EP0557361B1 - Elektronische etikettiervorrichtung - Google Patents

Elektronische etikettiervorrichtung Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0557361B1
EP0557361B1 EP91920042A EP91920042A EP0557361B1 EP 0557361 B1 EP0557361 B1 EP 0557361B1 EP 91920042 A EP91920042 A EP 91920042A EP 91920042 A EP91920042 A EP 91920042A EP 0557361 B1 EP0557361 B1 EP 0557361B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elongate
display
display panel
mounting member
electronic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91920042A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0557361A1 (de
Inventor
Roy Garrad Griffiths
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CLARES-REGISBROOK SYSTEMS Ltd
Original Assignee
CLARES REGISBROOK SYSTEMS
CLARES-REGISBROOK SYSTEMS Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by CLARES REGISBROOK SYSTEMS, CLARES-REGISBROOK SYSTEMS Ltd filed Critical CLARES REGISBROOK SYSTEMS
Publication of EP0557361A1 publication Critical patent/EP0557361A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0557361B1 publication Critical patent/EP0557361B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09FDISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G09F9/35Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being liquid crystals

Definitions

  • This invention relates to labelling systems, and particularly, but not exclusively, to labelling systems for labelling goods carried on shelves or in elongate cabinets, for example in shops and supermarkets.
  • labels carrying information such as unit price or price per unit weight, country of origin, etc, permanently printed thereon have been disposed on the front edge of a shelf or cabinet carrying the goods.
  • Such labels have conventionally been in the form of flexible rectangular plastic elements held in place by engagement of upper and lower edges in respective elongate channels formed in an elongate extruded mounting strip fixed to the front edge of the shelf or cabinet.
  • larger labels, carrying more information about the goods presented on the shelf or in the cabinet may be carried on individual label holders clipped or otherwise removably secured to the shelf or cabinet edge.
  • each electronic label is uniquely coded and incorporates its own control electronics for controlling the label display, and for communicating bar-code and price information to and from the central computer control.
  • Each individual label is mountable on an elongate track attached to the shelf front edge, and is releasably lockable thereto.
  • the track incorporates elongate power lines and data bus bars, and each label has a contact shoe with contacts which engage these lines.
  • this known electronic labelling system has certain disadvantages. Firstly, as with the conventional printed labelling system, alteration of the arrangement of the goods on the shelf will necessarily involve a somewhat cumbersome procedure of unlocking and removing the relevant labels and replacing them in their new positions before reprogramming them either from the central computer control or by way of an infrared link from a hand-held control device used at the position of the shelf.
  • the system when assembled, presents an overall appearance which is visually markedly different from the conventional printed label system in which the continuous extrusion mounting the printed labels at their appropriate positions presents a smooth, continuous and visually pleasing appearance.
  • the above-mentioned known electronic shelf labelling system when assembled, will give a broken and interrupted appearance, particularly as the individual labels are significantly wider than the track width, and project somewhat forwardly of the track.
  • the present invention aims to alleviate these disadvantages inherent in the known shelf labelling systems. Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention provides an elongate electronic labelling device for use in an electronic labelling system comprising:
  • the elongate display panel may comprise either a single strip-like display panel, eg. an LCD or other suitable display device, or may comprise a plurality of strip-like display panels mounted end-to-end in the holder to effectively form a continuous display.
  • the panel, or row of panels may be covered by a single, continuous transparent cover strip.
  • the mounting member is adapted to be secured on to the front of a conventional form of printed label holder.
  • the continuous elongate display panel or screen may be operable to present separate data displays constituting respective labels at longitudinally spaced regions thereof.
