EP0570731B1 - Stirling engine with heat exchanger - Google Patents

Stirling engine with heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0570731B1
EP0570731B1 EP93106852A EP93106852A EP0570731B1 EP 0570731 B1 EP0570731 B1 EP 0570731B1 EP 93106852 A EP93106852 A EP 93106852A EP 93106852 A EP93106852 A EP 93106852A EP 0570731 B1 EP0570731 B1 EP 0570731B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
housing
stirling engine
bellows
plate
engine according
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EP93106852A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0570731A1 (en
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Eckhart Weber
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2244/00Machines having two pistons
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2254/00Heat inputs
    • F02G2254/30Heat inputs using solar radiation
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2257/00Regenerators
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2270/00Constructional features
    • F02G2270/50Crosshead guiding pistons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a Stirling engine with heat exchanger, which is used for low to medium temperature operation, i.e. is designed for a small compression ratio and large displaced volume, in which a displacement plate can be moved back and forth between two housing plates of a housing that are parallel to one another and that is free of sliding friction along the circumference relative to the end faces of the housing, in which the displacement plate has two working gas volumes: expansion space and Separates compression space, which are assigned to the cooler and heater for heat exchange, in which the two working gas volumes are connected via a regenerator, and in which the reciprocating movement of the displacement plate is in phase displacement with a working piston.
  • the invention is based on a Stirling engine as is known from US-A-44 14 814.
  • the ends of the displacement plate 45 are sealed with respect to the housing end faces 10 ', for which purpose connecting strips are provided according to the drawing, which run loosely corrugated between the displacement plate 45 and the housing end face 10' and have a sealing function.
  • the displacement plate 45 is guided solely by means of the rod 20 'in the lower housing plate.
  • the loose corrugated connecting strips have no guiding effect.
  • the larger the displacement plate 45 the more difficult and complex it becomes to guide the rod 20 ′ with as little friction as possible, and to prevent tilting movements of the displacement plate relative to the leading rod. It is also difficult to prevent the displacer plate from rotating about the axis of the leading rod 20 '. Any incorrect movement of the displacement plate caused by poor guidance can lead to the loosely corrugated connecting strip becoming jammed in the gap between the front edges of the displacement plate and the housing end faces. This will lead to malfunctions in the operation of the Stirling engine, which occur more frequently the larger the displacement plate is dimensioned.
  • the housing plates and the displacement plate can be made unusually large, since the surface of the housing plates is stabilized against one another by the struts.
  • a power range of 50 - 500 W can be achieved, the housing plates being several square meters in size and working pressures of 10,000 pa and more occurring in the working gas partial volumes.
  • the struts should pass through the displacement plate as tightly as possible, so that the strut-related
  • the roller membranes enable the struts between the housing plates to be used practically.
  • connection between the displacer plate and the motor shaft can be made in the conventional way exclusively via linkage.
  • movement displacement bellows are provided for the reciprocation of the displacement plate between the latter and the one housing plate, which bellows can be actuated by means of a control bellows, which is conductively connected to the latter for supplying and removing air Motor shaft is contractible and expandable via a connecting rod.
  • the actuation of the displacement plate by means of the air bellows distributed over the surface results in an improved parallel guidance of the displacement plate. In particular, the sliding friction of guided movement rods of the connecting linkage is avoided.
  • the connection of the displacement plate to the motor shaft by means of the movement air bellows, the air supply and removal and the control bellows is important in the case of a considerably enlarged displacement plate, for which precise parallel guidance to the housing plates and low friction during movement are crucial.
  • the volume of the moving air bellows is normally 90 degrees by changing the phase position between the movement of the displacement plate, ie the movement of the control bellows and the movement of the working bellows compensated greater than 90 degrees.
  • the struts can be designed so that they can absorb tensile and compressive forces.
  • a small connection from the engine compartment to the outside ensures that the air pressure in the working bellows is on average identical to the atmospheric pressure.
  • the struts are each designed as tensioning tie rods and a check valve sets the air pressure in the working bellows to the same or greater atmospheric pressure, or the struts are each designed as stiffening supports and a check valve the air pressure in the working bellows to the same or low atmospheric pressure.
  • the function of the struts is clear and the construction work is simplified. Specifying either only pressure ratios or only suction ratios also makes special application options feasible.
  • regenerator is provided on the displacement plate and extends over its entire surface. This simplifies the sealing and guiding relationships between the end edges of the displacement plate and the end walls of the housing. There is also an adaptation of the dimension of the regenerator to the enlarged areas of the heat exchanger according to the invention and the flow resistance of the regenerator is reduced.
  • the regenerator acts through the volume of the displacement plate, which e.g. has a thickness of 0.1 m and e.g. is made of open-pore polyester foam.
  • the moving regenerator forms the heat exchangers on the surfaces facing the housing plates, which move with the housing plate and are designed to allow gas to flow through.
  • the cooler heat exchanger is usually located at the bottom with the horizontal displacement plate.
  • the present Stirling machine in the 50 - 500 W power range is particularly suitable for pumping water, generating cold and electricity or grinding grain in sunny areas. It can be made from simple materials without precision parts and is therefore suitable to be manufactured in non-industrialized countries.
  • the Stirling engine according to FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a heat exchanger which has an essentially rectangular housing which is formed by two housing plates 1, 2 and by four rectangular housing end walls 10. Struts designed as tie rods 3 are evenly distributed over the surface of the housing plates 1, 2, which are fixed at both ends to one of the housing plates. The tie rods cross through bores 27 of a rectangular displacement plate 5, which is accommodated in the housing and the end edges of which are spaced all around from the housing end walls 10. A long side of a rolling membrane 9 is fastened to the front edges, the other long side of which is fastened directly to the associated front wall 10 of the housing.
  • the rolling membrane 9 is a strip running along the front edge, which forms a fold 21 in the direction of its longitudinal extent.
  • the displacement plate 5 forms the core of a plate-shaped regenerator 18, on the upper surface of which a heater 19 is provided for heat exchange and on the other surface of which a cooler 20 is provided for heat exchange.
  • the displacement plate 5 divides the housing into an expansion space 11 and a compression space 12 and is open at the bottom Lifting bellows 13 mounted.
  • Fluid diversions 36 originate from the lifting bellows 13 and fluid diversion 38 originates from the compression space 12, each leading to a machine part with a crank engine.
  • the fluid diversion 38 leads from the compression space 12 to a working bellows 7, the volume of which is assigned a check valve 6.
  • the working bellows 7 works via a connecting rod 47 on a crankshaft or engine shaft 15 which carries a flywheel 35.
  • the fluid diversions 36 coming from the lifting bellows 13 lead to a control bellows 14, which is connected to the motor shaft 15 via a connecting rod 16.
  • the working bellows 7 and the control bellows 14 are offset from one another by a phase position 17 which is greater than 90 degrees.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the assignment of the housing plates, the displacement plate 5, the bores 27 and the tie rod 3 to each other.
  • the Stirling engine according to FIG. 3 is constructed to a large extent like that according to FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the fold direction 34 of the fold formed by the roller membrane 9 runs along each end edge.
  • the regenerator plate 5 is connected to the motor part via a linearly guided push rod 28, which passes through a guide device 48 and engages the motor shaft 15 via a connecting rod 29.
  • the pressure-resistant housing is achieved in that the tie rods 3 brace the two opposite housing plates 1, 2 and the air pressure in the machine through the check valve 6, which only allows air to flow into the machine, to larger or atmospheric pressure is maintained, because tie rods can only be loaded under tension.
  • the working bellows 7 works as a pressure bellows (air pressure in the bellows> atmospheric pressure).
  • the one housing plate 1 can be made of transparent, unbreakable polycarbonate. If, according to FIG. 4, highly transparent, fragile security glass is to be used for the upper housing plate 1, it is particularly simple to take supports 4 instead of the tie rods on which the glass plate rests only loosely.
  • a work bellows 8 now works as a suction bellows (see FIGS. 5 and 6).
  • the glass pane is sucked against the supports and does not break if there is a sufficient number (approx. 25 / m) of supports.
  • the struts are designed so that they can be subjected to both tension and pressure, the pressure in the machine can be kept at atmospheric pressure on average by means of a small bore instead of the check valve which means that the machine needs a smaller flywheel.
  • the tie rods 3 or supports 4 are at right angles to the two parallel housing plates 1, 2 and go at right angles through the displacer plate 5 (FIG. 2), which must be guided exactly without wear and friction and not on the tie rods or struts should graze, although the holes 27, through which the tie rods pass, may hardly be larger than the diameters of the tie rods in order to ensure the separation of expansion and compression space.
  • the displacement plate is very heavy (approx. 30 kg / m). The displacement plate guide must absorb this weight because the machine is to work in all positions.
  • the guide according to the invention consists of the linear rolling membranes 9 (four in the case of a square or rectangular housing) which guide the displacement plate exactly and at the same time free of sliding friction against the housing end wall 10 seal.
  • the linear roller membranes are wear-free, since they are practically not subject to flexing work and, which is essential in the Stirling engine, can also work without a pressure difference between the inner and outer sides.
  • the linear fold 21 is load-bearing in the fold direction 34 and can absorb the weight of the displacement plate (when the machine is not in horizontal operation).
  • the exact seal between the displacer plate and the housing wall or regenerator is absolutely necessary in the interest of high efficiency (efficiency of the machine according to the invention measured: 60% by Carnot).
  • the known machine mentioned above has considerable gap losses between the displacer and the regenerator, so that it does not achieve any efficiency (measured: ⁇ 1% of Carnot).
  • FIGS. 5 to 7 are each enlarged compared to the representations in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4.
  • 5 and 6 each illustrate a design of a suction bellows
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a design of a pressure bellows.
  • two opposing linear rolling membranes 9 extend according to the invention into the housing corners and have a deeper fold 21 than the other two rolling membranes which abut and end on the first-mentioned rolling membranes. This arrangement guarantees the secure sealing of the working gas part volumes against each other also in the housing corners with a simple, wear-free design of the linear roller diaphragms.
  • the reciprocating movement of the displacement plate between the two housing plates can take place according to FIG. 3 by a linearly guided (Watt's parallelogram, crosshead, linear ball bearing) push rod 28, which is rigidly connected at right angles from the center of the one housing plate 2 to the displacement plate 5 and via engages the connecting rod 29 on the motor shaft 15.
  • the displacement plate moves sinusoidally, which leads to an indicator diagram according to FIG. 9 with rounded corners 30.
  • Linear guides of push rods are usually not maintenance-free.
  • a push rod on which the entire heavy displacement plate hangs limits the size of the displacement plate to approximately 2 x 2 m. Due to the harmonic movement, the displacement plate is not subject to strong acceleration forces, the machine is balanced and runs very quietly.
  • the known machine mentioned above uses a bistably pretensioned crank mechanism which contains a push rod which is pretensioned with a spring, one end of which is fastened to the push rod and the other end of which is fastened to the lever arm of a fork, between the fork prongs of which a on a lever arm of the
  • the driver arranged in the diaphragm motor part is displaceable according to the stroke of the diaphragm, two stable positions being predetermined by the spring preload.
  • This arrangement is complicated, fragile and not suitable for jerking a heavy, several square meter displacement plate back and forth.
  • the preferred lifting and lowering mechanism of the displacement plate consists of a maintenance-free, low-friction, almost wear-free low-pressure pneumatic system with toroidal diaphragms as control bellows and lifting bellows:
  • On the cold side of the displacement plate 5 are located in the corners of the displacement plate or in recesses in the housing plate 2, the lifting bellows 13, in which air is pressed and sucked back by a control bellows 14, which is contracted and expanded sinusoidally by the motor shaft via the connecting rod 16.
  • the movement of the lifting bellows and the displacement plate is not sinusoidal, since the pressure increase in the sinusoidally moving control bellows is hyperbolic and, because of its own weight, the displacement plate only begins to move with a corresponding pressure in the lifting system.
  • the displacement plate is jerkily steered to the hot side as far as it will go, remains there while the control bellows compresses the air in the lifting system a little and only suddenly falls back to the cold side when the pressure in the lifting system has dropped again (hyperbolic).
  • the displacement movement is trapezoidal according to Fig. 19.
  • the discontinuous movement of the displacement plate in the indicator diagram results in sharper corners 31, which is known to increase the power density of the machine.
  • This lifting mechanism allows the safe movement of heavy displacement plates of several meters in length (see Fig. 25).
  • the displacement housing is no longer rigidly connected to the working bellows and shaft, but is, for example, via the flexible hoses 36, 38 connected so that the displacement box can be easily tracked in one or two axes of the sun (see Fig. 22).
  • the air volume of the lifting bellows 13 initially has a detrimental effect on the Stirling process, since it leads to air being added to the working gas in the compression phase and subtracted in the expansion phase, that is to say requiring more compression work and allowing less expansion work.
  • This additional bellows volume can, however, be overlaid with the volume of the working bellows offset by 90 ° (see FIG. 12), so that as a further feature of the invention an optimal phase shift of more than 90 ° between the control bellows and working bellows occurs and the additional compensation bellows 32 does not have to be installed .
  • the displacer is an unbroken, airtight plate.
  • the regenerator is arranged as a narrow strip on the front of the housing.
  • a gap is required between the circumference of the displacer plate and the inside of the regenerator, as mentioned above, whereby the regenerator is practically ineffective because most of the air passes through the gap and not through the regenerator flows. Because of the small cross-section of the regenerator, this creates so much flow resistance that the discontinuous, jerky movement of the tuning fork generated with the bistable preload is only unsatisfactorily transmitted to the displacement plate due to the resulting damping.
  • the regenerator 18 which connects the expansion space 11 and the compression space 12, is arranged in the moving displacement plate 5 (FIGS. 1, 3, 4) and extends over its entire surface and also takes up its entire volume.
  • the regenerator has a thickness of at least about 0.1 m to isolate the hot expansion space and the cold compression space from each other, and is preferably made of open-pored polyester foam, which is temperature-resistant, has a high specific heat capacity, poorly conducts heat and is therefore an excellent regenerator for low-temperature machines.
  • the large-area regenerator does not offer any significant flow resistance, even in sudden displacement movements.
  • the housing plates are at the same time the heat exchangers through which the fluid flows.
  • these can only heat and cool the working gas unsatisfactorily, since their surface is relatively small and the working gas does not sweep over them in a forced manner.
  • the heaters 19 and coolers 20 are therefore mounted on the surfaces of the regenerator 18 facing the housing plates 1, 2 and are designed to be gas-flowable with a surface of almost any size as a fin heat exchanger. They are moved with the regenerator and are now in intimate contact with the working gas (measured temperature difference between the heat exchanger fluid and working gas known machine: 20 ° C, inventive machine: 2 ° C). Heater 19, displacer 5, cooler 20 and regenerator 18 form a moving unit in the machine according to the invention.
  • the machine can be fed from a low temperature source (e.g. hot water solar flat collector) or medium temperature source (e.g. parabolic internal collector) (see Fig. 23).
  • a machine If a machine is mechanically driven, for example by a larger or several others, it works as a chiller (see Fig. 24).
  • the heat exchangers now both work as coolers, with which the pumped heat is dissipated and the other generates the lower temperature for the cooling circuit.
  • the machines are preferably horizontal so that the cooler heat exchanger is always below to avoid convection of the working gas in the machine, which turns out to be Mechanism of loss with significant loss of efficiency has highlighted. If the machine has a transparent housing plate 1, the sun shines directly on the heat exchanger 19, which is now designed as a gas-permeable, optically black surface without a fluid tube and is generally simply the surface of the regenerator.
  • the known machine mentioned above uses normal (opaque) insulation material to isolate the outside of the heat exchanger from heat loss to the environment.
  • the machine according to the invention which is preferably operated with sunlight by means of collectors and is generally installed outdoors and is accessible to sunlight, uses a transparent insulation 22 (polycarbonate honeycomb, airgel etc.) on the according to FIG overhead housing plate 1 in contact with the working gas in order to avoid heat losses of the working gas.
  • a transparent insulation 22 polycarbonate honeycomb, airgel etc.
  • the sun shines through the transparent insulation 22 on the housing plate and keeps it hot, so that no heat flow can take place due to the lack of temperature difference between the plate and the working gas. Negative temperature differences can even support the working gas.
  • An embodiment of the Stirling engine according to the invention uses, according to FIG. 15, an upper, well heat-conducting housing plate 1, which forms a plate enlargement 33 and is larger than the displacement plate and therefore protrudes on at least one end face and at the same time is the optically black collector plate for incident sunlight and generally with a glass pane 39 is covered against heat loss.
  • the heat generated in the plate is transported by heat conduction to the plate area under which the motor housing space is located.
  • this heat transport in the plate can be supported by heat pipes which are fitted in or on the plate.
  • the plate enlargement 33 can also consist of several parts which are connected to the housing plate 1 via the heat pipes 24 (see FIG. 16).
  • the heat-conducting housing plate generally has an enlarged surface on the inside of the engine compartment, e.g. by fins 25 or rods that dip into the displacer plate or the regenerator 18 so as to ensure good heat transfer to the working gas.
  • the internal heat exchanger carried with the regenerator is not required.
  • An embodiment of the machine according to the invention can be designed particularly simply with the following restrictions in terms of operating mode: if the machine works as a power machine with a suction bellows 8 (FIG. 17), that is to say with negative pressure with respect to the atmosphere, the machine lies horizontally with the hot side (expansion space) 11 at the top, if the bellows diameter is selected correctly (they must be matched to the weight of the displacement plate and the temperature difference between the hot and cold engine side), the control bellows can be omitted, since only the pressure difference between the engine interior and surroundings are sufficient to lift the displacement plate 5.
  • the bellows 13 are now open to the atmosphere below.
  • the desired phase shift of about 90 degrees between the bellows movement and the displacement movement occurs automatically, but this is sensitive against load changes on the motor shaft.
  • the movement of the displacer plate is also discontinuous.
  • the bellows-free movement of the displacement plate is also possible if either the hot motor side is at the bottom and the lifting bellows are arranged at the top or, if desired, at the top hot engine side, the displacer plate 5 is held by springs 40 on the hot side and by the lifting bellows 13 - in this case, pulling bellows are pulled to the cold side.
  • the lifting bellows must always be arranged on the cold engine side.
  • This machine version without a bellows is used as a chiller operated, in order to avoid convection in the machine, as with the working machine, the colder heat exchanger should be below. In this case, it is the cold heat exchanger. This is possible if the machine is operated below atmospheric pressure (Fig. 17), whereby the phase shift between the displacement movement and the working bellows movement occurs automatically. As a refrigeration machine, however, a higher power density may be required than can be achieved with the suction machine.
  • an embodiment of the refrigeration machine according to the invention uses two valves between the interior of the lifting bellows and the atmosphere.
  • One 41 is spring-loaded and allows the air of the lifting bellows interior to escape into the atmosphere from a certain pressure in the lifting bellows 13.
  • the second 42 is loaded by a diaphragm 43 of the internal bellows pressure and only allows the air to flow into the lifting bellows below a specific internal bellows pressure by the membrane performing the function of a valve flap and temporarily closing the flow path.
  • This valve arrangement with the right choice of valve loads shifts the phase position by 180 ° and the cold-generating side of the machine adjusts itself below, as desired.
  • the cooling effect is considerably increased if lamellae, rods, wires or the like are immersed in the water, which are attached to the regenerator 18 and are immersed with their movement in the water and pulled out and offer the working gas to be cooled a large heat exchange surface. Care must be taken to ensure that the regenerator is not wetted with water because the regenerator effect is lost and the regenerator can no longer be flowed through by gas.
  • an embodiment according to the invention uses a mat 46 made of knitted wire, plastic fleece or the like below the regenerator, which acts as a spray water separator from the working gas, but can also separate aerosol that drips down from the wires.
  • This mat can replace the cooling fins mentioned above and immerse itself in the cooling water above the plate.
  • the mat can also be part of the regenerator itself.
  • An embodiment of the Stirling engine according to the invention does not act on a motor shaft with the bellows via a connecting rod, but instead sets a mass in vibration, for example a pendulum, which does the compression work instead of the flywheel.
  • This arrangement has the advantage that the machine operates at the same frequency over the entire power range and an increase in power manifests itself in a larger oscillation amplitude, so that, for example, the power control when driving reciprocating water pumps can be done simply by changing the stroke.
  • a particularly simple embodiment of the Stirling engine uses the water column 51 of an inertial water lifter 52 as the oscillating mass or a part thereof. When moving upwards, the water column conveys part of the water from the bottom valve 53 in the fountain 54 upwards and simultaneously compresses the working gas in the Stirling engine. The water column is pressed down during the expansion phase of the working bellows 7.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)
  • Details Of Measuring And Other Instruments (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Diaphragms And Bellows (AREA)
  • Machine Tool Units (AREA)
  • Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
  • Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

