EP0600338A1 - Photographic colour development process - Google Patents

Photographic colour development process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0600338A1
EP0600338A1 EP93118749A EP93118749A EP0600338A1 EP 0600338 A1 EP0600338 A1 EP 0600338A1 EP 93118749 A EP93118749 A EP 93118749A EP 93118749 A EP93118749 A EP 93118749A EP 0600338 A1 EP0600338 A1 EP 0600338A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
developer
regeneration rate
rollers
fixing
kcl
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EP93118749A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Ubbo Wernicke
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Agfa Gevaert AG
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Agfa Gevaert AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
    • G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C7/00—Multicolour photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents; Photosensitive materials for multicolour processes
    • G03C7/30—Colour processes using colour-coupling substances; Materials therefor; Preparing or processing such materials
    • G03C7/407—Development processes or agents therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C7/00—Multicolour photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents; Photosensitive materials for multicolour processes
    • G03C7/30—Colour processes using colour-coupling substances; Materials therefor; Preparing or processing such materials
    • G03C7/44—Regeneration; Replenishers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the continuous processing of imagewise exposed, color photographic materials based on high chloride silver halide emulsions with at least the processing steps (a) color development, (b) bleaching and fixing or bleach-fixing, (c) washing or stabilizing and (d) drying, the Color developer is regenerated with a regeneration rate of less than 160 ml / m2.
  • the Kodak EP-2 process used regeneration rates of 325 ml / m2.
  • a regeneration rate of 80 ml / m2 was not realized in this system and would have resulted in a KBr concentration of around 2.8 g / l.
  • the concentration of KCl in the RA 4 process is usually between about 0.8 and 2 g / l at a regeneration rate of 160 ml / m2, and between about 1.6 and 4 g / l at a regeneration rate of 80 ml / m2, whereby the lower value results from the photographic process of reducing silver chloride by the developer.
  • the object of the present invention was to maintain the activity of the development despite reduced regeneration rates and thus increased halide concentrations and thus to obtain type-sensitive sensitometric results in the specified target time.
  • High-chloride silver halide emulsions are to be understood as those whose silver halides consist of at least 90 mol% of AgCl, preferably 95 mol% of AgCl.
  • the difference to 100 mol% can be AgBr and / or AgI.
  • a number of methods are available for eliminating or significantly reducing the diffusion layer adhering to the interface of the material, e.g. guiding the material over wiping lips, through squeezing rollers, over rotating foam rollers, preferably rotating counter to the material transport, or repeatedly deflecting the material over a large number of transport shafts, the deflection angle from the running direction being in particular 5 to 85 °.
  • the material for removing or reducing the adherent diffusion layer in the developer is preferably passed through one or more pairs of rollers, each of which exerts a pressure of 50 to 250 p / cm 2 on the material or, after the developer bath but before the next bath, is passed through one or more pairs of rollers , which exert a pressure of 50 to 250 p / cm2 on the material and which are exposed to water.
  • the number of pairs of rollers is preferably 1 to 5; in particular 20 to 100 ml water / m2 material are applied. Both measures can also be used together.
  • a commercial color paper for processing in the RA-4 process the silver halide emulsions of which contain AgCl 0.995 Br 0.005 , was processed as follows: Developer: 45 s, 35 ° C Fix bleaching: 45 s, 35 ° C Water: 4 x 22.5 s, 30 to 35 ° C dry
  • the regeneration rate of the developer was 160 ml / m2.
  • the fog, gamma 1, gamma 2 and maximum density were determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 2, but the temperature of the developer was raised to 38 ° C.
  • Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 2, but the material after leaving the developer bath was passed through two pairs of rollers, the rollers of which touched the front and rear of the material and exerted a pressure of 150 p / cm 2 on the material. 50 ml water / m2 material was applied to the material between the two pairs of rollers.
  • Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 2, but the material in the developer bath passed through 5 pairs of rollers, all of which exerted a pressure of 150 p / cm 2 on the material.
  • Example 5 The procedure was as in Example 5, but the material additionally passed through after leaving the developer bath 2 pairs of rollers according to Example 4, 50 ml of water / m2 of material being applied to the material between the two pairs of rollers.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