  • the labelling system also includes a central processor unit for providing product information for inclusion in the data displays constituting the labels and a bar code reader.
  • the bar code reader can be used to input product information into the central processor unit and/or to provide information relating to the location of a product.
  • an electronic labelling device includes an elongate strip-like display device 1 secured to the front edge of a horizontal display shelf 2 of a display shelving system, such as a display "gondola" in a supermarket (i.e. a ticket edge display), or could be a free standing device that is positioned toward the front of the shelf.
  • the display device 1 comprises an elongate holder 3 extruded from a suitable material, eg. plastics, and having top and bottom edge flanges 4 and 5 and end pieces 6 closing off the ends of the holder.
  • This display panel 7 may comprise a single elongate continuous LCD strip panel or other suitable display device, or may comprise a number of LCD strip panels disposed end-to-end in the holder. In both cases, the display is capable of alphanumeric, and possibly also pictorial display along its entire length.
  • the display panel or panels have a characteristic of being visible in an environment with overhead lights even if the plane of the display is displaced from the vertical.
  • the display panels are designed to be demountable from the shelf or shelves to which they are attached for replacement or servicing.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates an arrangement in which the display device is adapted to be secured to an existing conventional strip label holder 10 fixed to the front edge of the shelf 2.
  • a holder 10 is formed along its upper and lower edges with elongate continuous recesses 11 which would normally hold the plastic label edges.
  • the LCD or other displays can be replaced by non-display inserts to maintain the cosmetic appearance of the shelf, or manually produced labels when it is appropriate.
  • Non-display and manual display inserts can, however, also be used in conjunction with other configurations of holder.
  • the extrusion forming the holder 3 in this embodiment is formed on its back with projections 12 which fit securely into the recesses 11.
  • the top edge 14 of the extrusion 3 lies substantially flush with the top of the holder 10, and thus presents no unsightly projections.
  • the cross-sectional profile of the extrusions 3 is such as to hold the display panel 7 at generally the same upward-facing orientation as the conventicnal labels which would be held in the holder 10.
  • This profile also includes a rear projection 15 accommodated in the space within the existing holder 10.
  • This projection 15 accommodates a circuit board or boards 16 carrying the necessary IC processor chips 17 and other circuit components required for the control of the display on the LCD display panel 7, and for controlling communication with a remote central computer control (not shown). Such communication may be either by way of hard wiring or by radio link. In both cases it may be necessary to pass data along the length of the display device, and for this purpose a data bus bar 18 may also be accommodated within the holder 3. Power will be supplied to the electronics distributed along the length of the holder from a suitable power source, eg. one or more replaceable DC power cells fitted into the holder 3, and a DC supply bus bar may also be provided in the profile 3, running the whole length of the device.
  • a suitable power source eg. one or more replaceable DC power cells fitted into the holder 3
  • a DC supply bus bar may also be provided in the profile 3, running the whole length of the device.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a profiled extrusion to be used for the holder 3; in this case, the holder 3 replaces the conventional label holder, and to that end includes a flat rear wall 20 for engaging the front edge wall 21 of the shelf 2.
  • the profile is adapted to mount the LCD display 7 so as to face obliquely upwardly relative to the horizontal plane of the shelf.
  • the profile of the extrusion is designed so as to accommodate the necessary IC processor chips, strip circuit boards, power lines and data bus bars.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of a remote system used to ccntrol display on the display panel 7 composed of a plurality of LCD display panels.
  • the system includes a display control computer 30, a plurality of display controllers 32 that include the circuit board or boards 16 carrying IC processor chips 17 illustrated in Fig. 3, and a transmitter 34 for transmitting signals to the display controllers 32.