A Stirling engine in which a displacer plate 5 can be moved backwards and forwards between two housing plates 1, 2, the said displacer plate being without sliding friction relative to the ends 10 of the housing along the circumference, is known. It is desirable here for the Stirling engine to be designed for larger output ranges with a reduced outlay on construction by making the housing plates and the displacer plate as large as possible, taking into consideration the resistance to pressure of the housing. This is achieved by virtue of the fact that the two housing plates 1, 2 are held at a distance from one another by struts 3 arranged in a distributed manner, the struts extending at right angles to the displacer plate 5 and passing through the latter, and by virtue of the fact that the displacer plate 5 is guided along its end edges relative to the ends 10 of the housing by linear rolling diaphragms 9. The housing plates are reinforced over the surface area by the struts and the displacer plate is guided exactly parallel with regard to the struts by the rolling diaphragms. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Stirlingmaschine mit Wärme-tauscher, die für Nieder- bis Mitteltemperaturbetrieb, d.h. für kleines Kompressionsverhältnis und großes verdrängtes Volumen ausgelegt ist, bei der zwischen zwei zueinander parallelen Gehäuseplatten eines Gehäuses eine Verdrängerplatte hin- und herbeweglich ist, die entlang dem Umfang frei von Gleitreibung gegenüber den Stirnseiten des Gehäuse ist, bei der die Verdrängerplatte zwei Arbeitsgasteilvolumina: Expansionsraum und Kompressionsraum voneinander trennt, denen zum Wärmeaustausch Kühler und Erhitzer zugeordnet sind, bei der die beiden Arbeitsgasteilvolumina über einen Regenerator miteinander verbunden sind, und bei der die Hin- und Herbewegung der Verdrängerplatte sich unter Phasenversatz im Takt mit einem Arbeitskolben befindet.The invention relates to a Stirling engine with heat exchanger, which is used for low to medium temperature operation, i.e. is designed for a small compression ratio and large displaced volume, in which a displacement plate can be moved back and forth between two housing plates of a housing that are parallel to one another and that is free of sliding friction along the circumference relative to the end faces of the housing, in which the displacement plate has two working gas volumes: expansion space and Separates compression space, which are assigned to the cooler and heater for heat exchange, in which the two working gas volumes are connected via a regenerator, and in which the reciprocating movement of the displacement plate is in phase displacement with a working piston.

