EP0607505B1 - Arrangement of a valve for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Arrangement of a valve for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0607505B1
EP0607505B1 EP93116301A EP93116301A EP0607505B1 EP 0607505 B1 EP0607505 B1 EP 0607505B1 EP 93116301 A EP93116301 A EP 93116301A EP 93116301 A EP93116301 A EP 93116301A EP 0607505 B1 EP0607505 B1 EP 0607505B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
valve
exhaust gas
pipe
internal combustion
combustion engine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP93116301A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0607505A1 (en
Inventor
Rolf Herzog
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Cooper Standard Automotive Deutschland GmbH
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Metallwarenfabrik Schelklingen GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
    • F02M26/59—Systems for actuating EGR valves using positive pressure actuators; Check valves therefor
    • F02M26/61—Systems for actuating EGR valves using positive pressure actuators; Check valves therefor in response to exhaust pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/45—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems
    • F02M26/46—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems for determining the characteristics of gases, e.g. composition
    • F02M26/47—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems for determining the characteristics of gases, e.g. composition the characteristics being temperatures, pressures or flow rates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
    • F02M26/55—Systems for actuating EGR valves using vacuum actuators
    • F02M26/58—Constructional details of the actuator; Mounting thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/65—Constructional details of EGR valves
    • F02M26/66—Lift valves, e.g. poppet valves
    • F02M26/68—Closing members; Valve seats; Flow passages

