EP0624719A1 - Pressure restriction device in lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Pressure restriction device in lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0624719A1
EP0624719A1 EP94401051A EP94401051A EP0624719A1 EP 0624719 A1 EP0624719 A1 EP 0624719A1 EP 94401051 A EP94401051 A EP 94401051A EP 94401051 A EP94401051 A EP 94401051A EP 0624719 A1 EP0624719 A1 EP 0624719A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
spring
pressure
piston
shutter member
return
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP94401051A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Guy Dardelet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Renault SAS
Regie Nationale des Usines Renault
Original Assignee
Renault SAS
Regie Nationale des Usines Renault
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Renault SAS, Regie Nationale des Usines Renault filed Critical Renault SAS
Publication of EP0624719A1 publication Critical patent/EP0624719A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01M—LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
    • F01M1/00—Pressure lubrication
    • F01M1/16—Controlling lubricant pressure or quantity

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for limiting the pressure in a lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine, so as to limit the pressure of the oil discharged into the circuit by a pump driven in rotation by the engine.
  • Relief valves generally include a hollow body disposed at the inlet of the return pipe which contains a movable shutter member (such as a piston, a ball or even a valve) which is permanently biased by a spring against a stop. or a seat provided at one of the open ends of the body, against the hydraulic pressure exerted on the active face of the organ.
  • a movable shutter member such as a piston, a ball or even a valve
  • Such an arrangement has a certain number of drawbacks, and in particular a relatively large size and noise.
  • the action of the return spring tends to cause the shock of the shutter member on its seat or on its stop when it is closed, and this shock is all the more violent as the stiffness of the spring is strong.
  • a spring of fairly low stiffness which then requires having a spring of great length to keep the same threshold value.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a simple embodiment of such a device for limiting the pressure in a lubrication circuit, making it possible to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art, while ensuring both a reduced bulk and the elimination of all noisiness.
  • the pressure limiting device of oil in a pressurized lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine includes a discharge valve adapted to close a return line connecting the discharge line of the pump to the suction line of that -ci or to a reservoir, this valve comprising a body containing a shutter member urged to close by a return spring.
  • the pressure limiting device is characterized in that a second return spring acts on the shutter member in the direction opposite to said first return spring.
  • the shutter member rests in the closed position against the second spring, the second spring then constituting an elastic stop for the shutter member.
  • the shutter member is formed by a piston mounted to slide in a corresponding cylindrical bore, this piston being subjected to the antagonistic action of two helical springs of pressure s extending between the ends of the bore and the piston.
  • the first helical spring recalling the piston in its closed position has a stiffness much greater than that of the second spring, which makes it possible to obtain an extremely compact device.
  • a device for limiting the pressure in a lubrication circuit which essentially comprises a discharge valve 1.
  • This valve 1 comprises a hollow body 2 containing a shutter member such as a piston 3 mounted sliding in a corresponding cylindrical bore 4.
  • the bore is provided with an inlet orifice 10 communicating with the discharge pipe of the oil pump not shown, and with an outlet orifice 9 communicating with a return pipe to the oil tank or to the suction line of the pump.
  • the inlet orifice 10 opens at one end of the bore 4 and the thrust of the pumped oil is exerted on one of the transverse faces of the piston 3 delimiting a pressure chamber 6.
  • the outlet orifice 9 opens into the side wall of the bore and can be masked by the piston 3 when the latter occupies its closed position in the bore 4.
  • a first helical spring 7 of high stiffness acts on the face of the piston opposite to the pressure chamber 6, to return the piston 3 to its closed position.
  • a second spring 8 of low stiffness is arranged in the pressure chamber 6 and constitutes an elastic stop for the piston 3 subjected to the thrust of the spring 7.
  • the operating mode of the oil pressure limiting device is as follows.
  • the active face of the piston 3 subjected to the hydraulic pressure action always has the same surface, in fact the spring 8 is permanently in contact with the piston 3, and this, unlike the devices according to the prior art where the shutter members come to bear against fixed seats.
  • This arrangement therefore eliminates the sudden variations in thrust due to the separation of the obturator member from its seat, causing untimely beating of the spring 7 and of the piston 3.

