EP0550825A1 - Trimmable high energy resistant thick film resistor - Google Patents

Trimmable high energy resistant thick film resistor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0550825A1
EP0550825A1 EP92120109A EP92120109A EP0550825A1 EP 0550825 A1 EP0550825 A1 EP 0550825A1 EP 92120109 A EP92120109 A EP 92120109A EP 92120109 A EP92120109 A EP 92120109A EP 0550825 A1 EP0550825 A1 EP 0550825A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistance
electrodes
resistor
trimming
energy
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EP92120109A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Georg Mergenthaler
Heinz Linsmaier
Walter Gottschling
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Murata Europe Management GmbH
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Murata Europe Management GmbH
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Publication of EP0550825A1 publication Critical patent/EP0550825A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/22—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming
    • H01C17/24—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming by removing or adding resistive material

Definitions

  • the present innovation concerns a trimmable, high-energy-resistant resistor in thick-film technology.
  • the innovation relates to a high-energy resistance in thick-film technology, which is set by a trim cut in its resistance value, with a resistance body and two electrodes arranged opposite one another on the resistance body, according to the preamble of protection claim 1.
  • resistor It is generally known in the field of passive component technology to produce a resistor from a resistor body, which is formed from a resistor paste in thick-film technology, and from two conductor track electrodes, which are made from conductor track pastes. After the initial method steps of producing the resistance body with the two conductor track electrodes, such a resistor in thick-film technology has a resistance value that deviates from the target resistance value. More precisely, the resistance value of the resistor after the method steps mentioned is at a value below the target resistance.
  • the resistance value of such a resistor is constantly monitored while the trimming cut is being guided through the resistance body.
  • the trimming cut is performed in such a way that the resistance body is guided into the resistance body starting from its side surface lying between the conductor track electrodes becomes that the resistance body experiences a reduced cross section only in the trim section area, whereby the resistance value of the resistance increases accordingly.
  • the known resistor has a cross section which is unchanged in the region of the conductor track electrodes and in the adjoining resistor body region, but the cross section in the center region of the resistor body changed by trimming is correspondingly reduced.
  • the present innovation is based on the task of creating a high-energy resistance of the type mentioned at the beginning, which can be achieved by a trim cut in its resistance value, and which can be implemented with a reduced design compared to known high-energy resistances of the type mentioned at the given high-energy strength .
  • the trim cut surface produced by the trim cut runs in the form of a plane perpendicular to and intersecting the electrodes through the resistance body parallel to the direction of current flow.
  • the resistor according to the invention has a cross-sectional area that remains constant in the current direction even after trimming has been carried out. Also in the area of the electrodes, the cross-sectional area of the resistance according to the innovation is unchanged from the cross-sectional area in its central area, so that the resistance according to the innovation does not constrict the current and thus does not result in locally increased field strengths. As a result, the dimensions of the resistance according to the innovation can be reduced compared to the resistance set by a trim cut. An area reduction of 50% of the area of the known, high-energy resistance in thick-film technology is achieved.
  • the resistance according to the invention with its trim cut surface perpendicular to the electrodes and cutting through them, has better long-term stability than is possible with thick-film resistors according to the prior art which have been trimmed in their resistance value.
  • the high-energy resistance in thick-film technology which is set by means of a trim cut in its resistance value, is designated in its entirety by reference number 1.
  • the resistor 1 comprises a resistor body 2 with two electrodes 3, 4 attached to it, which are located opposite one another.
  • the electrodes 3, 4 have the form of conductor track electrodes.
  • the resistance body 2 can be produced with any resistance paste, as is usually used in thick-film technology for resistance production.
  • the conductor track electrodes 3, 4 can also be realized with any conductor track pastes customary in thick-film technology.
  • the resistance is trimmed to achieve the target resistance value by means of a trimming cut 5, which is effected with a laser beam.
  • the trimming cut surface 6 runs in the form of a plane perpendicular to the two electrodes 3, 4 and intersecting these 3, 4 through the resistance body 2 parallel to the current flow direction within of the resistance body 2.
  • the position of the trimming cut area 6 with respect to the Y direction is preferably determined with the aid of a computer with the aid of a special trimming algorithm.
  • the resistance value is measured after each trim cut 5 has been carried out, in order to derive the size of the next offset of the following trim cut 5 in the Y direction from the deviation of the actual resistance value from the target resistance value.
  • the trimming cut surface 6 therefore runs perpendicularly on the two electrodes 3, 4 through the electrodes 3, 4. Accordingly, the finished resistor 1 has a cross-sectional area that remains constant in the current flow direction from electrode to electrode, which results in a homogeneous current density and thus a constant field strength distribution. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the resistance area in relation to the resistance area of known trimmable thick-film resistors.
  • microcracks i.e. the formation of miniature cracks within the resistance body.
  • the structure according to the invention of the high-energy resistance leads to long-term stability of the resistance value, which could not be achieved with known thick-film resistors with a resistance value set by a trim cut.