Bei einer bekannten (DE-DS 30 15 815) Stirlingmaschine dieser Art sind die beiden Gehäuseplatten nur über die die Stirnseiten bildenden Wandungen gegeneinander abgestützt und besitzt die Verdrängerplatte an den Stirnkanten Spiel gegenüber den Stirnseiten des Gehäuses. Wenn man bei dieser Stirlingmaschine die Gehäuseplatten und die Verdrängerplatte flächenmäßig größer gestalten will, um größere Leistung zu erreichen, so sind dem Grenzen gesetzt, weil die Gehäuseplatten dem erhöhten Druck nur bei aufwendiger Gestaltung standhalten. Deshalb sind bei der bekannten Stirlingmaschine eine Vielzahl relativ kleiner Motormodule zu einem Aggregat zusammengefaßt, um eine Maschine in dem erhöhten Leistungsbereich zu verwirklichen. Der mit einer Vielzahl relativ kleiner Motormodule verbundene Bauaufwand ist relativ groß, da jedes Modul zu fertigen ist und über mehrere Gestänge mit der Motorwelle zu verbinden ist.In a known (DE-DS 30 15 815) Stirling engine of this type, the two housing plates are only supported against one another via the walls forming the end faces and the displacement plate has play at the end edges relative to the end faces of the housing. If you want to make the housing plates and the displacement plate larger in terms of area in this Stirling engine in order to achieve greater performance, this is subject to limits because the housing plates can only withstand the increased pressure with a complex design. That is why the well-known Stirling engine a large number of relatively small motor modules combined to form a unit to implement a machine in the increased performance range. The construction effort associated with a large number of relatively small motor modules is relatively large, since each module has to be manufactured and connected to the motor shaft via several linkages.

Die Erfindung geht gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 von einer Stirlingmaschine aus, wie sie durch die entgegengehaltene US-A-44 14 814 bekannt ist. Gemäß dieser Schrift sind die Enden der Verdrängerplatte 45 gegenüber den Gehäuse-Stirnseiten 10' gedichtet, wozu gemäß Zeichnung Verbindungsstreifen vorgesehen sind, welche zwischen der Verdrängerplatte 45 und der Gehäuse-Stirnseite 10' lose gewellt verlaufen und eine dichtende Funktion haben.According to the preamble of claim 1, the invention is based on a Stirling engine as is known from US-A-44 14 814. According to this document, the ends of the displacement plate 45 are sealed with respect to the housing end faces 10 ', for which purpose connecting strips are provided according to the drawing, which run loosely corrugated between the displacement plate 45 and the housing end face 10' and have a sealing function.

Bei der Stirlingmaschine gemäß US-A-44 14 814 ist die verdrängerplatte 45 allein mittels der Stange 20' in der unteren Gehäuseplatte geführt. Die losen gewellten Verbindungsstreifen haben keine Führungswirkung. Je größer die Verdrängerplatte 45 wird, desto schwieriger und aufwendiger wird es, die Stange 20' bei möglichst geringer Reibung exakt zu führen, und Kippbewegungen der Verdrängerplatte relativ zur führenden Stange zu verhindern. Es ist auch schwierig, zu vermeiden, daß sich die Verdrängerplatte um die Achse der führenden Stange 20' verdreht. Jede durch mangelhafte Führung bedingte Fehlbewegung der Verdrängerplatte kann dazu führen, daß sich der lose gewellte Verbindungsstreifen in dem Spalt zwischen den Stirnkanten der Verdrängerplatte und den Gehäuse-Stirnseiten verklemmt. Dies wird im Betrieb der Stirlingmaschine zu Störungen führen, die umso häufiger auftreten, je größer die Verdrängerplatte dimensioniert wird.In the Stirling engine according to US-A-44 14 814, the displacement plate 45 is guided solely by means of the rod 20 'in the lower housing plate. The loose corrugated connecting strips have no guiding effect. The larger the displacement plate 45, the more difficult and complex it becomes to guide the rod 20 ′ with as little friction as possible, and to prevent tilting movements of the displacement plate relative to the leading rod. It is also difficult to prevent the displacer plate from rotating about the axis of the leading rod 20 '. Any incorrect movement of the displacement plate caused by poor guidance can lead to the loosely corrugated connecting strip becoming jammed in the gap between the front edges of the displacement plate and the housing end faces. This will lead to malfunctions in the operation of the Stirling engine, which occur more frequently the larger the displacement plate is dimensioned.

Eine Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, eine Stirlingmaschine der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, die für vergrößerte Leistungsbereiche bei veringertem Bauaufwand ausgelegt ist, indem die Gehäuseplatten und die Verdrängerplatte unter Berücksichtigung der Gehäuse-Druckfestigkeit möglichst groß gestaltet sind.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a Stirling engine of the type mentioned at the outset, which is designed for enlarged performance ranges with reduced construction costs, in that the housing plates and the displacement plate are designed to be as large as possible, taking into account the housing compressive strength.

Die erfindungsgemäße Stirlingmaschine ist, diese Aufgabe lösend, dadurch gekennzeichnet,

  • daß die beiden Gehäuseplatten durch verteilt angeordnete Streben gegeneinander auf Distanz gehalten sind, wobei die Streben rechtwinkelig zu der Verdrängerplatte verlaufend durch diese möglichst dicht geführt hindurchtreten, und
  • daß die linearen Verbindungsstreifen Rollmembranen sind, durch welche die Verdrängerplatte entlang ihren Stirnkanten gegenüber den Gehäuse-Stirnkanten geführt ist.
The Stirling engine according to the invention, solving this problem, is characterized in that
  • that the two housing plates are held at a distance from one another by means of struts which are arranged in a distributed manner, the struts passing through the latter at right angles to the displacement plate and passing through them as closely as possible, and
  • that the linear connecting strips are rolling membranes through which the displacement plate is guided along its front edges with respect to the housing front edges.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Stirlingmaschine lassen sich die Gehäuseplatten und die Verdrängerplatte ungewöhnlich groß gestalten, da die Gehäuseplatten über ihre Fläche hin durch die Streben gegeneinander stabilisiert sind. Es läßt sich z.B. ein Leistungsbereich 50 - 500 W erreichen, wobei die Gehäuseplatten mehrere Quadratmeter groß sind und in den Arbeitsgasteilvolumina Arbeitsdrücke von 10.000 pa und mehr auftreten. Die Streben sollen die Verdrängerplatte möglichst dicht geführt passieren, damit die strebenbedingtenIn the Stirling engine according to the invention, the housing plates and the displacement plate can be made unusually large, since the surface of the housing plates is stabilized against one another by the struts. For example, a power range of 50 - 500 W can be achieved, the housing plates being several square meters in size and working pressures of 10,000 pa and more occurring in the working gas partial volumes. The struts should pass through the displacement plate as tightly as possible, so that the strut-related

Durchgänge durch die Verdrängerplatte nicht zu untragbaren Gasverbindungen zwischen Expansionsraum und Kompressionsraum führen. Deshalb ist eine genaue Parallelführung der Verdrängerplatte nötig und diese genaue Parallelführung ist durch die Rollmembranen gegeben. Durch die Rollmenbranen ist eine praktisch brauchbare Anwendung der Streben zwischen den Gehäuseplatten erreicht.Passages through the displacement plate do not lead to intolerable gas connections between the expansion space and the compression space. Therefore an exact parallel guidance of the displacement plate is necessary and this exact parallel guidance is given by the rolling membranes. The roller membranes enable the struts between the housing plates to be used practically.

Die Verbindung zwischen der Verdrängerplatte und der Motorwelle kann in herkömmlicher Weise ausschließlich über Gestänge erfolgen. Besonders zweckmäßig und vorteilhaft ist es jedoch, wenn zur Hin- und Herbewegung der Verdrängerplatte zwischen dieser und der einen Gehäuseplatte Bewegungs-Luftbälge vorgesehen sind, die mittels eines Steuerbalges, mit diesem zur Luftzufuhr- und -abfuhr leitend verbunden, betätigbar sind, der von der Motorwelle über eine Pleuelstange kontrahierbar und expandierbar ist. Die Betätigung der Verdrängerplatte mittels der über die Fläche verteilten Bewegungs-Luftbälge ergibt eine verbesserte Paralellführung der Verdrängerplatte. Insbesondere aber wird die Gleitreibung von geführten Bewegungs-Stangen des verbindenden Gestänges vermieden. Die Anbindung der Verdrängerplatte an die Motorwelle mittels der Bewegungs-Luftbälge, der Luftzufuhr und -abfuhr und des Steuerbalges ist bei einer erheblich vergrößerten Verdrän-gerplatte wichtig, für die genaue Parallelführung zu den Gehäuseplatten und Reibungsarmut bei der Bewegung entscheidend sind. Das Volumen der Bewegungs-Luftbälge wird durch die Änderung der Phasenlage zwischen der Bewegung der Verdrängerplatte, d.h. der Bewegung des Steuerbalges und der Bewegung des Arbeitsbalges von normalerweise 90 Grad auf größer 90 Grad kompensiert.The connection between the displacer plate and the motor shaft can be made in the conventional way exclusively via linkage. However, it is particularly expedient and advantageous if movement displacement bellows are provided for the reciprocation of the displacement plate between the latter and the one housing plate, which bellows can be actuated by means of a control bellows, which is conductively connected to the latter for supplying and removing air Motor shaft is contractible and expandable via a connecting rod. The actuation of the displacement plate by means of the air bellows distributed over the surface results in an improved parallel guidance of the displacement plate. In particular, the sliding friction of guided movement rods of the connecting linkage is avoided. The connection of the displacement plate to the motor shaft by means of the movement air bellows, the air supply and removal and the control bellows is important in the case of a considerably enlarged displacement plate, for which precise parallel guidance to the housing plates and low friction during movement are crucial. The volume of the moving air bellows is normally 90 degrees by changing the phase position between the movement of the displacement plate, ie the movement of the control bellows and the movement of the working bellows compensated greater than 90 degrees.

Die Streben sind so ausbildbar, daß sie Zug- und Druckkräfte aufnehmen können. Eine kleine Verbindung vom Motorraum ins Freie sorgt dafür, daß der Luftdruck im Arbeitsbalg im Mittel mit dem Atmosphärendruck identisch ist.The struts can be designed so that they can absorb tensile and compressive forces. A small connection from the engine compartment to the outside ensures that the air pressure in the working bellows is on average identical to the atmospheric pressure.

Besonders zweckmäßig und vorteilhaft ist es, wenn entweder die Streben jeweils als verspannende Zuganker ausgebildet sind und ein Rückschlagventil den Luftdruck im Arbeitsbalg auf gleich oder größer Atmosphärendruck einstellt, oder die Streben jeweils als versteifende Stützen ausgebildet sind und ein Rückschlagventil den Luftdruck im Arbeitsbalg auf gleich oder kleiner Atmosphärendruck einstellt. Bei dieser wahlweisen Ausbildung ist die Funktion der Streben eindeutig und die Bauaufwendung vereinfacht. Die Festlegung auf entweder nur Druckverhältnisse oder nur Saugverhältnisse macht auch jeweils spezielle Anwendungsmöglichkeiten machbar.It is particularly expedient and advantageous if either the struts are each designed as tensioning tie rods and a check valve sets the air pressure in the working bellows to the same or greater atmospheric pressure, or the struts are each designed as stiffening supports and a check valve the air pressure in the working bellows to the same or low atmospheric pressure. With this optional training, the function of the struts is clear and the construction work is simplified. Specifying either only pressure ratios or only suction ratios also makes special application options feasible.

Eine besonders zweckmäßige und vorteilhafte Ausführungsform der Erfindung liegt vor, wenn der Regenerator an der Verdrängerplatte vorgesehen ist und sich über deren gesamte Fläche erstreckt. Dies vereinfacht die Dicht- und Führungsverhältnisse zwischen den Stirnkanten der Verdrängerplatte und den Stirnseiten-Wandungen des Gehäuses. Es liegt auch eine Anpassung der Dimension des Regenerators an die vergrößerten Flächen der erfindungsgemäßen Wärmetauscher vor und der Strömungswiderstand des Regenerators wird herabgesetzt.A particularly expedient and advantageous embodiment of the invention exists if the regenerator is provided on the displacement plate and extends over its entire surface. This simplifies the sealing and guiding relationships between the end edges of the displacement plate and the end walls of the housing. There is also an adaptation of the dimension of the regenerator to the enlarged areas of the heat exchanger according to the invention and the flow resistance of the regenerator is reduced.