Abstract

Device for limiting the oil pressure in a pressurised lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine, including a discharge valve (1) designed to close off a return pipe connecting the delivery pipe from the pump to the intake pipe of the latter or to a tank, this valve comprising a body (2) containing a shutter member (3) urged closed by a return spring (7), characterised in that a second return spring (8) acts on the shutter member in the opposite direction from the said first return spring (7). <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention concerne un dispositif de limitation de la pression dans un circuit de lubrification de moteur à combustion interne, de façon à limiter la pression de l'huile refoulée dans le circuit par une pompe entraînée en rotation par le moteur.The present invention relates to a device for limiting the pressure in a lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine, so as to limit the pressure of the oil discharged into the circuit by a pump driven in rotation by the engine.

Il est connu, notamment par la publication Fr 89/09434, d'utiliser en sortie de pompe à huile une vanne de décharge apte à obturer une conduite de retour mettant en communication le conduit de refoulement de la pompe et la réserve d'huile ou encore le conduit d'aspiration de la pompe. La vanne s'ouvre quand la pression de l'huile refoulée atteint un seuil prédéterminé. Cette limitation de pression permet d'éviter une consommation excessive d'énergie due à l'entraînement de la pompe, ainsi qu'une usure rapide de celle-ci ou une détérioration prématurée d'autres éléments du circuit.It is known, in particular by the publication Fr 89/09434, to use at the outlet of the oil pump a relief valve capable of closing a return pipe putting the pump discharge pipe and the oil reserve into communication. again the suction pipe of the pump. The valve opens when the pressure of the pumped oil reaches a predetermined threshold. This pressure limitation makes it possible to avoid excessive energy consumption due to the drive of the pump, as well as rapid wear of the latter or premature deterioration of other elements of the circuit.

Les vannes de décharge comprennent généralement un corps creux disposé à l'entrée de la conduite de retour qui renferme un organe obturateur mobile (tel qu'un piston, une bille ou encore un clapet) qui est sollicité en permanence par un ressort contre une butée ou un siège ménagé à l'une des extrémités ouvertes du corps et ce, à l'encontre de la pression hydraulique qui s'exerce sur la face active de l'organe.Relief valves generally include a hollow body disposed at the inlet of the return pipe which contains a movable shutter member (such as a piston, a ball or even a valve) which is permanently biased by a spring against a stop. or a seat provided at one of the open ends of the body, against the hydraulic pressure exerted on the active face of the organ.

Ainsi la pression de l'huile s'exerçant sur la face active de l'obturateur peut repousser ce dernier à l'encontre du ressort de rappel, et l'huile peut alors s'écouler dans la conduite de retour qui se trouve alors démasquée. Dès que la pression cesse, le ressort repousse l'obturateur refermant alors l'entrée de la conduite de retour.Thus the pressure of the oil exerted on the active face of the shutter can push the latter against the return spring, and the oil can then flow into the return line which is then unmasked. . As soon as the pressure stops, the spring pushes back the shutter closing the entry of the return line.

Un tel montage présente un certain nombre d'inconvénients et notamment un encombrement et une bruyance relativement importants.Such an arrangement has a certain number of drawbacks, and in particular a relatively large size and noise.

En effet, l'action du ressort de rappel tend à provoquer le choc de l'organe obturateur sur son siège ou sur sa butée lors de sa fermeture, et ce choc est d'autant plus violent que la raideur du ressort est forte. Il en résulte, pour éviter la bruyance de la vanne, qu'il est nécessaire d'utiliser un ressort d'assez faible raideur, ce qui oblige alors de disposer d'un ressort de grande longueur pour conserver une même valeur de seuil.Indeed, the action of the return spring tends to cause the shock of the shutter member on its seat or on its stop when it is closed, and this shock is all the more violent as the stiffness of the spring is strong. As a result, to avoid noise from the valve, it is necessary to use a spring of fairly low stiffness, which then requires having a spring of great length to keep the same threshold value.