Abstract

A resistance value of a high-energy-resistant thick-film resistor, having a resistance body (2) and two electrodes (3, 4) which are fitted on the resistance body (2) and are opposite one another, can be adjusted by means of a trimming incision. The trimming incision surface (6) produced by the trimming incision (5) has the form of a plane which is at right angles to the electrodes (3, 4), cuts through them and runs through the resistance body (2), parallel to the current flow direction. <IMAGE>

Description

Die vorliegende Neuerung betrifft einen trimmbaren, hochenergiefesten Widerstand in Dickschichttechnik. Insbesondere betrifft die Neuerung einen durch einen Trimmschnitt in seinem Widerstandswert eingestellten, hochenergiefesten Widerstand in Dickschichttechnik, mit einem Widerstandskörper und zwei an dem Widerstandskörper angebrachten, einander gegenüberliegenden Elektroden, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Schutzanspruchs 1.The present innovation concerns a trimmable, high-energy-resistant resistor in thick-film technology. In particular, the innovation relates to a high-energy resistance in thick-film technology, which is set by a trim cut in its resistance value, with a resistance body and two electrodes arranged opposite one another on the resistance body, according to the preamble of protection claim 1.

Es ist allgemein im Bereich der Technologie passiver Bauelemente bekannt, einen Widerstand aus einem Widerstandskörper, der in Dickschichttechnik aus einer Widerstandspaste gebildet ist, und aus zwei Leiterbahnelektroden, die aus Leiterbahnpasten gefertigt sind, herzustellen. Ein derartiger Widerstand in Dickschichttechnik hat nach den anfänglichen Verfahrensschritten des Erzeugens des Widerstandskörpers mit den beiden Leiterbahnelektroden einen Widerstandswert, der von dem Sollwiderstandswert abweicht. Genauer gesagt liegt der Widerstandswert des Widerstandes nach den genannten Verfahrensschritten bei einem Wert unterhalb des Sollwiderstandes.It is generally known in the field of passive component technology to produce a resistor from a resistor body, which is formed from a resistor paste in thick-film technology, and from two conductor track electrodes, which are made from conductor track pastes. After the initial method steps of producing the resistance body with the two conductor track electrodes, such a resistor in thick-film technology has a resistance value that deviates from the target resistance value. More precisely, the resistance value of the resistor after the method steps mentioned is at a value below the target resistance.