The continuous processing of colour-photographic materials which are based on silver-halide emulsions with a high chloride content and which have been exposed imagewise, comprising at least the steps (a) colour development, (b) bleaching and fixing or bleach fixing, (c) washing or stabilisation and (d) drying, where the colour developer is regenerated at a regeneration rate of less than 160 ml/m<2> and contains at least 2 KCl/l in the steady state, gives typical sensitometric results if the developer diffusion layer adhering to the material interface is significantly reduced or removed altogether at least once.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Verarbeitung bildmäßig belichteter, farbfotografischer Materialien auf der Basis hochchloridhaltiger Silberhalogenidemulsionen mit wenigstens den Verarbeitungsschritten (a) Farbentwickeln, (b) Bleichen und Fixieren oder Bleichfixieren, (c) Wässern oder Stabilisieren und (d) Trocknen, wobei der Farbentwickler mit einer Regenerierquote von weniger als 160 ml/m² regeneriert wird.The invention relates to a process for the continuous processing of imagewise exposed, color photographic materials based on high chloride silver halide emulsions with at least the processing steps (a) color development, (b) bleaching and fixing or bleach-fixing, (c) washing or stabilizing and (d) drying, the Color developer is regenerated with a regeneration rate of less than 160 ml / m².

Es ist ökonomisch und ökologisch sinnvoll, daß zur kontinuierlichen Entwicklung von Fotomaterialien immer geringere Regeneriermengen angewendet werden, die die chemische Aktivität von Entwicklern, Bleichbädern, Bleichfixierbädern und Fixierbädern im Dauerbetrieb aufrechterhalten.It is economically and ecologically sensible that ever smaller amounts of regeneration are used for the continuous development of photographic materials, which maintain the chemical activity of developers, bleaching baths, bleach-fixing baths and fixing baths in continuous operation.

So wurden beispielsweise beim Kodak EP-2-Prozess Regenerierquoten von 325 ml/m² angewendet.For example, the Kodak EP-2 process used regeneration rates of 325 ml / m².

Für den 1986 eingeführten Kodak RA 4-Prozess wurden 160 ml/m² vorgeschrieben. Für diesen Prozess bestehen seit 1991 Prozessvarianten, die eine Regenerierung von nur 90 bis 100 ml/m² vorsehen.160 ml / m² was prescribed for the Kodak RA 4 process, which was introduced in 1986. For this process there have been process variants since 1991, which provide regeneration of only 90 to 100 ml / m².

Je geringer die Regenerierquote ist, desto höher ist aber die Gleichgewichts-Konzentration von Reaktionsprodukten, die bei der fotografischen Verarbeitung entstehen, z.B. die Konzentrationen der Halogenidionen, die aus den Emulsionen freigesetzt werden.However, the lower the regeneration rate, the higher the equilibrium concentration of reaction products that arise during photographic processing, e.g. the concentrations of the halide ions released from the emulsions.

Während der EP-2-Prozess bei einer Regenerierquote von 325 ml/m² eine Gleichgewichtskonzentration von 0,7 g KBr aufwies, stieg die Konzentration von KBr bei 160 ml/m² auf 1,4 g/l an und erforderte bereits eine Entwicklertemperatur von 38°C statt 33°C, um den Aktivitätsverlust auszugleichen.While the EP-2 process had an equilibrium concentration of 0.7 g KBr at a regeneration rate of 325 ml / m², the concentration of KBr rose to 1.4 g / l at 160 ml / m² and already required a developer temperature of 38 ° C instead of 33 ° C to compensate for the loss of activity.

Eine Regenerierquote von 80 ml/m² ist in diesem System nicht realisiert worden und hätte zu einer KBr-Konzentration von etwa 2,8 g/l geführt.A regeneration rate of 80 ml / m² was not realized in this system and would have resulted in a KBr concentration of around 2.8 g / l.

Die Konzentration an KCl im RA 4-Prozess beträgt bei einer Regenerierquote von 160 ml/m² meist zwischen etwa 0,8 und 2 g/l, bei einer Regenerierquote von 80 ml/m² zwischen etwa 1,6 und 4 g/l, wobei der niedrigere Wert aus dem fotografischen Prozeß der Reduktion von Silberchlorid durch die Entwicklungssubstanz resultiert.The concentration of KCl in the RA 4 process is usually between about 0.8 and 2 g / l at a regeneration rate of 160 ml / m², and between about 1.6 and 4 g / l at a regeneration rate of 80 ml / m², whereby the lower value results from the photographic process of reducing silver chloride by the developer.