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a valve arrangement for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine, with a controlled valve, the valve plate of which cooperates with a valve seat, with a valve housing containing the valve seat, which has an exhaust gas inlet in the flow direction of the exhaust gases in front of the valve seat and an exhaust gas outlet behind the valve seat, and has an actuator housing-supporting valve socket, the exhaust gas inlet being connected to the exhaust side via an exhaust gas recirculation pipe and the exhaust gas outlet being connected to the intake side of the internal combustion engine via a connecting pipe, and the valve spindle of the valve connected to the actuator extending through the valve socket (see, for example, DE -A-3 443 393).
  • the nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in the exhaust gases from internal combustion engines it is known to return part of the exhaust gases from the exhaust gas side of the internal combustion engine to the intake side thereof.
  • the amount of exhaust gas recirculated must be controlled very precisely depending on several factors, such as the temperature of the engine (temperature of the coolant), the amount of air drawn in and the speed, in order to avoid poor running properties in the starting phase and to reduce the nitrogen oxide content as much as possible to ensure during operation.
  • a valve is provided between the exhaust gas return pipe coming from the exhaust manifolds and the connecting pipe leading to the intake side of the engine, which valve is controlled by an actuator, for example a diaphragm which can be acted upon by vacuum.
  • an electronic control is used, which depends on the various parameters mentioned above Membrane acting vacuum and thus controls the valve position of the valve.
  • Such an electronic control Pressure Drop Feedback Electronic ⁇ PFE
  • the control module sends a signal to a vacuum controller, which controls the vacuum acting on the membrane.
  • the membrane opens the valve of the valve arrangement according to the vacuum pressure.
  • a control throttle opening is provided in the exhaust gas recirculation pipe.
  • a converter compares the pressure in front of and behind the throttle opening and sends a feedback signal to the control module. Any deviation from this in turn controls the valve by means of the vacuum regulator and the membrane.
  • a housing consisting of die-cast which has relatively large structural dimensions and a correspondingly high weight.
  • the valve seat is designed as a separate rotating part and inserted into the cast housing.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation pipe is provided with a cap screw and a crimp that restricts it.
  • the cap screw is screwed into a thread on the exhaust gas inlet of the cast housing.
  • the cast housing On the exhaust gas outlet side, the cast housing has a flange to which the connecting tube provided with a counter flange is fastened.
  • the membrane housing is attached to the cast housing with three screws.
  • the thread on the exhaust gas inlet and the flange on Exhaust outlet are processed.
  • the cast housing is also relatively large and heavy. Because of the large mass, stable and thus also expensive and correspondingly heavy holders are required for its attachment. Since the angular position of an intake manifold provided on the cast housing relative to the flange provided on the exhaust outlet is fixed and cannot be changed, different cast housings are usually also required for different engine types, which further increases the cost of manufacture. Overall, the assembly effort is also relatively large, because the valve seat must be pressed into the cast housing and the screwing of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe and the connecting pipe to the cast housing requires a corresponding amount of time.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a valve arrangement for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine of the type mentioned at the outset, which is easier to produce, has a lower weight and smaller overall dimensions and also requires less assembly effort.
  • valve housing is itself formed by an end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, in that the valve seat is formed by a constriction formed in the end section by means of non-cutting deformation, in that the valve socket is formed by the pipe part of the end section adjoining the constriction, that this pipe part is laterally provided with an opening forming the exhaust gas outlet and that the connecting pipe or a section thereof is soldered to the pipe part in the region of this opening.
  • valve housing is formed by an end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe itself and the cast housing is therefore omitted.
  • the machining operations to be carried out at the end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe can be carried out largely without cutting and with the machines and devices which are required anyway for producing the exhaust gas recirculation pipe. Since the valve seat itself is formed by a constriction of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, separate manufacture and assembly of the valve seat is not necessary.
  • the assembly effort that is otherwise required to connect the cast housing to the exhaust gas recirculation pipe is also eliminated, since the exhaust gas recirculation pipe also forms the valve housing at the same time.
  • connection of the connecting pipe or a part thereof to the pipe part of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe also requires little assembly effort, since it is only necessary to solder the connecting pipe or a part thereof to the exhaust gas recirculation pipe. Since further soldering processes which are carried out under vacuum are normally required on the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, the connecting pipe can be soldered simultaneously with the further soldering processes in one operation.
  • the small structural dimensions and above all the low weight which the end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe forming the valve housing has in comparison with a valve housing made of cast iron also have a particularly advantageous effect. As a result of the lower weight and the lower mass, the vibration behavior of the new valve arrangement is considerably cheaper and easy to control.
  • the ones required to attach to the engine Holders can be made much simpler and lighter.
  • the connecting pipe or a part of it to the pipe part of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe by soldering, the cumbersome flange connection is also dispensed with and it is possible, if necessary, to use commercially available standard screw connections for connecting a section of the connecting pipe to a further section of the same.
  • the new valve arrangement can also be easily adapted to a wide variety of engine types, since the angular position of the exhaust gas supply pipe relative to the connecting pipe or a section thereof can be easily changed by appropriately designing the pipe bends of the exhaust gas supply pipe.
  • the valve arrangement shown in Fig. 1 comprises a controlled valve 1, the valve plate 1 a cooperates with a valve seat 2 and the valve stem 1 b is connected to a diaphragm 4 arranged in the actuator housing 3.
  • the return spring 5 loads the diaphragm 4 in the closing direction of the valve 1.
  • a vacuum connection 6 is provided, which is interposed an electronically controlled pressure regulator is connected to a vacuum source, which is usually formed by the air inlet chamber of the internal combustion engine.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 is connected at one end 7a to the exhaust side of the internal combustion engine, not shown, for example the exhaust manifold.
  • the other end section 7b of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 forms the valve housing for the valve 1.
  • a constriction 8 is formed in the end section 7b by non-cutting deformation, in particular by so-called hammering, of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe.
  • the inside diameter D1 of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 which for example is 13.4 mm with an outside diameter of 16 mm and 0.8 mm wall thickness, is narrowed in the area of the constriction 8 to a smallest inside diameter D2 of about 5-6 mm.
  • the valve seat 2 for the valve plate 1 a is formed by the part of the constriction 8 lying above this constriction.
  • the direction of flow of the exhaust gases is indicated by the arrows S.
  • the pipe part 9 of the end section 7b adjoining the constriction 8 in the flow direction forms a valve stub through which the valve spindle 1b extends.
  • the tubular part 9 also serves as a carrier for the actuator housing 3.
  • the lower part 3b of the same is provided with a molded connection piece 10 which is inserted into the tubular part 9 and is preferably soldered to the tubular part. In this way, a fixed connection between the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and the actuator housing is created with relatively little manufacturing and assembly work. If necessary, the actuator housing 3 could also be detachably connected to the pipe part 9, for example by a thread, but would this means increased manufacturing and assembly costs.
  • a guide body 11 for example made of bronze, is inserted into the connector 10 and has a guide bore 12 for the valve spindle 1b.
  • the guide body 11 has a circumferential groove into which a spring ring 13, e.g. a round wire snap ring according to DIN 7993 is used. By means of this spring ring 13, the guide body 11 is secured in the socket 10 against axial displacement.
  • the pipe part 9 is laterally provided above the valve 1 and below the nozzle 10 with an opening 14 forming the exhaust gas outlet.
  • the opening 14 is expediently surrounded by a collar 15 formed from the wall of the tube part.
  • the shaping of the collar 15 can be formed in a conventional manner by a so-called "necking-out method", in which a bore is first made in the wall of the tube using a suitable tool and the collar 15 is formed when the tool is withdrawn.
  • the collar 15 creates a larger soldering area.
  • the connecting pipe 16, which is used to return the exhaust gases to the intake side of the internal combustion engine, for example the air inlet chamber (not shown), is connected to the opening 14.
  • the connecting tube 16 is inserted into the collar 15 and soldered there.
  • the complete connecting pipe only a section of the same could be soldered to the collar 15, this section then having the standard pipe screw connection shown in broken lines for connection to the rest of the connecting pipe.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 has a further constriction 18 in a known manner in an area lying in front of the constriction 8 can.
  • This constriction 18 forms a venturi nozzle provided for pressure measurement.
  • a measuring socket 19 is soldered in front of and behind the constriction 18 in a manner similar to that of the connecting pipe 16.
  • the measuring socket 19 are appropriate for the converter mentioned at the outset, which measures the pressure difference and corresponding feedback signals to the input issues the mentioned control module.
  • the actual exhaust gas flow in the exhaust gas recirculation pipe can be measured by means of the pressure difference.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and also the measuring nozzle 19 are usually made of stainless steel.
  • the measuring spouts 19 are usually soldered in using a vacuum.
  • the soldering of the connecting tube 16 or a section thereof in the collar 15, as well as the soldering of the connector 10 in the tube part 9 can be carried out simultaneously with the soldering of the measuring connector 19 and thus does not require any significant additional manufacturing outlay.
  • the soldering has the essential advantage that the assembly effort is reduced and that a rigid connection is created which cannot be released even in the event of vibrations.
  • valve housing is formed by an end section 7b of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7, the valve housing has a relatively low mass compared to conventional cast housing.
  • valve housing forms a unit with the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and this is connected to the internal combustion engine at various points, only a simple and light holder 20 is required in the region of the valve, for example in the form of a pipe clamp in the region of the constriction 8 Can attack end portion 7b.
  • the diaphragm 4 Due to the electronic control of the vacuum pressure prevailing in the upper part 3a, which has already been described at the beginning, the diaphragm 4 is more or less acted upon by vacuum and the valve plate 1a is thus lifted more or less from the valve seat 2.
  • the respective valve position regulates the amount of exhaust gas drawn off from the exhaust gas side of the internal combustion engine by the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and returned to the intake side of the engine via the connecting pipe 16.
  • the valve 1 can be controlled by any actuator, for example also electrical or electronic.
  • an electromagnet 24 is arranged in the actuator housing 23, the armature 24a of which is connected to the valve spindle 1b and the solenoid coil 24b is supplied with control current via the current connections 26.
  • the lower part 23b of the actuator housing 23 is provided with a molded connection piece 10 'which is inserted into the tubular part 9.
  • the valve disk 1a is more or less lifted off the valve seat 2 by the electromagnet 24 and the valve spindle 1b.
  • the remaining parts of the valve arrangement correspond to the parts of the valve arrangement shown in FIG. 1 and have therefore been given the same reference numerals.
  • the above description also applies analogously to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2.

