.
  • ∗ poudre P2 : poudre de graphite artificiel du commerce, en grains sensiblement sphériques (facteur de forme voisin de 1) et de diamètre moyen de 50 µm .
  • ∗ liant L de distillation : brai de houille du commerce.
La composition pondérale du mélange M1 est la suivante :
poudre P1 :
45 %
poudre P2 :
27,5 %
liant L :
27,5 %
Cette composition correspond au point 1 de la figure 5. La densité apparente du mélange M1 est de 0,75.The mixture M1 having the following composition was prepared:
  • ∗ P1 powder: graphite powder (substantially equal mixture of natural and synthetic commercial graphite) consisting of flakes 5 to 10 µm thick and 50 to 200 µm large (see Figure 3a).
    The natural graphite used is characterized by an average flake thickness of 10 µm and an average F1 form factor of 8, while the artificial graphite used is characterized by an average thickness of 5 µm and an F1 form factor of 12.
  • P2 P2 powder: commercial artificial graphite powder, in substantially spherical grains (form factor close to 1) and with an average diameter of 50 μm.
  • ∗ distillation binder L: commercial coal pitch.
The weight composition of the mixture M1 is as follows:
P1 powder:
45%
P2 powder:
27.5%
binder L:
27.5%
This composition corresponds to point 1 of FIG. 5. The apparent density of the mixture M1 is 0.75.

Etape b)Step b)

On a rempli un moule (6), de section intérieure 11x6 mm2, dont la forme intérieure se déduit de la figure 1b, en prolongeant la direction "r".
On a introduit d'abord le mélange M1 sur une hauteur de poudre de 50 mm, puis le mélange M2 sur une hauteur de 10 mm.
Le poinçon de compression (7) porte une tresse de connexion (4).
On a comprimé l'ensemble des mélanges de poudres avec la tresse, de manière à obtenir le balai représenté à la figure 1b de hauteur totale voisine de 23 mm. La hauteur de la couche C1 (mélange M1 comprimé) est de 18,2 mm et celle de la couche C2 (mélange M2 comprimé) est de 4,8 mm.
La densité de la couche C1 est comprise entre 1,78 et 1,80, tandis que celle de la couche C2 est comprise entre 1,9 et 2,1.
A mold (6), of internal section 11 × 6 mm 2 , was filled, the internal shape of which is deduced from FIG. 1b, by extending the direction "r".
The mixture M1 was first introduced over a height of powder of 50 mm, then the mixture M2 over a height of 10 mm.
The compression punch (7) carries a connection braid (4).
All the powder mixtures were compressed with the braid, so as to obtain the brush shown in FIG. 1b with a total height close to 23 mm. The height of the layer C1 (compressed M1 mixture) is 18.2 mm and that of the layer C2 (compressed M2 mixture) is 4.8 mm.
The density of layer C1 is between 1.78 and 1.80, while that of layer C2 is between 1.9 and 2.1.

Etape c) :Step c):

Le balai comprimé a été cuit à 600°C sous une atmosphère non oxydante pour éviter l'oxydation de la tresse de cuivre. Lors de tous les essais, la composition volumique de l'atmosphère gazeuse était de : 10% H2 - 90% N2.The compressed broom was baked at 600 ° C under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the copper braid. During all the tests, the volume composition of the gaseous atmosphere was: 10% H2 - 90% N2.

Les dimensions finales du balai sont :

  • ∗ hauteur (selon axe "r") : 23,11 mm
  • ∗ longueur (selon axe "a") : 11,21 mm
  • ∗ largeur (selon axe "t") : 6,23 mm
Son facteur d'élancement p vaut 23,11 /(11,21x6,23)1/2 soit 2,77.The final dimensions of the broom are:
  • ∗ height (along "r" axis): 23.11 mm
  • ∗ length (along axis "a"): 11.21 mm
  • ∗ width (along "t" axis): 6.23 mm
Its slenderness factor p is 23.11 / (11.21x6.23) 1/2 or 2.77.