Es ist allgemein bekannt, den Widerstandswert eines derartigen Widerstandes durch Trimmen einzustellen. Bei einem typischen Trimmverfahren, das durch Laserstrahlschneiden durchgeführt werden kann, wird während des Führens des Trimmschnittes durch den Widerstandskörper, ständig der Widerstandswert überwacht. Der Trimmschnitt wird bei derartigen Trimmtechniken derart geführt, daß der Widerstandskörper ausgehend von seiner zwischen den Leiterbahnelektroden liegenden Seitenfläche so in den Widerstandskörper geführt wird, daß der Widerstandskörper lediglich in dem Trimmschnittbereich einen verminderten Querschnitt erfährt, wodurch der Widerstandswert des Widerstandes entsprechend ansteigt. Nach dem Durchführen des Trimmens hat der bekannte Widerstand einen Querschnitt, der im Bereich der Leiterbahnelektroden sowie in dem daran anschließenden Widerstandskörperbereich unverändert ist, während jedoch der Querschnitt in dem durch Trimmen veränderten Mittenbereich des Widerstandskörpers entsprechend reduziert ist.It is generally known to adjust the resistance value of such a resistor by trimming. In a typical trimming process that can be carried out by laser beam cutting, the resistance value is constantly monitored while the trimming cut is being guided through the resistance body. With such trimming techniques, the trimming cut is performed in such a way that the resistance body is guided into the resistance body starting from its side surface lying between the conductor track electrodes becomes that the resistance body experiences a reduced cross section only in the trim section area, whereby the resistance value of the resistance increases accordingly. After the trimming has been carried out, the known resistor has a cross section which is unchanged in the region of the conductor track electrodes and in the adjoining resistor body region, but the cross section in the center region of the resistor body changed by trimming is correspondingly reduced.

Durch diesen in Stromflußrichtung sich im Mittenbereich des Widerstandskörpers verengenden Querschnitt kommt es zu einer Stromeinschnürung oder Erhöhung der Stromdichte innerhalb des Widerstandskörpers. Während eine derartige, sich in Stromflußrichtung des Widerstandskörpers ändernde Stromdichte innerhalb des Widerstandskörpers bei niederenergetischen Anwendungsfällen hinnehmbar ist, kommt es im Falle von Widerständen, die hochenergiefest sein sollen, zu Problemen. Im Bereich der Stromeinschnürungsbereiche kann es bei hochenergiefesten Widerständen aufgrund der dort lokal erhöhten Feldstärke zu elektrischen Überschlägen kommen. Ferner kann es aufgrund der örtlich starken thermischen Belastung (sogenannte "hot spots") zur Bildung von Rissen innerhalb des Widerstandskörpers des Widerstandes kommen. Um diese stromdichteabhängigen Probleme von hochenergiefesten Widerständen nach dem Stand der Technik abzumildern, hat man bislang derartige Widerstände mit relativ großen Abmessungen ausgeführt, um hierdurch die Stromdichten und Feldstärken im Widerstandskörper herabzusetzen.This cross-section, which narrows in the direction of the current flow in the central region of the resistance body, leads to a constriction of the current or an increase in the current density within the resistance body. While such a current density, which changes in the current flow direction of the resistance body, is acceptable within the resistance body in low-energy applications, problems arise in the case of resistors which are said to be high-energy resistant. In the area of the current constriction areas, high-energy-resistant resistors can cause electrical flashovers due to the locally increased field strength. Furthermore, due to the locally strong thermal load (so-called "hot spots"), cracks can form within the resistance body of the resistor. In order to alleviate these current density-dependent problems of high-energy-resistant resistors according to the prior art, such resistors have hitherto been designed with relatively large dimensions in order to reduce the current densities and field strengths in the resistance body.

Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der vorliegenden Neuerung die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen durch einen Trimmschnitt in seinem Widerstandswert eingestellten, hochenergiefesten Widerstand der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, der bei gegebener Hochenergiefestigkeit mit einer gegenüber bekannten hochenergiefesten Widerständen der eingangs genannten Art verkleinerter Bauform realisierbar ist.Based on this state of the art, the present innovation is based on the task of creating a high-energy resistance of the type mentioned at the beginning, which can be achieved by a trim cut in its resistance value, and which can be implemented with a reduced design compared to known high-energy resistances of the type mentioned at the given high-energy strength .

Diese Aufgabe wird durch einen Widerstand gemäß Schutzanspruch 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a resistor according to protection claim 1.