  • the display control computer 30, includes display assembly software 31 that enables displays to be composed off line, and information and graphics to be drawn from a number of sources, and a 'live' transmission area 33 that controls the transmission of signals carrying information about the image for display on the display panel to the display controllers 32.
  • Each display controller 32 controls the display of an area of the LCD display panel 7.
  • the display control computer 30 can be an industry standard personal computer operating under a normal proprietary operating system.
  • the display control computer 30 is in communication with the store's own 'back of house computer' 36 via its serial pcrt.
  • the back of house computer 36 contains a master product file and pricing information for products in the store. As this pricing information is used to update the pricing data held at automatic scanning check-outs, by also using this information to update the information held by the LCD display panel 7, discrepancies between the information displayed on the shelves and the prices charged at the check-outs can be minimised.
  • Each display controller 32 has an unique address and is designed to identify and receive signals transmitted by the transmitter 34 from the display controller 30.
  • the signals identified and received by individual display controllers 32 contain information for controlling the display at areas of the LCD display panel allotted to that particular display controller 32.
  • the areas of the LCD display panel 7 allotted to a particular display controller 32 can be an area or the entire length of a single strip-like LCD display panel located along the front of a shelf unit or one or more of a plurality of strip-like LCD display panels arranged end-to-end in a holder.
  • the contents of the memory are then used to control the instant display on the area of the LCD display panel 7 allocated to that particular display controller 32.
  • the display controller 32 is provided with a hard wired low voltage d.c. supply that provides the power source for the allocated area cf the LCD display 32.
  • An on-board battery power supply is also provided for instances of power failure.
  • Other suitable d.c. power supplies could, however, be utilised instead.
  • An operator creates a display at a desired location on the strip-like display device 7 of Figures 1 and 2, using graphics composition software held by the display control computer 30.
  • the operator decides upon a shelf region for a particular product and on where in that shelf region it is desirable to provide the price information for that product.
  • the operator then inputs the shelf address for the desired display region using a shelf address code which is recognised by the display controller 32 controlling the display at the desired shelf location and the product code for the product. If a number of products are to be displayed each of the product codes must be entered along with an indication of the spacing of the displays along the shelf so that the labels are displayed at the desired locations.
  • the product code for each product to be displayed at a particular shelf location recognisable by the back of house computer 36, is included in the display to enable up-to-date product price information to be provided.
  • the operator can draw from graphics blocks 41 held, for example, on floppy disks for insertion into the display control computer to enhance the label-type display.
  • the operator can manipulate the information desired for inclusion on the display to change the size and font of display characters.
  • the system may also include prompts to the operator to include graphic blocks imported from outside the system typically on a diskette.
  • the system can also provide a graphic composition facility 38 to enable the operator to formulate entirely new graphics blocks.
  • the process of creating can be achieved interactively on the screen with standard displays being achieved very quickly.
  • a desired display format or ticket edge is stored as a complete graphics block under a reference number.
  • the completed block is moved into the 'live' area 33 of the display control computer 30.
  • Transmission is by secure radio transmission.
  • the system will periodically refresh the shelf display by constantly transmitting the 'live' file of completed blocks in sequence.
  • a new graphics block i.e. one that differs from the currently transmitted block, is loaded into the 'live' area 33 it will automatically be transmitted next in the transmission sequence.