Pour un porte-balai ayant une section intérieure nominale de 11,3 mm x 6,3 mm ("a" x "t"), et pour un balai de 23 mm de hauteur (valeur nominale), les tolérances normalisées sur "r", "a" et "t" sont :

  • ∗ hauteur "r" : 22,5 - 23,5 mm
  • ∗ longueur "a" : 11,26 - 11,17 mm
  • ∗ largeur "t" : 6,27 - 6,19 mm
For a brush holder with a nominal internal section of 11.3 mm x 6.3 mm ("a" x "t"), and for a brush with a height of 23 mm (nominal value), the tolerances standardized on "r "," a "and" t "are:
  • ∗ height "r": 22.5 - 23.5 mm
  • ∗ length "a": 11.26 - 11.17 mm
  • ∗ width "t": 6.27 - 6.19 mm

Résultats :Results:

- d'une part, on n'a pas constaté de déformation notable des balais après cuisson (pas de courbure rédhibitoire du balai selon l'axe "r"). Les déformations constatées sont suffisamment faibles (quelques 1/100 èmes de mm) pour que les dimensions du balai en sortie de cuisson se situent à l'intérieur des tolérances.
Les essais de reproductibilité du procédé selon l'invention ont été réalisés sur un prélèvement de 100 balais, réalisé à partir d'une production de 10 000 balais.
Non seulement on a observé que, sans usinage complémentaire, tous les balais bruts de moulage satisfaisaient aux normes dimensionnelles, mais encore on a constaté l'étroitesse des fourchettes dimensionnelles.
- On the one hand, there has been no noticeable deformation of the brushes after baking (no unacceptable curvature of the brush along the "r" axis). The deformations observed are sufficiently small (a few 1/100 th of a mm) so that the dimensions of the broom at the end of cooking are within the tolerances.
The reproducibility tests of the method according to the invention were carried out on a sample of 100 brushes, produced from a production of 10,000 brushes.
Not only has it been observed that, without additional machining, all the rough molding brushes meet the dimensional standards, but also the narrowness of the dimensional forks has been observed.

En effet, les étendues observées (étendue au sens statistique = valeur maximum - valeur minimum) sur un lot de 100 balais obtenus par le procédé selon l'invention sont les suivantes :

  • ∗ pour la hauteur (axe "r") : 0,52 mm
  • ∗ pour la longueur (axe "a") : 0,049 mm
  • ∗ pour la largeur (axe "t") : 0,046 mm
Indeed, the ranges observed (statistical range = maximum value - minimum value) on a batch of 100 brushes obtained by the method according to the invention are the following:
  • ∗ for the height ("r" axis): 0.52 mm
  • ∗ for the length (axis "a"): 0.049 mm
  • ∗ for the width ("t" axis): 0.046 mm

Si on compare ces valeurs aux tolérances dimensionnelles (étendues) conformes aux normes déjà citées :

  • ∗ pour la hauteur (axe "r") : 1 mm
  • ∗ pour la longueur (axe "a") : 0,09 mm
  • ∗ pour la largeur (axe "t") : 0,08 mm
on voit combien le procédé selon l'invention est reproductible à l'intérieur de fourchettes étroites, ce qui constitue un grand avantage.If we compare these values to dimensional (extended) tolerances in accordance with the standards already cited:
  • ∗ for the height ("r" axis): 1 mm
  • ∗ for the length (axis "a"): 0.09 mm
  • ∗ for the width ("t" axis): 0.08 mm
it can be seen how reproducible the method according to the invention within narrow ranges, which is a great advantage.

Les essais et tests complémentaires ont montré d'une part la très bonne tenue mécanique de la tresse de connexion, et d'autre part les excellentes propriétés d'usage des balais obtenus par le procédé selon l'invention, en particulier dans le cas de moteurs domestiques de puissance élevée (puissance allant de 500 à 1000 W ou au-delà) où une faible usure relative de balais a été constatée.The tests and additional tests showed on the one hand the very good mechanical strength of the connection braid, and on the other hand the excellent properties of use of the brushes obtained by the method according to the invention, in particular in the case of domestic motors of high power (power ranging from 500 to 1000 W or more) where low relative wear of brushes has been observed.