Der Regenerator wirkt durch das Volumen der Verdrängerplatte hindurch, die z.B. eine Dicke von 0,1 m aufweist und z.B. aus offenporigem Polyesterschaum gefertigt ist. Der bewegte Regenerator bildet an den den Gehäuseplatten zugewandten Oberflächen die Wärmetauscher, die sich mit der Gehäuseplatte mitbewegen und gasdurchströmbar ausgebildet sind. Der Kühler-Wärmetauscher ist in der Regel bei waagerechter Verdrängerplatte unten angeordnet.The regenerator acts through the volume of the displacement plate, which e.g. has a thickness of 0.1 m and e.g. is made of open-pore polyester foam. The moving regenerator forms the heat exchangers on the surfaces facing the housing plates, which move with the housing plate and are designed to allow gas to flow through. The cooler heat exchanger is usually located at the bottom with the horizontal displacement plate.

Die vorliegende Stirlingmaschine im Leistungsbereich 50 - 500 W ist besonders geeignet in sonnenreichen Gegenden Wasser zu fördern, Kälte und Strom zu erzeugen oder Getreide zu mahlen. Sie ist aus einfachen Materialien ohne Präzisionsteile herstellbar und daher geeignet auch in nichtindustrialisierten Ländern gefertigt zu werden.The present Stirling machine in the 50 - 500 W power range is particularly suitable for pumping water, generating cold and electricity or grinding grain in sunny areas. It can be made from simple materials without precision parts and is therefore suitable to be manufactured in non-industrialized countries.

In der Zeichnung sind bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung dargestellt und zeigt

Fig. 1
eine erste Stirlingmaschine mit Wärmetauscher, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig. 2
eine Einzelheit der Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 1 in einem gegenüber Fig. 1 vergrößerten Maßstab,
Fig. 3
eine zweite Stirlingmaschine mit Wärmetauscher, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig. 4
eine dritte Stirlingmaschine mit Wärmetauscher, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig. 5 und 6
jeweils einen Saugbalg, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig. 7
einen Druckbalg, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig. 8
eine perspektivische Ansicht der Rollmembranen um die Verdrängerplatte,
Fig. 9
ein Indikatordiagramm für den Zusammenhang von Arbeitsgasdruck und Arbeitsgasvolumen,
Fig.10
Kurvenverläufe von Einzelzuständen in einer Stirlingmaschine mit Wärmetauscher,
Fig.11
eine vierte Stirlingmaschine mit Wärmetauscher, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.12
Kurvenverläufe von Einzelzuständen der Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 11,
Fig.13
ein Verdrängerplattengehäuse einer fünften Stirlingmaschine, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.14
ein Verdrängerplattengehäuse einer sechsten Stirlingmaschine, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.15
eine Seitenansicht einer ersten vergrößerten Gehäuseplatte,
Fig.16
eine perspektivische Ansicht einer zweiten vergrößerten Gehäuseplatte,
Fig.17
eine achte Stirlingmaschine in einer ersten Ausführung ohne Steuerbalg, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.18
eine neunte Stirlingmaschine in einer zweiten Ausführung ohne Steuerbalg, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.19
eine zehnte Stirlingmaschine in einer dritten Ausführung ohne Steuerbalg, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.20
eine elfte Stirlingmaschine mit einer zweiten Ausführung des unteren Wärmetauschers, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.21
eine zwölfte Stirlingmaschine in einer Ausführung ohne Motorwelle, schematisch im Schnitt,
Fig.22
eine perspektivische Ansicht einer Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 1 mit zweiachsig der Sonne nachführbarem Verdrängerkasten,
Fig.23
eine perspektivische Ansicht einer Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 3 mit Sonnenkollektorfeld,
Fig.24
eine perspektivische Ansicht einer Gruppe von Stirlingmaschinen gemäß Fig. 3, die ein Stirlingkühlaggregat ebenfalls gemäß Fig. 3 antreiben, und
Fig.25
eine perspektivische Ansicht einer großen Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 1 oder 4 mit zwei Verdrängerkästen.
In the drawing, preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and shows
Fig. 1
a first Stirling engine with a heat exchanger, schematically in section,
Fig. 2
1 shows a detail of the Stirling engine according to FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale compared to FIG. 1,
Fig. 3
a second Stirling engine with a heat exchanger, schematically in section,
Fig. 4
a third Stirling engine with a heat exchanger, schematically in section,
5 and 6
one bellows each, schematically in section,
Fig. 7
a bellows, schematically in section,
Fig. 8
a perspective view of the rolling membranes around the displacement plate,
Fig. 9
an indicator diagram for the relationship between working gas pressure and working gas volume,
Fig. 10
Curves of individual states in a Stirling engine with a heat exchanger,
Fig. 11
a fourth Stirling engine with a heat exchanger, schematically in section,
Fig. 12
Curves of individual states of the Stirling engine according to FIG. 11,
Fig. 13
a displacement plate housing of a fifth Stirling engine, schematically in section,
Fig. 14
a displacement plate housing of a sixth Stirling engine, schematically in section,
Fig. 15
a side view of a first enlarged housing plate,
Fig. 16
2 shows a perspective view of a second enlarged housing plate,
Fig. 17
an eighth Stirling engine in a first version without a control bellows, schematically in section,
Fig. 18
a ninth Stirling engine in a second version without a control bellows, schematically in section,
Fig. 19
a tenth Stirling engine in a third embodiment without a control bellows, schematically in section,
Fig. 20
an eleventh Stirling engine with a second version of the lower heat exchanger, schematically in section,
Fig. 21
a twelfth Stirling engine without a motor shaft, schematically in section,
Fig. 22
2 shows a perspective view of a Stirling engine according to FIG. 1 with a displacement box that can be adjusted to the sun in two axes
Fig. 23
3 shows a perspective view of a Stirling engine according to FIG. 3 with a solar collector field,
Fig. 24
a perspective view of a group of Stirling engines according to FIG. 3, which also drive a Stirling cooling unit according to FIG. 3, and
Fig. 25
a perspective view of a large Stirling engine according to FIG. 1 or 4 with two displacement boxes.

Die Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 1 und 2 umfaßt einen Wärmetauscher, der ein im wesentlichen reckteckiges Gehäuse aufweist, das von zwei Gehäuseplatten 1, 2 und von vier rechteckig umlaufenden Gehäusestirnwänden 10 gebildet ist. Über die Fläche der Gehäuseplatten 1, 2 hin sind als Zuganker 3 aus-gebildete Streben gleichmäßig verteilt, die beiderends an je einer der Gehäuseplatten festgelegt sind. Die Zuganker queren durch Bohrungen 27 einer rechteckigen Verdrängerplatte 5, die in dem Gehäuse untergebracht ist und deren Stirnkanten umlaufend von den Gehäusestirnwänden 10 Abstand aufweisen. An den Stirnkanten ist jeweils eine Längsseite einer Rollmembran 9 befestigt, deren andere Längsseite unmittelbar an der zugeord-neten Gehäusestirnwand 10 befestigt ist. Die Rollmembran 9 ist ein entlang der Stirnkante verlaufender Streifen, der in Richtung seiner Längserstreckung eine Falte 21 bildet. Die Verdrängerplatte 5 bildet als Kern einen plattenförmigen Regenerator 18, an dessen oberer Fläche zum Wärmetausch ein Erhitzer 19 und an dessen anderer Fläche zum Wärmetausch ein Kühler 20 vorgesehen ist. Die Verdrängerplatte 5 teilt das Gehäuse in einen Expansionsraum 11 und einen Kompressionsraum 12 und ist nach unten hin auf Hebebälgen 13 gelagert.The Stirling engine according to FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a heat exchanger which has an essentially rectangular housing which is formed by two housing plates 1, 2 and by four rectangular housing end walls 10. Struts designed as tie rods 3 are evenly distributed over the surface of the housing plates 1, 2, which are fixed at both ends to one of the housing plates. The tie rods cross through bores 27 of a rectangular displacement plate 5, which is accommodated in the housing and the end edges of which are spaced all around from the housing end walls 10. A long side of a rolling membrane 9 is fastened to the front edges, the other long side of which is fastened directly to the associated front wall 10 of the housing. The rolling membrane 9 is a strip running along the front edge, which forms a fold 21 in the direction of its longitudinal extent. The displacement plate 5 forms the core of a plate-shaped regenerator 18, on the upper surface of which a heater 19 is provided for heat exchange and on the other surface of which a cooler 20 is provided for heat exchange. The displacement plate 5 divides the housing into an expansion space 11 and a compression space 12 and is open at the bottom Lifting bellows 13 mounted.

Von den Hebebälgen 13 gehen Fluidumleitungen 36 aus und vom Kompressionsraum 12 geht eine Fluidumleitung 38 aus, die jeweils zu einem Maschinenteil mit Kurbeltriebwerk führen. Und zwar führt die Fluidumleitung 38 von dem Kompressionsraum 12 zu einem Arbeitsbalg 7, dessen Volumen ein Rückschlagventil 6 zugeordnet ist. Der Arbeitsbalg 7 arbeitet über eine Pleuelstange 47 auf eine Kurbelwelle bzw. Motorwelle 15, die ein Schwungrad 35 trägt. Die von den Hebebälgen 13 kommenden Fluidumleitungen 36 führen zu einem Steuerbalg 14, der über eine Pleuelstange 16 mit der Motorwelle 15 verbunden ist. In Bezug auf die Motorwelle 15 sind der Arbeitsbalg 7 und der Steuerbalg 14 um eine Phasenlage 17 gegeneinander versetzt, die größer als 90 Grad ist. Fig. 2 verdeutlicht die Zuordnung der Gehäuseplatten, der Verdrängerplatte 5, der Bohrungen 27 und der Zuganker 3 zueinander.Fluid diversions 36 originate from the lifting bellows 13 and fluid diversion 38 originates from the compression space 12, each leading to a machine part with a crank engine. Specifically, the fluid diversion 38 leads from the compression space 12 to a working bellows 7, the volume of which is assigned a check valve 6. The working bellows 7 works via a connecting rod 47 on a crankshaft or engine shaft 15 which carries a flywheel 35. The fluid diversions 36 coming from the lifting bellows 13 lead to a control bellows 14, which is connected to the motor shaft 15 via a connecting rod 16. With regard to the motor shaft 15, the working bellows 7 and the control bellows 14 are offset from one another by a phase position 17 which is greater than 90 degrees. Fig. 2 illustrates the assignment of the housing plates, the displacement plate 5, the bores 27 and the tie rod 3 to each other.

Die Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig. 3 ist in einem weiten Umfang so aufgebaut, wie die gemäß Fig. 1 und 2. Entlang jeder Stirnkante verläuft die Faltenrichtung 34 der von der Rollmembran 9 gebildeten Falte. Die Regeneratorplatte 5 ist mit dem Motorteil über eine linear geführte Schubstange 28 verbunden, die eine Führungseinrichtung 48 passiert und über eine Pleuelstange 29 an der Motorwelle 15 angreift.The Stirling engine according to FIG. 3 is constructed to a large extent like that according to FIGS. 1 and 2. The fold direction 34 of the fold formed by the roller membrane 9 runs along each end edge. The regenerator plate 5 is connected to the motor part via a linearly guided push rod 28, which passes through a guide device 48 and engages the motor shaft 15 via a connecting rod 29.