Will man die Regenerierquote nochmals senken, z.B. auf weniger als 40 ml/m², so ist mit noch höheren KCl-Konzentrationen zu rechnen, was sich sehr nachteilig auf die Entwicklungskinetik z.B. der Gelbschicht auswirkt, so daß die Maximaldichten Gelb nicht mehr erreicht werden und die Gamma 2-Werte für Gelb stark abnehmen.If you want to lower the regeneration rate again, for example to less than 40 ml / m², you have even higher KCl concentrations To be expected, which has a very disadvantageous effect on the development kinetics, for example of the yellow layer, so that the maximum densities of yellow are no longer achieved and the gamma 2 values for yellow decrease sharply.

Ein Ausgleich des Aktivitätsverlustes durch Temperaturerhöhung ist unzureichend, so daß weitere chemische Maßnahmen wie pH-Erhöhung und Konzentrationserhöhung an Entwicklersubstanz erforderlich werden.Compensation for the loss of activity due to an increase in temperature is insufficient, so that further chemical measures such as increasing the pH and increasing the concentration of developer substance are required.

Das aber widerspricht dem angestrebten Ziel, den Prozess ökologisch zu führen.However, this contradicts the aim of leading the process ecologically.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung war es, trotz verminderter Regenerierquoten und damit erhöhter Halogenidkonzentrationen die Aktivität der Entwicklung aufrechtzuerhalten und damit in der vorgegebenen Sollzeit typgemäße sensitometrische Ergebnisse zu erhalten.The object of the present invention was to maintain the activity of the development despite reduced regeneration rates and thus increased halide concentrations and thus to obtain type-sensitive sensitometric results in the specified target time.

Es wurde nun überraschenderweise gefunden, daß sich diese Aufgabe, obwohl der Entwickler wenigstens 2 g KCl/l, oder gar 4 bis 10 g KCl/l, das aus der Reduktion von AgCl stammt, enthält, durch wenigstens einmalige, vorzugsweise zwei- bis zwanzigmalige Beseitigung oder deutliche Verringerung der an der Grenzfläche des Materials adhärierenden Diffusionsschicht des Entwicklers lösen läßt.It has now surprisingly been found that this task, although the developer contains at least 2 g KCl / l, or even 4 to 10 g KCl / l, which originates from the reduction of AgCl, is achieved by at least once, preferably two to twenty times Eliminate or significantly reduce the diffusion layer of the developer adhering to the interface of the material.

Unter hochchloridhaltigen Silberhalogenidemulsionen sind solche zu verstehen, deren Silberhalogenide zu wenigstens 90 Mol-% aus AgCl, vorzugsweise zu 95 Mol-% aus AgCl bestehen. Die Differenz zu 100 Mol-% können AgBr und/oder AgI sein.High-chloride silver halide emulsions are to be understood as those whose silver halides consist of at least 90 mol% of AgCl, preferably 95 mol% of AgCl. The difference to 100 mol% can be AgBr and / or AgI.

Zur Beseitigung oder deutlichen Verringerung der an der Grenzfläche des Materials adhärierenden Diffusionsschicht stehen eine Reihe von Methoden zur Verfügung, z.B. das Führen des Materials über Abstreiflippen, durch Abquetschwalzen, über rotierende, vorzugsweise gegenläufig zum Materialtransport rotierende Schaumstoffwalzen oder das vielfache Umlenken des Materials über eine große Zahl von Transportwellen, wobei der Auslenkwinkel von der Laufrichtung insbesondere 5 bis 85° beträgt.A number of methods are available for eliminating or significantly reducing the diffusion layer adhering to the interface of the material, e.g. guiding the material over wiping lips, through squeezing rollers, over rotating foam rollers, preferably rotating counter to the material transport, or repeatedly deflecting the material over a large number of transport shafts, the deflection angle from the running direction being in particular 5 to 85 °.

Bevorzugt wird das Material zur Beseitung oder Verringerung der adhärierenden Diffusionsschicht im Entwickler durch ein oder mehrere Walzenpaare geführt, die jeweils einen Druck von 50 bis 250 p/cm² auf das Material ausüben oder nach dem Entwicklerbad aber vor dem nächsten Bad durch ein oder mehrere Walzenpaare geführt, die jeweils einen Druck von 50 bis 250 p/cm² auf das Material ausüben und die mit Wasser beaufschlagt werden. Vorzugsweise beträgt im zweiten Fall die Zahl der Walzenpaare 1 bis 5; es werden insbesondere 20 bis 100 ml Wasser/m² Material aufgebracht. Beide Maßnahmen können auch gemeinsam angewendet werden.The material for removing or reducing the adherent diffusion layer in the developer is preferably passed through one or more pairs of rollers, each of which exerts a pressure of 50 to 250 p / cm 2 on the material or, after the developer bath but before the next bath, is passed through one or more pairs of rollers , which exert a pressure of 50 to 250 p / cm² on the material and which are exposed to water. In the second case, the number of pairs of rollers is preferably 1 to 5; in particular 20 to 100 ml water / m² material are applied. Both measures can also be used together.