Exemple 2Example 2

On a fabriqué des balais en tout points identiques à ceux de l'exemple 1, sauf en ce que, la composition du mélange M1 utilisé pour former la couche C1 (20) est la suivante (point 2 sur la figure 5) :

poudre P1 :
67,5 %
poudre P2 :
5 %
liant L :
27,5 %
Brooms were manufactured at all points identical to those of Example 1, except that the composition of the mixture M1 used to form the layer C1 (20) is as follows (point 2 in Figure 5):
P1 powder:
67.5%
P2 powder:
5%
binder L:
27.5%

Après cuisson, on a obtenu des balais dont les dimensions se situaient dans la norme, sensiblement comme les balais de l'exemple 1.
Cependant, ces balais, sur banc d'essai ont présenté une vitesse d'usure légèrement supérieure à celle des balais de l'exemple 1.
After baking, brushes were obtained whose dimensions were within the standard, much like the brushes of Example 1.
However, these brushes, on the test bench, exhibited a wear speed slightly higher than that of the brushes of Example 1.

Exemple 3Example 3

On a fabriqué des balais en tout points identiques à ceux de l'exemple 1, sauf en ce que, la composition du mélange M1 utilisé pour former la couche C1 est la suivante (point 3 sur la figure 5) :

poudre P1 :
20 %
poudre P2 :
52,5 %
liant L :
27,5 % %
Brooms were manufactured at all points identical to those of Example 1, except that the composition of the mixture M1 used to form the layer C1 is as follows (point 3 in FIG. 5):
P1 powder:
20%
P2 powder:
52.5%
binder L:
27.5%%

Après cuisson, on a obtenu des balais dont les dimensions se situaient dans la norme, mais à la limite de la norme.
sensiblement comme les balais de l'exemple 1.
After baking, brushes were obtained whose dimensions were within the standard, but at the limit of the standard.
much like the brushes of Example 1.

Exemple 4Example 4

On a fabriqué des balais, conformes à la figure la, en tout points identiques à ceux de l'exemple 1, sauf qu'on n'a préparé qu'un seul mélange M1 et que le mélange M2 de l'exemple 1 a été remplacé par le mélange M1.
On a obtenu des balais analogues à ceux de l'exemple 1 quant'aux propriétes dimensionnelles, cependant, légèrement inférieurs à ceux de l'exemple 1 pour leurs propriétés d'usage (pertes électriques supérieures due à une résistance de contact plus élevée, d'où une durabilité moindre).
Brushes were produced, in accordance with FIG. 1 a, in all points identical to those of Example 1, except that only one mixture M1 was prepared and that the mixture M2 of Example 1 was replaced by mixture M1.
Brushes similar to those of Example 1 were obtained in terms of dimensional properties, however, slightly lower than those of Example 1 for their properties of use (higher electrical losses due to higher contact resistance, d where less durability).

Exemple 5Example 5

On a fabriqué des balais du type "monocouche" de la manière suivante :Brooms of the "monolayer" type were manufactured in the following manner:

Etape a) :Step a):

  • ∗ on a d'abord préparé le mélange M1 de l'exemple 1,∗ the mixture M1 of example 1 was first prepared,
  • ∗ on a ensuite malaxé ledit mélange M1 et une solution de résine phénolique à 40% dans l'éthanol. Pour 90 parties de mélange M1, on a utilisé 8 parties de résine phénolique (exprimées en résine phénolique non diluée) et 12 parties d'éthanol, toutes les parties étant pondérales,∗ said mixture M1 was then kneaded and a solution of phenolic resin at 40% in ethanol. For 90 parts of mixture M1, 8 parts of phenolic resin (expressed as undiluted phenolic resin) and 12 parts of ethanol were used, all the parts being by weight,
  • ∗ on a poursuivi le malaxage jusqu'à homogénéisation totale et jusqu'à élimination de l'alcool par évaporation compte tenu de la chaleur dégagée par le malaxage lui-même, de manière à obtenir, après refroidissement, une poudre prête à comprimer.∗ the kneading was continued until total homogenization and until elimination of the alcohol by evaporation taking into account the heat given off by the kneading itself, so as to obtain, after cooling, a powder ready to compress.
Etape b) :Step b):