Will man Stirlingmaschinen bauen, welche größer als etwa 1 mal 1 m sind, was mit gekrümmten Gehäuseflächen gerade noch beherrschbar ist, bereitet die Stabilisierung der Gehäuseraumwandungen Schwierigkeiten, da der Arbeitsdruck in der Maschine von 10.000 pa bestrebt ist, die Wandungen mit 1t/m auseinander zu drücken. Eine massive Stahlstützkonstruktion ist aufwendig und würde, wenn eine Gehäuseplatte transparent sein soll, den Lichteinfall in die Maschine behindern.If you want to build Stirling machines that are larger than about 1 x 1 m, which is just manageable with curved housing surfaces, the housing walls are stabilized Difficulties, since the working pressure in the machine of 10,000 pa tends to push the walls apart with 1t / m. A solid steel support structure is complex and would, if a housing plate should be transparent, hinder the incidence of light into the machine.

Gemäß Fig. 1-3 wird das druckfeste Gehäuse dadurch erzielt, daß die Zuganker 3 die beiden einander gegenüber liegenden Gehäuseplatten 1, 2 verspannen und der Luftdruck in der Maschine durch das Rückschlagventil 6, das Luft in die Maschine nur einströmen läßt, auf größer oder gleich Atmosphärendruck gehalten wird, weil Zuganker nur auf Zug belastbar sind. Der Arbeitsbalg 7 arbeitet als Druckbalg (Luftdruck im Balg > Atmosphärendruck). Dabei kann die eine Gehäuseplatte 1 aus transparentem, unzerbrechlichem Polycarbonat sein. Falls gemäß Fig. 4 hochtransparentes, zerbrechliches Sekuritglas für die obere Gehäuseplatte 1 verwendet werden soll, ist es besonders einfach, statt der Zuganker Stützen 4 zu nehmen, auf weichen die Glasplatte nur lose aufliegt. Jetzt wird der Luftdruck in der Maschine durch das umgedrehte Rückschlagventil 6 kleiner oder gleich Atmosphärendruck gehalten, indem es Luft aus der Maschine nur ausströmen läßt. Ein Arbeitsbalg 8 arbeitet jetzt als Saugbalg (vergl. Fig. 5 und 6). Die Glasscheibe wird gegen die Stützen gesaugt und zerbricht bei ausreichender Anzahl (ca. 25/m) der Stützen nicht. Werden die Streben so ausgebildet, daß sie sowohl auf Zug, wie auf Druck beiastbar sind, kann der Druck in der Maschine durch eine kleine Bohrung anstelle des Rückschlagventils im Mittel auf Atmosphärendruck gehalten werden, wodurch die Maschine mit einer kleineren Schwungmasse auskommt.1-3, the pressure-resistant housing is achieved in that the tie rods 3 brace the two opposite housing plates 1, 2 and the air pressure in the machine through the check valve 6, which only allows air to flow into the machine, to larger or atmospheric pressure is maintained, because tie rods can only be loaded under tension. The working bellows 7 works as a pressure bellows (air pressure in the bellows> atmospheric pressure). The one housing plate 1 can be made of transparent, unbreakable polycarbonate. If, according to FIG. 4, highly transparent, fragile security glass is to be used for the upper housing plate 1, it is particularly simple to take supports 4 instead of the tie rods on which the glass plate rests only loosely. Now the air pressure in the machine is kept lower or equal to atmospheric pressure by the reversed check valve 6, in that it only allows air to flow out of the machine. A work bellows 8 now works as a suction bellows (see FIGS. 5 and 6). The glass pane is sucked against the supports and does not break if there is a sufficient number (approx. 25 / m) of supports. If the struts are designed so that they can be subjected to both tension and pressure, the pressure in the machine can be kept at atmospheric pressure on average by means of a small bore instead of the check valve which means that the machine needs a smaller flywheel.

Bei der bekannten (DE-OS 30 15 815) Stirlingmaschine ist die Führung der Verdrängerplatte nicht definiert. Diese führt neben der Hin- und Herbewegung zwischen den Gehäuseplatten wegen der Drehdurchführung des Antriebsgestänges auch eine Schwenkbewegung aus. Die Verdrängerplatte kann nicht spaltfrei am Regenerator anliegen und ist deshalb zwar frei von Gleitreibung entlang ihrem Umfang, dichtet aber die Arbeitsgasteilvolumina Expansionsraum und Kompressionsraum nicht gegeneinander ab.In the known (DE-OS 30 15 815) Stirling engine the guidance of the displacement plate is not defined. In addition to the back-and-forth movement between the housing plates, the rotary linkage of the drive linkage also pivots. The displacer plate cannot rest against the regenerator without gaps and is therefore free of sliding friction along its circumference, but does not seal the working gas partial volumes expansion space and compression space against each other.

Bei der vorliegenden Stirlingmaschine stehen die Zuganker 3 oder Stützen 4 rechtwinkelig zu den zwei parallelen Gehäuseplatten 1, 2 und gehen rechtwinkelig durch die Verdrängerplatte 5 (Fig.2), die verschleiß- und reibungsfrei exakt geführt sein muß und nicht an den Zugankern bzw. Streben streifen soll, obwohl die Bohrungen 27, durch die die Zuganker hindurchgehen, kaum größer sein dürfen als die Durchmesser der Zuganker, um die Trennung von Expansions- und Kompressionsraum zu gewährleisten. Außerdem ist die Verdrängerplatte in der weiter unten beschriebenen bevorzugten Ausführungsform sehr schwer (ca. 30 kg/m). Dieses Gewicht muß die Verdrängerplattenführung aufnehmen, da die Maschine in allen Lagen arbeiten soll. Die erfindungsgemäße Führung besteht aus den linearen Rollmembranen 9 (bei quadratischem oder rechteckigem Gehäuse vier Stück), welche die Verdrängerplatte exakt führen und gleichzeitig frei von Gleitreibung gegen die Gehäusestirnwandung 10 abdichten. Die linearen Rollmembranen sind im Gegensatz zu runden Rollsocken oder Schlauchrollbälgen verschleißfrei, da sie praktisch keiner Walkarbeit unterliegen und, was in der Stirlingmaschine zwingend nötig ist, auch ohne Druckdifferenz zwischen innerer und äußerer Seite arbeiten können. Die lineare Falte 21 ist in Faltenrichtung 34 tragfähig und kann das Gewicht der Verdrängerplatte (bei nicht horizontalem Betrieb der Maschine) aufnehmen. Die exakte Abdichtung zwischen Verdrängerplatte und Gehäusewand bzw. Regenerator ist im Interesse eines hohen Wirkungsgrades unbedingt erforderlich (Wirkungsgrad erfindungsgemäße Maschine gemessen: 60% von Carnot). Die obengenannte bekannte Maschine hat neben einem großen Mangel an Regeneratorvolumen erhebliche Spaltverluste zwischen Verdränger und Regenerator, so daß sie keinen Wirkungsgrad erzielt (gemessen: < 1% von Carnot).In the present Stirling engine, the tie rods 3 or supports 4 are at right angles to the two parallel housing plates 1, 2 and go at right angles through the displacer plate 5 (FIG. 2), which must be guided exactly without wear and friction and not on the tie rods or struts should graze, although the holes 27, through which the tie rods pass, may hardly be larger than the diameters of the tie rods in order to ensure the separation of expansion and compression space. In addition, in the preferred embodiment described below, the displacement plate is very heavy (approx. 30 kg / m). The displacement plate guide must absorb this weight because the machine is to work in all positions. The guide according to the invention consists of the linear rolling membranes 9 (four in the case of a square or rectangular housing) which guide the displacement plate exactly and at the same time free of sliding friction against the housing end wall 10 seal. In contrast to round roller socks or tubular roller bellows, the linear roller membranes are wear-free, since they are practically not subject to flexing work and, which is essential in the Stirling engine, can also work without a pressure difference between the inner and outer sides. The linear fold 21 is load-bearing in the fold direction 34 and can absorb the weight of the displacement plate (when the machine is not in horizontal operation). The exact seal between the displacer plate and the housing wall or regenerator is absolutely necessary in the interest of high efficiency (efficiency of the machine according to the invention measured: 60% by Carnot). In addition to a great lack of regenerator volume, the known machine mentioned above has considerable gap losses between the displacer and the regenerator, so that it does not achieve any efficiency (measured: <1% of Carnot).

Die Darstellungen in Fig. 5 bis 7 sind gegenüber den Darstellungen in Fig. 1, 3 und 4 jeweils vergrößert. Fig. 5 und 6 verdeutlichen jeweils eine Gestaltung eines Saugbalges und Fig. 7 verdeutlicht eine Gestaltung eines Druckbalges. Bei quadratischem oder rechteckigem Gehäuse erstrecken sich gemäß Fig.8 zwei gegenüberliegende lineare Rollmembranen 9 erfindungs-gemäß bis in die Gehäuseecken und haben eine tiefere Falte 21 als die beiden anderen Rollmembranen, die an den erstgenannten Rollmembranen anliegen und enden. Diese Anordnung garantiert die sichere Abdichtung der Arbeitsgasteilvolumina gegeneinander auch in den Gehäuseecken bei gleichzeitiger einfacher verschleißfreier Gestaltung der linearen Rollmenbranen.The representations in FIGS. 5 to 7 are each enlarged compared to the representations in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4. 5 and 6 each illustrate a design of a suction bellows and FIG. 7 illustrates a design of a pressure bellows. In the case of a square or rectangular housing, two opposing linear rolling membranes 9 extend according to the invention into the housing corners and have a deeper fold 21 than the other two rolling membranes which abut and end on the first-mentioned rolling membranes. This arrangement guarantees the secure sealing of the working gas part volumes against each other also in the housing corners with a simple, wear-free design of the linear roller diaphragms.

Die Hin- und Herbewegung der Verdrängerplatte zwischen den zwei Gehäuseplatten kann gemäß Fig.3 durch eine linear geführte (Watt's Parallelogramm, Kreuzkopf, Linearkugellager) Schubstange 28 erfolgen, die vom Zentrum der einen Gehäuseplatte 2 aus rechtwinkelig mit der Verdrängerplatte 5 starr verbunden ist und über den Pleuel 29 an der Motorwelle 15 angreift. Die Verdrängerplatte bewegt sich dabei sinusförmig, was zu einm Indikatordiagramm gemäß Fig.9 mit abgerundeten Ecken 30 führt. Linearführungen von Schubstangen sind in der Regel nicht wartungsfrei. Eine Schubstange, an der die gesamte schwere Verdrängerplatte hängt, begrenzt die Größe der Verdrängerplatte auf etwa 2 mal 2 m. Durch die harmonische Bewegung unterliegt die Verdrängerplatte jedoch keinen starken Beschleunigungskräften, die Maschine ist wuchtbar und läuft sehr ruhig.The reciprocating movement of the displacement plate between the two housing plates can take place according to FIG. 3 by a linearly guided (Watt's parallelogram, crosshead, linear ball bearing) push rod 28, which is rigidly connected at right angles from the center of the one housing plate 2 to the displacement plate 5 and via engages the connecting rod 29 on the motor shaft 15. The displacement plate moves sinusoidally, which leads to an indicator diagram according to FIG. 9 with rounded corners 30. Linear guides of push rods are usually not maintenance-free. A push rod on which the entire heavy displacement plate hangs limits the size of the displacement plate to approximately 2 x 2 m. Due to the harmonic movement, the displacement plate is not subject to strong acceleration forces, the machine is balanced and runs very quietly.