Abstract

The valve device for exhaust gas feedback in an internal combustion engine comprises a controlled valve (1) whose valve plate (1a) cooperates with a valve seat (2) in a valve housing (7b). The exhaust gas inlet of the valve housing is connected via an exhaust gas feedback pipe (7) to the exhaust gas side of the internal combustion engine and the exhaust gas outlet is connected through a connecting pipe (16) to the induction side of the internal combustion engine. The valve housing is formed by an end section (7b) of the exhaust gas feedback pipe (7) itself and the valve seat (2) is formed by a constriction (8) formed in the end section. The pipe part (9) of the end section (7b) connected to the constriction (8) carries the regulating actuator housing (3). The pipe part (9) is provided at the side with an opening (14) forming the exhaust gas outlet and the connecting pipe (16) is brazed to the pipe part (9) in the region of this opening (14).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Ventilanordnung für eine Abgasrückführung bei einem Verbrennungsmotor, mit einem gesteuerten Ventil, dessen Ventilteller mit einem Ventilsitz zusammenwirkt, mit einem den Ventilsitz enthaltenden Ventilgehäuse, das in Strömungsrichtung der Abgase vor dem Ventilsitz einen Abgaseinlaß und hinter dem Ventilsitz einen Abgasauslaß sowie einen, ein Stellantriebs-Gehäuse tragenden Ventilstutzen aufweist, wobei der Abgaseinlaß über ein Abgasrückführrohr mit der Abgasseite und der Abgasauslaß über ein Verbindungsrohr mit der Ansaugseite des Verbrennungsmotors in Verbindung stehen und wobei die mit dem Stellantrieb verbundene Ventilspindel des Ventils sich durch den Ventilstutzen erstreckt (siehe z.B. DE-A-3 443 393).The invention relates to a valve arrangement for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine, with a controlled valve, the valve plate of which cooperates with a valve seat, with a valve housing containing the valve seat, which has an exhaust gas inlet in the flow direction of the exhaust gases in front of the valve seat and an exhaust gas outlet behind the valve seat, and has an actuator housing-supporting valve socket, the exhaust gas inlet being connected to the exhaust side via an exhaust gas recirculation pipe and the exhaust gas outlet being connected to the intake side of the internal combustion engine via a connecting pipe, and the valve spindle of the valve connected to the actuator extending through the valve socket (see, for example, DE -A-3 443 393).

Um eine Reduzierung der Stickstoffoxide (NOx) in den Abgasen von Verbrennungsmotoren zu erreichen, ist es bekannt, einen Teil der Abgase von der Abgasseite des Verbrennungsmotors zur Ansaugseite desselben zurückzuführen. Die zurückgeführte Abgasmenge muß jedoch in Abhängigkeit von mehreren Faktoren, wie z.B. der Temperatur des Motors (Temperatur des Kühlmittels), der angesaugten Luftmenge und der Drehzahl, sehr genau geregelt werden, um schlechte Laufeigenschaften in der Startphase zu vermeiden und eine möglichst hohe Reduzierung des Stickstoffoxidanteiles während des Betriebes zu gewährleisten. Zur Regelung der zurückgeführten Abgasmenge ist zwischen dem von den Abgaskrümmern kommenden Abgasrückführrohr und dem zur Ansaugseite des Motors führenden Verbindungsrohr ein Ventil vorgesehen, welches durch einen Stellantrieb, z.B. eine vakuum-beaufschlagbare Membrane gesteuert wird. Um die zurückgeführte Abgasmenge zu optimieren wird eine elektronische Regelung verwendet, die in Abhängigkeit von den vorgenannten verschiedenen Parametern das auf die Membrane einwirkende Vakuum und damit die Ventilstellung des Ventil steuert. Eine solche elektronische Regelung (Pressure Drop Feedback Electronic δPFE) weist ein vorprogammiertes elektronisches Kontroll-Modul auf, an dessen Eingängen die Drehzahl, Kühlmitteltemperatur und der Luftdurchsatz eingegeben werden. Das Kontroll-Modul sendet ein Signal an einen Vakuum-Regler, der das auf die Membrane einwirkende Vakuum steuert. Die Membrane öffnet das Ventil der Ventilanordnung entsprechend dem Vakuumdruck. In dem Abgasrückführrohr ist eine Kontroll-Drosselöffnung vorgesehen. Ein Wandler vergleicht den vor und hinter der Drosselöffnung herrschenden Druck und sendet ein Rückmeldesignal an das Kontroll-Modul. Jede Abweichung hiervon bewirkt wiederum eine Steuerung des Ventils mittels dem Unterdruckregler und der Membran.In order to achieve a reduction in the nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in the exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, it is known to return part of the exhaust gases from the exhaust gas side of the internal combustion engine to the intake side thereof. However, the amount of exhaust gas recirculated must be controlled very precisely depending on several factors, such as the temperature of the engine (temperature of the coolant), the amount of air drawn in and the speed, in order to avoid poor running properties in the starting phase and to reduce the nitrogen oxide content as much as possible to ensure during operation. To regulate the amount of exhaust gas returned, a valve is provided between the exhaust gas return pipe coming from the exhaust manifolds and the connecting pipe leading to the intake side of the engine, which valve is controlled by an actuator, for example a diaphragm which can be acted upon by vacuum. In order to optimize the amount of exhaust gas recirculated, an electronic control is used, which depends on the various parameters mentioned above Membrane acting vacuum and thus controls the valve position of the valve. Such an electronic control (Pressure Drop Feedback Electronic δPFE) has a pre-programmed electronic control module, at the inputs of which the speed, coolant temperature and the air flow rate are entered. The control module sends a signal to a vacuum controller, which controls the vacuum acting on the membrane. The membrane opens the valve of the valve arrangement according to the vacuum pressure. A control throttle opening is provided in the exhaust gas recirculation pipe. A converter compares the pressure in front of and behind the throttle opening and sends a feedback signal to the control module. Any deviation from this in turn controls the valve by means of the vacuum regulator and the membrane.