  • the display device will also incorporate elements necessary to establish communication between the processor electronics and a hand-held controller 42 used at the shelf position for the input of various information necessary to establish the alphanumeric information and/or graphics to be displayed. Commands issued by the hand-held controller 42 may also determine the exact position along the display at which the desired information is to be displayed.
  • the hand-held controller may, for example, incorporate a bar-code reader 44 so that in setting up the shelf display, data defining the bar-code read from the product itself can be fed into and stored in the processor electronics of the display device as well as being transmitted to the central computer control. This facility will enable a manual cross-check to be made whenever desired between the stored bar-code and the bar-code read from the product displayed at the position on the shelf corresponding to the label constituted by a data display.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Display Racks (AREA)
  • Cash Registers Or Receiving Machines (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung (1) zur Verwendung in einem elektronischen Etikettiersystem mit:
    einer visuellen durchgehenden langgestreckten elektronischen Anzeigetafel (7) oder einem Schirm, die oder der eine oder mehr getrennte Datenanzeigen präsentieren kann, die jeweilige Etiketten bei in Längsrichtung beabstandeten Bereichen davon bilden;
    einer Kommunikationssteuerschaltung zum Steuern der elektronischen Anzeigetafel (7); und
    einem langgestreckten hohlen extrudierten Montagebauteil (3), das sich von einem Ende eines Anzeigebretts (2) oder einer Einheit zu dem anderen erstrecken kann, wobei das Montagebauteil ein Querschnittsprofil aufweist, das dem Montagebauteil (3) ermöglicht, die langgestreckte Anzeigetafel (7) zur Präsentation der Datenanzeigen sicher am Platz zu halten,
       dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Querschnittsprofil auch ein hohles Teilstück (15) liefert, das die Kommunikationssteuerschaltung (16, 17) hinter der elektronischen Tafel aufnehmen kann, wobei das Montagebauteil (3) ferner obere und untere Flansche (12) enthält, die von dem Montagebauteil nach außen und in einer festgelegten Beziehung dazu vorstehen und in langgestreckten durchgehenden Aussparungen (11) eines herkömmlichen Streifenetikettenhalters untergebracht werden können, welche Aussparungen normalerweise die Längskanten von vorgedruckten Streifenetiketten aufnehmen.
  2. Eine langgestrecke elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 mit einem zweiten langgestreckten extrudierten Bauteil (10), das an einer Vorderkante des Anzeigebretts (2) oder der Einheit befestigt werden kann und langgestreckte durchgehende Aussparungen (11) aufweist, die die Längskanten von vorgedruckten Streifenetiketten aufnehmen können, wobei die oberen und unteren Flansche (12) des Montagebauteils (3) in den langgestreckten durchgehenden Aussparungen (11) untergebracht werden können.
  3. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, worin das zweite extrudierte Bauteil hohl ist, wobei das Montagebauteil (3) ein nach hinten vorstehendes Teilstück (15) enthält, das in dem hohlen Teilstück des zweiten stranggepreßten Bauteils aufgenommen werden kann, wenn das Montagebauteil daran befestigt wird.
  4. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, worin das Profil des Montagebauteils (3) derartig ist, daß die Anzeigetafel in einer nach oben gerichteten Orientierung gehalten wird.
  5. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach einem der vorhergeheden Ansprüche, worin die langgestreckte Anzeigetafel (7) eine einzelne streifenartige Anzeigetafel aufweist.
  6. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, worin die langgestreckte Anzeigetafel (7) mehrere streifenartige Anzeigetafeln aufweist, die in dem Montagebauteil aneinanderstoßend montiert sind, um eine tatsächlich durchgehende Anzeige zu bilden.
  7. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, worin die langgestreckte Anzeigetafel (7) eine Flüssigkristallanzeige aufweist.
  8. Eine langgestreckte elektronische Etikettiervorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, worin die langgestreckte Anzeigetafel (7) durch einen einzigen durchgehenden transparenten Abdeckstreifen bedeckt ist.
EP91920042A 1990-11-16 1991-11-18 Elektronische etikettiervorrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP0557361B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB909025017A GB9025017D0 (en) 1990-11-16 1990-11-16 Labelling system
GB9025017 1990-11-16
PCT/GB1991/002038 WO1992009061A1 (en) 1990-11-16 1991-11-18 Electronic labelling system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0557361A1 EP0557361A1 (de) 1993-09-01
EP0557361B1 true EP0557361B1 (de) 1996-10-16