Wünschenswert ist zur Erhöhung der Leistungsdichte aber trotzdem eine diskontinuierliche Verdrängungsbewegung. Die oben erwähnte bekannte Maschine verwendet hierzu einen bistabil vorgespannten Kurbeltrieb, der eine Schubstange enthält, die mit einer Feder vorgespannt ist, deren eines Ende an der Schubstange und deren anderes Ende an dem Hebelarm einer Gabel befestigt ist, zwischen deren Gabelzinken ein auf einem Hebelarm des Membranmotorteils angeordneter Mitnehmer entsprechend dem Hub der Membran verschieblich ist, wobei durch die Federvorspannung zwei stabile Stellungen vorgegeben sind. Diese Anordnung ist kompliziert, fragil und nicht geeignet, um eine schwere, mehrere Quadratmeter große Verdrängerplatte ruckartig hin- und herzubewegen.To increase the power density, however, a discontinuous displacement movement is desirable. For this purpose, the known machine mentioned above uses a bistably pretensioned crank mechanism which contains a push rod which is pretensioned with a spring, one end of which is fastened to the push rod and the other end of which is fastened to the lever arm of a fork, between the fork prongs of which a on a lever arm of the The driver arranged in the diaphragm motor part is displaceable according to the stroke of the diaphragm, two stable positions being predetermined by the spring preload. This arrangement is complicated, fragile and not suitable for jerking a heavy, several square meter displacement plate back and forth.

Der bevorzugte Hebe- und Senkmechanismus der Verdrängerplatte besteht gemäß Fig. 1 und 4 aus einer wartungsfreien, reibungsarmen, nahezu verschleißfreien Niederdruckpneumatik mit torusförmigen Diaphragmen als Steuerbalg und Hebebälgen: Auf der kalten Seite der Verdrängerplatte 5 befinden sich in den Ecken der Verdrängerplatte oder in Versenkungen in der Gehäuseplatte 2 die Hebebälge 13, in welche von einem Steuerbalg 14, der von der Motorwelle aus über die Pleuelstange 16 sinusförmig kontrahiert und expandiert wird, Luft gedrückt und wieder abgesaugt wird. Die Bewegung der Hebebälge und der Verdrängerplatte ist dabei nicht sinusförmig, da der Druckanstieg im sinusförmig bewegten Steuerbalg hyperbelartig erfolgt und die Verdrängerplatte wegen ihres Eigengewichts erst ab einem entsprechenden Druck im Hebesystem mit der Bewegung beginnt. Die Verdrängerplatte wird ruckartig zur heißen Seite bis zum Anschlag gelenkt, verweilt dort, während der Steuerbalg die Luft im Hebesystem noch etwas komprimiert und fällt erst schlagartig zur kalten Seite zurück, wenn der Druck im Hebesystem wieder (hyperbelartig) abgefallen ist. Die Verdrängerbewegung ist gemäß Fig.19 trapezförmig. Die diskontinuierliche Bewegung der Verdrängerplatte hat im Indikatordiagramm schärfer ausgefahrene Ecken 31 zur Folge, was bekanntlich die Leistungsdichte der Maschine erhöht. Die Leistung der Maschine ist proportional der im Indikatordiagramm gemäß Fig.9 umfahrenen Fläche; W=§pdV. Dieser Hebemechanismus gestattet das sichere Bewegen von schweren Verdrängerplatten von mehreren Metern Länge (vergleiche Fig.25). Das Verdrängergehäuse ist nicht mehr zwingend starr mit Arbeitsbalg und Welle verbunden, sondern ist z.B. über die flexiblen Schläuche 36, 38 angeschlossen, so daß der Verdrängerkasten mühelos der Sonne einachsig oder zweiachsig nachgeführt werden kann (vergleiche Fig. 22).1 and 4, the preferred lifting and lowering mechanism of the displacement plate consists of a maintenance-free, low-friction, almost wear-free low-pressure pneumatic system with toroidal diaphragms as control bellows and lifting bellows: On the cold side of the displacement plate 5 are located in the corners of the displacement plate or in recesses in the housing plate 2, the lifting bellows 13, in which air is pressed and sucked back by a control bellows 14, which is contracted and expanded sinusoidally by the motor shaft via the connecting rod 16. The movement of the lifting bellows and the displacement plate is not sinusoidal, since the pressure increase in the sinusoidally moving control bellows is hyperbolic and, because of its own weight, the displacement plate only begins to move with a corresponding pressure in the lifting system. The displacement plate is jerkily steered to the hot side as far as it will go, remains there while the control bellows compresses the air in the lifting system a little and only suddenly falls back to the cold side when the pressure in the lifting system has dropped again (hyperbolic). The displacement movement is trapezoidal according to Fig. 19. The discontinuous movement of the displacement plate in the indicator diagram results in sharper corners 31, which is known to increase the power density of the machine. The performance of the machine is proportional to the area covered in the indicator diagram according to Fig. 9; W = §pdV. This lifting mechanism allows the safe movement of heavy displacement plates of several meters in length (see Fig. 25). The displacement housing is no longer rigidly connected to the working bellows and shaft, but is, for example, via the flexible hoses 36, 38 connected so that the displacement box can be easily tracked in one or two axes of the sun (see Fig. 22).

Das Luftvolumen der Hebebälge 13 hat zunächst schädliche Wirkung auf den Stirlingprozess, da es dazu führt, daß in der Kompressionsphase Luft zum Arbeitsgas addiert und in der Expansionsphase subtrahiert wird, also mehr Kompressionsarbeit erforderlich macht und weniger Expansionsarbeit gestattet. Um diese verminderte Motorleistung nicht in Kauf nehmen zu müssen, kann man gemäß Fig. 11 über einen weiteren Balg 32 genau diesen Luftanteil der Hebebälge 180° versetzt zum Steuerbalg 14 zum Arbeitsgasvolumen hinzufügen und herausnehmen, um so die schädliche Wirkung der Hebebalgvolumina zu kompensieren. Dieses weitere Balgvolumen kann man jedoch mit dem hierzu 90° versetzten Volumen des Arbeitsbalgs überlagern (siehe Fig.12), so daß als weiteres Merkmal der Erfindung eine optimale Phasenverschiebung größer 90° zwischen Steuerbalg und Arbeitsbalg entsteht und der zusätzliche Kompensationsbalg 32 nicht eingebaut werden muß.The air volume of the lifting bellows 13 initially has a detrimental effect on the Stirling process, since it leads to air being added to the working gas in the compression phase and subtracted in the expansion phase, that is to say requiring more compression work and allowing less expansion work. In order not to have to accept this reduced engine output, one can add and remove exactly this air portion of the lifting bellows 180 ° offset to the control bellows 14 to the working gas volume according to FIG. This additional bellows volume can, however, be overlaid with the volume of the working bellows offset by 90 ° (see FIG. 12), so that as a further feature of the invention an optimal phase shift of more than 90 ° between the control bellows and working bellows occurs and the additional compensation bellows 32 does not have to be installed .

Bei der oben erwähnten bekannten Maschine ist der Verdränger eine nicht durchbrochene, luftundurchlässige Platte. Der Regenerator ist als schmaler Streifen fest an den Gehäusestirnseiten angeordnet. Um Reibungsfreiheit zu erzielen, ist zwischen Verdrängerplattenumfang und Regeneratorinnenseite, wie oben bereits erwähnt, ein Spalt nötig, wodurch der Regenerator praktisch wirkungslos ist, weil die meiste Luft durch den Spalt und nicht durch den Regenerator strömt. Wegen des kleinen Querschnitts des Regenerator erzeugt dieser soviel Strömungswiderstand, daß die mit der bistabilen Vorspannung erzeugte diskontinuierliche, ruckartige Bewegung der Schwinggabel durch die entstehende Dämpfung der Verdrängerplatte nur unbefriedigend auf diese übertragen wird.In the known machine mentioned above, the displacer is an unbroken, airtight plate. The regenerator is arranged as a narrow strip on the front of the housing. In order to achieve freedom from friction, a gap is required between the circumference of the displacer plate and the inside of the regenerator, as mentioned above, whereby the regenerator is practically ineffective because most of the air passes through the gap and not through the regenerator flows. Because of the small cross-section of the regenerator, this creates so much flow resistance that the discontinuous, jerky movement of the tuning fork generated with the bistable preload is only unsatisfactorily transmitted to the displacement plate due to the resulting damping.

Bei der hier vorliegenden Stirlingmaschine ist der Regnerator 18, der Expansionsraum 11 und Kompressionsraum 12 verbindet, in der bewegten Verdrängerplatte 5 angeordnet (Fig. 1,3,4) und erstreckt sich über deren gesamte Fläche und nimmt auch ihr gesamtes Volumen ein. Unabhängig von der Gehäusegröße hat der Regenerator eine Dicke von mindestens etwa 0,1 m, um den heißen Expansionsraum und den kalten Kompressionsraum voneinander zu isolieren, und besteht bevorzugt aus offenporigem Polyesterschaum, der temperaturbeständig ist, eine hohe spezifische Wärmekapazität hat, schlecht Wärme leitet und daher ein hervorragender Regenerator für Niedertemperaturmaschinen ist. Der großflächige Regenerator bietet auch schlagartig ausgeführten Verdrängerbewegungen keinen nennenswerten Strömungswiderstand.In the present Stirling engine, the regenerator 18, which connects the expansion space 11 and the compression space 12, is arranged in the moving displacement plate 5 (FIGS. 1, 3, 4) and extends over its entire surface and also takes up its entire volume. Regardless of the size of the housing, the regenerator has a thickness of at least about 0.1 m to isolate the hot expansion space and the cold compression space from each other, and is preferably made of open-pored polyester foam, which is temperature-resistant, has a high specific heat capacity, poorly conducts heat and is therefore an excellent regenerator for low-temperature machines. The large-area regenerator does not offer any significant flow resistance, even in sudden displacement movements.

Bei der oben erwähnten bekannten Maschine sind die Gehäuseplatten gleichzeitig die fluidumdurchflossenen Wärmetauscher. Diese können aber das Arbeitsgas nur unbefriedigend heizen und kühlen, da ihre Oberfläche relativ klein ist und das Arbeitsgas nicht über sie zwangsgeführt darüberstreicht. Bei praktischen Niedertemperaturmaschinen muß man im Interesse eines hohen Wirkungsgrades, welcher in erster Ordnung von der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen heißer und kalter Motorseite abhängt, bestrebt sein, diese Temperaturdifferenz möglichst groß zu halten. Dies erreicht man nur, indem man die Wärmetauscheroberflächen so groß dimensioniert und mit dem Arbeitsgas in Kontakt bringt, daß praktisch keine Temperaturdifferenz zwischen heizendem bzw. kühlendem Fluidum und heißem bzw. kaltem Arbeitsgas besteht.In the known machine mentioned above, the housing plates are at the same time the heat exchangers through which the fluid flows. However, these can only heat and cool the working gas unsatisfactorily, since their surface is relatively small and the working gas does not sweep over them in a forced manner. In practical low-temperature machines, in the interest of a high degree of efficiency, which depends primarily on the temperature difference between the hot and cold engine side depends, endeavor to keep this temperature difference as large as possible. This can only be achieved by dimensioning the heat exchanger surfaces so large and bringing them into contact with the working gas that there is practically no temperature difference between the heating or cooling fluid and the hot or cold working gas.