La présente invention a donc pour objet une réalisation simple d'un tel dispositif de limitation de la pression dans un circuit de lubrification, permettant de remédier aux inconvénients de l'art antérieur, en assurant tout à la fois un encombrement réduit et la suppression de toute bruyance.The present invention therefore relates to a simple embodiment of such a device for limiting the pressure in a lubrication circuit, making it possible to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art, while ensuring both a reduced bulk and the elimination of all noisiness.

Le dispositif de limitation de la pression de l'huile dans un circuit de lubrification sous pression d'un moteur à combustion interne selon l'invention, comporte une vanne de décharge adaptée pour obturer une conduite de retour reliant le conduit de refoulement de la pompe au conduit d'aspiration de celle-ci ou à un réservoir, cette vanne comprenant un corps renfermant un organe obturateur sollicité à la fermeture par un ressort de rappel.The pressure limiting device of oil in a pressurized lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine according to the invention, includes a discharge valve adapted to close a return line connecting the discharge line of the pump to the suction line of that -ci or to a reservoir, this valve comprising a body containing a shutter member urged to close by a return spring.

Selon l'invention, le dispositif de limitation de la pression est caractérisé en ce qu'un second ressort de rappel agit sur l'organe obturateur dans le sens opposé audit premier ressort de rappel.According to the invention, the pressure limiting device is characterized in that a second return spring acts on the shutter member in the direction opposite to said first return spring.

Selon une autre caractéristique du dispositif de limitation de la pression selon l'invention, l'organe obturateur repose en position de fermeture contre le second ressort, le second ressort constituant alors une butée élastique pour l'organe obturateur.According to another characteristic of the pressure limiting device according to the invention, the shutter member rests in the closed position against the second spring, the second spring then constituting an elastic stop for the shutter member.

Selon un mode de réalisation du dispositif de limitation de la pression selon l'invention, l'organe obturateur est formé par un piston monté coulissant dans un alésage cylindrique correspondant, ce piston étant soumis à l'action antagoniste de deux ressorts hélicoïdaux de pression s'étendant entre les extrémités de l'alésage et le piston.According to one embodiment of the pressure limiting device according to the invention, the shutter member is formed by a piston mounted to slide in a corresponding cylindrical bore, this piston being subjected to the antagonistic action of two helical springs of pressure s extending between the ends of the bore and the piston.

Selon une autre caractéristique du dispositif de limitation de la pression selon l'invention, le premier ressort hélicoïdal rappelant le piston dans sa position de fermeture a une raideur très supérieure à celle du second ressort, ce qui permet d'obtenir un dispositif extrêmement compact.According to another characteristic of the pressure limiting device according to the invention, the first helical spring recalling the piston in its closed position has a stiffness much greater than that of the second spring, which makes it possible to obtain an extremely compact device.

On comprendra mieux les buts, aspects et avantages de la présente invention, d'après la description donnée ci-après d'un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ce mode de réalisation étant donné à titre d'exemple non limitatif, en se référant au dessin annexé, dans lequel :
   - la figure 1 est une vue en coupe axiale du dispositif de limitation de la pression selon l'invention.The objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention will be better understood from the description given below of an embodiment of the invention, this embodiment being given by way of non-limiting example, referring to the attached drawing, in which:
- Figure 1 is an axial sectional view of the pressure limiting device according to the invention.

Conformément à la figure 1, seuls ont été représentés les éléments constitutifs du dispositif de limitation, nécessaires à la compréhension de l'invention.In accordance with FIG. 1, only the constituent elements of the limitation device have been shown, necessary for understanding the invention.