Bei der eingangs erwähnten bekannten Ventilanordnung ist ein aus Druckguß bestehendes Gehäuse vorgesehen, welches verhältnismäßig große Bauabmessungen und ein dementsprechendes hohes Gewicht aufweist. Um eine einwandfreie Funktionsweise des Ventils sicherzustellen ist der Ventilsitz als separates Drehteil ausgebildet und in das Gußgehäuse eingesetzt. Das Abgasrückführrohr ist mit einer Überwurfschraube und einer diese zurückhaltenden Bördelung versehen. Die Überwurfschraube ist in ein Gewinde am Abgaseinlaß des Gußgehäuses eingeschraubt. An der Abgasauslaßseite weist das Gußgehäuse einen Flansch auf, an welchem das mit einem Gegenflansch versehene Verbindungsrohr befestigt ist. Das Membrangehäuse ist an dem Gußgehäuse mit drei Schrauben befestigt. Die Herstellung des Gußgehäuses ist jedoch verhältnismäßig teuer, da der Ventilsitz gesondert hergestellt und in das Gußgehäuse eingebaut werden muß. Außerdem müssen auch noch das Gewinde am Abgaseinlaß und der Flansch am Abgasauslaß bearbeitet werden. Zusätzlich ist es erforderlich, das Abgasrückführrohr mit einer Überwurfschraube und der Bördelung und das Verbindungsrohr mit einem Gegenflansch zu versehen. Das Gußgehäuse ist auch verhältnismäßig groß und schwer. Wegen der großen Masse sind zu seiner Befestigung stabile und damit in der Herstellung ebenfalls teure und entsprechend schwere Halter erforderlich. Da die Winkelstellung eines am Gußgehäuse vorgesehenen Einlaßkrümmers gegenüber dem am Abgasauslaß vorgesehenen Flansch festgelegt ist und nicht verändert werden kann, sind für verschiedene Motorentypen meist auch unterschiedliche Gußgehäuse erforderlich, was die Herstellungskosten zusätzlich verteuert. Insgesamt ist auch der Montageaufwand verhältnismäßig groß, denn der Ventilsitz muß in das Gußgehäuse eingepreßt werden und die Verschraubung des Abgasrückführrohres und des Verbindungsrohres mit dem Gußgehäuse erfordert einen entsprechenden Zeitaufwand.In the known valve arrangement mentioned at the outset, a housing consisting of die-cast is provided which has relatively large structural dimensions and a correspondingly high weight. In order to ensure proper functioning of the valve, the valve seat is designed as a separate rotating part and inserted into the cast housing. The exhaust gas recirculation pipe is provided with a cap screw and a crimp that restricts it. The cap screw is screwed into a thread on the exhaust gas inlet of the cast housing. On the exhaust gas outlet side, the cast housing has a flange to which the connecting tube provided with a counter flange is fastened. The membrane housing is attached to the cast housing with three screws. However, the production of the cast housing is relatively expensive, since the valve seat has to be manufactured separately and installed in the cast housing. In addition, the thread on the exhaust gas inlet and the flange on Exhaust outlet are processed. In addition, it is necessary to provide the exhaust gas recirculation pipe with a cap screw and the flare and the connecting pipe with a counter flange. The cast housing is also relatively large and heavy. Because of the large mass, stable and thus also expensive and correspondingly heavy holders are required for its attachment. Since the angular position of an intake manifold provided on the cast housing relative to the flange provided on the exhaust outlet is fixed and cannot be changed, different cast housings are usually also required for different engine types, which further increases the cost of manufacture. Overall, the assembly effort is also relatively large, because the valve seat must be pressed into the cast housing and the screwing of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe and the connecting pipe to the cast housing requires a corresponding amount of time.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Ventilanordnung für eine Abgasrückführung bei einem Verbrennungsmotor der eingangs erwähnten Art zu schaffen, die einfacher herstellbar ist, ein geringeres Gewicht und kleinere Bauabmessungen aufweist und auch einen geringeren Montageaufwand erfordert.The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a valve arrangement for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine of the type mentioned at the outset, which is easier to produce, has a lower weight and smaller overall dimensions and also requires less assembly effort.

Dies wird nach der Erfindung dadurch erreicht, daß das Ventilgehäuse durch einen Endabschnitt des Abgasrückführrohres selbst gebildet ist, daß der Ventilsitz durch eine mittels spanloser Umformung im Endabschnitt geformte Einschnürung gebildet ist, daß der Ventilstutzen durch das an die Einschnürung anschließende Rohrteil des Endabschnittes gebildet ist, daß dieses Rohrteil seitlich mit einer den Abgasauslaß bildenden Öffnung versehen ist und daß das Verbindungsrohr oder ein Abschnitt desselben im Bereich dieser Öffnung an das Rohrteil angelötet ist.This is achieved according to the invention in that the valve housing is itself formed by an end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, in that the valve seat is formed by a constriction formed in the end section by means of non-cutting deformation, in that the valve socket is formed by the pipe part of the end section adjoining the constriction, that this pipe part is laterally provided with an opening forming the exhaust gas outlet and that the connecting pipe or a section thereof is soldered to the pipe part in the region of this opening.