Beispiel 1example 1

Ein handelsübliches Colorpapier zur Verarbeitung im RA-4-Prozess, dessen Silberhalogenidemulsionen AgCl0,995Br0,005 enthalten, wurde wie folgt verarbeitet:
   Entwickler: 45 s, 35°C
   Bleichfixieren: 45 s, 35°C
   Wässern: 4 x 22,5 s, 30 bis 35°C
   TrocknenA commercial color paper for processing in the RA-4 process, the silver halide emulsions of which contain AgCl 0.995 Br 0.005 , was processed as follows:
Developer: 45 s, 35 ° C
Fix bleaching: 45 s, 35 ° C
Water: 4 x 22.5 s, 30 to 35 ° C
dry

Entwicklerbad:Developer bath:

Entwicklersubstanz CD 3Developer substance CD 3 5 g5 g DiethylhydroxylaminDiethylhydroxylamine 5 g5 g KaliumcarbonatPotassium carbonate 30 g30 g Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA)Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 2 g2 g DiethylenglykolDiethylene glycol 30 ml30 ml pHpH 10,210.2

Bleichfixierbad:Bleach-fix bath:

Ammoniumeisen-EDTAAmmonium iron EDTA 35 g35 g (NH₄)₂S₂O₃(NH₄) ₂S₂O₃ 70 g70 g KaliumsulfitPotassium sulfite 5 g5 g pHpH 6,56.5

Die Regenerierquote des Entwicklers betrug 160 ml/m². Es wurden Schleier, Gamma 1, Gamma 2 und Maximaldichte bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt.The regeneration rate of the developer was 160 ml / m². The fog, gamma 1, gamma 2 and maximum density were determined. The results are shown in Table 1.

Beispiel 2Example 2

Es wurde wie in Beispiel 1 verfahren, jedoch wurden dem Entwickler 10 g KCl/l zugesetzt.The procedure was as in Example 1, but 10 g of KCl / l were added to the developer.

Beispiel 3Example 3

Es wurde wie in Beispiel 2 verfahren, aber die Temperatur des Entwicklers wurde auf 38°C erhöht.The procedure was as in Example 2, but the temperature of the developer was raised to 38 ° C.

Beispiel 4Example 4

Es wurde wie in Beispiel 2 verfahren, jedoch wurde das Material nach dem Verlassen des Entwicklerbades durch zwei Rollenpaare geführt, deren Rollen Vorder- und Rückseite des Materials berührten und auf das Material einen Druck von 150 p/cm² ausübten. Auf das Material zwischen den beiden Rollenpaaren wurden 50 ml Wasser/m² Material aufgebracht.The procedure was as in Example 2, but the material after leaving the developer bath was passed through two pairs of rollers, the rollers of which touched the front and rear of the material and exerted a pressure of 150 p / cm 2 on the material. 50 ml water / m² material was applied to the material between the two pairs of rollers.

Beispiel 5Example 5

Es wurde wie in Beispiel 2 verfahren, jedoch durchlief das Material im Entwicklerbad 5 Rollenpaare, die alle einen Druck von 150 p/cm² auf das Material ausübten.The procedure was as in Example 2, but the material in the developer bath passed through 5 pairs of rollers, all of which exerted a pressure of 150 p / cm 2 on the material.

Beispiel 6Example 6

Es wurde wie in Beispiel 5 verfahren, jedoch durchlief das Material nach Verlassen des Entwicklerbades zusätzlich 2 Rollenpaare gemäß Beispiel 4, wobei auf das Material zwischen den beiden Rollenpaaren 50 ml Wasser/m² Material aufgebracht wurden.The procedure was as in Example 5, but the material additionally passed through after leaving the developer bath 2 pairs of rollers according to Example 4, 50 ml of water / m² of material being applied to the material between the two pairs of rollers.

Die Ergebnisse der Beispiele 2 bis 6 sind ebenfalls in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt.