En se reportant à la figure 1, on voit un dispositif de limitation de la pression dans un circuit de lubrification qui comprend essentiellement une vanne de décharge 1. Cette vanne 1 comprend un corps creux 2 renfermant un organe obturateur tel qu'un piston 3 monté coulissant dans un alésage cylindrique correspondant 4. L'alésage est muni d'un orifice d'entrée 10 communiquant avec le conduit de refoulement de la pompe à huile non figurée, et d'un orifice de sortie 9 communiquant avec une conduite de retour au réservoir d'huile ou à la conduite d'aspiration de la pompe.Referring to FIG. 1, there is seen a device for limiting the pressure in a lubrication circuit which essentially comprises a discharge valve 1. This valve 1 comprises a hollow body 2 containing a shutter member such as a piston 3 mounted sliding in a corresponding cylindrical bore 4. The bore is provided with an inlet orifice 10 communicating with the discharge pipe of the oil pump not shown, and with an outlet orifice 9 communicating with a return pipe to the oil tank or to the suction line of the pump.

L'orifice d'entrée 10 débouche à une extrémité de l'alésage 4 et la poussée de l'huile refoulée s'exerce sur l'une des faces transversales du piston 3 délimitant une chambre de pression 6. L'orifice de sortie 9 débouche dans la paroi latérale de l'alésage et peut être masqué par le piston 3 lorsque ce dernier occupe sa position de fermeture dans l'alésage 4.The inlet orifice 10 opens at one end of the bore 4 and the thrust of the pumped oil is exerted on one of the transverse faces of the piston 3 delimiting a pressure chamber 6. The outlet orifice 9 opens into the side wall of the bore and can be masked by the piston 3 when the latter occupies its closed position in the bore 4.

Entre le piston 3 et les deux extrémités axiales de l'alésage 4 sont interposés deux ressorts hélicoïdaux de pression. Un premier ressort hélicoïdal 7 de forte raideur agit sur la face du piston opposée à la chambre de pression 6, pour rappeler le piston 3 dans sa position de fermeture. Un second ressort 8 de faible raideur est lui disposé dans la chambre de pression 6 et constitue une butée élastique pour le piston 3 soumis à la poussée du ressort 7.Between the piston 3 and the two axial ends of the bore 4 are interposed two helical pressure springs. A first helical spring 7 of high stiffness acts on the face of the piston opposite to the pressure chamber 6, to return the piston 3 to its closed position. A second spring 8 of low stiffness is arranged in the pressure chamber 6 and constitutes an elastic stop for the piston 3 subjected to the thrust of the spring 7.

Le mode de fonctionnement du dispositif de limitation de la pression de l'huile est le suivant.The operating mode of the oil pressure limiting device is as follows.

Quand le moteur tourne à basse vitesse, la pression de l'huile dans la chambre de pression 6 correspondant à la pression de refoulement de la pompe est peu élevée et n'exerce donc qu'une faible poussée sur le piston 3, ce dernier est donc maintenu par le ressort 7 en position de fermeture.When the engine is running at low speed, the oil pressure in the pressure chamber 6 corresponding to the pump discharge pressure is low and therefore exerts only a slight push on the piston 3, the latter is therefore held by the spring 7 in the closed position.

Quand la vitesse de rotation du moteur augmente, la pression de refoulement s'élève dans la chambre de pression 6 jusqu'à déplacer le piston 3, à l'encontre du ressort 7, et mettre ainsi en communication la chambre 6 et l'orifice de sortie 9. Cette mise en communication provoque le retour d'une partie de l'huile refoulée vers le réservoir d'huile ou la conduite d'aspiration de la pompe, et engendre donc la stabilisation de la pression de refoulement.When the speed of rotation of the motor increases, the discharge pressure rises in the pressure chamber 6 until the piston 3 moves, against the spring 7, and thus sets in communication the chamber 6 and the outlet orifice 9. This communication causes the return of part of the oil discharged to the oil tank or the suction line of the pump, and therefore generates the stabilization of discharge pressure.