Ladite poudre prête à comprimer a été chargée dans le moule de l'exemple 1 sur une hauteur de 60 mm et puis comprimé pour obtenir une hauteur voisine de 23 mm.
L'étape c) a été conduite comme à l'exemple 1.
On a obtenu des résultats analogues à ceux des balais de l'exemple 1.
Said ready to compress powder was loaded into the mold of Example 1 to a height of 60 mm and then compressed to obtain a height close to 23 mm.
Step c) was carried out as in Example 1.
Results similar to those of the brushes of Example 1 were obtained.

Autres essais :Other tests:

Tous les essais réalisés sur la base d'une composition de mélange M1 située hors du parallélogramme ABCD, soit n'ont pu être obtenus matériellement (par exemple par manque de liant L < 25 %), soit étaient fissurés (L > 30%), soit étaient trop déformés après cuisson (P2 > 55 % pour L compris entre 25 et 30 %).All the tests carried out on the basis of a mixture composition M1 located outside the parallelogram ABCD, either could not be obtained physically (for example by lack of binder L <25%), or were cracked (L> 30%) , or were too deformed after cooking (P2> 55% for L between 25 and 30%).

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

L'invention concerne surtout la production des balais pour les appareils domestiques (aspirateurs, perceuses....), en particulier ceux de puissance élevée (typiquement de 500 à 1000 W et plus).
Elle concerne aussi les balais de hauteur relativement faible, typiquement de l'ordre de 15 mm, utilisés dans les moteurs de pompe à essence.
The invention relates above all to the production of brushes for household appliances (vacuum cleaners, drills, etc.), in particular those of high power (typically from 500 to 1000 W and more).
It also relates to relatively low height brushes, typically of the order of 15 mm, used in petrol pump motors.

AVANTAGES DE L'INVENTIONADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

L'invention permet d'obtenir des balais du type "monocouche" ou "bicouches" qui, bruts de cuisson, sont déjà aux cotes définitives et possèdent une tresse ou un cable de connexion en cuivre ou alliage de cuivre, ce qui supprime le passage des balais dans un atelier d'usinage ou de finition.The invention makes it possible to obtain brushes of the “monolayer” or “bilayer” type which, roughly baked, are already at the final dimensions and have a braid or a connection cable of copper or copper alloy, which eliminates the passage brooms in a machine shop or finishing shop.

Par ailleurs, ce résultat est obtenu à l'aide des outils standards de moulage des balais par compression et en utilisant, en très grande majorité, un liant bon marché.
L'avantage économique global est donc très important et se situe selon les cas entre 5 et 15 % par rapport aux balais comparables de l'art antérieur, ce qui est considérable pour des produits de grande consommation, l'avantage économique étant plus marqué dans le cas de balais du type "monocouche".
Furthermore, this result is obtained using standard compression molding tools for brushes and using, for the most part, an inexpensive binder.
The overall economic advantage is therefore very significant and is, depending on the case, between 5 and 15% compared to comparable brushes of the prior art, which is considerable for consumer products, the economic advantage being more marked in the case of "monolayer" type brooms.

Par contre, sur le plan technique, le balai "bicouches" obtenu par le procédé selon l'invention est particulièrement performant et peut être préféré au balai "monocouche" en fonction du niveau d'exigences requis lors de son utilisation.
En effet, dans le cas d'un balai "bicouches", la composition de la couche (3), destinée à assurer l'ancrage de la tresse (4), et en particulier l'utilisation conjointe de résine synthétique et de poudre de cuivre, permet d'obtenir simultanément un très bon ancrage physique de la tresse et surtout une chute de contact, à la jonction tresse (4) / couche de connection (3), faible (de l'ordre de 1,5 mV) comparativement à celle observée dans le cas d'une jonction tresse (4) / bloc d'usure (2) (de l'ordre de 50 mV).
Cela pourrait résulter du fait que, comme cela a été observé, la cuisson d'un balai bicouches conduit à une légère expansion de la couche C1, mais à une légère rétraction de la couche C2, d'où un renforcement de l'ancrage de la tresse dans la couche C2 par compression de la matière entourant la tresse (4).
On the other hand, from a technical point of view, the "bilayer" broom obtained by the process according to the invention is particularly efficient and may be preferred to the "monolayer" broom according to the level of requirements required during its use.
Indeed, in the case of a "bilayer" broom, the composition of the layer (3), intended to ensure the anchoring of the braid (4), and in particular the joint use of synthetic resin and copper, makes it possible to simultaneously obtain a very good physical anchoring of the braid and above all a contact drop, at the braid (4) / connection layer (3) junction, weak (of the order of 1.5 mV) compared to that observed in the case of a braid (4) / wear block (2) junction (of the order of 50 mV).
This could result from the fact that, as has been observed, the baking of a two-layer broom leads to a slight expansion of the layer C1, but to a slight retraction of the layer C2, hence a strengthening of the anchoring of the braid in layer C2 by compression of the material surrounding the braid (4).