Die Herstellung und der Montageaufwand werden hauptsächlich dadurch vereinfacht, daß das Ventilgehäuse durch einen Endabschnitt des Abgasrückführrohres selbst gebildet ist und damit das Gußgehäuse entfällt. Die am Endabschnitt des Abgasrückführrohres vorzunehmenden Bearbeitungen können weitgehend spanlos und mit den Maschinen und Vorrichtungen erfolgen, die ohnehin zur Herstellung des Abgasrückführrohres erforderlich sind. Da der Ventilsitz durch eine Einschnürung des Abgasrückführrohres selbst gebildet ist, entfällt eine separate Herstellung und Montage des Ventilsitzes. Außerdem entfällt auch der Montageaufwand, der sonst zur Verbindung des Gußgehäuses mit dem Abgasrückführrohr erforderlich ist, denn das Abgasrückführrohr bildet gleichzeitig auch das Ventilgehäuse. Die Verbindung des Verbindungsrohres oder eines Teil desselben mit dem Rohrteil des Abgasrückführrohres erfordert ebenfalls einen geringen Montageaufwand, denn hierzu ist es nur erforderlich, das Verbindungsrohr oder einen Teil desselben mit dem Abgasrückführrohr zu verlöten. Da an dem Abgasrückführrohr normalerweise weitere Lötvorgänge erforderlich sind, die unter Vakuum vorgenommen werden, kann das Verlöten des Verbindungsrohres gleichzeitig mit den weiteren Lötvorgängen in einem Arbeitsgang erfolgen. Besonders vorteilhaft wirken sich jedoch auch die kleinen Bauabmessungen und vor allem das geringe Gewicht aus, welches der das Ventilgehäuse bildende Endabschnitt des Abgasrückführrohres gegenüber einem aus Guß bestehenden Ventilgehäuse hat. Infolge des geringeren Gewichtes und der geringeren Masse ist das Schwingungsverhalten der neuen Ventilanordnung wesentlich günstiger und leicht beherrschbar. Die zur Befestigung an dem Motor erforderlichen Halter können wesentlich einfacher und leichter ausgebildet sein. Durch das Verlöten des Verbindungsrohres bzw. eines Teiles desselben mit dem Rohrteil des Abgasrückführrohres durch Löten entfällt auch die umständliche Flanschverbindung und es können gegebenenfalls zur Verbindung eines Abschnittes des Verbindungsrohres mit einem weiteren Abschnitt desselben handelsübliche Standardverschraubungen verwendet werden. Desweiteren kann die neue Ventilanordnung auch leicht den verschiedensten Motortypen angepaßt werden, denn die Winkelstellung des Abgaszuführrohres gegenüber dem Verbindungsrohr oder eines Abschnittes desselben kann durch entsprechende Ausgestaltung der Rohrbiegungen des Abgaszuführrohres leicht verändert werden. Desweiteren ist es auch möglich, durch Verwendung von Abgasrückführrohren mit unterschiedlichen Durchmessern die gesamte Ventilanordnung, falls erforderlich, den Leistungen der jeweiligen Motoren anzupassen.The production and the assembly effort are mainly simplified in that the valve housing is formed by an end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe itself and the cast housing is therefore omitted. The machining operations to be carried out at the end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe can be carried out largely without cutting and with the machines and devices which are required anyway for producing the exhaust gas recirculation pipe. Since the valve seat itself is formed by a constriction of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, separate manufacture and assembly of the valve seat is not necessary. In addition, the assembly effort that is otherwise required to connect the cast housing to the exhaust gas recirculation pipe is also eliminated, since the exhaust gas recirculation pipe also forms the valve housing at the same time. The connection of the connecting pipe or a part thereof to the pipe part of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe also requires little assembly effort, since it is only necessary to solder the connecting pipe or a part thereof to the exhaust gas recirculation pipe. Since further soldering processes which are carried out under vacuum are normally required on the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, the connecting pipe can be soldered simultaneously with the further soldering processes in one operation. However, the small structural dimensions and above all the low weight which the end section of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe forming the valve housing has in comparison with a valve housing made of cast iron also have a particularly advantageous effect. As a result of the lower weight and the lower mass, the vibration behavior of the new valve arrangement is considerably cheaper and easy to control. The ones required to attach to the engine Holders can be made much simpler and lighter. By soldering the connecting pipe or a part of it to the pipe part of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe by soldering, the cumbersome flange connection is also dispensed with and it is possible, if necessary, to use commercially available standard screw connections for connecting a section of the connecting pipe to a further section of the same. Furthermore, the new valve arrangement can also be easily adapted to a wide variety of engine types, since the angular position of the exhaust gas supply pipe relative to the connecting pipe or a section thereof can be easily changed by appropriately designing the pipe bends of the exhaust gas supply pipe. Furthermore, it is also possible to adapt the entire valve arrangement, if necessary, to the performance of the respective engines by using exhaust gas recirculation pipes with different diameters.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims.

Die Erfindung ist in folgendem, anhand von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing.

Die Zeichnung zeigt:

Fig. 1
einen Längsschnitt eines ersten Ausführungsbeispieles der Ventilanordnung,
Fig. 2
ein zwetes Ausführungsbeispiel im Längsschnitt.
The drawing shows:
Fig. 1
2 shows a longitudinal section of a first exemplary embodiment of the valve arrangement,
Fig. 2
a second embodiment in longitudinal section.