Grâce à l'utilisation du ressort 8 comme butée pour le piston 3, la face active du piston 3 soumise à l'action de pression hydraulique a toujours la même surface, en effet le ressort 8 est en permanence en contact avec le piston 3, et ce contrairement aux dispositifs selon l'art antérieur où les organes obturateurs viennent en appui contre des sièges fixes. Cette disposition supprime donc les brusques variations de poussée dues au décollement de l'organe obturateur de son siège, à l'origine de battements intempestifs du ressort 7 et du piston 3.Thanks to the use of the spring 8 as a stop for the piston 3, the active face of the piston 3 subjected to the hydraulic pressure action always has the same surface, in fact the spring 8 is permanently in contact with the piston 3, and this, unlike the devices according to the prior art where the shutter members come to bear against fixed seats. This arrangement therefore eliminates the sudden variations in thrust due to the separation of the obturator member from its seat, causing untimely beating of the spring 7 and of the piston 3.

Lorsque la poussée hydraulique diminue, l'action du ressort 7 redevient prépondérante et provoque le retour du piston 3 en position de fermeture de l'orifice de sortie 9. La présence du ressort 8 permet alors d'amortir le retour du piston 3 et évite ainsi tout choc de ce dernier contre le corps de la vanne. Cette disposition permet d'utiliser un ressort 7 de forte raideur et donc de faible encombrement.When the hydraulic thrust decreases, the action of the spring 7 again becomes preponderant and causes the return of the piston 3 to the closed position of the outlet orifice 9. The presence of the spring 8 then makes it possible to dampen the return of the piston 3 and avoids thus any impact of the latter against the valve body. This arrangement makes it possible to use a spring 7 of high stiffness and therefore of small size.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est nullement limitée au mode de réalisation décrit et illustré qui n'a été donné qu'à titre d'exemple.Of course, the invention is in no way limited to the embodiment described and illustrated, which has been given only by way of example.

Au contraire, l'invention comprend tous les équivalents techniques des moyens décrits ainsi que leurs combinaisons si celles-ci sont effectuées suivant son esprit.On the contrary, the invention includes all technical equivalents of the means described as well as their combinations if these are carried out according to the spirit.

Claims (4)

[1] Dispositif de limitation de la pression de l'huile dans un circuit de lubrification sous pression d'un moteur à combustion interne, comportant une vanne de décharge (1) adaptée pour obturer une conduite de retour reliant le conduit de refoulement de la pompe au conduit d'aspiration de celle-ci ou à un réservoir, cette vanne comprenant un corps (2) renfermant un organe obturateur (3) sollicité à la fermeture par un ressort de rappel (7), caractérisé en ce qu'un second ressort de rappel (8) agit sur l'organe obturateur dans le sens opposé audit premier ressort de rappel (7). [1] Device for limiting the pressure of the oil in a pressure lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine, comprising a relief valve (1) suitable for closing a return line connecting the discharge line of the pump to the suction pipe thereof or to a reservoir, this valve comprising a body (2) containing a shutter member (3) urged to close by a return spring (7), characterized in that a second return spring (8) acts on the shutter member in the opposite direction to said first return spring (7). [2] Dispositif de limitation de la pression selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'organe obturateur (3) repose en position de fermeture contre ledit second ressort (8), ledit second ressort (8) constituant une butée élastique pour ledit organe obturateur. [2] Pressure limiting device according to claim 1, characterized in that the shutter member (3) rests in the closed position against said second spring (8), said second spring (8) constituting an elastic stop for said obturating organ. [3] Dispositif de limitation de la pression selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce que ledit organe obturateur est formé par un piston (3) monté coulissant dans un alésage cylindrique correspondant (4), ledit piston (3) étant soumis à l'action antagoniste de deux ressorts hélicoïdaux de pression (7,8) s'étendant entre les extrémités de l'alésage (4) et le piston (3). [3] Pressure limiting device according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that said shutter member is formed by a piston (3) slidably mounted in a corresponding cylindrical bore (4), said piston (3) being subjected to the antagonistic action of two helical pressure springs (7,8) extending between the ends of the bore (4) and the piston (3). [4] Dispositif de limitation de la pression selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le premier ressort hélicoïdal (7) rappelant le piston dans sa position de fermeture a une raideur très supérieure à celle du second ressort (8). [4] Pressure limiting device according to claim 3, characterized in that the first helical spring (7) recalling the piston in its closed position has a stiffness much greater than that of the second spring (8).
EP94401051A 1993-05-14 1994-05-11 Pressure restriction device in lubrication circuit of an internal combustion engine Withdrawn EP0624719A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9305821A FR2705403B1 (en) 1993-05-14 1993-05-14 Pressure limiting device in an engine lubrication circuit.
FR9305821 1993-05-14