Figure imgb0001
The results of Examples 2 to 6 are also shown in Table 1.
Figure imgb0001

Claims (5)

Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Verarbeitung bildmäßig belichteter farbfotografischer Materialien auf der Basis hochchloridhaltiger Silberhalogenidemulsionen mit wenigstens den Schritten (a) Farbentwickeln, (b) Bleichen und Fixieren oder Bleichfixieren, (c) Wässern oder Stabilisieren und (d) Trocknen, wobei der Farbentwickler mit einer Regenerierquote von weniger als 160 ml/m² regeneriert wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Entwickler wenigstens 2 g KCl/l aus der chemischen Reduktion der AgCl-Emulsionen enthält und die aus der chemischen Reduktion der AgCl-Emulsionen an der Grenzfläche des Materials adhärierende Diffusionsschicht des Entwicklers wenigstens einmal, vorzugsweise zwei- bis zwanzigmal deutlich verringert oder gänzlich entfernt wird.Process for the continuous processing of imagewise exposed color photographic materials based on high-chloride silver halide emulsions with at least the steps (a) color development, (b) bleaching and fixing or bleach-fixing, (c) washing or stabilizing and (d) drying, the color developer having a regeneration rate of less than 160 ml / m² is regenerated, characterized in that the developer contains at least 2 g KCl / l from the chemical reduction of the AgCl emulsions and the diffusion layer of the developer adhering from the chemical reduction of the AgCl emulsions at the interface of the material at least once, preferably two to twenty times significantly reduced or completely removed. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Regenerierquote weniger als 80 ml/m² beträgt und der Entwickler 4 bis 10 g KCl/l enthält.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the regeneration rate is less than 80 ml / m² and the developer contains 4 to 10 g KCl / l. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Regenerierquote weniger als 40 ml/m² beträgt.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the regeneration rate is less than 40 ml / m². Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Beseitigung oder Verringerung der adhärierenden Diffusionsschicht des Entwicklers das Material im Entwickler durch ein oder mehrere Walzenpaare geführt wird, die jeweils einen Druck von 50 bis 250 p/cm² auf das Material ausüben.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that to remove or reduce the adherent diffusion layer of the developer, the material in the developer is passed through one or more pairs of rollers, each exerting a pressure of 50 to 250 p / cm² on the material. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Material nach dem Entwicklerbad aber vor dem nächsten Bad durch ein oder mehrere Walzenpaare geführt wird, die jeweils einen Druck von 50 bis 250 p/cm² auf das Material ausüben und die mit Wasser beaufschlagt werden.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the material after the developer bath but before the next bath is passed through one or more pairs of rollers which each exert a pressure of 50 to 250 p / cm² on the material and which are acted upon with water.
EP93118749A 1992-12-04 1993-11-22 Photographic colour development process Withdrawn EP0600338A1 (en)

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DE19924240869 DE4240869A1 (en) 1992-12-04 1992-12-04 Color photographic processing method
DE4240869 1992-12-04

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2248056A (en) * 1939-05-19 1941-07-08 Jesse M Blaney Film processing system
US4125851A (en) * 1971-02-08 1978-11-14 Krehbiel Vivian D Photographic film processor
US4174901A (en) * 1977-06-03 1979-11-20 Dainippon Screen Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Film squeegee mechanism of automatic film developing apparatus
US5110714A (en) * 1988-10-03 1992-05-05 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for processing silver halide color photographic material
EP0501273A2 (en) * 1991-03-01 1992-09-02 Agfa-Gevaert AG Developing apparatus for photographic material
US5168296A (en) * 1988-04-20 1992-12-01 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for processing photosensitive material

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2248056A (en) * 1939-05-19 1941-07-08 Jesse M Blaney Film processing system
US4125851A (en) * 1971-02-08 1978-11-14 Krehbiel Vivian D Photographic film processor
US4174901A (en) * 1977-06-03 1979-11-20 Dainippon Screen Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Film squeegee mechanism of automatic film developing apparatus
US5168296A (en) * 1988-04-20 1992-12-01 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for processing photosensitive material
US5110714A (en) * 1988-10-03 1992-05-05 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for processing silver halide color photographic material
EP0501273A2 (en) * 1991-03-01 1992-09-02 Agfa-Gevaert AG Developing apparatus for photographic material

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
J.CRABTREE: "Directional effects in continuous film processing", 1932, BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, US *
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE ENGINEERS, vol. XVIII, February 1932 (1932-02-01), pages 207 - 231 *

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DE4240869A1 (en) 1994-06-09

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