Die in Fig. 1 gezeigte Ventilanordnung umfaßt ein gesteuertes Ventil 1, dessen Ventilteller 1a mit einem Ventilsitz 2 zusammenwirkt und dessen Ventilspindel 1b mit einer im Stellantriebs-Gehäuse 3 angeordneten Membrane 4 verbunden ist. Durch die Rückstellfeder 5 wird die Membrane 4 in Schließrichtung des Ventiles 1 belastet. Im Oberteil 3a des Stellbantriebs-Gehäuses 3 ist ein Vakuumanschluß 6 vorgesehen, der unter Zwischenschaltung eines elektronisch gesteuerten Druckreglers an eine Vakuumquelle angeschlossen ist, welche üblicherweise durch die Lufteinlaßkammer des Verbrennungsmotors gebildet wird.The valve arrangement shown in Fig. 1 comprises a controlled valve 1, the valve plate 1 a cooperates with a valve seat 2 and the valve stem 1 b is connected to a diaphragm 4 arranged in the actuator housing 3. The return spring 5 loads the diaphragm 4 in the closing direction of the valve 1. In the upper part 3a of the actuator housing 3, a vacuum connection 6 is provided, which is interposed an electronically controlled pressure regulator is connected to a vacuum source, which is usually formed by the air inlet chamber of the internal combustion engine.

Das Abgasrückführrohr 7 ist mit seinem einen Ende 7a an die Abgasseite des nicht dargestellten Verbrennungsmotors, z.B. dem Abgaskrümmer, angeschlossen. Der andere Endabschnitt 7b des Abgasrückführrohres 7 bildet das Ventilgehäuse für das Ventil 1. Durch spanlose Verformung, insbesondere durch sogenanntes Hämmern, des Abgasrückführrohres ist im Endabschnitt 7b eine Einschnürung 8 gebildet. Durch diese Einschnürung 8 ist der Innendurchmesser D1 des Abgasrückführrohres 7, der beispielsweise bei einem Außendurchmesser von 16 mm und 0,8 mm Wandstärke 13,4 mm beträgt, im Bereich der Einschnürung 8 auf einen kleinsten Innendurchmesser D2 von etwa 5 - 6 mm verengt. Durch den oberhalb dieser Verengung liegenden Teil der Einschnürung 8 wird der Ventilsitz 2 für den Ventilteller 1a gebildet. Durch die Pfeile S ist die Strömungsrichtung der Abgase angedeutet. Der in Strömungsrichtung an die Einschnürung 8 anschließende Rohrteil 9 des Endabschnittes 7b bildet einen Ventilstutzen, durch den sich die Ventilspindel 1b erstreckt. Das Rohrteil 9 dient auch als Träger für das Stellantriebs-Gehäuse 3. Das Unterteil 3b desselben ist mit einem angeformten Stutzen 10 versehen, der in das Rohrteil 9 gesteckt und vorzugsweise mit dem Rohrteil verlötet ist. Auf diese Weise wird mit einem verhältnismäßig geringen Herstellungs- und Montageaufwand eine feste Verbindung zwischen dem Abgasrückführrohr 7 und dem Stellantriebs-Gehäuse geschaffen Gegebenenfalls könnte das Stellantriebs-Gehäuse 3 aber auch lösbar mit dem Rohrteil 9, beispielsweise durch ein Gewinde, verbunden sein, jedoch würde dies einen erhöhten Herstellungs- und Montageaufwand bedeuten.The exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 is connected at one end 7a to the exhaust side of the internal combustion engine, not shown, for example the exhaust manifold. The other end section 7b of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 forms the valve housing for the valve 1. A constriction 8 is formed in the end section 7b by non-cutting deformation, in particular by so-called hammering, of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe. As a result of this constriction 8, the inside diameter D1 of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7, which for example is 13.4 mm with an outside diameter of 16 mm and 0.8 mm wall thickness, is narrowed in the area of the constriction 8 to a smallest inside diameter D2 of about 5-6 mm. The valve seat 2 for the valve plate 1 a is formed by the part of the constriction 8 lying above this constriction. The direction of flow of the exhaust gases is indicated by the arrows S. The pipe part 9 of the end section 7b adjoining the constriction 8 in the flow direction forms a valve stub through which the valve spindle 1b extends. The tubular part 9 also serves as a carrier for the actuator housing 3. The lower part 3b of the same is provided with a molded connection piece 10 which is inserted into the tubular part 9 and is preferably soldered to the tubular part. In this way, a fixed connection between the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and the actuator housing is created with relatively little manufacturing and assembly work. If necessary, the actuator housing 3 could also be detachably connected to the pipe part 9, for example by a thread, but would this means increased manufacturing and assembly costs.

In den Stutzen 10 ist ein, beispielsweise aus Bronze bestehender Führungskörper 11 eingesetzt, der eine Führungsbohrung 12 für die Ventilspindel 1b aufweist. Der Führungskörper 11 weist eine Umfangsnut auf, in welche ein Federring 13, z.B. ein Runddrahtsprengring gemäß DIN 7993, eingesetzt ist. Durch diesen Federring 13 ist der Führungskörper 11 im Stutzen 10 gegen axiale Verschiebung gesichert.A guide body 11, for example made of bronze, is inserted into the connector 10 and has a guide bore 12 for the valve spindle 1b. The guide body 11 has a circumferential groove into which a spring ring 13, e.g. a round wire snap ring according to DIN 7993 is used. By means of this spring ring 13, the guide body 11 is secured in the socket 10 against axial displacement.