Bei dem neuerungsgemäßen Widerstand verläuft die durch den Trimmschnitt erzeugte Trimmschnittfläche in Form einer senkrecht auf den Elektroden stehenden und diese durchschneidenden Ebene durch den Widerstandskörper parallel zur Stromflußrichtung. Der erfindungsgemäße Widerstand hat auch nach Durchführung des Trimmens eine in der Stromrichtung gleichbleibende Querschnittsfläche. Auch im Bereich der Elektroden ist die Querschnittsfläche des neuerungsgemäßen Widerstandes gegenüber der Querschnittsfläche in dessen Mittenbereich unverändert, so daß es bei dem neuerungsgemäßen Widerstand nicht zu einer Einschnürung des Stromes und somit auch nicht zu lokal erhöhten Feldstärken kommt. Hierdurch kann der neuerungsgemäße Widerstand in seinen Abmessungen gegenüber dem durch einen Trimmschnitt eingestellen Widerstand verkleinert werden. Es wird eine Flächenreduktion um 50 % der Fläche des bekannten, hochenergiefesten Widerstandes in Dickschichttechnik erreicht.In the case of the resistor according to the innovation, the trim cut surface produced by the trim cut runs in the form of a plane perpendicular to and intersecting the electrodes through the resistance body parallel to the direction of current flow. The resistor according to the invention has a cross-sectional area that remains constant in the current direction even after trimming has been carried out. Also in the area of the electrodes, the cross-sectional area of the resistance according to the innovation is unchanged from the cross-sectional area in its central area, so that the resistance according to the innovation does not constrict the current and thus does not result in locally increased field strengths. As a result, the dimensions of the resistance according to the innovation can be reduced compared to the resistance set by a trim cut. An area reduction of 50% of the area of the known, high-energy resistance in thick-film technology is achieved.

Ferner hat sich herausgestellt, daß der neuerungsgemäße Widerstand mit seiner senkrecht auf den Elektroden stehenden und diese durchschneidenden Trimmschnittfläche eine bessere Langzeitstabilität aufweist, als diese bei durch Trimmen in ihrem Widerstandswert eingestellten Dickschichtwiderständen nach dem Stand der Technik möglich ist.Furthermore, it has been found that the resistance according to the invention, with its trim cut surface perpendicular to the electrodes and cutting through them, has better long-term stability than is possible with thick-film resistors according to the prior art which have been trimmed in their resistance value.

Weiterbildungen des neuerungsgemäßen Widerstandes sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.Further developments of the resistance according to the innovation are specified in the subclaims.

Nachfolgend wird unter Bezugnahme auf die beiliegende Zeichnung eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform des neuerungsgemäßen Dickschichtwiderstandes näher erläutert. Es zeigt:

die einzige Fig.
eine Draufsichtdarstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels des neuerungsgemäßen, hochenergiefesten Widerstandes.
A preferred embodiment of the thick-film resistor according to the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawing. It shows:
the only fig.
a plan view of an embodiment of the innovation, high energy resistance.

In der Figur ist der neuerungsgemäße, durch einen Trimmschnitt in seinem Widerstandswert eingestellte, hochenergiefeste Widerstand in Dickschichttechnik in seiner Gesamtheit mit dem Bezugszeichen 1 bezeichnet. Der Widerstand 1 umfaßt einen Widerstandskörper 2 mit zwei hieran angebrachten, einander gegenüberliegenden Elektroden 3, 4. Bei dem hier gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel haben die Elektroden 3, 4 die Form von Leiterbahnelektroden.In the figure, the high-energy resistance in thick-film technology according to the innovation, which is set by means of a trim cut in its resistance value, is designated in its entirety by reference number 1. The resistor 1 comprises a resistor body 2 with two electrodes 3, 4 attached to it, which are located opposite one another. In the exemplary embodiment shown here, the electrodes 3, 4 have the form of conductor track electrodes.