Publications (1)

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EP0624719A1 true EP0624719A1 (en) 1994-11-17

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998005851A1 (en) 1996-08-02 1998-02-12 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Device for limiting the oil pressure in the lubricating oil circuit of an internal combustion engine
EP0909884A1 (en) * 1997-10-16 1999-04-21 TCG UNITECH Aktiengesellschaft Pressure control valve
WO2008070712A1 (en) * 2006-12-05 2008-06-12 General Electric Company System, method, and computer software code for controlling engine warm up of a diesel powered system
CN106015668A (en) * 2016-05-31 2016-10-12 柳州柳工挖掘机有限公司 Proportional unloading valve
CN113074029A (en) * 2021-04-14 2021-07-06 浙江尔格科技股份有限公司 Oil pump pressure reducing valve and oil pump for internal combustion engine using same

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2674268A (en) * 1949-10-29 1954-04-06 Standard Thompson Corp Device for controlling the communication between a pressure tank and the atmosphere
EP0110289A1 (en) * 1982-12-06 1984-06-13 Deere & Company Equalizing valve
FR2649775A1 (en) * 1989-07-12 1991-01-18 Peugeot Non-return valve particularly for a pressurized liquid circuit in an internal combustion engine
FR2673677A1 (en) * 1991-03-06 1992-09-11 Renault Lubrication method for internal combustion engine and device for implementing it

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2674268A (en) * 1949-10-29 1954-04-06 Standard Thompson Corp Device for controlling the communication between a pressure tank and the atmosphere
EP0110289A1 (en) * 1982-12-06 1984-06-13 Deere & Company Equalizing valve
FR2649775A1 (en) * 1989-07-12 1991-01-18 Peugeot Non-return valve particularly for a pressurized liquid circuit in an internal combustion engine
FR2673677A1 (en) * 1991-03-06 1992-09-11 Renault Lubrication method for internal combustion engine and device for implementing it

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998005851A1 (en) 1996-08-02 1998-02-12 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Device for limiting the oil pressure in the lubricating oil circuit of an internal combustion engine
DE19631296C2 (en) * 1996-08-02 1999-06-10 Ford Global Tech Inc Device for limiting the oil pressure in the lubricating oil circuit of an internal combustion engine
EP0909884A1 (en) * 1997-10-16 1999-04-21 TCG UNITECH Aktiengesellschaft Pressure control valve
WO2008070712A1 (en) * 2006-12-05 2008-06-12 General Electric Company System, method, and computer software code for controlling engine warm up of a diesel powered system
CN106015668A (en) * 2016-05-31 2016-10-12 柳州柳工挖掘机有限公司 Proportional unloading valve
CN106015668B (en) * 2016-05-31 2018-09-18 柳州柳工挖掘机有限公司 A kind of ratio unloading valve
CN113074029A (en) * 2021-04-14 2021-07-06 浙江尔格科技股份有限公司 Oil pump pressure reducing valve and oil pump for internal combustion engine using same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2705403B1 (en) 1995-06-23
FR2705403A1 (en) 1994-11-25

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