Claims (15)

  1. A process for the production of a brush (1, 10) for an electric motor, comprising a wearing block (2, 20) and a connecting braid (4), comprising a step (a) for the preparation of at least one mixture of powder comprising at least one conductive powder encased with a binder, a step (b) for compression moulding of the mixture(s) in a mould (6) with incorporation of said braid (4) so as to form a rough brush (8), and a step (c) for baking said rough brush (8), characterised in that in order to obtain an inexpensive brush (1, 10) by direct moulding to the final dimensions, in step (a) at least one mixture M1 is prepared which comprises a distillation binder L, and which is constituted by the distillation product of coal or petroleum or by a product derived from such a distillation product, and at least one smaller than 25 graphite powder P1 in the form of solid particles of mean thickness smaller than 25 µm and with a mean shape factor F1 (large dimension/small dimension ratio) high and greater than 5.
  2. A process according to Claim 1, wherein said mixture M1 comprises said powder P1, said binder L and a graphite powder P2 with a low degree of slenderness, with a low mean shape factor F2 of less than 3.
  3. A process according to either Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein said mixture M1 is constituted by a mixture of 15 to 75% by weight of said powder P1, by 30 to 25% by weight of said binder L, and by 0 to 55% by weight of said powder P2.
  4. A process according to Claim 3, wherein said mixture Ml is constituted preferably by a mixture of 30 to 60% by weight of said powder P1, by 30 to 25% by weight of said binder L, and by 15 to 40% by weight of said powder P2.
  5. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said graphite powder P1 is in the form of flakes (particles of marked bi-dimensional character) with a high degree of slenderness.
  6. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, wherein said graphite powder P2 with a low degree of slenderness is in grain form (particles of marked tri-dimensional character) with a mean shape factor F2 close to 1.
  7. A process according to Claim 6, wherein said powder P2 has a mean diameter of between 10 and 200 µm and preferably of between 30 and 100 µm.
  8. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein in step (a) two separate mixtures are prepared of powders M1 and M2, M2 comprising a graphite powder, a copper powder and a synthetic binder, and in step (b) a superposed arrangement of two layers is compressed, a lower layer C1 constituted by a mixture M1 of powders and an upper layer C2 constituted by a mixture M2 of powders, after the end of said braid (4) has been incorporated in said upper layer C2.
  9. A process according to Claim 8, wherein said mixture M2 comprises a graphite powder agglomerated by a synthetic binder and a copper powder in a proportion by weight of between 15 and 35%.
  10. A process according to Claim 9, wherein said synthetic binder is preferably a phenolic resin.
  11. A process according to any one of Claims 8 to 10, wherein the amounts of mixtures M1 and M2 are selected in such a way that after compression a multi-layer brush is obtained in which said upper layer C2 in which said braid (4) is anchored is of a height of between 2 and 10 mm, the height of said layers, which corresponds to the direction in which said mixtures are compressed in said mould, being in a "height of layer Cl / height of layer C2" ratio of between 2 and 30.
  12. A process according to Claim 11, wherein the slenderness factor p of said brush, defined by the "height / square root of the section" ratio is between 2 and 6.
  13. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein, in step (a) said mixture M1 is mixed with a solution in solvent medium of a synthetic binder with at least 25% by weight of non-dilute material and the mixing is carried out until homogenisation of said mixture M1 and of said solution in solvent medium, and elimination of said solvent from said solution.
  14. A process according to Claim 13, wherein from 5 to 20 parts of synthetic binder (expressed as non-dilute material) is incorporated in 90 parts of mixture M1.
  15. A process according to Claim 14, wherein said synthetic binder is preferably a phenolic resin and said solvent is preferably an alcohol.
EP94420158A 1993-06-04 1994-06-02 A simplified method for producing brushes Expired - Lifetime EP0627795B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9306962A FR2706089B1 (en) 1993-06-04 1993-06-04 Simplified method of manufacturing brooms.
FR9306962 1993-06-04