Der Widerstandskörper 2 kann mit jeglicher Widerstandspaste hergestellt werden, wie sie üblicherweise in der Dickschichttechnik zur Widerstandsherstellung verwendet wird. Auch die Leiterbahnelektroden 3, 4 können mit jeglichen, in der Dickschichttechnik üblichen Leiterbahnpasten realisiert werden.The resistance body 2 can be produced with any resistance paste, as is usually used in thick-film technology for resistance production. The conductor track electrodes 3, 4 can also be realized with any conductor track pastes customary in thick-film technology.

Nach dem Verfestigen bzw. Brennen des Widerstandes 1 wird dessen Widerstandswert bestimmt.After the resistance 1 has solidified or burned, its resistance value is determined.

Das Trimmen des Widerstandes zum Erreichen des Sollwiderstandswertes erfolgt durch einen mit einem Laserstrahl bewirkten Trimmschnitt 5. Die Trimmschnittfläche 6 verläuft in Form einer senkrecht auf den beiden Elektroden 3, 4 stehenden und diese 3, 4 durchschneidenden Ebene durch den Widerstandskörper 2 parallel zu der Stromflußrichtung innerhalb des Widerstandskörpers 2.The resistance is trimmed to achieve the target resistance value by means of a trimming cut 5, which is effected with a laser beam. The trimming cut surface 6 runs in the form of a plane perpendicular to the two electrodes 3, 4 and intersecting these 3, 4 through the resistance body 2 parallel to the current flow direction within of the resistance body 2.

Die Lage der Trimmschnittfläche 6 bezüglich der Y-Richtung wird vorzugsweise mittels eines speziellen Trimmalgorithmus computergestützt ermittelt. Typischerweise wird bei einer auf diese Weise durchgeführten algorithmischen Annäherung der Widerstandswert nach Durchführung eines jeden Trimmschnittes 5 gemessen, um aus der Abweichung des Istwiderstandswertes von dem Sollwiderstandswert die Größe des nächsten Versatzes des folgenden Trimmschnittes 5 in Y-Richtung abzuleiten.The position of the trimming cut area 6 with respect to the Y direction is preferably determined with the aid of a computer with the aid of a special trimming algorithm. Typically, when performing an algorithmic approximation in this way, the resistance value is measured after each trim cut 5 has been carried out, in order to derive the size of the next offset of the following trim cut 5 in the Y direction from the deviation of the actual resistance value from the target resistance value.

Bei dem fertiggestellten Widerstand 1 verläuft demnach die Trimmschnittfläche 6 senkrecht auf den beiden Elektroden 3, 4 durch die Elektroden 3, 4 hindurch. Demnach hat der fertiggestellte Widerstand 1 eine in Stromflußrichtung von Elektrode zu Elektrode gleichbleibende Querschnittsfläche, woraus sich eine homogene Stromdichte und somit eine konstante Feldstärkeverteilung ergibt. Hierdurch ist es möglich, die Widerstandsfläche bezogen auf die Widerstandsfläche bekannter trimmbarer Dickschichtwiderstände erheblich zu vermindern.When the resistor 1 is finished, the trimming cut surface 6 therefore runs perpendicularly on the two electrodes 3, 4 through the electrodes 3, 4. Accordingly, the finished resistor 1 has a cross-sectional area that remains constant in the current flow direction from electrode to electrode, which results in a homogeneous current density and thus a constant field strength distribution. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the resistance area in relation to the resistance area of known trimmable thick-film resistors.

Ferner wird die im Stand der Technik bestehende Gefahr der Erzeugung von sogenannten "Microcracks", d.h. die Bildung von Miniaturrissen innerhalb des Widerstandskörpers, ausgeschlossen. Die erfindungsgemäße Struktur des hochenergiefesten Widerstandes führt zu einer Langzeitstabilität des Widerstandswertes, wie sie bei bekannten Dickschichtwiderständen mit einem durch einen Trimmschnitt eingestellten Widerstandswert nicht erreicht werden konnte.Furthermore, the danger existing in the prior art of generating so-called "microcracks", i.e. the formation of miniature cracks within the resistance body, excluded. The structure according to the invention of the high-energy resistance leads to long-term stability of the resistance value, which could not be achieved with known thick-film resistors with a resistance value set by a trim cut.