Das Rohrteil 9 ist oberhalb des Ventiles 1 und unterhalb des Stutzens 10 seitlich mit einer den Abgasauslaß bildenden Öffnung 14 versehen. Die Öffnung 14 ist dabei zweckmäßig von einem aus der Wandung des Rohrteiles ausgeformten Kragen 15 umgeben. Das Ausformen des Kragens 15 kann in herkömmlicher Weise durch ein sogenanntes "Aushals-Verfahren" gebildet werden, bei dem zunächst mit einem geeigneten Werkzeug in der Wandung des Rohres eine Bohrung erzeugt wird und beim Rückzug des Werkzeuges der Kragen 15 geformt wird. Durch den Kragen 15 wird eine größere Lötfläche geschaffen. Das Verbindungsrohr 16, welches zur Zurückführung der Abgase zu der Ansaugseite des Verbrennungsmotors, beispielsweise der nicht dargestellten Lufteinlaßkammer dient, ist an die Öffnung 14 angeschlossen. Das Verbindungsrohr 16 ist zu diesem Zweck in den Kragen 15 eingesteckt und dort verlötet. Anstelle des kompletten Verbindungsrohres könnte auch nur ein Abschnitt desselben mit dem Kragen 15 verlötet sein, wobei dann dieser Abschnitt zur Verbindung mit dem übrigen Verbindungsrohr die strichpunktiert dargestellte Standard-Rohrverschraubung aufweist.The pipe part 9 is laterally provided above the valve 1 and below the nozzle 10 with an opening 14 forming the exhaust gas outlet. The opening 14 is expediently surrounded by a collar 15 formed from the wall of the tube part. The shaping of the collar 15 can be formed in a conventional manner by a so-called "necking-out method", in which a bore is first made in the wall of the tube using a suitable tool and the collar 15 is formed when the tool is withdrawn. The collar 15 creates a larger soldering area. The connecting pipe 16, which is used to return the exhaust gases to the intake side of the internal combustion engine, for example the air inlet chamber (not shown), is connected to the opening 14. For this purpose, the connecting tube 16 is inserted into the collar 15 and soldered there. Instead of the complete connecting pipe, only a section of the same could be soldered to the collar 15, this section then having the standard pipe screw connection shown in broken lines for connection to the rest of the connecting pipe.

Der Vollständigkeit halber sei noch erwähnt, daß das Abgasrückführrohr 7 in einem vor der Einschnürung 8 liegenden Bereich in bekannter Weise eine weitere Einschnürung 18 aufweisen kann. Diese Einschnürung 18 bildet eine zur Druckmessung vorgesehene Venturi-Düse. Zur Messung des im Abgasrückführrohr herrschenden Druckes ist vor und hinter der Einschnürung 18 je ein Meßstutzen 19 in ähnlicher Weise eingelötet, wie das Verbindungsrohr 16. Die Meßstutzen 19 sind an den eingangs erwähnten Wandler angemessen, der die Druckdifferenz mißt und entsprechende Rückmeldesignale an das ebenfalls eingangs erwähnte Kontroll-Modul abgibt. Mittels der Druckdifferenz kann der tatsächliche Abgas-Durchfluß im Abgasrückführrohr gemessen werden.For the sake of completeness, it should also be mentioned that the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 has a further constriction 18 in a known manner in an area lying in front of the constriction 8 can. This constriction 18 forms a venturi nozzle provided for pressure measurement. To measure the pressure prevailing in the exhaust gas recirculation pipe, a measuring socket 19 is soldered in front of and behind the constriction 18 in a manner similar to that of the connecting pipe 16. The measuring socket 19 are appropriate for the converter mentioned at the outset, which measures the pressure difference and corresponding feedback signals to the input issues the mentioned control module. The actual exhaust gas flow in the exhaust gas recirculation pipe can be measured by means of the pressure difference.

Das Abgasrückführrohr 7 und auch die Meßstutzen 19 bestehen üblicherweise aus rostfreiem Stahl. Die Meßstutzen 19 werden üblicherweise unter Anwendung von Vakuum eingelötet. Das Einlöten des Verbindungsrohres 16 oder eines Abschnittes desselben im Kragen 15, sowie das Einlöten des Stutzens 10 im Rohrteil 9 kann gleichzeitig mit dem Einlöten der Meßstutzen 19 erfolgen und erfordert somit keinen wesentlichen zusätzlichen Herstellungsaufwand. Gegenüber den herkömmlichen Verbindungsverfahren durch Verschraubung hat jedoch das Einlöten den wesentlichen Vorteil, daß der Montageaufwand verringert wird und daß eine starre Verbindung geschaffen wird, die sich auch bei Vibrationen nicht lösen kann.The exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and also the measuring nozzle 19 are usually made of stainless steel. The measuring spouts 19 are usually soldered in using a vacuum. The soldering of the connecting tube 16 or a section thereof in the collar 15, as well as the soldering of the connector 10 in the tube part 9 can be carried out simultaneously with the soldering of the measuring connector 19 and thus does not require any significant additional manufacturing outlay. Compared to the conventional connection method by screwing, however, the soldering has the essential advantage that the assembly effort is reduced and that a rigid connection is created which cannot be released even in the event of vibrations.

Da gemäß der Erfindung das Ventilgehäuse durch einen Endabschnitt 7b des Abgasrückführrohres 7 gebildet wird, weist das Ventilgehäuse gegenüber herkömmlichen Gußgehäusen eine verhältnismäßig geringe Masse auf. Da außerdem das Ventilgehäuse eine Einheit mit dem Abgasrückführrohr 7 bildet und dieses ohnehin an verschiedenen Stellen mit dem Verbrennungsmotor verbunden ist, ist im Bereich des Ventiles nur ein einfacher und leichter Halter 20 erforderlich, der beispielsweise in Form einer Rohrschelle im Bereich der Einschnürung 8 an dem Endabschnitt 7b angreifen kann.According to the invention, since the valve housing is formed by an end section 7b of the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7, the valve housing has a relatively low mass compared to conventional cast housing. In addition, since the valve housing forms a unit with the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and this is connected to the internal combustion engine at various points, only a simple and light holder 20 is required in the region of the valve, for example in the form of a pipe clamp in the region of the constriction 8 Can attack end portion 7b.