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0627795A1 EP0627795A1 (en) 1994-12-07
EP0627795B1 true EP0627795B1 (en) 1997-01-22

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EP (1) EP0627795B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3390759B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1034842C (en)
BR (1) BR9402172A (en)
DE (1) DE69401533T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2706089B1 (en)
TR (1) TR28536A (en)

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DE19902938A1 (en) * 1999-01-26 2000-07-27 Valeo Auto Electric Gmbh Carbon brush for electric motor, consists of at least two separate sections, where the second section is located between the first section and an elastic pressing member
EP1128496B1 (en) * 2000-02-22 2008-12-10 Denso Corporation Method of manufacturing of a multi-layered brush of rotary electric machine
JP3797662B2 (en) * 2002-01-30 2006-07-19 トライス株式会社 Copper graphite brush
DE10209199A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2003-10-02 Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik Gmbh Process for producing a multi-layer carbon brush
JP3914804B2 (en) * 2002-04-04 2007-05-16 トライス株式会社 Metallic graphite brush and method for producing the same
US7638918B2 (en) * 2004-06-14 2009-12-29 Carbone Lorraine Applications Electriques Carbon brush having a shunt wire in a carbon brush body
DE102004051463A1 (en) * 2004-10-22 2006-04-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brush for an electric machine
CN100428582C (en) * 2005-03-25 2008-10-22 王可义 Preparation process of one-step compression-molded electric brush with lead top surface outgoing line
WO2007055164A1 (en) * 2005-11-10 2007-05-18 Mitsuba Corporation Carbon brush of motor and method for producing the same
DE102008059478B4 (en) * 2008-11-28 2015-07-30 Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik Gmbh Carbon brush for the transmission of high currents
DE102012220583A1 (en) * 2012-11-12 2014-05-15 Hoffmann & Co. Elektrokohle Ag Process for the production of a carbon component and carbon abrasive piece
CN104022425A (en) * 2014-06-23 2014-09-03 3M中国有限公司 Carbon brush and preparation method thereof
CN108418077B (en) * 2018-04-26 2023-10-13 大同新成新材料股份有限公司 Graphene electric brush preparation device and manufacturing method thereof

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US2855630A (en) * 1950-11-25 1958-10-14 Speer Carbon Company Manufacture of molded-in shunt electrical contact members
US2823147A (en) * 1953-12-07 1958-02-11 Jr Richard H Ward Method of producing electrical conducting elements
GB1259454A (en) * 1968-05-23 1972-01-05
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GB1403497A (en) * 1973-03-06 1975-08-28 Fuji Carbon Mfg Co Ltd Electrical machine brush and method and apparatus for manu facturing the same
EP0212666B1 (en) * 1985-08-27 1995-03-29 Intercal Company Electrical contact containing intercalated graphite

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JP3390759B2 (en) 2003-03-31
JPH077893A (en) 1995-01-10
EP0627795A1 (en) 1994-12-07
FR2706089A1 (en) 1994-12-09
BR9402172A (en) 1995-03-07
US5441683A (en) 1995-08-15
CN1104807A (en) 1995-07-05
DE69401533T2 (en) 1997-05-28
CN1034842C (en) 1997-05-07
DE69401533D1 (en) 1997-03-06
TR28536A (en) 1996-09-30
FR2706089B1 (en) 1995-07-28

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