Claims (4)

Durch einen Trimmschnitt in seinem Widerstandswert eingestellter, hochenergiefester Widerstand in Dickschichttechnik,
mit einem Widerstandskörper (2) und zwei an dem Widerstandskörper (2) angebrachten, einander gegenüberliegenden Elektroden (3, 4),
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß eine durch den Trimmschnitt (5) erzeugte Trimmschnittfläche (6) in Form einer senkrecht auf den Elektroden (3, 4) stehenden und diese durchschneidenden Ebene durch den Widerstandskörper (2) parallel zu der Stromflußrichtung verläuft.Through a trim cut in its resistance value, high-energy resistance in thick-film technology,
with a resistance body (2) and two electrodes (3, 4) which are attached to the resistance body (2) and are located opposite one another,
characterized,
that a trimming cut surface (6) generated by the trimming cut (5) in the form of a plane perpendicular to the electrodes (3, 4) and intersecting them extends through the resistance body (2) parallel to the current flow direction. Hochenergiefester Widerstand nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die von der Trimmschnittfläche (6) durchschnittenen Elektroden (3, 4) als Leiterbahnelektroden ausgebildet sind.High-energy resistance according to claim 1, characterized in
that the electrodes (3, 4) cut through by the trimming cut surface (6) are designed as interconnect electrodes. Hochenergiefester Widerstand nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Widerstandskörper (2) des Widerstandes (1) aus einer Widerstandspaste hergestellt ist.High-energy resistance according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that
that the resistor body (2) of the resistor (1) is made from a resistor paste. Hochenergiefester Widerstand nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Elektroden (3, 4) des Widerstandes (1) aus einer Leiterbahnpaste hergestellt sind.High-energy resistance according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that
that the electrodes (3, 4) of the resistor (1) are made of a conductor paste.
EP92120109A 1991-12-19 1992-11-25 Trimmable high energy resistant thick film resistor Withdrawn EP0550825A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE9115786U DE9115786U1 (en) 1991-12-19 1991-12-19
DE9115786U 1991-12-19

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EP0550825A1 true EP0550825A1 (en) 1993-07-14

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE9115786U1 (en) * 1991-12-19 1992-02-27 Murata Europe Management Gmbh, 8500 Nuernberg, De

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1981000484A1 (en) * 1979-08-09 1981-02-19 Western Electric Co Fabrication of film resistor circuits
EP0078089A1 (en) * 1981-10-28 1983-05-04 Telecommunications Radioelectriques Et Telephoniques T.R.T. Method of making a power supply suljected to large overload and power supply made by this method
JPH0252405A (en) * 1988-08-16 1990-02-22 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Chip resistor
JPH0268902A (en) * 1988-09-02 1990-03-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Resistance value trimming
DE9115786U1 (en) * 1991-12-19 1992-02-27 Murata Europe Management Gmbh, 8500 Nuernberg, De

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1981000484A1 (en) * 1979-08-09 1981-02-19 Western Electric Co Fabrication of film resistor circuits
EP0078089A1 (en) * 1981-10-28 1983-05-04 Telecommunications Radioelectriques Et Telephoniques T.R.T. Method of making a power supply suljected to large overload and power supply made by this method
JPH0252405A (en) * 1988-08-16 1990-02-22 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Chip resistor
JPH0268902A (en) * 1988-09-02 1990-03-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Resistance value trimming
DE9115786U1 (en) * 1991-12-19 1992-02-27 Murata Europe Management Gmbh, 8500 Nuernberg, De

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MOTOROLA TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS Bd. 9, August 1989, SCHAUMBURG, ILLINOIS US Seiten 65 - 67 R. GRUNWELL 'Multiple Laser Trimmed Resistors' *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 14, no. 216 (E-924)8. Mai 1990 & JP-A-02 052 405 ( MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC ) 22. Februar 1990 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 14, no. 244 (E-932)24. Mai 1990 & JP-A-02 068 902 ( MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC ) 8. März 1990 *

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