Durch die bereits eingangs beschriebene elektronische Steuerung des im Oberteil 3a herrschenden Vakuumdruckes wird die Membrane 4 mehr oder weniger mit Vakuum beaufschlagt und damit der Ventilteller 1a mehr oder weniger vom Ventilsitz 2 abgehoben. Durch die jeweilige Ventilstellung wird die durch das Abgasrückführrohr 7 von der Abgasseite des Verbrennungsmotors abgezogene und über das Verbindungsrohr 16 zur Ansaugseite des Motors zurückgeführte Abgasmenge geregelt.Due to the electronic control of the vacuum pressure prevailing in the upper part 3a, which has already been described at the beginning, the diaphragm 4 is more or less acted upon by vacuum and the valve plate 1a is thus lifted more or less from the valve seat 2. The respective valve position regulates the amount of exhaust gas drawn off from the exhaust gas side of the internal combustion engine by the exhaust gas recirculation pipe 7 and returned to the intake side of the engine via the connecting pipe 16.

Die Steuerung des Ventils 1 kann durch jeden beliebigen Stellantrieb, zum Beispiel auch elektrische oder elektronische erfolgen. Bei dem in Fig. 2 gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel ist in dem Stellantriebs-Gehäuse 23 ein Elektromagnet 24 angeordnet, dessen Anker 24a mit der Ventilspindel 1b verbunden ist und dessen Magnetspule 24b über die Stromanschlüsse 26 mit Steuerstrom versorgt wird. Das Unterteil 23b des Stellantriebs-Gehäuses 23 ist mit einem angeformten Stutzen 10' versehen, der in das Rohrteil 9 gesteckt ist. Durch den Elektromagneten 24 und die Ventilspindel 1b wird der Ventilteller 1a mehr oder weniger vom Ventilsitz 2 abgehoben. Die übrigen Teile der Ventilanordnung entsprechen den Teilen der in Fig. 1 gezeigten Ventilanordnung und wurden deshalb mit demselben Bezugzeichen versehen. Die vorstehende Beschreibung trifft sinngemäß auch auf das in Fig. 2 dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiel zu.The valve 1 can be controlled by any actuator, for example also electrical or electronic. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, an electromagnet 24 is arranged in the actuator housing 23, the armature 24a of which is connected to the valve spindle 1b and the solenoid coil 24b is supplied with control current via the current connections 26. The lower part 23b of the actuator housing 23 is provided with a molded connection piece 10 'which is inserted into the tubular part 9. The valve disk 1a is more or less lifted off the valve seat 2 by the electromagnet 24 and the valve spindle 1b. The remaining parts of the valve arrangement correspond to the parts of the valve arrangement shown in FIG. 1 and have therefore been given the same reference numerals. The above description also applies analogously to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2.

Claims (5)

  1. A valve device for exhaust gas feedback in an internal combustion engine, with a controlled valve (1) whose valve plate (1a) cooperates with a valve seat (2), with a valve housing (7b) containing the valve seat (2) and which has an exhaust gas inlet upstream, in the flow direction of the exhaust gases, of the valve seat and an exhaust gas outlet downstream of the valve seat, as well as a valve union (9) receiving a regulating actuator housing (3) wherein the exhaust gas inlet is connected via an exhaust gas feedback pipe (7) to the exhaust gas side of the internal combustion engine and the exhaust gas outlet is connected through a connecting pipe (16) to the induction side of the internal combustion engine, and wherein the valve spindle (1b) of the valve (1) connected to the regulating actuator extends through the valve union, characterized in that the valve housing is formed by an end section (7b) of the exhaust gas feedback pipe (7) itself, in that the valve seat (2) is formed by a constriction (8) in the end section formed without machining, in that the valve union is formed by a pipe part (9) of the end section (7b) connected to the constriction (8), in that this pipe part (9) is provided at the side with an opening (14) forming the exhaust gas outlet and in that the connecting pipe (16) or a section of the same is brazed to the pipe part (9) in the region of this opening (14).
  2. A valve device according to claim 1, characterized in that the opening (14) is surrounded by a collar (15) deformed out of the wall of the pipe part (9), into which the connection pipe (16) or a section of the same is brazed.
  3. A valve device according to claim 1, characterized in that the constriction (8) is formed by beating the pipe wall of the exhaust gas feedback pipe (7).
  4. A valve device according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the smallest inner diameter (D2) of the constriction (8) is approximately half to a third the size of the inner diameter (D1) of the exhaust gas feedback pipe (7).
  5. A valve device according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an under part (3b, 23b) of the regulating actuator housing (3, 23) is provided with a shaped-on union (10, 10') and in that this union (10, 10') is stuck into the pipe part (9) and brazed to the pipe part.
EP93116301A 1993-01-22 1993-10-08 Arrangement of a valve for exhaust gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine Expired - Lifetime EP0607505B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4301655A DE4301655C1 (en) 1993-01-22 1993-01-22 Combustion engine exhaust-return valve - has housing formed in return pipe end and pipe contracted to form seat adjacent to lateral outlet
DE4301655 1993-01-22

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EP0607505A1 EP0607505A1 (en) 1994-07-27
EP0607505B1 true EP0607505B1 (en) 1996-08-21

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EP (1) EP0607505B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE141669T1 (en)
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ES2091534T3 (en) 1996-11-01
DE59303501D1 (en) 1996-09-26
US5351669A (en) 1994-10-04
ATE141669T1 (en) 1996-09-15
DE4301655C1 (en) 1994-02-17
EP0607505A1 (en) 1994-07-27

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