Bei der hier vorliegenden Stirlingmaschine sind die Erhitzer 19 und Kühler 20 daher auf den, den Gehäuseplatten 1, 2 zugewandten Oberflächen des Regenerators 18 angebracht und gasdurchströmbar mit nahezu beliebig großer Oberfläche als Lamel-lenwärmetauscher ausgebildet. Sie werden mit dem Regenerator mitbewegt und stehen jetzt in innigem Kontakt mit dem Arbeitsgas (gemessene Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Wärmetauscherfluidum und Arbeitsgas bekannte Maschine : 20° C, erfindungsgemäße Maschine: 2° C). Erhitzer 19, Verdränger 5, Kühler 20 und Regenerator 18 bilden in der erfindungsgemäßen Maschine eine bewegte Einheit. Die Maschine kann von einer Niedertemperaturquelle (z.B. Warmwasser-Solarflachkollektor) oder Mitteltemperaturquelle (z.B. Parabolinnenkollektor) gespeist werden (vergleiche Fig.23). Wird eine Maschine mechanisch angetrieben, z.B. von einer größeren oder mehreren anderen, arbeitet sie als Kältemaschine (vergleiche Fig.24). Die Wärmetauscher arbeiten jetzt beide als Kühler, wobei mit dem einen die gepumpte Wärme abgeführt wird und in dem anderen die niedere Temperatur für den Kühlkreislauf erzeugt wird. Die Maschinen liegen bevorzugt waagerecht und zwar so, daß der kühlere Wärmetauscher stets unten liegt, um Konvektion des Arbeitsgases in der Maschine zu vermeiden, was sich als Verlustmechanismus mit deutlichen Wirkungsgradeinbußen herausgestellt hat. Hat die Maschine eine transparente Gehäuseplatte 1, scheint die Sonne direkt auf den Wärmetauscher 19, der jetzt als eine gasdurchlässige, optisch schwarze Oberfläche ohne Fluidumröhrchen ausgebildet ist und in der Regel einfach die Oberfläche des Regenerators ist.In the present Stirling engine, the heaters 19 and coolers 20 are therefore mounted on the surfaces of the regenerator 18 facing the housing plates 1, 2 and are designed to be gas-flowable with a surface of almost any size as a fin heat exchanger. They are moved with the regenerator and are now in intimate contact with the working gas (measured temperature difference between the heat exchanger fluid and working gas known machine: 20 ° C, inventive machine: 2 ° C). Heater 19, displacer 5, cooler 20 and regenerator 18 form a moving unit in the machine according to the invention. The machine can be fed from a low temperature source (e.g. hot water solar flat collector) or medium temperature source (e.g. parabolic internal collector) (see Fig. 23). If a machine is mechanically driven, for example by a larger or several others, it works as a chiller (see Fig. 24). The heat exchangers now both work as coolers, with which the pumped heat is dissipated and the other generates the lower temperature for the cooling circuit. The machines are preferably horizontal so that the cooler heat exchanger is always below to avoid convection of the working gas in the machine, which turns out to be Mechanism of loss with significant loss of efficiency has highlighted. If the machine has a transparent housing plate 1, the sun shines directly on the heat exchanger 19, which is now designed as a gas-permeable, optically black surface without a fluid tube and is generally simply the surface of the regenerator.

Die oben erwähnte bekannte Maschine verwendet normales (opakes) Isolationsmaterial, um die Außenseite der Wärmetauscher gegen Wärmeverluste an die Umgebung zu isolieren. In der Ausführung mit nichttransparenten Gehäuseplatte 1 verwendet die erfindungsgemäße Maschine, die bevorzugt mit Sonnenlicht mittels Kollektoren betrieben wird und in der Regel im Freien, für Sonnenlicht zugänglich aufgestellt ist, gemäß Fig. 13 eine transparente Isolation 22 (Polycarbonatwaben, Aerogel etc.) auf der obenliegenden, mit dem Arbeitsgas in Kontakt stehenden Gehäuseplatte 1, um Wärmeverluste des Arbeitsgases zu vermeiden. Die Sonne scheint hierzu durch die transparente Isolation 22 auf die Gehäuseplatte und hält diese heiß, sodaß mangels Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Platte und Arbeitsgas kein Wärmefluß stattfinden kann. Negative Temperaturdifferenz kann sogar unterstützend das Arbeitsgas heizen. Diese transparente Isolationswirkung wird auch erzielt, wenn die obere Gehäuseplatte 1 gemäß Fig.14 mit Warmwasser-Solarflachkollektoren 23 belegt wird, deren Kollektorplatten 53 über eine Fluidumleitung 54 den inneren Wärmetauscher 19 mit Heißwasser versorgen. Dabei wird sowohl der Wärmeverlust des Kollektors über seine Rückseite verhindert als auch der Wärmeverlust des Arbeitsgases über die obere Gehäuseplatte ausgeschaltet, weil die heiße Kollektorplatte den Wärmefluß von unten nach oben nicht ermöglicht. Normale Isolation wird gespart.The known machine mentioned above uses normal (opaque) insulation material to isolate the outside of the heat exchanger from heat loss to the environment. In the version with a non-transparent housing plate 1, the machine according to the invention, which is preferably operated with sunlight by means of collectors and is generally installed outdoors and is accessible to sunlight, uses a transparent insulation 22 (polycarbonate honeycomb, airgel etc.) on the according to FIG overhead housing plate 1 in contact with the working gas in order to avoid heat losses of the working gas. For this purpose, the sun shines through the transparent insulation 22 on the housing plate and keeps it hot, so that no heat flow can take place due to the lack of temperature difference between the plate and the working gas. Negative temperature differences can even support the working gas. This transparent insulation effect is also achieved if the upper housing plate 1 according to FIG. 14 is covered with hot water solar flat collectors 23, the collector plates 53 of which supply the inner heat exchanger 19 with hot water via a fluid diversion 54. This prevents both the heat loss of the collector via its rear side and the heat loss of the working gas via the upper housing plate because the hot collector plate does not allow the heat flow from the bottom up. Normal insulation is saved.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Ausführung der Stirlingmaschine verwendet gemaß Fig.15 eine obere gut wärmeleitende Gehäuseplatte 1, die eine Plattenvergrößerung 33 bildet und größer ist als die Verdrängerplatte und daher an mindestens einer Stirnseite übersteht und gleichzeitig die optisch schwarze Kollektorplatte für einfallendes Sonnenlicht ist und in der Regel mit einer Glasscheibe 39 gegen Wärmeverlust abgedeckt ist. Die entstehende Wärme in der Platte wird durch Wärmeleitung zu dem Plattenbereich transportiert, unter dem sich der Motorgehäuseraum befindet. Dieser Wärmetransport in der Platte kann gemäß Fig.15 durch Wärmerohre, die in oder an der Platte angebracht sind, unterstützt werden. In diesem Fall kann die Plattenvergrößerung 33 auch aus mehreren Teilen bestehen, die über die Wärmerohre 24 mit der Gehäuseplatte 1 verbunden sind (siehe Fig.16). Die wärmeleitende Gehäuseplatte hat gemäß Fig.15 und 16 in der Regel an der Motorrauminnenseite eine vergrößerte Oberfläche, z.B. durch Lamellen 25 oder Stäbe, die in die Verdrängerplatte bzw. den Regenerator 18 eintauchen, um so den guten Wärmeübergang auf das Arbeitsgas zu gewährleisten. Der mit dem Regenerator mitgeführte innere Wärmetauscher entfällt in diesem Fall.An embodiment of the Stirling engine according to the invention uses, according to FIG. 15, an upper, well heat-conducting housing plate 1, which forms a plate enlargement 33 and is larger than the displacement plate and therefore protrudes on at least one end face and at the same time is the optically black collector plate for incident sunlight and generally with a glass pane 39 is covered against heat loss. The heat generated in the plate is transported by heat conduction to the plate area under which the motor housing space is located. According to FIG. 15, this heat transport in the plate can be supported by heat pipes which are fitted in or on the plate. In this case, the plate enlargement 33 can also consist of several parts which are connected to the housing plate 1 via the heat pipes 24 (see FIG. 16). 15 and 16, the heat-conducting housing plate generally has an enlarged surface on the inside of the engine compartment, e.g. by fins 25 or rods that dip into the displacer plate or the regenerator 18 so as to ensure good heat transfer to the working gas. In this case, the internal heat exchanger carried with the regenerator is not required.

Eine Ausführung der erfindungsgemäßen Maschine ist mit folgenden Einschränkungen in der Betriebsweise besonders einfach zu gestalten: Arbeitet die Maschine als Arbeitskraftmaschine mit einem Saugbalg 8 (Fig.17), also mit Unterdruck gegenüber der Atmosphäre und liegt die Maschine horizontal mit der heißen Seite (Expansionsraum) 11 oben, kann bei richtiger Wahl der Hebebalgdurchmesser (sie müssen auf das Gewicht der Verdrängerplatte und auf die Temperaturdifferenz von warmer und kalter Motorseite abgestimmt sein) der Steuer-balg entfallen, da alleine der Druckunterschied zwischen Motor-innenraum und Umgebung genügt, um die Verdrängerplatte 5 zu heben. Die Hebebälge 13 sind jetzt unten zur Atmosphäre offen. Durch die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen warmer und kalter Motorseite, den Strömungswiderstand des Regenerators, das Gewicht der Verdrängerplatte sowie der Wahl der Größe der Öffnungen 55 zwischen Hebebalginnenräumen und Atmosphäre stellt sich die erwünschte Phasenverschiebung von etwa 90 Grad zwischen Arbeitsbalgbewegung und Verdrängerbewegung von selbst ein, die aber empfindlich gegen Lastwechsel an der Motorwelle ist. Die Bewegung der Verdrängerplatte ist dabei auch dis-kon-ti-nuierlich.An embodiment of the machine according to the invention can be designed particularly simply with the following restrictions in terms of operating mode: if the machine works as a power machine with a suction bellows 8 (FIG. 17), that is to say with negative pressure with respect to the atmosphere, the machine lies horizontally with the hot side (expansion space) 11 at the top, if the bellows diameter is selected correctly (they must be matched to the weight of the displacement plate and the temperature difference between the hot and cold engine side), the control bellows can be omitted, since only the pressure difference between the engine interior and surroundings are sufficient to lift the displacement plate 5. The bellows 13 are now open to the atmosphere below. Due to the temperature difference between the warm and cold side of the engine, the flow resistance of the regenerator, the weight of the displacement plate and the choice of the size of the openings 55 between the bellows interior and the atmosphere, the desired phase shift of about 90 degrees between the bellows movement and the displacement movement occurs automatically, but this is sensitive against load changes on the motor shaft. The movement of the displacer plate is also discontinuous.

Arbeitet die Maschine als Arbeitskraftmaschine mit einem Druckbalg 7 als Arbeitsbalg (Fig.18), also mit Überdruck gegenüber der Atmospähre, ist die steuerbalgfreie Bewegung der Verdrängerplatte auch möglich, wenn entweder die heiße Motorseite unten liegt und die Hebebälge oben angeordnet sind oder bei gewünschter obenliegender heißer Motorseite die Verdrängerplatte 5 von Federn 40 auf der heißen Seite gehalten wird und von den Hebebälgen 13 - in diesem Fall sind es Zug-bälge zur kalten Seite gezogen wird. Aus werkstofftechnischen Gründen muß man die Hebebälge stets auf der kalten Motorseite anordnen. Wird diese Maschinenausführung ohne Steuerbalg als Kältemaschine betrieben, sollte, um Konvektion in der Maschine zu vermeiden, wie bei der Arbeitskraftmaschine, der kältere Wärmetauscher unten liegen. In diesem Fall ist es der Kälte erzeugende Wärmetauscher. Dies ist möglich, wenn die Maschine unterhalb des Atmosphärendruckes betrieben wird (Fig.17), wobei die Phasenverschiebung zwischen Verdrängerbewegung und Arbeitsbalgbewegung sich von selbst einstellt. Als Kältemaschine kann jedoch eine höhere Leistungsdichte erforderlich sein, als mit der Saugmaschine erzielt werden kann.If the machine works as a work machine with a pressure bellows 7 as a work bellows (Fig. 18), i.e. with overpressure relative to the atmosphere, the bellows-free movement of the displacement plate is also possible if either the hot motor side is at the bottom and the lifting bellows are arranged at the top or, if desired, at the top hot engine side, the displacer plate 5 is held by springs 40 on the hot side and by the lifting bellows 13 - in this case, pulling bellows are pulled to the cold side. For technical reasons, the lifting bellows must always be arranged on the cold engine side. This machine version without a bellows is used as a chiller operated, in order to avoid convection in the machine, as with the working machine, the colder heat exchanger should be below. In this case, it is the cold heat exchanger. This is possible if the machine is operated below atmospheric pressure (Fig. 17), whereby the phase shift between the displacement movement and the working bellows movement occurs automatically. As a refrigeration machine, however, a higher power density may be required than can be achieved with the suction machine.