Family

ID=10685544

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91920042A Expired - Lifetime EP0557361B1 (de) 1990-11-16 1991-11-18 Elektronische etikettiervorrichtung

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0557361B1 (de)
AU (1) AU8906991A (de)
DE (1) DE69122765D1 (de)
GB (1) GB9025017D0 (de)
WO (1) WO1992009061A1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10470588B2 (en) 2016-12-21 2019-11-12 Walmart Apollo, Llc Modular label track system
US10902753B2 (en) 2016-12-30 2021-01-26 Walmart Apollo, Llc Electronic shelf label system

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2275807B (en) * 1993-02-17 1996-04-10 Clares Regisbrook Systems A display
ATE165472T1 (de) * 1994-08-22 1998-05-15 Man Technologie Gmbh Displayanordnung
EP0837439A3 (de) * 1996-10-15 1998-09-30 Ncr International Inc. Elektronisches Preisschild mit einer werbewirksamen Anzeigeleuchte
SE9703910L (sv) * 1997-10-27 1999-04-28 Pricer Ab Displayanordning
IT244139Y1 (it) * 1998-07-17 2002-03-07 Brentini Attilio Etichetta elettronica per la visualizzazione di un prezzo
GB2347296A (en) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-30 Martin Stuart Christie Display systems
AU4816300A (en) * 1999-05-03 2000-11-17 E-Ink Corporation Display unit for electronic shelf price label system
US20040165015A1 (en) * 2003-02-20 2004-08-26 Blum Ronald D. Electronic display device for floor advertising/messaging
RU2005130651A (ru) * 2003-03-04 2006-07-10 Присер Аб (Se) Электронная этикетка, передняя оболочка, коммутационная часть, система электронной этикетки, способ сборки электронной этикетки
US6813896B1 (en) * 2003-07-30 2004-11-09 Whirlpool Corporation Power bus for removable refrigerator shelves
MX2010002786A (es) * 2007-09-15 2010-05-03 Integrated Pricing Technologie Dispositivo de pantalla y sistema de visualizacion de datos.
EP3755124A1 (de) 2019-06-19 2020-12-23 Envalia Beschilderungssystem mit dynamischem licht zur hervorhebung eines oder mehrerer produkte in einem oder mehreren ladenregalen

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3135028A1 (de) * 1981-09-04 1983-04-07 Bizerba-Werke Wilhelm Kraut GmbH & Co KG, 7460 Balingen Preisschild zur auszeichnung von waren
US4521677A (en) * 1983-12-02 1985-06-04 Sarwin Herbert S Product control system for supermarkets and the like
GB8510410D0 (en) * 1985-04-24 1985-06-26 Fords Ltd Multiple display system
GB8704576D0 (en) * 1987-02-26 1987-04-01 Aj Technologies Ltd Price ticket
US4766295A (en) * 1987-03-02 1988-08-23 H.E. Butt Grocery Company Electronic pricing display system
AU629927B2 (en) * 1989-05-05 1992-10-15 Pricelink, Inc. System for display of prices and related method

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10470588B2 (en) 2016-12-21 2019-11-12 Walmart Apollo, Llc Modular label track system
US10902753B2 (en) 2016-12-30 2021-01-26 Walmart Apollo, Llc Electronic shelf label system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1992009061A1 (en) 1992-05-29
GB9025017D0 (en) 1991-01-02
DE69122765D1 (de) 1996-11-21
AU8906991A (en) 1992-06-11
EP0557361A1 (de) 1993-09-01

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0557361B1 (de) Elektronische etikettiervorrichtung
US4500880A (en) Real time, computer-driven retail pricing display system
US4962466A (en) Electronic product information display system
US4888709A (en) Electronic product information display system
US5575100A (en) Electronic shelf label protective cover
EP0608252B1 (de) Verfahren zum austauschen von preisänderungen mit drucker und anzeigegerät.
US4540093A (en) Display hook apparatus
US4603495A (en) Alphanumeric display modules
US20090273443A1 (en) Display of an Electronic Shelf Label
CZ101294A3 (en) Printing apparatus
US6543688B1 (en) Electronic display for store shelves
AU2184801A (en) Electronic label system for displaying prices in a sale outlet
GB2174527A (en) Multiple display system
US20050237153A1 (en) Device for electronically pricing product on a shelf
WO2008051567B1 (en) Wireless, remote or mobile shelf pricing with elongate electronic displays and simplified price changes
CA2032982C (en) Method for supplying various departments of shopping centers with department specific information
EP0693198B1 (de) System für elektronische preisschilder
EP0837439A2 (de) Elekronisches Preisschild mit einer werbewirksamen Anzeigeleuchte
GB2189637A (en) Information display system
JP2004361729A (ja) 電子棚札システム及びpop表記具
GB2166577A (en) Digital price ticket
EP0246834B1 (de) Etikettendrucker
GB2212965A (en) An electrically operated display ticket
JP2002133523A (ja) 電子価格ラベルシステムによる製品の在庫管理システム及び在庫管理方法
NL1009268C2 (nl) Elektronisch artikelinformatiestelsel voor winkels.

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19930513

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19950322

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: CLARES-REGISBROOK SYSTEMS LIMITED

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Effective date: 19961016

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69122765

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19961121

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19970108

Year of fee payment: 6

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 19970117

EN Fr: translation not filed
EN Fr: translation not filed

Free format text: CORRECTIONS

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19971118

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19971118