Als Kältemaschine mit Druckbalg ergibt sich jedoch eine inverse Phasenlage (270° versetzt, die kalte Seite ist bestrebt, oben zu entstehen).As a refrigeration machine with bellows, however, there is an inverse phase position (offset by 270 °, the cold side tends to arise at the top).

Deshalb verwendet eine erfindungsgemäße Ausführung der Kältemaschine (Fig.19) zwei Ventile zwischen dem Hebebalginnenraum und der Atmosphäre. Eines 41 ist federbelastet und läßt die Luft des Hebebalginnenraums ab einem bestimmten Druck im Hebebalg 13 in die Atmosphäre entweichen. Das zweite 42 ist über eine Membran 43 vom Hebebalginnendruck belastet und läßt die Luft nur unterhalb eines bestimmten Balginnendruckes in den Hebebalg strömen, indem die Membran die Funktion einer Ventilklappe ausübt und zeitweilig den Strömungsweg zuhält. Diese Ventilanordnung mit der richtigen Wahl der Ventilbelastungen versetzt die Phasenlage um 180° und die Kälte erzeugende Seite der Maschine stellt sich, wie gewünscht, unten ein.Therefore, an embodiment of the refrigeration machine according to the invention (FIG. 19) uses two valves between the interior of the lifting bellows and the atmosphere. One 41 is spring-loaded and allows the air of the lifting bellows interior to escape into the atmosphere from a certain pressure in the lifting bellows 13. The second 42 is loaded by a diaphragm 43 of the internal bellows pressure and only allows the air to flow into the lifting bellows below a specific internal bellows pressure by the membrane performing the function of a valve flap and temporarily closing the flow path. This valve arrangement with the right choice of valve loads shifts the phase position by 180 ° and the cold-generating side of the machine adjusts itself below, as desired.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Ausführung der Stirlingmaschine gemäß Fig.20 verwendet zur Kühlung der kalten Motorseite 12 Wasser 44, das durch einen Einlaß 49 in den Motorraum geleitet wird, über der unteren Gehäuseplatte steht und über einen Auslaß 50 wieder ausgeschleust wird. Die Kühlwirkung wird beträchtlich gesteigert, wenn in das Wasser Lamellen, Stäbe, Drähte o.ä.45 eintauchen, die am Regenerator 18 befestigt sind und mit ihrer Bewegung ins Wasser getaucht und herausgezogen werden und dem zu kühlenden Arbeitsgas eine große Wärmetauschoberfläche bieten. Dabei muß darauf geachtet werden, daß der Regenerator nicht mit Wasser benetzt wird, weil die Regeneratorwirkung verlorengeht und der Regenerator nicht mehr gasdurchströmbar ist. Zu diesem Zweck verwendet eine erfindungsgemäße Ausführung unterhalb des Regenerators eine Matte 46 aus Drahtgestrick, Kunststoffvlies o.ä., die als Spritzwasserabscheider aus dem Arbeitsgas fungiert, aber auch Aerosol abscheiden kann, welches von den Drähten nach unten tropft. Diese Matte kann die oben erwähnten Kühllamellen ersetzen und selbst in das über die Platte stehende Kühlwasser eintauchen. Die Matte kann auch Bestandteil des Regenerators selbst sein.An embodiment of the Stirling engine according to the invention 20 used for cooling the cold engine side 12 water 44, which is passed through an inlet 49 into the engine compartment, stands above the lower housing plate and is discharged again via an outlet 50. The cooling effect is considerably increased if lamellae, rods, wires or the like are immersed in the water, which are attached to the regenerator 18 and are immersed with their movement in the water and pulled out and offer the working gas to be cooled a large heat exchange surface. Care must be taken to ensure that the regenerator is not wetted with water because the regenerator effect is lost and the regenerator can no longer be flowed through by gas. For this purpose, an embodiment according to the invention uses a mat 46 made of knitted wire, plastic fleece or the like below the regenerator, which acts as a spray water separator from the working gas, but can also separate aerosol that drips down from the wires. This mat can replace the cooling fins mentioned above and immerse itself in the cooling water above the plate. The mat can also be part of the regenerator itself.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Ausführung der Stirlingmaschine (Fig. 21) greift mit dem Arbeitsbalg über eine Pleuelstange nicht an einer Motorwelle an, sondern versetzt eine Masse in Schwingung, beispielsweise ein Pendel, das anstelle des Schwungrades die Kompressionsarbeit leistet. Diese Anordnung hat den Vorteil, daß die Maschine über den ganzen Leistungsbereich mit der gleichen Frequenz arbeitet und eine Leistungszunahme sich in einer größeren Schwingungsamplitude äußert, sodaß z.B. beim Antrieb von Hubkolbenwasserpumpen die Leistungsregelung einfach über die Veränderung des Hubes erfolgen kann. Eine besonders einfache Ausführung der Stirlingmaschine verwendet als schwingende Masse oder einen Teil davon die Wassersäule 51 eines Trägheitswasserhebers 52. Die Wassersäule befördert bei ihrer Aufwärtsbewegung pro Schwingung einen Teil Wasser vom Bodenventil 53 im Brunnen nach oben 54 und komprimiert gleichzeitig das Arbeitsgas im Stirlingmotor. Das Hinunterdrücken der Wassersäule geschieht während der Expansionsphase des Arbeitsbalges 7.An embodiment of the Stirling engine according to the invention (FIG. 21) does not act on a motor shaft with the bellows via a connecting rod, but instead sets a mass in vibration, for example a pendulum, which does the compression work instead of the flywheel. This arrangement has the advantage that the machine operates at the same frequency over the entire power range and an increase in power manifests itself in a larger oscillation amplitude, so that, for example, the power control when driving reciprocating water pumps can be done simply by changing the stroke. A particularly simple embodiment of the Stirling engine uses the water column 51 of an inertial water lifter 52 as the oscillating mass or a part thereof. When moving upwards, the water column conveys part of the water from the bottom valve 53 in the fountain 54 upwards and simultaneously compresses the working gas in the Stirling engine. The water column is pressed down during the expansion phase of the working bellows 7.

Claims (20)

  1. A Stirling engine with a heat exchanger,
    - which is designed for low-temperature and medium-temperature operation, i.e. for a small compression ratio and a large displaced volume,
    - in which a displacement plate (5) is reciprocable between two mutually parallel plates (1, 2) of a housing, the displacement plate (5) being free of sliding friction along its periphery opposite the end faces (10) ofthe housing,
    - in which the displacement plate (5) separates two working-gas volumes - an expansion chamber (11) and a compression chamber (12) - from each other, a cooler (20) and a heater (19) being associated with the said chambers in order to exchange heat,
    - in which the two working-gas volumes (11, 12) are connected to each other by way of a regenerator (18) provided on the displacement plate (5),
    - in which the reciprocating movement of the displacement plate (5) is in phase-displaced synchronism with an operating piston (7), and
    - in which the displacement plate (5) is connected along its end faces to the end faces (10) of the housing by linear connecting strips (9),
    characterized in that
    the two housing plates (1, 2) are held at a distance from each other by struts (3, 4) arranged in a spaced manner, the struts (3, 4) extending at right angles to the displacement plate (5) and passing through it as tightly sealed as possible, and
    - the linear connecting strips are rolling diaphragms (9) by which the displacement plate (5) is guided along its end faces opposite the end faces (10) of the housing.
  2. A Stirling engine according to Claim 1, characterized in that moving air bellows (13) are provided between the displacement plate (5) and one housing plate (1, 2) for the reciprocating movement of the said displacement plate (5), the moving air bellows (13) being connected to a control bellows (14) in a conducting manner for the supply and removal of air and being actuable by the said control bellows (14) which can be contracted and expanded by the engine shaft (15) by way of a connecting rod (16).
  3. A Stirling engine according to Claim 2, characterized in that the volume of the moving air bellows (13) is compensated by varying the phase position (17) between the control-bellows movement and the operating-bellows movement from 90° to more than 90°.
  4. A Stirling engine according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the struts (3, 4) absorb both tensile and compressive forces, and a small opening in the engine housing keeps the pressure in the operating bellows (7) on average at atmospheric pressure.
  5. A Stirling engine according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the struts are each constructed in the form of clamping ties (3), and a non-return valve (6) sets the air pressure in the operating bellows (7) to equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.
  6. A Stirling engine according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the struts are each constructed in the form of reinforcing supports (4), and a non-return valve (6) sets the air pressure in the operating bellows (7) to equal to or less than atmospheric pressure.
  7. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the surfaces of the regenerator (18) facing the housing plates (1, 2) entrain the two heat exchangers (19, 20), which are made traversable by gas.
  8. A Stirling engine according to Claim 7, characterized in that the displacement housing is arranged horizontally and the cooler heat exchanger (20) is arranged below.
  9. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that, the housing being square or rectangular, two opposite rolling diaphragms (9) extend into the corners of the housing and have a deeper fold (21) than the other two (9) which rest and terminate with their end faces against the first-mentioned rolling diaphragms.
  10. A Stirling engine according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the opaque housing plate (1) associated with the hot portion of the housing (expansion chamber 11) is provided on its outside with a transparent insulation (22) or is in contact with the rear side of a solar collector (23).
  11. A Stirling engine according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that one housing plate (33) is larger than the displacement-plate chamber, projects on at least one end face and at the same time is the optically black collector plate for incident sunlight.
  12. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the heat transfer in the direction of the extension of the housing plate (33) is assisted by heat tubes (24) embedded therein or fastened thereto.
  13. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the surface of the housing plate (33) present in the engine chamber is enlarged by lamellae (25) or the like which can dip into the regenerator (18).
  14. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the reciprocating movement of the displacement plate (5) is performed by at least one lifting bellows (13), the interior of which is connected to the atmosphere.
  15. A Stirling engine according to Claim 14, characterized in that the connexion of the interior of the lifting bellows to the atmosphere is controlled by way of valves (41, 42).
  16. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that cooling water (44) is conveyed through the engine chamber by way of the lower housing plate (2) and stands above the housing plate, so that it fulfils the function of the cold heat exchanger.
  17. A Stirling engine according to Claim 16, characterized in that lamellae or the like (45) which dip into the surface of the water are mounted on the displacement plate (5).
  18. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that a spray-water or aerosol separator (46) is mounted on the underside of the regenerator as a cooler.
  19. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the operating bellows (7) does not engage on an engine shaft but sets a mass (50) into an oscillating motion.
  20. A Stirling engine according to one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the operating bellows (7) does not engage on an engine shaft but sets the water column (51) of an inertia water-raising device into an oscillating motion.
EP93106852A 1992-05-21 1993-04-28 Stirling engine with heat exchanger Expired - Lifetime EP0570731B1 (en)

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DE4216839 1992-05-21
DE4216839A DE4216839C1 (en) 1992-05-21 1992-05-21 STIRLING MACHINE WITH HEAT EXCHANGER

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EP0570731B1 true EP0570731B1 (en) 1996-02-21

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BR9302017A (en) 1993-11-30
DK0570731T3 (en) 1996-03-18
EP0570731A1 (en) 1993-11-24
CN1085313A (en) 1994-04-13
EG20100A (en) 1997-07-31
CA2096762A1 (en) 1993-11-22
KR930023586A (en) 1993-12-21
ES2085070T3 (en) 1996-05-16
ATE134420T1 (en) 1996-03-15
AU667353B2 (en) 1996-03-21
US5337563A (en) 1994-08-16
GR3019108T3 (en) 1996-05-31
IL105532A0 (en) 1993-08-18
JPH074309A (en) 1995-01-10
MX9302940A (en) 1995-01-31
DE4216839C1 (en) 1993-11-04
TR27770A (en) 1995-08-04
ZA933017B (en) 1993-11-05
IL105532A (en) 1996-08-04
ZW5693A1 (en) 1993-11-03
AU3836693A (en) 1993-11-25

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